{"id":30851,"date":"2019-10-31T21:37:47","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:37:47","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:37:47","slug":"virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/virtualnye-fajlovye-sistemy-v-linux-zachem-oni-nuzhny-i-kak-oni-rabotayut-chast-1","title":{"rendered":"Sistemet virtuale t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb Linux: pse jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme dhe si funksionojn\u00eb? Pjesa 1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve! Ne vazhdojm\u00eb t\u00eb hapim grupe t\u00eb reja p\u00ebr kurset q\u00eb i keni p\u00eblqyer tashm\u00eb dhe tani duam t\u2019ju njoftojm\u00eb se po fillon nj\u00eb regjistrim i ri p\u00ebr kursin \"Administrator Linux\"<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili do t\u00eb nis\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb prillit. Pik\u00ebrisht me k\u00ebt\u00eb rast \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur edhe publikimi i ri. Me materialin origjinal mund t\u00eb njiheni k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Sistemet virtuale t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve luajn\u00eb rolin e nj\u00eb abstraksioni thuajse magjik, q\u00eb i lejon filozofis\u00eb s\u00eb Linux-it t\u00eb thot\u00eb se \u00abgjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb skedar\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\n\u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem skedar\u00ebsh? Duke u mb\u00ebshtetur te fjal\u00ebt e nj\u00ebrit prej kontribuesve dhe autor\u00ebve t\u00eb hersh\u00ebm t\u00eb Linux-it Robert Love<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00abSistemi i skedar\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ruajtje hierarkike e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, e organizuar sipas nj\u00eb strukture t\u00eb caktuar\u00bb. Sido q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, ky p\u00ebrkufizim \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm si p\u00ebr VFAT (Virtual File Allocation Table), ashtu edhe p\u00ebr Git dhe Cassandra<\/a><\/noindex> (baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave NoSQL<\/a><\/noindex>). At\u00ebher\u00eb, \u00e7far\u00eb e p\u00ebrcakton sakt\u00ebsisht nocionin \u00absistem skedar\u00ebsh\u00bb?<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Bazat e sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve<\/b><\/p>\n

Kerneli Linux ka k\u00ebrkesa t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr nj\u00eb entitet q\u00eb mund t\u00eb konsiderohet sistem skedar\u00ebsh. Ai duhet t\u00eb zbatoj\u00eb metodat open()<\/code>, read()<\/code> dhe write()<\/code> p\u00ebr objekte t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme q\u00eb kan\u00eb emra. Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i programimit<\/a><\/noindex>, kerneli e p\u00ebrcakton sistemin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve (generic filesystem) si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe abstrakte, nd\u00ebrsa k\u00ebto tri funksione kryesore konsiderohen \u00abvirtuale\u00bb dhe nuk kan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim konkret. Prandaj, zbatimi i parazgjedhur i sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve quhet sistem virtual i skedar\u00ebve (VFS).<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\nN\u00ebse mund ta hapim, ta lexojm\u00eb dhe t\u00eb shkruajm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb entitet, at\u00ebher\u00eb ky entitet konsiderohet skedar, si\u00e7 e shohim nga shembulli n\u00eb konsol\u00ebn m\u00eb sip\u00ebr.
\n Fenomeni i VFS vet\u00ebm sa e thekson v\u00ebzhgimin karakteristik p\u00ebr sistemet e ngjashme me Unix-in, sipas t\u00eb cilit \u00abgjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb skedar\u00bb. Mendoni sa e \u00e7uditshme \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ai shembull i vog\u00ebl m\u00eb sip\u00ebr me \/dev\/console tregon se si funksionon n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb konsola. N\u00eb figur\u00eb paraqitet nj\u00eb sesion interaktiv Bash. D\u00ebrgimi i nj\u00eb rreshti n\u00eb konsol\u00eb (virtual console device) e shfaq at\u00eb n\u00eb ekranin virtual. VFS ka edhe veti t\u00eb tjera, madje edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb pazakonta. P\u00ebr shembull, ajo jep mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar n\u00ebp\u00ebr to<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Sisteme t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr ne, si ext4, NFS dhe \/proc, kan\u00eb tri funksione t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave C, e cila quhet file_operations<\/a><\/noindex>. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, disa sisteme skedar\u00ebsh zgjerojn\u00eb dhe rip\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb funksionet e VFS n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e zakonshme objekt-orientuar. Si\u00e7 v\u00ebren Robert Love, abstraksioni i VFS u lejon p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb Linux t\u00eb kopjojn\u00eb pa u shqet\u00ebsuar skedar\u00eb nga ose drejt sistemeve operative t\u00eb pal\u00ebve t\u00eb treta apo entiteteve abstrakte, si p.sh. pipes, pa u merakosur p\u00ebr formatin e tyre t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Nga ana e p\u00ebrdoruesit (userspace), p\u00ebrmes thirrjes s\u00eb sistemit, nj\u00eb proces mund t\u00eb kopjoj\u00eb nga nj\u00eb skedar n\u00eb strukturat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kernelit duke p\u00ebrdorur metod\u00ebn read()<\/code> t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi skedar\u00ebsh, dhe m\u00eb pas t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb metod\u00ebn write ()<\/code> t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi tjet\u00ebr skedar\u00ebsh p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkufizimet e funksioneve q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin tipeve baz\u00eb t\u00eb VFS gjenden n\u00eb skedar\u00ebt fs\/*.c<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb kodit burimor t\u00eb kernelit, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebnkatalog\u00ebt fs\/<\/code> p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb sisteme t\u00eb caktuara skedar\u00ebsh. Kerneli p\u00ebrmban gjithashtu entitete si cgroups<\/code>, \/dev<\/code> dhe tmpfs<\/code>, t\u00eb cilat nevojiten gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb nisjes dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye p\u00ebrcaktohen n\u00eb n\u00ebnkatalogun e kernelit init\/<\/code>. Vini re se cgroups<\/code>, \/dev<\/code> dhe tmpfs<\/code> nuk th\u00ebrrasin \u201ctreshen e madhe\u201d t\u00eb funksioneve file_operations<\/code>, por lexojn\u00eb dhe shkruajn\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb memorie.
\n Diagrami m\u00eb posht\u00eb tregon se si userspace qaset te lloje t\u00eb ndryshme sistemesh skedar\u00ebsh, q\u00eb zakonisht montohen n\u00eb sistemet Linux. Nuk paraqiten konstrukte t\u00eb tilla si pipes<\/code>, dmesg<\/code> dhe POSIX clocks<\/code>, t\u00eb cilat gjithashtu implementojn\u00eb struktur\u00ebn file_operations<\/code>, dhe aksesi ndaj tyre kalon p\u00ebrmes shtres\u00ebs VFS.<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\n VFS \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201cshtres\u00eb mb\u00ebshtjell\u00ebse\u201d midis thirrjeve t\u00eb sistemit dhe implementimeve specifike t\u00eb file_operations<\/code>, t\u00eb tilla si ext4<\/code> dhe procfs<\/code>. Funksionet file_operations<\/code> mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb ose me drejtuesit e pajisjeve, ose me pajisje t\u00eb aksesit n\u00eb memorie. tmpfs<\/code>, devtmpfs <\/code>dhe cgroups <\/code>nuk p\u00ebrdorin file_operations<\/code>, por i qasen drejtp\u00ebrdrejt memories.
\n Ekzistenca e VFS b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur rip\u00ebrdorimin e kodit, pasi metodat baz\u00eb q\u00eb lidhen me sistemet e skedar\u00ebve nuk kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb riimplementohen nga \u00e7do lloj sistemi skedar\u00ebsh. Rip\u00ebrdorimi i kodit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb praktik\u00eb shum\u00eb e p\u00ebrhapur n\u00eb inxhinierin\u00eb e softuerit! Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse kodi i rip\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebrmban gabime serioze<\/a><\/noindex>, ato prekin t\u00eb gjitha implementimet q\u00eb trash\u00ebgojn\u00eb metodat e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta. <\/p>\n

\/tmp: \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043a\u0430<\/b><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar pranin\u00eb e VFS n\u00eb sistem \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb shkruani mount | grep -v sd | grep -v :\/<\/code>, gj\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb shfaq\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha sistemet e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb montuara (mounted<\/code>) q\u00eb nuk ndodhen n\u00eb disk dhe nuk jan\u00eb NFS, si\u00e7 ndodh n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e kompjuter\u00ebve. Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto montime t\u00eb listuara (mounts<\/code>) VFS, pa dyshim, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb \/tmp<\/code>, apo jo?<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\nT\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb se ruajtja \/ tmp<\/code> n\u00eb nj\u00eb medium fizik \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7menduri! Burimi<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Pse nuk rekomandohet t\u00eb ruhet \/tmp<\/code> n\u00eb nj\u00eb medium fizik? Sepse skedar\u00ebt n\u00eb \/tmp<\/code> jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa pajisjet e ruajtjes jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalta se memoria ku krijohet tmpfs. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, mediumet fizike konsumohen m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga rishkrimi sesa memoria. S\u00eb fundi, skedar\u00ebt n\u00eb \/tmp mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb informacion konfidencial, prandaj zhdukja e tyre pas \u00e7do rinisjeje \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb funksion thelb\u00ebsor. <\/p>\n

Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, disa skripte instalimi t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjeve Linux e krijojn\u00eb \/tmp n\u00eb pajisjen e ruajtjes si parazgjedhje. Mos u shqet\u00ebsoni n\u00ebse kjo ka ndodhur edhe n\u00eb sistemin tuaj. Ndiqni disa udh\u00ebzime t\u00eb thjeshta nga Arch Wiki<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u00ebr ta rregulluar k\u00ebt\u00eb, dhe mbani parasysh se memoria e caktuar p\u00ebr tmpfs <\/code> b\u00ebhet e padisponueshme p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime t\u00eb tjera. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, nj\u00eb sistem me tmpfs gjigante dhe skedar\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj brenda saj mund t\u00eb shpenzoj\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb memorien dhe t\u00eb rr\u00ebzohet. Nj\u00eb k\u00ebshill\u00eb tjet\u00ebr: gjat\u00eb redaktimit t\u00eb skedarit \/etc\/fstab<\/code>, mbani mend se ai duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb me nj\u00eb rresht t\u00eb ri, p\u00ebrndryshe sistemi juaj nuk do t\u00eb niset.<\/p>\n

\/proc \u0438 \/sys <\/b><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 \/tmp<\/code>, VFS (sistemet virtuale t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve) me t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrdoruesit e Linux jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur jan\u00eb \/proc<\/code> dhe \/sys<\/code>. (\/dev<\/code> ndodhet n\u00eb memorien e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt dhe nuk ka file_operations<\/code>). Pse pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebta dy komponent\u00eb? Le ta shqyrtojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje. <\/p>\n

procfs<\/code> krijon nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb kernelit dhe proceseve q\u00eb ai kontrollon p\u00ebr userspace<\/code>. N\u00eb \/proc<\/code> kerneli shfaq informacion p\u00ebr burimet q\u00eb ka n\u00eb dispozicion, si nd\u00ebrprerjet, memoria virtuale dhe planifikuesi. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, \/proc\/sys<\/code> \u00ebsht\u00eb vendi ku parametrat e konfiguruesh\u00ebm me komand\u00ebn sysctl<\/code>, jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr userspace<\/code>. Statusi dhe statistikat e proceseve individuale shfaqen n\u00eb drejtorit\u00eb \/proc\/<\/code>.<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\nK\u00ebtu \/proc\/meminfo<\/code> \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb skedar bosh, i cili megjithat\u00eb p\u00ebrmban informacion me vler\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sjellja \/proc<\/code> skedar\u00ebve tregojn\u00eb sa t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb sistemet e skedar\u00ebve VFS n\u00eb disk. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, \/proc\/meminfo<\/code> p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb informacion q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shihet me komand\u00ebn free<\/code>. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, aty nuk ka asgj\u00eb! Si \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur kjo? Situata t\u00eb kujton artikullin e famsh\u00ebm me titull \u00abA ekziston h\u00ebna kur askush nuk e shikon? Realiteti dhe teoria kuantike\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>, shkruar nga profesori i fizik\u00ebs n\u00eb Universitetin Cornell, David Mermin, n\u00eb vitin 1985. \u00c7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb se kerneli mbledh statistikat e memories kur b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb te \/proc<\/code>, dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb n\u00eb skedar\u00eb \/proc<\/code> Nuk ka asgj\u00eb, kur askush nuk shikon aty. Si\u00e7 tha Mermin<\/a><\/noindex>, \u00abDoktrina themelore kuantike thot\u00eb se matja, si rregull, nuk zbulon nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme t\u00eb vetis\u00eb q\u00eb matet.\u00bb (Dhe pyetjen p\u00ebr h\u00ebn\u00ebn mendojeni si detyr\u00eb sht\u00ebpie!)
\nBoshll\u00ebku i duksh\u00ebm procfs <\/code> ka kuptim, sepse informacioni q\u00eb ndodhet aty \u00ebsht\u00eb dinamik. Situata \u00ebsht\u00eb disi ndryshe me sysfs<\/code>. Le t\u00eb krahasojm\u00eb sa skedar\u00eb me madh\u00ebsi t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb bajt ka n\u00eb \/proc<\/code> dhe n\u00eb \/sys<\/code>.<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\nProcfs<\/code> ka nj\u00eb skedar t\u00eb vet\u00ebm, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht konfigurimin e eksportuar t\u00eb kernelit, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim, sepse duhet t\u00eb gjenerohet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb her\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do nisje. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb \/sys<\/code> gjenden shum\u00eb skedar\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, dhe shum\u00eb prej tyre z\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe t\u00eb plot\u00eb memorieje. Zakonisht skedar\u00ebt sysfs <\/code> p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht nj\u00eb num\u00ebr ose varg, ndryshe nga tabelat e informacionit q\u00eb merren gjat\u00eb leximit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve si \/proc\/meminfo<\/code>.<\/p>\n

Q\u00ebllimi sysfs <\/code>\u2013 t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb n\u00eb userspace veti t\u00eb lexueshme dhe t\u00eb shkrueshme t\u00eb asaj q\u00eb kerneli e quan \u00abkobjects\u00bb<\/code> . Q\u00ebllimi i vet\u00ebm i kobjects <\/code>\u00ebsht\u00eb num\u00ebrimi i referencave: kur hiqet referenca e fundit ndaj nj\u00eb kobject, sistemi do t\u00eb rikthej\u00eb burimet e lidhura me t\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, \/sys<\/code> p\u00ebrb\u00ebn pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb \u00abstable ABI p\u00ebr userspace\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb kernelit, t\u00eb cilin askush nuk mund ta \u00abprish\u00eb\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>n\u00eb asnj\u00eb rrethan\u00eb. Kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se skedar\u00ebt n\u00eb sysfs jan\u00eb statik\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb binte ndesh me num\u00ebrimin e referencave p\u00ebr objekte jo t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme.
\nInterfeisi i stabilizuar i binar\u00ebve t\u00eb aplikacionit t\u00eb kernelit (kernel's stable ABI) kufizon at\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shfaqet n\u00eb \/sys<\/code>, jo at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb realisht e pranishme n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar. Lista e lejeve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb sysfs ndihmon p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se si mund t\u00eb konfigurohen ose lexohen parametrat e pajisjeve, moduleve, sistemeve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve etj. Nxjerrim p\u00ebrfundimin logjik se edhe procfs \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00eb e stable ABI t\u00eb kernelit, megjith\u00ebse kjo nuk thuhet shprehimisht n\u00eb dokumentacionin<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\"Sistemet
\n
\nSkedar\u00ebt n\u00eb sysfs <\/code>p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb nj\u00eb veti konkrete p\u00ebr secilin entitet dhe mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim, t\u00eb mbishkruesh\u00ebm ose t\u00eb dyja nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht. \u00ab0\u00bb n\u00eb skedar tregon se SSD nuk mund t\u00eb hiqet.<\/p>\n

Pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimit do ta nisim me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgohet VFS me mjetet eBPF dhe bcc, nd\u00ebrsa tani presim komentet tuaja dhe, si zakonisht, ju ftojm\u00eb n\u00eb webinarin e hapur<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb cilin m\u00eb 9 prill do ta mbaj\u00eb pedagogu yn\u00eb \u2014 Vladimir Drozdeckij<\/a><\/noindex>.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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