{"id":30649,"date":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:36:42","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:36:42","slug":"bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/bekap-nagotove-razrushaem-mify-v-chest-prazdnika","title":{"rendered":"Backup gati: shembim mitesh n\u00eb nder t\u00eb fest\u00ebs","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Backup
\n
\nBackup-i nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji moderne q\u00eb shpallet nga \u00e7do k\u00ebnd. Thjesht duhet t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do kompani serioze, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha. Ne n\u00eb bank\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb backup p\u00ebr disa mij\u00ebra servera \u2013 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pun\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar dhe interesante, p\u00ebr disa nga nuancat e saj, si dhe p\u00ebr keqkuptimet tipike rreth backup-eve, d\u00ebshiroj t\u00eb flas.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nKjo tem\u00eb kam marr\u00eb p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr p\u00ebr gati 20 vjet, prej t\u00eb cilave dy vitet e fundit \u2013 n\u00eb Promsvyazbank. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb praktik\u00ebs merrja backup pothuajse manualisht, me skripte q\u00eb thjesht kopjonin skedar\u00eb. Pastaj n\u00eb Windows dol\u00ebn mjete t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme: utilita si Robocopy p\u00ebr p\u00ebrgatitjen e skedar\u00ebve dhe NT Backup p\u00ebr kopjimin. M\u00eb von\u00eb erdhi koha p\u00ebr software t\u00eb specializuar, kryesisht Veritas Backup Exec, q\u00eb tani quhet Symantec Backup Exec. Pra, kam njohuri t\u00eb thella rreth backup-eve.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse e thjeshtojm\u00eb, backup-i \u00ebsht\u00eb ruajtja e nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (makinave virtuale<\/a>, aplikacioneve, bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe skedar\u00ebve) p\u00ebr \u00e7do rast me nj\u00eb rregullshm\u00ebri t\u00eb caktuar. Rasti i \u00e7do gj\u00ebje zakonisht shfaqet si nj\u00eb d\u00ebshtim harduerik ose logjik dhe \u00e7on n\u00eb humbje t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Detyra e sistemit t\u00eb backup-it \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb zvog\u00ebloj\u00eb humbjet nga humbja e informacionit. Nj\u00eb d\u00ebshtim harduerik ndodhi, p\u00ebr shembull, kur ndalon serveri ose ruajtja, ku ndodhet baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Nj\u00eb d\u00ebshtim logjik do t\u00eb thot\u00eb humbje ose ndryshim i nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb faktor\u00ebve njer\u00ebzor\u00eb: fshirja aksidentale e tabelave, skedar\u00ebve, ose ekzekutimi i nj\u00eb skripti t\u00eb gabuar. Ka gjithashtu k\u00ebrkesa nga rregullator\u00ebt p\u00ebr ruajtjen e nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb caktuar informacioni p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, deri n\u00eb disa vjet.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nK\u00ebrkesa m\u00eb tipike p\u00ebr backup \u00ebsht\u00eb rikthimi i nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb ruajtur t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme testimi ose klone p\u00ebr zhvilluesit.<\/p>\n

Rreth backup-it ekzistojn\u00eb disa mite tipike q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb koha t'i shp\u00ebrb\u00ebjm\u00eb. K\u00ebtu jan\u00eb disa nga m\u00eb t\u00eb njohurat. <\/p>\n

Miti 1. Backup-i \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb funksion dyt\u00ebsor brenda sistemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb ose ruajtjes<\/h3>\n

\nSistemet e backup-it vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb mbeten nj\u00eb klas\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb zgjidhjesh, shum\u00eb t\u00eb pavarura. Ato kan\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. N\u00eb thelb, ato jan\u00eb linja e fundit e mbrojtjes kur b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Pra, backup-i funksionon n\u00eb ritmin e tij, sipas orarit t\u00eb tij. Nj\u00eb raport ditor formohet p\u00ebr serverat, ka ngjarje q\u00eb veprojn\u00eb si nj\u00eb shkak p\u00ebr sistemin e monitorimit.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nP\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, modeli i qasjeve t\u00eb rolit n\u00eb sistemin e backup-it lejon delegimin e disa autoriteteve administratave t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr menaxhimin e backup-eve.<\/p>\n

Miti 2. Kur ka RAID, backup-i nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm<\/h3>\n

\n\"Backup
\n
\nSigurisht, RAID-\u00ebt dhe replikimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave jan\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'i mbrojtur sistemet informative nga d\u00ebshtimet harduerike, dhe n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb server rezerv\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb kalosh aty n\u00eb rast d\u00ebshtimi t\u00eb makin\u00ebs kryesore.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr d\u00ebshtimet logjike q\u00eb ndodhin p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb vet\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve, shterimi dhe replikimi nuk ofrojn\u00eb mbrojtje. Nj\u00eb server rezerv\u00eb me shkruarje t\u00eb vonuar \u2013 po, mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb, n\u00ebse gabimi zbulohet para se t\u00eb sinkronizohet. Por n\u00ebse momenti humbet? At\u00ebher\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb backup i kryer n\u00eb koh\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb. N\u00ebse dihet se t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ndryshuan dje, mund t\u00eb rikthehet sistemi n\u00eb gjendjen e para dy dit\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb nxirren t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e nevojshme. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh faktin q\u00eb gabimet logjike jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshmet, backup-i i mir\u00eb i lasht\u00eb mbetet nj\u00eb mjet i provuar dhe i nevojsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Miti 3. Backup-i \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb muaj.<\/h3>\n

\nFrekuenca e backup-it \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb paramet\u00ebr i konfiguruesh\u00ebm, kryesisht n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr sistemin e backup-it. Mjafton t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb pothuajse nuk ndryshojn\u00eb kurr\u00eb dhe nuk jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme; humbja e tyre nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb fatale p\u00ebr kompanin\u00eb.
\nAto v\u00ebrtet mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhen backup nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb muaj e madje edhe m\u00eb rrall\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat m\u00eb kritike ruhen m\u00eb shpesh, var\u00ebsisht nga treguesi RPO (Objektivi i pik\u00ebs s\u00eb rikuperimit), i cili p\u00ebrcakton humbjen e lejuar t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb, nj\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00eb dit\u00eb ose madje disa her\u00eb n\u00eb or\u00eb. K\u00ebtu ne kemi regjistrat e transaksioneve nga DBMS.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nMe futjen e sistemeve n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim industrial, dokumentacioni p\u00ebr backup-in duhet t\u00eb miratohet, ku pasqyrohen \u00e7\u00ebshtjet kryesore, rregulli i azhurnimit, procedura e rikthimit t\u00eb sistemit, rendi i ruajtjes s\u00eb backup-eve dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Miti 4. V\u00ebllimi i kopjeve rritet vazhdimisht dhe z\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizimin e \u00e7do hap\u00ebsire t\u00eb dedikuar plot\u00ebsisht<\/h3>\n

\nKopjet rezerv\u00eb kan\u00eb nj\u00eb afat t\u00eb kufizuar ruajtjeje. Nuk ka kuptim, p\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb grumbullohen 365 kopje ditore p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vit. Nj\u00eb praktik\u00eb normale \u00ebsht\u00eb ruajtja e kopjeve ditore p\u00ebr 2 jav\u00eb, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ato z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen me kopje t\u00eb fresk\u00ebta, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb ruajtje afatgjat\u00eb mbetet versioni q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar i pari n\u00eb muaj. Ky version gjithashtu ruhet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar \u2013 \u00e7do kopje ka nj\u00eb koh\u00eb jet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nEkziston mbrojtje nga humbja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Para se t\u00eb fshihet nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Prandaj, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nuk do t\u00eb fshihen, n\u00ebse kopja nuk p\u00ebrfundoi, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb serverit. Respektohen jo vet\u00ebm afatet kohore, por kontrollohet edhe numri i kopjeve n\u00eb grup. N\u00ebse sistemi parashikon q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb dy kopje t\u00eb plota rezerv\u00eb, gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb ket\u00eb dy, dhe e vjetra do t\u00eb fshihet vet\u00ebm kur t\u00eb regjistrohet me sukses nj\u00eb e re q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e treta. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb rritja e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb nga arkivi i kopjeve rezerv\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur vet\u00ebm me rritjen e sasis\u00eb s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb mbrohen dhe nuk varet nga koha.<\/p>\n

Miti 5. Ka filluar kopjimi \u2013 gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb ngrir\u00eb.<\/h3>\n

\nM\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb thuhet k\u00ebshtu: n\u00ebse gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb ngrir\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb duar t\u00eb administratorit nuk jan\u00eb aty ku duhet. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, shpejt\u00ebsia e kopjimit varet nga shum\u00eb faktor\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, nga shpejt\u00ebsia e sistemit t\u00eb vet\u00eb kopjimit: sa t\u00eb shpejta jan\u00eb storage disk, bibliotekat e kasetave. Nga shpejt\u00ebsia e servera<\/a> sistem\u00ebs s\u00eb kopjimit: a arrijn\u00eb ata t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat, t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb kompresim dhe deduplikim. Po ashtu nga shpejt\u00ebsia e linjave t\u00eb komunikimit mes klientit dhe serverit. <\/p>\n

Kopjimi mund t\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb nj\u00eb ose disa rrjedha, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr multithreading e sistemit q\u00eb po rezervohen. P\u00ebr shembull, DBMS Oracle lejon t\u00eb dor\u00ebzoj\u00eb disa rrjedha, sipas numrit t\u00eb procesor\u00ebve t\u00eb disponuesh\u00ebm, derisa shpejt\u00ebsia e transferimit t\u00eb mos shp\u00ebrthej\u00eb n\u00eb kufizimin e kapacitetit t\u00eb rrjetit.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb b\u00ebni kopje me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh rrjedhash, ekziston mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr ta tepruar sistemin operativ, dhe ai do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsohet. Prandaj, zgjidhet numri optimal i rrjedhave p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb mjaftueshme. N\u00ebse, ndon\u00ebse ka ndonj\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsim t\u00eb vog\u00ebl n\u00eb performanc\u00eb, ekziston nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi e shk\u00eblqyer, kur kopjimi kryhet nga nj\u00eb server kloni, jo nga serveri kryesor \u2013 standby n\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb e databazave. Ky proces nuk ngarkon sistemin e pun\u00ebs. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat mund t\u00eb merren p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb numri m\u00eb t\u00eb madh rrjedhash, pasi serveri nuk p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbim.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb organizatat e m\u00ebdha krijohet nj\u00eb rrjet i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr sistemin e kopjimit, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ndikoj\u00eb n\u00eb prodhim. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, trafiku mund t\u00eb transferohet jo p\u00ebrmes rrjetit, por p\u00ebrmes SAN.
\n\"Backup
\nNe p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndajm\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn edhe n\u00eb koh\u00eb. Kopjimet kryesisht b\u00ebhen n\u00eb koh\u00eb jo-pun\u00eb: nat\u00ebn, n\u00eb fundjav\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ato nuk nisen t\u00eb gjitha nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht. Kopjimet e makinave virtuale jan\u00eb nj\u00eb rast i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Procesi praktikisht nuk ndikon n\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e makin\u00ebs vet\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb kopjimi mund t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00eb koh\u00eb ditore dhe jo t\u00eb prishet p\u00ebr nat\u00ebn. Ka shum\u00eb holl\u00ebsi, n\u00ebse merret parasysh gjith\u00e7ka, kopjimi nuk do t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb n\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e sistemeve.<\/p>\n

Miti 6. Kam nisur sistemin e kopjimit \u2013 ja ku e ke q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb.<\/h3>\n

\nKurr\u00eb mos e harroni se sistemi i kopjimit \u00ebsht\u00eb linja e fundit e mbrojtjes, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb edhe pes\u00eb sisteme t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb vazhdim\u00ebsin\u00eb, disponueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e lart\u00eb dhe q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e IT-infrastruktur\u00ebs dhe sistemeve informacionit t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nuk duhet t\u00eb shpresoni se kopjimi do t\u00eb rikthej\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat dhe do t\u00eb ngris\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e r\u00ebnies shpejt. Humbja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga momenti i kopjimit deri n\u00eb momentin e prishjes \u00ebsht\u00eb e garantuar, dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb serverin e ri mund t\u00eb ngarkohen p\u00ebr disa or\u00eb (apo dit\u00eb, si\u00e7 ndodh). Prandaj, ka kuptim t\u00eb krijoni sisteme t\u00eb plota q\u00ebndrore, duke mos e kaluar gjith\u00e7ka te kopjimi.<\/p>\n

Miti 7. E kam vendosur nj\u00eb her\u00eb kopjimin, kontrollova se funksionon. Mbetet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb shikoj log-\u00ebt.<\/h3>\n

\nKy \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga mitet m\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebmshme, pasojat e t\u00eb cilit e kupton vet\u00ebm gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb incidenti. Log-\u00ebt p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfundimin e suksessh\u00ebm t\u00eb kopjimit nuk jan\u00eb nj\u00eb garanci q\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka ka shkuar si\u00e7 duhet. \u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb verifikohet paraprakisht kopja e ruajtur p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rikthimit. Dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, t\u00eb fillohet procesi i rikthimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis testues dhe t\u00eb shihet rezultati. <\/p>\n

Dhe pak p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn e administratorit t\u00eb sistemeve.<\/h3>\n

\nN\u00eb modin manual, askush nuk kopjon t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb nga koh\u00ebt e vjetra. Sistemet moderne t\u00eb rezervave mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb backup p\u00ebr pothuajse gjith\u00e7ka, mjafton t'i konfigurosh si\u00e7 duhet. N\u00ebse shtohet nj\u00eb server i ri \u2013 duhet t\u00eb shkruhen politikat: t\u00eb zgjidhni p\u00ebrmbajtjen q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet backup, t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoni parametrat e ruajtjes dhe t\u00eb aplikoni nj\u00eb orar.<\/p>\n

\"Backup
\n
\nMegjithat\u00eb, pun\u00eb ka ende p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb madh t\u00eb server\u00ebve, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb bazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, sistemet e post\u00ebs, klaster\u00ebt e makinave virtuale dhe burimet e skedar\u00ebve si n\u00eb Windows ashtu edhe n\u00eb Linux\/Unix. Punonj\u00ebsit q\u00eb mbajn\u00eb n\u00eb funksion sistemin e rezervimit nuk q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb pa pun\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nder t\u00eb fest\u00ebs, d\u00ebshiroj t\u00eb gjith\u00eb administrator\u00ebve nerva t\u00eb forta, l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb qarta dhe hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb pafund p\u00ebr ruajtjen e backup-eve!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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