{"id":31419,"date":"2019-10-31T21:41:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/termodinamika-chernyh-dyr\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:41:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:09","slug":"termodinamika-chernyh-dyr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/termodinamika-chernyh-dyr","title":{"rendered":"Termodinamika e vrimave t\u00eb zeza","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Termodinamika<\/a><\/noindex>
\nG\u00ebzuar Diten e Astronautik\u00ebs! Ne e dor\u00ebzuam p\u00ebr botim \u00abNj\u00eb lib\u00ebr i vog\u00ebl p\u00ebr vrimat e zeza\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>. Pikerisht n\u00eb k\u00ebto dit\u00eb astrofizikan\u00ebt i treguan bot\u00ebs se si duken vrimat e zeza. Rast\u00ebsi? Nuk mendojm\u00eb \ud83d\ude09 Pra, prisni, s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb dal\u00eb nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr surprizues, i shkruar nga Steven Gabser dhe Frans Pretorius, p\u00ebrkthyer nga astronomi i shk\u00eblqyer i Pulkovo aka Astronauti Kirill Maslennikov, dhe redaktuar shkenc\u00ebrisht nga legjendari Vladimir Surdin, i mb\u00ebshtetur p\u00ebr botim nga fondi Trajektoria.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fragment i \u00abTermodinamik\u00ebs s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza\u00bb posht\u00eb.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nKemi ende kemi duke shqyrtuar vrimat e zeza si objekte astrofizike q\u00eb jan\u00eb formuar nga shp\u00ebrthimet e supernovave ose ndodhen n\u00eb qendrat e galaksive. Ne i v\u00ebzhgojm\u00eb ato n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb indirekte, duke matur p\u00ebrshpejtimet e yjeve q\u00eb jan\u00eb af\u00ebr tyre. Regjistrimi i njohur i val\u00ebve gravitacionale nga aparati LIGO m\u00eb 14 Shtator 2015 sh\u00ebnoi nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgimeve m\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta t\u00eb p\u00ebrplasjeve t\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza. Mjetet matematikore q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza jan\u00eb: geometria diferenciale, ekuacionet e Einsteinit dhe metodat analitike dhe numerike t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb aplikuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur ekuacionet e Einsteinit dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar gjeometrin\u00eb e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb q\u00eb krijohet nga vrimat e zeza. Dhe sapo t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ofrojm\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb plot\u00eb sasiore t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb t\u00eb krijuar nga nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb e zez\u00eb, nga pik\u00ebpamja astrofizikore tema e vrimave t\u00eb zeza mund t\u00eb konsiderohet e mbyllur. N\u00eb nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb teorike, ende ka shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr hulumtim. Q\u00ebllimi i k\u00ebsaj kapitulli \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb flas\u00eb p\u00ebr disa arritje teoretike t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs moderne t\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza, ku idet\u00eb e termodinamik\u00ebs dhe teoris\u00eb kuantike bashkohen me teorin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb relativitetit, duke nxjerr\u00eb n\u00eb pah koncepte t\u00eb reja dhe t\u00eb papritura. Ideja kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb se vrimat e zeza nuk jan\u00eb thjesht objekte gjeometrike. Ato kan\u00eb temperatur\u00eb, pritet t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb entropi t\u00eb madhe dhe mund t\u00eb demonstrojn\u00eb manifestime t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrimit kuantik. Reflektimet tona mbi aspektet termodinamike dhe kuantike t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza do t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fragmentuara dhe m\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore se analiza e ve\u00e7orive gjeometrike t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb t\u00eb prezantuar n\u00eb kapitujt e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm. Por k\u00ebto aspektet, dhe ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ato kuantike, jan\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore dhe jetike e k\u00ebrkimeve teorike q\u00eb po zhvillohen mbi vrimat e zeza, dhe ne do t\u00eb mundohemi t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjellim, n\u00ebse jo detajet e nd\u00ebrlikuara, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn shpirtin e k\u00ebtyre punimeve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb teorin\u00eb klasike t\u00eb relativitetit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm \u2014 duke folur p\u00ebr gjeometrin\u00eb diferenciale t\u00eb zgjidhjeve t\u00eb ekuacioneve t\u00eb Einstein \u2014 vrimat e zeza jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb zeza n\u00eb kuptimin se asgj\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb dal\u00eb prej tyre. Stephen Hawking tregoi se kjo situat\u00eb ndryshon plot\u00ebsisht kur marrim parasysh efektet kuantike: vrimat e zeza, si\u00e7 duket, emitojn\u00eb rrezatim me nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, e njohur si temperatura Hawking. P\u00ebr vrimat e zeza t\u00eb madh\u00ebsive astrofizike (dometh\u00ebn\u00eb nga vrimat e zeza me mas\u00eb yjore deri te ato supermasive), temperatura Hawking \u00ebsht\u00eb e pap\u00ebrfillshme n\u00eb krahasim me temperatur\u00ebn e fondeve mikroval\u00eb kozmike \u2014 rrezatim q\u00eb mbush t\u00ebr\u00eb Universin, i cili, p\u00ebr incident, mund t\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb variant i rrezatimit Hawking. Llogaritjet e kryera nga Hawking p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar temperatur\u00ebn e vrimave t\u00eb zeza jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb programi m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb hulumtimi n\u00eb fush\u00ebn, e quajtur termodinamika e vrimave t\u00eb zeza. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e madhe e k\u00ebtij programi \u00ebsht\u00eb studimi i entropis\u00eb s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza, e cila karakterizon sasin\u00eb e informacionit q\u00eb humbet brenda nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb. Objektet e zakonshme (si nj\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb uji, nj\u00eb bllok magnezi t\u00eb past\u00ebr ose nj\u00eb yll) gjithashtu kan\u00eb entropi, dhe nj\u00eb nga pretendimet qendrore t\u00eb termodinamik\u00ebs s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza \u00ebsht\u00eb se nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb e zez\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj madh\u00ebsie ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb entropi se \u00e7do form\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mati\u00e8re q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushet n\u00eb nj\u00eb rajon t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb madh\u00ebsie, por pa formuar nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb t\u00eb zez\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Por k\u00ebt\u00eb para se t\u00eb thelloheni n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e problemeve q\u00eb lidhen me rrezatimin e Hawkingut dhe entropin\u00eb e blackhole-ve, le t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb fushat e mekanik\u00ebs kuantike, termodinamik\u00ebs dhe nd\u00ebrlidhjes. Mekanika kuantike u zhvillua kryesisht n\u00eb vitet 1920, dhe q\u00ebllimi i saj kryesor ishte p\u00ebrshkrimi i pjes\u00ebve shum\u00eb t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb materies, si atomet. Zhvillimi i mekanik\u00ebs kuantike \u00e7oi n\u00eb mjegullimin e koncepteve themelore t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs, si pozita e sakt\u00eb e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb: doli se, p\u00ebr shembull, pozita e elektronit gjat\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb tij rreth b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs atomike nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet sakt\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, elektronet iu atribuohen orbitat e ashtuquajtura, ku pozitat e tyre reale mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim probabilistik. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr q\u00ebllimet tona, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mos kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb an\u00eb - probabiliste - shum\u00eb shpejt. Merrni shembullin m\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb: atomi i hidrogjenit. Ai mund t\u00eb ekzistoj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike. Gjendja m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb e atomit t\u00eb hidrogjenit, e quajtur baz\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb gjendja me energjin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, dhe kjo energji \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur sakt\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, mekanika kuantike na lejon (n\u00eb parim) t\u00eb njohim gjendjen e \u00e7far\u00ebdo sistemi kuantik me sakt\u00ebsi absolute.<\/p>\n

Probabilitetet dalin n\u00eb sken\u00eb kur ne b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj specifik pyetjesh mbi sistemin kuantum-mekanike. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse dihet me siguri se atomi i hidrogjenit ndodhet n\u00eb gjendjen themelore, ne mund t\u00eb pyesim: \"Ku ndodhet elektroni?\" dhe sipas ligjeve t\u00eb kuantum mekanik\u00ebs do t\u00eb marrim p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb caktuar probabiliteti, p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht di\u00e7ka si: \"\u00ebsht\u00eb e mundshme q\u00eb elektroni t\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb deri n\u00eb gjysm\u00eb angstr\u00ebm nga b\u00ebrthama e atomit t\u00eb hidrogjenit\" (nj\u00eb angstr\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb
\nt\u00eb barabart\u00eb me \"Termodinamika metrov). Por k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, ne kemi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb procesi fizik t\u00eb caktuar, t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb pozitat e elektronit shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb se sa deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb angstrom. Ky proces, i zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb fizik\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshin d\u00ebrgimin e nj\u00eb fotoni n\u00eb elektron me nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi vale shum\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr (apo, si\u00e7 thon\u00eb fizikant\u00ebt, shp\u00ebrndarjen e fotonit mbi elektron) \u2014 pas k\u00ebsaj, ne do t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb rikonstruktojm\u00eb vendndodhjen e elektronit n\u00eb momentin e shp\u00ebrndarjes me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt me gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb val\u00ebs s\u00eb fotonit. Por ky proces do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb gjendjen e elektronit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pas k\u00ebsaj ai nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen themelore t\u00eb atomit t\u00eb hidrogjenit dhe nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb energji t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar sakt\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, pozita e tij do t\u00eb jet\u00eb pothuajse e p\u00ebrcaktuar me sakt\u00ebsi (me sakt\u00ebsi deri n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb val\u00ebs s\u00eb fotonit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00ebllim). Nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim paraprak i vendndodhjes s\u00eb elektronit mund t\u00eb kryhet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb sens probabilistik me sakt\u00ebsi rreth nj\u00eb angstrom, por sapo e mat\u00ebm at\u00eb, ne e dim\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht se \u00e7far\u00eb ka qen\u00eb. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, n\u00ebse ne n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre masim nj\u00eb sistem kuantum-mekanike, at\u00ebher\u00eb, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb sens t\u00eb pranuesh\u00ebm, ne \"me forc\u00eb\" i japim asaj nj\u00eb gjendje me vler\u00ebn e sakt\u00eb t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb q\u00eb po masim.<\/p>\n

Mekanika kuantike \u00ebsht\u00eb e aplikueshme jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr sistemet e vogla, por edhe (si\u00e7 besojm\u00eb ne) p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha sistemet, megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr sistemet e m\u00ebdha, rregullat kuantike b\u00ebhen shum\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara. Nj\u00eb koncept ky\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhja kuantike, nj\u00eb shembull i thjesht\u00eb i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb koncepti i spin-it (rrotullimit). Elektron\u00ebt individual\u00eb kan\u00eb spin, prandaj n\u00eb praktik\u00eb nj\u00eb elektron mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb spin t\u00eb orientuar lart ose posht\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me nj\u00eb oksi hap\u00ebsinor t\u00eb zgjedhur. Spin-i i elektronit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi e v\u00ebzhgueshme, sepse elektroni krijon nj\u00eb fush\u00eb magnetike t\u00eb dob\u00ebt, t\u00eb ngjashme me fush\u00ebn e nj\u00eb magneti. Sustentimi lart do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se poli verior i elektronit tregon posht\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa sustentimi posht\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se poli verior 'shikon' lart. Dy elektron\u00eb mund t\u00eb vendosen n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje kuantike t\u00eb lidhur, ku nj\u00eb prej tyre ka spin t\u00eb orientuar lart dhe tjetri posht\u00eb, por nuk mund t\u00eb themi se cili nga elektron\u00ebt ka cilin spin. N\u00eb thelb, n\u00eb gjendjen themelore t\u00eb atomit t\u00eb heliumit, dy elektron\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb till\u00eb, t\u00eb quajtur spin-singlet, pasi spin-i total i t\u00eb dy elektron\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb zero. N\u00ebse ne ndajn\u00eb k\u00ebta dy elektron\u00eb, pa ndryshuar spin-in e tyre, ne mund t\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb t\u00eb themi se ata jan\u00eb s\u00eb bashku spin-singlet, por gjithsesi nuk do t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb themi \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb spin-i i ndonj\u00ebrit prej tyre ve\u00e7mas. N\u00ebse ne masim nj\u00eb nga spin-et e tyre dhe e konfirmojm\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb orientuar lart, at\u00ebher\u00eb ne do t\u00eb kemi plot\u00ebsisht besim se spin-i i dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb orientuar posht\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb ne themi se spin-et jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura \u2014 asnj\u00eb prej tyre vet\u00eb nuk ka nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, nd\u00ebrsa s\u00eb bashku ata jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike.<\/p>\n

Einstein ishte shum\u00eb i shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr fenomenin e ngat\u00ebrrimit: dukej se ai k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte parimet baz\u00eb t\u00eb teoris\u00eb s\u00eb relativitetit. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb rastin e dy elektron\u00ebve n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje spin-singlet, kur ata jan\u00eb shum\u00eb larg nj\u00ebri-tjetrit n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb q\u00ebn\u00eb specifik, le t\u00eb themi se nj\u00ebri prej tyre e quajti Alicja dhe tjetri \u2014 Beni. Supozoni se Alicja mat spin-in e elektronit t\u00eb saj dhe zbulohet se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i orientuar lart, nd\u00ebrsa Beni nuk b\u00ebn asnj\u00eb matje. Derisa Alicja nuk e kryen matjen e saj, nuk ishte e mundur t\u00eb thuhej se cila \u00ebsht\u00eb orientimi i spin-it t\u00eb elektronit t\u00eb tij. Por sapo ajo e p\u00ebrfundoi matjen e saj, ajo e dinte me sakt\u00ebsi se spin-i i elektronit t\u00eb Benit ishte i orientuar posht\u00eb (n\u00eb drejtimin e kund\u00ebrt t\u00eb spin-it t\u00eb elektronit t\u00eb saj). A do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kjo se matja e saj e \u00e7oi menj\u00ebher\u00eb elektronin e Benit n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje kur spin-i i tij ishte i orientuar posht\u00eb? Si mund t\u00eb ndodhte kjo, n\u00ebse elektron\u00ebt ishin hap\u00ebsir\u00ebsht t\u00eb ndar\u00eb? Einstein dhe bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e tij Nathan Rosen dhe Boris Podolsky ndjenin se historia e matjeve t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara ishte aq serioze sa k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte ekzistenc\u00ebn e vet\u00eb mekanik\u00ebs kuantike. Paradoshi i formuluar nga ata, paradoshi i Einsteinit\u2014Podolskyt\u2014Rosens (EPR), p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb eksperiment mendimi t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me at\u00eb q\u00eb sapo p\u00ebrshkruam, p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se mekanika kuantike nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i plot\u00eb i realitetit. Tani, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimeve teorike q\u00eb pasuan dhe shum\u00eb matjeve, ka nj\u00eb konsensus t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm se paradoshi EPR p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb gabim, dhe teoria kuantike \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. Ngat\u00ebrrimi mekanik kuantik \u00ebsht\u00eb real: matjet e sistemeve t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara do t\u00eb korrelacionohen, edhe n\u00ebse k\u00ebto sisteme jan\u00eb shum\u00eb larg nj\u00ebri-tjetrit n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb-koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb kthehemi te situata ku kemi vendosur dy elektrone n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje spin singlet dhe ua kemi dh\u00ebn\u00eb ato Alic\u00ebs dhe Bobit. \u00c7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb themi p\u00ebr elektronet para se t\u00eb kryhen matjet? Q\u00eb t\u00eb dy s\u00eb bashku ndodhen n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike (spin singlet). Spini i elektronit t\u00eb Alic\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb i orientuar me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn probabilitet lart ose posht\u00eb. M\u00eb sakt\u00eb, gjendja kuantike e elektronit t\u00eb saj me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn probabilitet mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00ebra (spin lart) ose tjetra (spin posht\u00eb). Tani, koncepti i probabilitetit merr nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb se m\u00eb par\u00eb. M\u00eb par\u00eb, shqyrtuam nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike (gjendjen thelb\u00ebsore t\u00eb atomeve t\u00eb hidrogjenit) dhe pam\u00eb se jan\u00eb disa pyetje 't\u00eb parehatshme', si p.sh., 'Ku ndodhet elektroni?', pyetje p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrgjigjet ekzistojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim probabilistik. N\u00ebse do t\u00eb b\u00ebnim 'pyetje t\u00eb mira', si p.sh.: 'Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb energjia e k\u00ebtij elektroni?', do t\u00eb merrnim p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr to. Tani, nuk ka 'pyetje t\u00eb mira' q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb p\u00ebr elektronin e Alic\u00ebs, p\u00ebrgjigjet e t\u00eb cilave nuk varen nga elektroni i Bobit. (Nuk po flasim p\u00ebr pyetje t\u00eb budallalla\u00e7it si 'A ka ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb spin elektroni i Alic\u00ebs?' - pyetje p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat ekziston vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje.) Pra, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar parametrat e nj\u00ebrit prej dy sistemeve t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara, do t\u00eb na duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb probabilistike. Caktueshm\u00ebria ndodhet vet\u00ebm kur shqyrtojm\u00eb lidhjen midis pyetjeve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb p\u00ebr elektronet e tyre Alicia dhe Bob.<\/p>\n

Ne filluam q\u00ebllimisht me nj\u00eb nga sistemet m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta mekanike kuantike q\u00eb njohim: sistemet e spinve t\u00eb elektroneve individuale. Ka shpres\u00eb q\u00eb mbi baza t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb thjeshta do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohen kompjuter\u00eb kuantik\u00eb. Sistemi i spinve t\u00eb elektroneve individuale ose sisteme t\u00eb tjera ekuivalente kuantike tani quhen kubit\u00eb (shkurtimi nga \"bit\u00ebt kuantike\"), q\u00eb thekson rolin e tyre n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb, t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me rolin q\u00eb luajn\u00eb bit\u00ebt e zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt digjital\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tani imagjinojm\u00eb se kemi z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar secilin elektron me nj\u00eb sistem kuantik m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar q\u00eb ka shum\u00eb, e jo vet\u00ebm dy, gjendje kuantike. P\u00ebr shembull, le t'u japim Alic\u00ebs dhe Bobit blloqe prej magnezit t\u00eb past\u00ebr. Para se Alicja dhe Bobi t\u00eb ndahen p\u00ebr pun\u00ebt e tyre n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, blloqet e tyre mund t\u00eb interaktojn\u00eb, dhe ne do t\u00eb biem dakord q\u00eb gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj nd\u00ebrveprimi ata t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt. Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb Alicja dhe Bobi ndahen, blloqet e tyre t\u00eb magnezit ndalojn\u00eb s\u00eb interaktuari. Si\u00e7 ndodh edhe me elektronet, secili bllok ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje kuantike t\u00eb paqart\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb bashk\u00eb, si\u00e7 mendojm\u00eb, ata formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar. (N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb diskutim, ne supozuam se Alicja dhe Bobi jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin blloqet e tyre t\u00eb magnezit pa e ndryshuar gjendjen e tyre t\u00eb brendshme, ashtu si\u00e7 supozuam m\u00eb par\u00eb se Alicja dhe Bobi mund t\u00eb ndanin elektronet e tyre t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara pa ndryshuar spinat e tyre.) Por dallimi midis k\u00ebtij eksperiment eksperienc\u00eb dhe eksperimentit me elektronet \u00ebsht\u00eb se paqart\u00ebsia e gjendjes kuantike t\u00eb secilit bllok \u00ebsht\u00eb e madhe. Nj\u00eb bllok shum\u00eb mir\u00eb mund t\u00eb fitoj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb gjendje kuantike sesa numri i atomeve n\u00eb Univers. K\u00ebtu hyn n\u00eb sken\u00eb termodinamika. Sistemet e p\u00ebrcaktuara shum\u00eb pak sakt\u00ebsisht mund, megjithat\u00eb, t\u00eb ken\u00eb disa karakteristika makroskopike mir\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara. Nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, temperatura. Temperatura \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e probabilitetit q\u00eb \u00e7do pjes\u00eb e sistemit ka nj\u00eb energji mesatare t\u00eb caktuar, ku nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb korrespondon me nj\u00eb probabilitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur energji m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Nj\u00eb paramet\u00ebr tjet\u00ebr termodinamik \u00ebsht\u00eb entropia, n\u00eb esenc\u00eb, e barabart\u00eb me logarifmin e numrit t\u00eb gjendjeve q\u00eb sistemi mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb. Nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr termodinamike q\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr bllokun e magnezit \u00ebsht\u00eb magnetizmi i tij i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, n\u00eb thelb, nj\u00eb paramet\u00ebr q\u00eb tregon se sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb elektron\u00eb me spin drejt lart\u00eb mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb bllok sesa me spin drejt posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ne kemi p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb termodinamik\u00ebn n\u00eb tregimin ton\u00eb si nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar sistemet, t\u00eb cilat gjendjet kuantike t\u00eb tyre jan\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb panjohura p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngatht\u00ebsis\u00eb me sisteme t\u00eb tjera. Termodinamika \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet i fuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr analiz\u00ebn e k\u00ebtyre sistemeve, por krijuesit e saj nuk e kan\u00eb parashikuar aspak nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb till\u00eb. Sadi Carnot, James Joule dhe Rudolf Clausius ishin figura t\u00eb Revolucionit Industrial t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb, dhe ata u interesuan p\u00ebr pyetjen m\u00eb praktike nga t\u00eb gjitha: si funksionojn\u00eb motor\u00ebt? Presioni, v\u00ebllimi, temperatura dhe ngrohja jan\u00eb mishi dhe gjaku i motor\u00ebve. Carnot e vuri n\u00eb dukje se energia n\u00eb form\u00ebn e ngjyr\u00ebs kurr\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb konvertohet plot\u00ebsisht n\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme si ngritja e ngarkesave. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e energjis\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb humbas\u00eb. Clausius kontribuoi n\u00eb krijimin e ideve p\u00ebr entropin\u00eb si nj\u00eb mjet universale p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcaktimin e humbjeve energjetike gjat\u00eb \u00e7do procesi q\u00eb lidhet me ngrohjen. Arritja e tij kryesore ishte kuptimi se entropia kurr\u00eb nuk zvog\u00eblohet - n\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha proceset ajo rritet. Proceset n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat entropia rritet quhen t\u00eb pakthyeshme - pik\u00ebrisht sepse ato nuk mund t\u00eb kthehen mbrapsht pa zvog\u00eblimin e entropis\u00eb. Hapi tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb zhvillimin e mekanik\u00ebs statistikore u b\u00eb nga Clausius, Maxwell dhe Ludwig Boltzmann (n\u00eb mesin e shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve) - ata treguan se entropia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e kaosit. Zakonisht, sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb veproni mbi di\u00e7ka, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb kaos sjellni atje. Dhe madje n\u00ebse keni zhvilluar nj\u00eb proces, i cili synon t\u00eb vendos\u00eb rend, gjat\u00eb tij do t\u00eb krijohet patjet\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb entropi sesa do t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrohet - p\u00ebr shembull, gjat\u00eb l\u00ebshimit t\u00ebn ngrohjes. Nj\u00eb grua ngrit\u00ebse q\u00eb vendos shufra \u00e7eliku n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ideale, krijon rend n\u00eb sensin e pozicionimit t\u00eb shufrave, por gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb saj do t\u00eb l\u00ebshoj\u00eb aq shum\u00eb ngrohje, sa entropia totale \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb rritje.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, ndryshimi midis m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb menduarit mbi termodinamik\u00ebn nga fizikan\u00ebt e shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb dhe pik\u00ebpamjes q\u00eb lidhet me ngat\u00ebrrimin kuantik nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq i madh sa duket. \u00c7do her\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem nd\u00ebrvepron me nj\u00eb agjent t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm, gjendja e tij kuantike ngat\u00ebrrhet me gjendjen kuantike t\u00eb agjentit. Zakonisht, kjo ngat\u00ebrrim \u00e7on n\u00eb rritjen e pafund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjendjes kuantike t\u00eb sistemit, n\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, n\u00eb rritjen e numrit t\u00eb gjendjeve kuantike n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat sistemi mund t\u00eb ndodhet. Si rezultat i nd\u00ebrveprimit me sisteme t\u00eb tjera, entropia, e cila p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb terma t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb gjendjeve kuantike t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr sistemin, zakonisht rritet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, mekanika kuantike ofron nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb re p\u00ebr t\u00eb karakterizuar sistemet fizike, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat disa parametrat (p.sh., pozita n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb) b\u00ebhen t\u00eb paqart\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt (p.sh., energjia) shpesh njihen sakt\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb rastin e ngat\u00ebrrimit kuantik, dy pjes\u00eb thelb\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndara t\u00eb sistemit kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt kuantike t\u00eb njohur, nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7do pjes\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ka nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb paqart\u00eb. Nj\u00eb shembull i zakonsh\u00ebm i ngat\u00ebrrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ift spina n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje singlet, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb thuhet se cili spin \u00ebsht\u00eb i drejtuar lart e cili posht\u00eb. Paqart\u00ebsia e gjendjes kuantike n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb madh k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb qasje termodinamike, ku parametrat makroskopik, si temperatura dhe entropia, njihen me sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb madhe, pavar\u00ebsisht nga fakti se sistemi ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh mund\u00ebsish p\u00ebr gjendje kuantike mikro.<\/p>\n

Pasi p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhjes son\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mekanik\u00ebs kuantike, ngat\u00ebrrimit dhe termodinamikes, le t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi tani t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb se si gjith\u00e7ka kjo \u00e7on n\u00eb kuptimin e faktit se d\u00ebrrasat e zeza kan\u00eb temperatur\u00eb. Hapi i par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb drejtim u b\u00eb nga Bill Unruh \u2014 ai tregoi se nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues q\u00eb po akcelon n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e shesht\u00eb do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me akcelerimin e tij t\u00eb ndar\u00eb me 2\u03c0. \u00c7el\u00ebsi i llogaritjeve t\u00eb Unruh \u00ebsht\u00eb se v\u00ebzhguesi, i cili l\u00ebviz me nj\u00eb akcelerim konstant n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb caktuar, mund t\u00eb shoh\u00eb vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00ebn e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb t\u00eb shesht\u00eb. Gjysma tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb thelb, ndodhet pas horizontit, si horizonti i nj\u00eb d\u00ebrrase t\u00eb zez\u00eb. N\u00eb fillim, kjo duket e pamundur: si mund t\u00eb veproj\u00eb hap\u00ebsira-koh\u00eb e shesht\u00eb si nj\u00eb horizont i d\u00ebrras\u00ebs s\u00eb zez\u00eb? P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se si ndodh kjo, do t\u00eb ndihmojm\u00eb v\u00ebzhguesit tan\u00eb besnik\u00eb Alice, Bob dhe Bill. Me k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn ton\u00eb, ata renditen n\u00eb radh\u00eb, duke u ndodhur Alice midis Bobit dhe Billit, nd\u00ebrsa distanca midis \u00e7do \u00e7ift v\u00ebzhguesish \u00ebsht\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht 6 kilometra. U dakord\u00ebsuam q\u00eb n\u00eb momentin zero t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, Alice do t\u00eb hidhet n\u00eb raket\u00eb dhe do t\u00eb fluturoj\u00eb drejt Billit (pra, larg Bobit) me nj\u00eb akcelerim konstant. Raketa e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e mir\u00eb, duke qen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb akcelerim 1.5 trilion her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madh se akcelerimi gravitik me t\u00eb cilin l\u00ebvizin objektet af\u00ebr sip\u00ebrfaqes s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs. Sigurisht, t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatet me nj\u00eb akcelerim t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr Alice, por, si\u00e7 do ta shohim tani, k\u00ebto numra jan\u00eb zgjedhur p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb caktuar; p\u00ebrfundimisht, ne po diskutojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm mund\u00ebsi potenciale, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjith\u00eb historia. Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb Alice hidhet n\u00eb raket\u00ebn e saj, Bob dhe Bill i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndesin me dor\u00eb. (Ne kemi t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim shprehjen \"pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb momentin kur...\" sepse derisa Alice nuk ka filluar ende fluturimin, ajo ndodhet n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn sistem referimi si Bobi dhe Billi, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata mund t\u00eb synchronizojn\u00eb or\u00ebt e tyre.) Alice, sigurisht, e sheh Billin q\u00eb po i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet: megjithat\u00eb, ndodhur n\u00eb raket\u00eb, ajo do ta ket\u00eb par\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt se sa do ta kishte par\u00eb n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kishte q\u00ebndruar aty ku ishte, sepse raketa e saj fluturon drejt tij. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, ajo po largohet nga Bobi, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb mund t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se ajo do ta shoh\u00eb at\u00eb duke p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetur disa koh\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb se sa do ta kishte par\u00eb po t\u00eb kishte q\u00ebndruar n\u00eb vendin e saj. Por e v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe m\u00eb e habitshme: Alice nuk do ta shoh\u00eb Bobin fare! Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, foton\u00ebt q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb nga Bobi q\u00eb po p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb Alice nuk do ta arrijn\u00eb kurr\u00eb, edhe pse ajo nuk mund t\u00eb arrij\u00eb kurr\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e drit\u00ebs. N\u00ebse Bob do t\u00eb kishte filluar t\u00eb p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet\u00eb, duke u ndodhur pak m\u00eb af\u00ebr Alice, at\u00ebher\u00eb foton\u00ebt q\u00eb kishin ikur nga ai n\u00eb momentin e nisjes s\u00eb saj, do ta arrinim, por po t\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb pak m\u00eb larg, at\u00ebher\u00eb nuk do ta kishin arrin. Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, ne themi se Alice sheh vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00ebn e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb. N\u00eb momentin kur Alice fillon l\u00ebvizjen, Bobi ndodhet pak m\u00eb larg horizontit q\u00eb Alice e sheh.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb diskutimin ton\u00eb mbi nj\u00ebngjyrshm\u00ebrin\u00eb kuantike, jemi m\u00ebsuar me iden\u00eb se, edhe n\u00ebse nj\u00eb sistem kuantiko-mekanik n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi ka nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike, disa pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tij mund t\u00eb mos e ken\u00eb at\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt, kur diskutojm\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem kuantik kompleks, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e tij mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhet m\u00eb mir\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet termodinamik\u00ebs: mund t'i p\u00ebrkushtohet nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, pavar\u00ebsisht nga gjendja kuantike shum\u00eb t\u00eb paqart\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sistemit. Historia jon\u00eb e fundit me Alicen, Bobin dhe Bilin \u00ebsht\u00eb paksa e ngjashme me k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb, por sistemi kuantik p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin po flasim k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb-kohe e zbraz\u00ebt, dhe Alice sheh vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00ebn e saj. Le t\u00eb theksojm\u00eb se hap\u00ebsira-koha n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi ndodhet n\u00eb gjendjen e saj themelore, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se nuk ka pjes\u00ebza n\u00eb t\u00eb (sigurisht, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 Alic\u00ebs, Bobit, Bilit dhe raket\u00ebs). Por ajo pjes\u00eb e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-kohe q\u00eb sheh Alice, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb themelore, por n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruar me at\u00eb pjes\u00eb q\u00eb ajo nuk e sheh. Hap\u00ebsira-koha e perceptuar nga Alice \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje komplekse t\u00eb paqart\u00eb kuantike, e karakterizuar nga nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtare. Llogaritjet e Unruh tregojn\u00eb se kjo temperatur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 60 nanokelvin. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebrshpejtohet, Alice \u00ebsht\u00eb si t\u00eb ishte duke u zhytur n\u00eb nj\u00eb banj\u00eb t\u00eb ngroht\u00eb rrezatimi me nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb (n\u00eb nj\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse) ndaj p\u00ebrshpejtimit, i ndar\u00eb me \"Termodinamika
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\n\"Termodinamika<\/p>\n

Fig. 7.1. Alisa accelerates from rest, while Bob and Bill remain stationary. Alisa's acceleration is just such that she will never see the photons that Bob sends her way at time t = 0. However, she receives the photons that Bill sent her at that moment. As a result, Alisa is able to observe only one half of spacetime.<\/p>\n

\u00c7udit\u00ebsia e llogaritjeve t\u00eb Unruh \u00ebsht\u00eb se, megjith\u00ebse ato nga fillimi deri n\u00eb fund i referohen hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb zbraz\u00ebt, ato i p\u00ebrkshtaten fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb mbretit Lear, \"nga asgj\u00eb nuk del asgj\u00eb\". Si mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb kaq e komplikuar hap\u00ebsira e zbraz\u00ebt? Si mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb origjin\u00ebn grimcat n\u00eb t\u00eb? \u00c7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb se, sipas teoris\u00eb kuantike, hap\u00ebsira e zbraz\u00ebt nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak e zbraz\u00ebt. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbushur me eksitim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr jet\u00ebsor, t\u00eb quajtur grimca virtuale, energjia e t\u00eb cilave mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb pozitive ose negative. Nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues nga e ardhmja e larg\u00ebt \u2013 le ta quajm\u00eb K\u00ebrol \u2013 e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb shoh\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e zbraz\u00ebt, mund t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb se aty nuk ka grimca q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, prania e grimcave me energji pozitive n\u00eb at\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn Alisa mund ta v\u00ebzhgoj\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrimit kuantik, \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me eksitimet e energjis\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb dhe me shenj\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt n\u00eb ato pjes\u00eb t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb q\u00eb Alisa nuk mund t'i v\u00ebzhgoj\u00eb. E gjith\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta rreth hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb e hapur p\u00ebr K\u00ebrol, dhe kjo e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se aty nuk ka grimca. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrvoja e Alis\u00ebs i thot\u00eb asaj se grimcat jan\u00eb aty!<\/p>\n

Por qoft\u00eb, temperatura e llogaritur Unruh duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb fiksion - ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb pron\u00eb e v\u00ebzhguesit q\u00eb p\u00ebrjeton nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtim konstant n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb shesht\u00eb, sesa nj\u00eb pron\u00eb e vet\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs. Megjithat\u00eb, vet\u00eb graviteti \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb forc\u00eb \"fiktive\" n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn kuptim, n\u00eb at\u00eb sens q\u00eb \"p\u00ebrshpejtimi\" q\u00eb e shkakton, \u00ebsht\u00eb asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb nj\u00eb gjeodezike n\u00eb nj\u00eb metrik\u00eb t\u00eb deformuar. Si\u00e7 e sqaruam n\u00eb kapitullin 2, principi i ekivalenc\u00ebs i Einsteinit thot\u00eb se p\u00ebrshpejtimi dhe graviteti, n\u00eb thelb, jan\u00eb ekvivalent\u00eb. Nga ky k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, nuk ka asgj\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb befasishme n\u00eb faktin se horizonti i nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb ka nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me temperatur\u00ebn e llogaritur Unruh t\u00eb nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhguesi q\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejton. Por, mund t\u00eb pyesim, \u00e7far\u00eb vlere t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtimit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar temperatur\u00ebn? Duke u larguar mjaft larg nga vrima e zez\u00eb, ne mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb gravitetin e saj aq t\u00eb dob\u00ebt sa d\u00ebshirojm\u00eb. D\u00ebshmon kjo se p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar temperatur\u00ebn efikase t\u00eb vrim\u00ebs s\u00eb zez\u00eb q\u00eb matim, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtimit? Ky pyetje rezulton t\u00eb jet\u00eb mjaft delikat, pasi besojm\u00eb se temperatura e nj\u00eb objekti nuk mund t\u00eb zvog\u00eblohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb arbitrare. Supozohet se ajo ka nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar p\u00ebrfundimtare, e cila mund t\u00eb matet edhe nga nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues shum\u00eb i larg\u00ebt.
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Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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