{"id":31240,"date":"2019-10-31T21:40:13","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:40:13","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:40:13","slug":"linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/linux-quest-pozdravlyaem-pobeditelej-i-rasskazyvaem-pro-resheniya-zadanij","title":{"rendered":"Linux Quest. Urime fituesve dhe tregojm\u00eb zgjidhjet p\u00ebr detyrat","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Linux Quest. Urime fituesve dhe tregojm\u00eb zgjidhjet p\u00ebr detyrat\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/a8c28d0ba562680119475609a56136d6.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nM\u00eb 25 mars hap\u00ebm regjistrimin p\u00ebr <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/linux.mail.ru\">Linux Quest<\/a><\/noindex>, nj\u00eb loj\u00eb p\u00ebr adhuruesit dhe njoh\u00ebsit e sistemit operativ Linux. Disa statistika: 1117 persona u regjistruan n\u00eb loj\u00eb, nga t\u00eb cil\u00ebt 317 gjet\u00ebn t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs, 241 ia dol\u00ebn me sukses n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e par\u00eb, 123 n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb dhe 70 kaluan faz\u00ebn e tret\u00eb. Sot, loja jon\u00eb ka p\u00ebrfunduar dhe ne urime fituesve tan\u00eb! <br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Vendi i par\u00eb u z\u00ebn\u00eb nga Aleksand\u00ebr Tjeldikov.<\/b><br \/>\nAleksandri tha p\u00ebr veten se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb administrator sistemesh tipik. Jeton n\u00eb Volgograd, ka administruar sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme Unix-like p\u00ebr rreth nj\u00ebzet vjet. Ka pasur p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb n\u00eb ofruesit e internetit, bankat, dhe integruesit e sistemeve. Tani punon n\u00eb distanc\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb firm\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, duke u marr\u00eb me infrastruktur\u00ebn cloud p\u00ebr nj\u00eb klient t\u00eb madh t\u00eb huaj. I p\u00eblqen t\u00eb lexoj\u00eb, t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoj\u00eb muzik\u00eb. P\u00ebr Loj\u00ebn, Aleksandri tha se i p\u00eblqeu p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht, ai e do k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj sfidash. N\u00eb nj\u00eb nga kompanit\u00eb gjat\u00eb intervist\u00ebs kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme me Hackerrank, ishte interesante.<\/li>\n<li><b>Vendi i dyt\u00eb \u2014 Roman Suslov.<\/b><br \/>\nRoman nga Moska. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb 37 vje\u00e7. Punon si inxhinier Linux\/Unix n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb \u00abInfosistemet Jet\u00bb. N\u00eb pun\u00eb merret me administrimin dhe zgjidhjen e problemeve t\u00eb sistemeve Linux\/Unix + SAN. Interesat jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme: sistemet Linux, programimi, reverse engineering, siguria informacionit, Arduino. P\u00ebr loj\u00ebn, Romani theksoi se i p\u00eblqeu n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. \u00abE stimuloi pak mendjen time dhe m\u00eb shp\u00ebtoi nga monotonin\u00eb e p\u00ebrditshme. \ud83d\ude42 Do doja m\u00eb shum\u00eb detyra, sepse nuk arrita t\u00eb acclimatohem mir\u00eb para se t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonte loja\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li><b>T\u00eb tretin \u2014 alex3d.<\/b><br \/>\nAleksi jeton n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, merret me zhvillimin e softuerit. \u00abFaleminderit p\u00ebr konkurrimin, ishte interesante t\u00eb kontrolloja aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e mia n\u00eb google-fu\u00bb.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPo ashtu, n\u00eb ranglist\u00ebn e 10 lojtar\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Yevgeniy Saldayev<\/li>\n<li>Markel Mohnachevski<\/li>\n<li>Konstantin Konosov<\/li>\n<li>Pavel Sergeev<\/li>\n<li>Vladimir Bovaev<\/li>\n<li>Ivan Bubnov<\/li>\n<li>Pavlo Klets<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNe e kuptojm\u00eb se ka shum\u00eb m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur t\u00eb gjitha detyrat tona, m\u00eb posht\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar disa nga mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e mundshme t\u00eb zgjidhjes. <\/p>\n<h3>1. Faza e par\u00eb <\/h3>\n<p>\nE kemi quajtur \u00abA je me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb admin?\u00bb, pasi detyra ishte mjaft e thjesht\u00eb \u2014 t\u00eb riparosh nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb ngroht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb klim\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<h4>1.1. Fakte interesante:<\/h4>\n<p>\nDy lojtar\u00eb gjet\u00ebn \u00e7el\u00ebsin e par\u00eb brenda 15 minutash nga loja, dhe brenda or\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb kishim tre lider\u00eb q\u00eb e p\u00ebrfunduan detyr\u00ebn. <\/p>\n<h4>1.2. Detyra<\/h4>\n<p>\nKe filluar pun\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompani ku p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nuk ka pasur nj\u00eb specialist t\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb teknologjit\u00eb informative. Para se t\u00eb fillosh t\u00eb sjell\u00ebsh rend, duhet t\u00eb zgjidhesh nj\u00eb problem akut q\u00eb po pengon pun\u00ebn e zyr\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>Pastruesja preku kabllon e energjis\u00eb t\u00eb kabinetit t\u00eb server\u00ebve me t\u00eb pastruesen. Energjia u rikthye, por nj\u00eb uebfaqe shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme vazhdon t\u00eb mos funksionoj\u00eb. Uebfaqja \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme sepse kompania nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb informative, dhe n\u00eb faqen kryesore mund t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb hapur fjal\u00ebkalimin e administratorit p\u00ebr kompjuterin e drejtorit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<p>Para disa dit\u00ebsh fjal\u00ebkalimi u nd\u00ebrrua, dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e kan\u00eb harruar t\u00eb riun, drejtoresha nuk mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb. Ka thashetheme se n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb makin\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb gjithashtu \u00e7el\u00ebsa q\u00eb mund t\u00eb na ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb dekriptimin e kopjeve rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb dokumenteve financiare.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb gjith\u00eb po presin nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb p\u00ebr problemin!<\/p>\n<h4>1.3. Zgjidhja<\/h4>\n<p>\n1. S\u00eb pari, duhet t\u00eb ndryshosh fjal\u00ebkalimin root n\u00eb makin\u00eb virtuale p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb qasje. Gjat\u00eb nisjes v\u00ebrejm\u00eb se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb Ubuntu 16.04 Server.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb rivendosur fjal\u00ebkalimin e rr\u00ebnj\u00ebs, riaktivizojm\u00eb makin\u00ebn, gjat\u00eb ngarkimit, n\u00eb momentin e shfaqjes s\u00eb menus\u00eb grub, kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb redaktimin e opsionit Ubuntu me butonin \u00abe\u00bb. Redaktojm\u00eb rreshtin linux, duke shtuar n\u00eb fund <code>init=\/bin\/bash<\/code>. Ngarkohemi p\u00ebrmes Ctrl+x, marrim bash. Rimonetojm\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebn me rw, nd\u00ebrruajm\u00eb fjal\u00ebkalimin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mount -o remount,rw \/dev\/mapper\/ubuntu--vg-root\n$ passwd<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMos harro sync, riaktivizojm\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>2. N\u00eb kushtet thuhet se serveri yn\u00eb web nuk punon, shikojm\u00eb:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ curl localhost\nNot Found\nThe requested URL \/ was not found on this server.\nApache\/2.4.18 <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPra, n\u00eb fakt, Apache \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar, por p\u00ebrgjigjet me kodin 404. Shikojm\u00eb konfigurimin:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ vim \/etc\/apache2\/sites-enabled\/000-default.conf<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nK\u00ebtu gjendet \u00e7el\u00ebsi \u2014 StevenPaulSteveJobs.<\/p>\n<p>Kontrollojm\u00eb rrug\u00ebn <code>\/usr\/share\/WordPress<\/code> \u2014 nuk ka nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, por ka <code>\/usr\/share\/wordpress<\/code>. Korrigjojm\u00eb konfigurimin dhe riaktivizojm\u00eb apachen.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ systemctl restart apache2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n3. Provojm\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, marrim nj\u00eb gabim:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Warning: mysqli_real_connect(): (HY000\/2002): Connection refused in \/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-includes\/wp-db.php on line 1488<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nA nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e aktivizuar DB?<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ systemctl status mysql\nActive: active (running)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n\u00c7far\u00eb ndodhi pra? Duhet t\u00eb analizojm\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, na duhet qasje n\u00eb MySQL, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar n\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/doc\/refman\/8.0\/en\/resetting-permissions.html\">dokumentacion<\/a><\/noindex>. Nj\u00eb nga piketat e dokumentacionit na rekomandon t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb opsionin <code>skip-grant-tables<\/code> n\u00eb <code>\/etc\/mysql\/mysql.conf.d\/mysqld.cnf<\/code>. K\u00ebtu gjithashtu ndodhet \u00e7el\u00ebsi \u2014 AugustaAdaKingByron.<\/p>\n<p>Korrigjojm\u00eb t\u00eb drejtat p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesin <code>'wp'@'localhost'<\/code>. Nisemi MySQL, e b\u00ebjm\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb aksesuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb rrjet, duke komentuar opsionin n\u00eb konfigurim <code>skip-networking<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>4. Pas k\u00ebtyre veprimeve, serveri i uebit nisi, por faqja ende nuk funksionon, pasi <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">Warning: require_once(\/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-content\/themes\/twentysixteen\/footer.php): failed to open stream: Permission denied in \/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-includes\/template.php on line 562<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nKorrim t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb skedarit.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ chmod 644 \/usr\/share\/wordpress\/wp-content\/themes\/twentysixteen\/footer.php\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nRivler\u00ebsojm\u00eb faqen, hyjm\u00eb n\u00eb sit dhe gjejm\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsin \u2014 BjarneStroustrup! Gjet\u00ebm t\u00eb tri \u00e7el\u00ebsat, drejtori yn\u00eb mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb, deshifruam skedar\u00ebt e kontabilitetit. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb lumtur, dhe ti ke shum\u00eb pun\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr organizimin e infrastruktur\u00ebs, backup-eve dhe siguris\u00eb n\u00eb kompani. <\/p>\n<h3>2. Fazat e dyta<\/h3>\n<p>\nDuhej t\u00eb zgjidhnim problemin p\u00ebr mbledhjen e analitik\u00ebs. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb e duan analitik\u00ebn \u2014 kush dhe nga ku dhe n\u00eb cilat sasi vizitojn\u00eb. Ne menduam nj\u00eb rast, me t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballen t\u00eb gjith\u00eb inxhinier\u00ebt n\u00eb jet\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h4>2.1. Fakte interesante<\/h4>\n<p>\nNj\u00eb nga lojtar\u00ebt tan\u00eb futi \u00e7el\u00ebsin e duhur brenda 10 minutash t\u00eb para t\u00eb loj\u00ebs, dhe brenda nj\u00eb ore u shfaq nj\u00eb lider q\u00eb e zgjidhi misionin.<\/p>\n<h4>2.2. Detyra<\/h4>\n<p>\nKe ke keni n\u00eb pun\u00eb n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb, menaxher\u00ebt erdh\u00ebn tek ti dhe k\u00ebrkuan t\u00eb gjenin se kujt i ishin d\u00ebrguar emailet nga Afrika. Duhet t\u00eb krijosh nj\u00eb top-21 adresash marr\u00ebsish p\u00ebr to. Fillestaret e adresave t\u00eb marr\u00ebsve jan\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi. Nj\u00eb porosi: serveri i post\u00ebs, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit ishin d\u00ebrguar emailet, nuk po ngarkohet. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb presin nj\u00eb zgjidhje operative p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje!<\/p>\n<h4>2.3. Zgjidhja<\/h4>\n<p>\n1. Serveri nuk ngarkohet p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb ndarjeje t\u00eb pavarsishme swap n\u00eb fstab, gjat\u00eb ngarkimit sistemi p\u00ebrpiqet ta montoj\u00eb at\u00eb dhe bie. Si t\u00eb ngarkohemi?<\/p>\n<p>Shkarkojm\u00eb imazhin, ne kemi shkarkuar CentOS 7, ngarkohemi nga Live CD\/DVD (Troubleshooting -&gt; Rescue), montojm\u00eb sistemin, rregullojm\u00eb <code>\/etc\/fstab<\/code>. K\u00ebtu gjejm\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsin e par\u00eb \u2014 GottfriedWilhelm11646Leibniz!<\/p>\n<p>Krijojm\u00eb swap:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ lvcreate -n swap centos -L 256M\n$ sync &amp;&amp; reboot<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n2. Si zakonisht, nuk ka fjal\u00ebkalim, duhen ndryshuar fjal\u00ebkalimi root n\u00eb makin\u00ebn virtuale. Kjo e kemi b\u00ebr\u00eb tashm\u00eb n\u00eb detyr\u00ebn e par\u00eb. E ndryshojm\u00eb dhe hyjm\u00eb me sukses n\u00eb server, por ai menj\u00ebher\u00eb rifillon. Serveri ribashkohet me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb till\u00eb sa nuk arrijm\u00eb as t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha loget me kujdes. Si t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb po ndodh?<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrs\u00ebri ngarkojm\u00eb me livecd, studiojm\u00eb me kujdes log\u00ebt e sistemit dhe p\u00ebr \u00e7do rast shohim n\u00eb cron, pasi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb e till\u00eb. Atje gjejm\u00eb problemin dhe \u00e7el\u00ebsin e dyt\u00eb \u2014 Alan1912MathisonTuring!<\/p>\n<p>Duhet n\u00eb <code>\/etc\/crontab<\/code> t\u00eb fshijm\u00eb ose t\u00eb komentojm\u00eb rreshtin <code>echo b &gt; \/proc\/sysrq-trigger<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>3. Pas k\u00ebsaj serveri u ngarkua, dhe mund t\u00eb kryejm\u00eb detyr\u00ebn e menaxher\u00ebve: \u00abCilat jan\u00eb adresat e Afrik\u00ebs?\u00bb Kjo informacion, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, \u00ebsht\u00eb publik. Mund ta gjejm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb informacion n\u00eb internet me frazat \u00abip address africa\u00bb, \u00abgeoip database\u00bb. P\u00ebr zgjidhjen e detyr\u00ebs mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim baza t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e adresave q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion falas (geoip). Ne si standard p\u00ebrdor\u00ebm DB <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.maxmind.com\/geoip\/geoip2\/geolite2\/\">MaxMind GeoLite2<\/a><\/noindex>, e disponueshme n\u00ebn licenc\u00ebn Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.<\/p>\n<p>Do t\u00eb mundohemi t\u00eb zgjidhim detyr\u00ebn ton\u00eb duke p\u00ebrdorur vet\u00ebm utilitetet e sistemit Linux, por n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi ajo mund t\u00eb zgjidhet n\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00ebnyra: me ndihm\u00ebn e utiliteteve p\u00ebr filtrimin e tekst\u00ebve dhe me skripte n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme programimi.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr fillim, thjesht do t\u00eb marrim \u00e7iftet \u00abIP-d\u00ebrguesi \u2014 marr\u00ebsi\u00bb nga logu i post\u00ebs <code>\/var\/log\/maillog<\/code> (do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtom\u00eb tabel\u00ebn e marr\u00ebsve t\u00eb emailit \u2014 IP d\u00ebrguesi). Kjo mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet me komand\u00ebn e till\u00eb:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat \/var\/log\/maillog | fgrep -e ' connect from' -e 'status=sent' | sed 's\/[][]\/ \/g' | awk '\/connect from\/ {ip=$11} \/status=sent\/ {print $10\" \"ip}' &gt; log1.txt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDhe para se t\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb me p\u00ebrgatitjen e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr adresat n\u00eb Afrik\u00eb, le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb IP-t\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb d\u00ebrguesve.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 40\n5206 L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru\n4165 iHKTBkegOQa6fIALq@mail.ru\n3739 nHkcBl7BdgXxijSYD7@mail.ru\n3405 SMAzPJAzbl9vp4hAXo@mail.ru\n3346 xILz6d7P@mail.ru\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb, tre marr\u00ebsit e par\u00eb dallohet me numrin e mesazheve t\u00eb d\u00ebrguara. N\u00ebse b\u00ebjm\u00eb grep p\u00ebr IP-t\u00eb e d\u00ebrguesve q\u00eb kan\u00eb d\u00ebrguar n\u00eb adresat e k\u00ebtij top-3, mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet nj\u00eb dominim evident i disa rrjetesh:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | fgrep 'L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru' | cut -d' ' -f2 | sort | cut -d'.' -f1 | uniq -c | sort -r | head\n831 105\n806 41\n782 197\n664 196\n542 154\n503 102\n266 156\n165 45\n150 160\n108 165<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nShumica e rrjeteve 105\/8, 41\/8, 196\/8, 197\/8 \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb nga AFRINIC \u2014 nj\u00eb nga pes\u00eb regjistrat rajonal\u00eb t\u00eb internetit q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e burimeve t\u00eb internetit. AFRINIC shp\u00ebrndan hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn adresore n\u00eb territorin e Afrik\u00ebs. Nd\u00ebrsa 41\/8 iu p\u00ebrket plot\u00ebsisht AFRINIC.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">https:\/\/www.nic.ru\/whois\/?searchWord=105.0.0.0 \nhttps:\/\/www.nic.ru\/whois\/?searchWord=41.0.0.0\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPrandaj, p\u00ebrgjigja e detyr\u00ebs, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, ndodhet pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb log.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | fgrep -e '105.' -e '41.' -e '196.' -e '197.' -e '154.' -e '102.' | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 21\n4209 L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru\n3313 iHKTBkegOQa6fIALq@mail.ru\n2704 nHkcBl7BdgXxijSYD7@mail.ru\n2215 uvRbp1O@mail.ru\n1774 sPmMsmmFiV@mail.ru\n1448 BtG3aHgQgCKuze2AKuRH@mail.ru\n1233 eQpuuQ2uQdbwRL3@mail.ru\n958 nJT5dpaBZ@mail.ru\n862 ef4WbQiB@mail.ru\n762 dQCqKL6eVminFfH7wLA@mail.ru\n632 ifq6Rd1HxuCQOdO9@mail.ru\n539 cFwm2ssypMmx1sA7@mail.ru\n531 twtTnr4G@mail.ru\n431 TSrczgYASrR11Hs3qCi@mail.ru\n380 o3r3exc3OL@mail.ru\n357 rzmjr2VAHK@mail.ru\n348 vnPr6YjJ3ndw@mail.ru\n312 anOjFXrwOtLP2Rl1Vcz6@mail.ru\n289 dvny5zHmRW8fiT@mail.ru\n282 sgg9jPxFDYvzw8Kr@mail.ru\n274 tKSevzA7GntJ@mail.ru<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb, ne marrim stringun \u00abLinuxBenedictTorvadst\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7el\u00ebsi i sakt\u00eb: \u00abLinusBenedictTorvalds\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Stringu i marr\u00eb ka nj\u00eb gabim n\u00eb krahasim me \u00e7el\u00ebsin e sakt\u00eb n\u00eb 3 karakteret e fundit. Kjo ndodh p\u00ebr shkak se rrjetet q\u00eb zgjodh\u00ebm nuk jan\u00eb ndar\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr vendet e Afrik\u00ebs dhe si jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb email-et p\u00ebr IP-t\u00eb n\u00eb logun ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Me nj\u00eb sqarim t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb rrjeteve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, t\u00eb ndara p\u00ebr vendet e Afrik\u00ebs, mund t\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb sakt\u00eb.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat log1.txt | fgrep -e' '105.{30..255}. -e' '41. -e' '196.{64..47}. -e' '196.{248..132}. -e' '197.{160..31}. -e' '154.{127..255}. -e' '102.{70..255}. -e' '156.{155..255}. | awk '{print $1}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n 21\n3350 L2JhbjAbM67GA99jg@mail.ru\n2662 iHKTBkegOQa6fIALq@mail.ru\n2105 nHkcBl7BdgXxijSYD7@mail.ru\n1724 uvRbp1O@mail.ru\n1376 sPmMsmmFiV@mail.ru\n1092 BtG3aHgQgCKuze2AKuRH@mail.ru\n849 eQpuuQ2uQdbwRL3@mail.ru\n712 nJT5dpaBZ@mail.ru\n584 ef4WbQiB@mail.ru\n463 dQCqKL6eVminFfH7wLA@mail.ru\n365 ifq6Rd1HxuCQOdO9@mail.ru\n269 cFwm2ssypMmx1sA7@mail.ru\n225 twtTnr4G@mail.ru\n168 TSrczgYASrR11Hs3qCi@mail.ru\n142 o3r3exc3OL@mail.ru\n111 rzmjr2VAHK@mail.ru\n 96 vnPr6YjJ3ndw@mail.ru\n 78 anOjFXrwOtLP2Rl1Vcz6@mail.ru\n 56 lHzWiB7ExvRtSbAcU9@mail.ru\n 56 dvny5zHmRW8fiT@mail.ru\n 40 sgg9jPxFDYvzw8Kr@mail.ru<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nProblemi mund t\u00eb zgjidhet edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00eb.<br \/>\nShkarkojm\u00eb MaxMind, e shpaketojm\u00eb dhe k\u00ebto tri komanda gjithashtu zgjidhin problemin ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cat GeoLite2-Country-Locations-ru.csv | grep \"Afrika\" | cut -d',' -f1 &gt; africaIds.txt\n$ grep -Ff africaIds.txt GeoLite2-Country-Blocks-IPv4.csv | cut -d',' -f1 &gt; africaNetworks.txt\n$ grepcidr -f africaNetworks.txt log1.txt | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -r | head -n21\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ose nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb fund llogarit\u00ebm statistikat dhe menaxher\u00ebt mor\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e nevojshme p\u00ebr pun\u00eb! <\/p>\n<h3>3. Hapi i tret\u00eb<\/h3>\n<p>\nHapi i tret\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb disi i ngjash\u00ebm me t\u00eb parin - gjithashtu duhet t\u00eb riparojm\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e ngroht\u00eb, por \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar se n\u00eb detyr\u00ebn e par\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h4>3.1. Fakte interesante<\/h4>\n<p>\nN\u00eb 15 minutat e para, tre lojtar\u00eb gjet\u00ebn \u00e7el\u00ebsin e par\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa 2 or\u00eb e 20 minuta pas fillimit t\u00eb faz\u00ebs, fituesi yn\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoi detyr\u00ebn.<\/p>\n<h4>3.2. Detyra<\/h4>\n<p>\nKe filluar pun\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompani ku t\u00eb gjith\u00eb dokumentet ruhen n\u00eb serverin e brendsh\u00ebm Wiki. Vitin e kaluar, inxhinieri k\u00ebrkoi 3 disqe t\u00eb rinj p\u00ebr serverin, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 nj\u00eb ekzistuesi, duke argumentuar se p\u00ebr q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e sistemit duhej t\u00eb vendoseshin disqet n\u00eb disa grupe. Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, disa jav\u00eb pas instalimit t\u00eb tyre, inxhinieri u largua p\u00ebr pushime n\u00eb Indi dhe nuk u kthye.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr disa vite serveri ka funksionuar pa probleme, por disa dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb rrjeti i kompanis\u00eb u hackua. Sipas udh\u00ebzimeve, punonj\u00ebsit e siguris\u00eb nxor\u00ebn disqet nga serveri dhe ia d\u00ebrguan ty. Gjat\u00eb transportit, nj\u00eb disk u humb p\u00ebrfundimisht.<\/p>\n<p>Duhet t\u00eb rikthehet funksionaliteti i Wiki-t, p\u00ebrpara gjith\u00e7ka nevojitet p\u00ebrmbajtja e faqeve t\u00eb wiki-t. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e tekstit q\u00eb ndodhej n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto faqe \u00ebsht\u00eb passwordi p\u00ebr serverin 1C dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb urgjentisht e nevojshme p\u00ebr bllokimin e tij.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, diku n\u00eb faqet wiki ose ndonj\u00eb vend tjet\u00ebr ishin fjal\u00ebkalimet p\u00ebr serverin e log-eve dhe serverin e videovigjilenc\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshme t'i rikuperojm\u00eb, pa to hulumtimi i incidentit \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundur. Si gjithmon\u00eb, presim nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjes!<\/p>\n<h4>3.3. Zgjidhja<\/h4>\n<p>\n1. Provoni t\u00eb ngarkoni nj\u00ebri pas tjetrit nga ato disqe q\u00eb kemi dhe kudo marrim t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin mesazh:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">No bootable medium found! System halted \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDuhet t\u00eb ngarkojm\u00eb nga ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb. P\u00ebrs\u00ebri na shp\u00ebton ngarkimi nga Live CD\/DVD (Troubleshooting -&gt; Rescue). Gjat\u00eb ngarkimit, p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb pjes\u00ebn ngarkuese, nuk e gjejm\u00eb, arrijm\u00eb n\u00eb shell. Provoni t\u00eb studioni se \u00e7far\u00eb dhe si me disqet. Dihet se ata jan\u00eb tre. Mjetet p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb versionin 7 t\u00eb CentOS, ku ka komandat <code>blkid<\/code> ose <code>lsblk<\/code>, t\u00eb cilat na tregojn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha informacionet n\u00eb lidhje me disqet. <\/p>\n<p>Si dhe \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ ls \/dev\/sd*<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMenj\u00ebher\u00eb duket se <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">\/dev\/sdb1 - ext4\n\/dev\/sdb2 - \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c lvm\n\/dev\/sda1 \u0438 \/dev\/sdc1 - \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0430\n\/dev\/sda2 \u0438 \/dev\/sdc2 - \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMund t\u00eb ngrem\u00eb sdb1, duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa ngarkuese e CentOS 6.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mkdir \/mnt\/sdb1 &amp;&amp; mount \/dev\/sdb1 \/mnt\/sdb1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nQart\u00eb, shkojm\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn grub dhe atje gjejm\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsin e par\u00eb \u2014 James191955Gosling n\u00eb nj\u00eb skedar t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>2. Pohojim pvs dhe lvs, pasi punojm\u00eb me LVM. Shohim se duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb 2 volume fizike, nj\u00ebra nuk gjendet dhe ankohet p\u00ebr uid t\u00eb humbur. Shohim se duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb 2 volume logjike: root dhe swap, nd\u00ebrsa root \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht i humbur (atributi P n\u00eb volume). Nuk e kemi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb ta montojm\u00eb, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrthyese! Na nevojitet shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Ka edhe 2 disqe t\u00eb tjera, i shqyrtojm\u00eb, i mbledhim dhe i montojm\u00eb:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mdadm --examine --verbose --scan\n$ mdadm --assemble --verbose --scan\n$ mkdir \/mnt\/md127 &amp;&amp; mount \/dev\/md127 \/mnt\/md127 <\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nShohim, \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa boot e CentOS 6 dhe nj\u00eb kopje e asaj q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tashm\u00eb n\u00eb <code>\/dev\/sdb1<\/code>, dhe k\u00ebtu s\u00ebrish \u00e7el\u00ebsi i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb \u2014 DennisBMacAlistairCRitchie!<br \/>\nShohim si \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar <code>\/dev\/md127<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mdadm --detail \/dev\/md127\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nShohim se duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb qen\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nga 4 disqe, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nga dy <code>\/dev\/sda1<\/code> dhe <code>\/dev\/sdc1<\/code>, ata duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb qen\u00eb numrat 2 dhe 4 n\u00eb sistem. Supozuam se nga <code>\/dev\/sda2<\/code> dhe <code>\/dev\/sdc2<\/code> mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohet gjithashtu nj\u00eb grumbull. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb pse nuk ka metadata mbi ta, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00ebn e administratorit, i cili ndodhet diku n\u00eb Goa. Supozuam se k\u00ebtu duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb RAID10, megjithat\u00eb ka variante. Nd\u00ebrtojm\u00eb: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ mdadm --create --verbose \/dev\/md0 --assume-clean --level=10 --raid-devices=4 missing \/dev\/sda2 missing \/dev\/sdc2\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nShihni blkid, pvs, lvs. Zbulojm\u00eb se kemi nd\u00ebrtuar volume fizike, t\u00eb cilin na kishte munguar m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Menj\u00ebher\u00eb u riparua lvroot, e montojm\u00eb, por paraprakisht aktivizojm\u00eb VG:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ vgchange -a y\n$ mkdir \/mnt\/lvroot &amp;&amp; mount \/dev\/mapper\/vg_c6m1-lv_root \/mnt\/lvroot \n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDhe aty ka gjith\u00e7ka, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsin n\u00eb direktorin\u00eb sht\u00ebpiake root \u2014 \/root\/sweet.<\/p>\n<p>3. Po p\u00ebrpiqemi ta ringjallim serverin ton\u00eb p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb filloj\u00eb normalisht. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb volume logjik\u00eb nga <code>\/dev\/md0<\/code> (ku e gjet\u00ebm gjith\u00e7ka) i zhvendosim n\u00eb <code>\/dev\/sdb2<\/code>, ku fillimisht funksiononte i gjith\u00eb serveri.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ pvmove \/dev\/md0 \/dev\/sdb2\n$ vgreduce vg_c6m1 \/dev\/md0<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nShk\u00ebputim serverin, heqim disqet 1 dhe 3, l\u00ebm\u00eb t\u00eb dytin, ngarkojm\u00eb me Live CD\/DVD n\u00eb Rescue. Gjejm\u00eb ndarjen boot, rikthejm\u00eb bootloader n\u00eb grub:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root (hd0,0)\nsetup (hd0)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nHeqim diskun boot dhe ngarkojm\u00eb me sukses, por faqja nuk funksionon.<\/p>\n<p>4. Ka dy mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb nisur faqen: t\u00eb konfigurojm\u00eb Apache nga fillimi ose t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim nginx t\u00eb parakonfiguruar me php-fpm:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ \/etc\/init.d\/nginx start\n$ \/etc\/init.d\/php-fpm start\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nM\u00eb n\u00eb fund, duhet t\u00eb nisim MySQL:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ \/etc\/init.d\/mysqld start<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAi nuk nis, dhe zgjidhja \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb <code>\/var\/log\/mysql<\/code>. Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhni problemin me MySQL, faqja do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb, n\u00eb faqen kryesore do t\u00eb jet\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsi \u2014 RichardGCCMatthewGNUStallman! Tani kemi qasje n\u00eb 1C, dhe punonj\u00ebsit do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb marrin pag\u00ebn. Nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr ty mbetet shum\u00eb pun\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar infrastrukturen dhe sigurin\u00eb n\u00eb kompani.<\/p>\n<p>Po ashtu, mund t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri list\u00ebn e librave q\u00eb na ndihmuan ne dhe pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit tan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatiten p\u00ebr loj\u00ebn: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/linux.mail.ru\/books\">linux.mail.ru\/books<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Faleminderit q\u00eb ishit me ne! Ndiqni njoftimet p\u00ebr loj\u00ebrat e ardhshme!<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/447222\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043d\u0430 Linux Quest, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0418\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux. \u041d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438: \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 1117 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 317 \u2014 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447, 241 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430, 123 \u2014 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 70 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u044d\u0442\u0430\u043f. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0443, \u0438 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