{"id":31419,"date":"2019-10-31T21:41:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/termodinamika-chernyh-dyr\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:41:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:41:09","slug":"termodinamika-chernyh-dyr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/termodinamika-chernyh-dyr","title":{"rendered":"Termodinamika e vrimave t\u00eb zeza","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Termodinamika<\/a><\/noindex>
\nG\u00ebzuar Dita e Kosmonautik\u00ebs! Ne e dor\u00ebzuam n\u00eb tipografi \u00abLibri i vog\u00ebl mbi vrimat e zeza\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>. Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebto dit\u00eb astrofizik\u00ebt i treguan bot\u00ebs se si duken vrimat e zeza. Rast\u00ebsi? N\u00e3o mendojm\u00eb \ud83d\ude09 Prandaj prisni, s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb dal\u00eb nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr t\u00eb mahnitsh\u00ebm, t\u00eb shkruar nga Steven Gabser dhe Frans Pretorius, p\u00ebrkthyer nga astronomi i shk\u00eblqyer i Pulkovos aka Astroded Kirill Maslennikov, me redaktimin shkencor t\u00eb legjend\u00ebs Vladimir Surdin dhe mb\u00ebshtetje financiare nga fondi Trajektoria.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fragment nga \u00abTermodinamika e vrimave t\u00eb zeza\u00bb m\u00eb posht\u00eb.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nDeri m\u00eb tani, ne i kemi konsideruar vrimat e zeza si objekte astrofizik\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb formuar gjat\u00eb shp\u00ebrthimeve t\u00eb supernovave ose q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb qendrat e galaksive. Ne i v\u00ebzhgojm\u00eb ato n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb, duke matur akceleracionet e yjeve q\u00eb jan\u00eb af\u00ebr tyre. Regjistrimi i njohur i val\u00ebve gravitacionale nga ndjesh\u00ebm LIGO m\u00eb 14 Shtator 2015 u b\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i v\u00ebzhgimeve m\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta t\u00eb p\u00ebrplasjeve mes vrimave t\u00eb zeza. Mjetet matematikore q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza jan\u00eb: gjeometria diferenciale, ekuacionet e Einstein-it dhe metodat analitike dhe numerike t\u00eb fuqishme t\u00eb aplikuara p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e ekuacioneve t\u00eb Einstein-it dhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjeometris\u00eb s\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koha q\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb vrimat e zeza. Dhe sa her\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ofrojm\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb plot\u00eb sasior t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koha q\u00eb shkaktohet nga nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb e zez\u00eb, nga nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje astrofizike, tema e vrimave t\u00eb zeza do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb konsiderohet e mbyllur. N\u00eb nj\u00eb perspektiv\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb teorike, ka dhe shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr hulumtim. Q\u00ebllimi i k\u00ebtij kapitulli \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb flas\u00eb p\u00ebr disa arritje teorike t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs moderne t\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat idet\u00eb e termodinamik\u00ebs dhe teoris\u00eb kuantike bashkohen me teorin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb relativitetit, duke prodhuar koncepte t\u00eb pazakonta t\u00eb reja. Ideja kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb se vrimat e zeza nuk jan\u00eb thjesht objekte gjeometrike. Ato kan\u00eb temperatur\u00eb, kan\u00eb nj\u00eb entropi t\u00eb madhe dhe mund t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb manifestime t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrimit kuantik. Reflektimet tona mbi aspektet termodinamike dhe kuantike t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs s\u00eb vrimave t\u00eb zeza do t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtra dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqshme se analiza e karakteristikave t\u00eb past\u00ebr gjeometrike t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koha n\u00eb vrimat e zeza q\u00eb u paraqit n\u00eb kapitujt e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm. Por k\u00ebto aspekte, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht ato kuantike, jan\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore dhe jetike e k\u00ebrkimeve teorike n\u00eb vazhdim mbi vrimat e zeza, dhe ne do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi shum\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjellim, n\u00ebse jo detajet e komplikuara, s\u00eb paku shpirtin e k\u00ebtyre pun\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb teorin\u00eb klasike t\u00eb relativitetit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm \u2014 n\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr gjeometrin\u00eb diferenciale t\u00eb zgjidhjeve t\u00eb ekuacioneve t\u00eb Einstein \u2014 nj\u00ebqind e zeza jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb zeza n\u00eb at\u00eb kuptim q\u00eb nuk ka asgj\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb dal\u00eb prej tyre. Stephen Hawking tregoi se kjo situat\u00eb ndryshon plot\u00ebsisht kur marrim parasysh efektet kuantike: nj\u00ebqind e zeza, si duket, emitojn\u00eb rrezatim me nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, e njohur si temperatura e Hawking. P\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebqind e zeza me madh\u00ebsi astrofizike (do t\u00eb thot\u00eb nga nj\u00ebqind e zeza t\u00eb masave yjore deri te ato supermasive) temperatura e Hawking \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e vog\u00ebl n\u00eb krahasim me temperatur\u00ebn e fondeve kozmike mikrovalore \u2014 rrezatimi q\u00eb mbush t\u00ebr\u00eb Universin, i cili, p\u00ebr rast\u00ebsi, gjithashtu mund t\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb variant i rrezatimit t\u00eb Hawking. Llogaritjet e kryera nga Hawking p\u00ebr p\u00ebrcaktimin e temperatur\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00ebqind e zezave jan\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb programi m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb k\u00ebrkimesh n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e njohur si termodinamika e nj\u00ebqind e zezave. Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr pjes\u00eb e madhe e k\u00ebtij programi \u00ebsht\u00eb studimi i entropis\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00ebqind e zezave, e cila karakterizon sasin\u00eb e informacionit q\u00eb humbet brenda nj\u00ebqind e zezave. Objekte t\u00eb zakonshme (t\u00eb tilla si nj\u00eb kup\u00eb me uj\u00eb, nj\u00eb blok magnezi t\u00eb past\u00ebr ose nj\u00eb yll) gjithashtu kan\u00eb entropi, dhe nj\u00eb nga pohimet qendrore t\u00eb termodinamik\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00ebqind e zezave \u00ebsht\u00eb se nj\u00eb nj\u00ebqind e zez\u00eb e k\u00ebtij madh\u00ebsie ka nj\u00eb entropi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe se \u00e7do form\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mati\u00e8re q\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebllojshme, por pa formimin e nj\u00ebqind e zezave.<\/p>\n

Por para se thell\u00eb n\u00eb shqyrtimin e problemeve q\u00eb lidhen me rrezatimin e Hokingut dhe entropin\u00eb e vrimave t\u00eb zeza, le t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb shpejtim n\u00eb fushat e mekanik\u00ebs kuantike, termodinamik\u00ebs dhe ngat\u00ebrrimit. Mekanika kuantike u zhvillua kryesisht n\u00eb vitet 1920 dhe q\u00ebllimi i saj kryesor ishte p\u00ebrshkrimi i pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb materies, si atomet. Zhvillimi i mekanik\u00ebs kuantike \u00e7oi n\u00eb mjegullimin e koncepteve themelore t\u00eb fizik\u00ebs, si pozita e sakt\u00eb e nj\u00eb partie individuale: p\u00ebr shembull, doli se pozita e nj\u00eb elektroni nd\u00ebrsa ai l\u00ebviz rreth b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs atomike nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet sakt\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, elektroreve iu atribuohen orbitat e quajtura, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat pozitat e tyre t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim probabilistik. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr q\u00ebllimet tona, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mos kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb an\u00eb probabilistike shum\u00eb shpejt. Le t\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb: atomi i hidrogjenit. Ai mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike. Gjendja m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb e atomit t\u00eb hidrogjenit, e quajtur gjendja themelore, \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo me energjin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, dhe kjo energji \u00ebsht\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht e njohur. N\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, mekanika kuantike na lejon (n\u00eb parim) t\u00eb dim\u00eb gjendjen e \u00e7do sistemi kuantik me sakt\u00ebsi absolute.<\/p>\n

Probabilitetet dalin n\u00eb sken\u00eb kur ne b\u00ebjm\u00eb pyetje t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sistem mekanik kuantik. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt q\u00eb atomi i hidrogjenit \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje themelore, mund t\u00eb pyesim: \"Ku \u00ebsht\u00eb elektroni?\" dhe sipas ligjeve t\u00eb mekanik\u00ebs kuantike,
\ndo t\u00eb marrim p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb probabilitetit, af\u00ebrsisht di\u00e7ka si: \"me siguri, elektroni ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb deri n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e angstr\u00f6m nga b\u00ebrthama e atomit t\u00eb hidrogjenit\" (nj\u00eb angstr\u00f6m \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \"Termodinamika metra). Por ndaj, kemi mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb procesi fizik t\u00eb caktuar q\u00eb t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb pozicionin e elektroneve shum\u00eb m\u00eb sakt\u00eb se nj\u00eb angstrom. Ky proces, i zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb fizik\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshin d\u00ebrgimin e nj\u00eb fotoni me gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb val\u00ebs shum\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb elektron (ose, si\u00e7 thon\u00eb fizikant\u00ebt, shp\u00ebrndarjen e fotonit n\u00eb elektron) \u2014 pas k\u00ebsaj, ne mund t\u00eb rikonstruktojm\u00eb pozicionin e elektronit n\u00eb momentin e shp\u00ebrndarjes me sakt\u00ebsi, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht e barabart\u00eb me gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb val\u00ebs s\u00eb fotonit. Por ky proces do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb gjendjen e elektronit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pas k\u00ebsaj ai nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen themelore t\u00eb atomeve t\u00eb hidrogjenit dhe nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb energji t\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizuar me sakt\u00ebsi. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr nj\u00ebfar\u00eb kohe pozita e tij do t\u00eb jet\u00eb pothuajse e p\u00ebrcaktuar me sakt\u00ebsi (me sakt\u00ebsi deri n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb val\u00ebs s\u00eb fotonit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00ebllim). Nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim preliminar i pozicionit t\u00eb elektronit mund t\u00eb kryhet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim probabilistik me sakt\u00ebsi rreth nj\u00eb angstrom, por sa her\u00eb q\u00eb e matim, ne e dim\u00eb me sakt\u00ebsi se \u00e7far\u00eb ka qen\u00eb. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, n\u00ebse n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kemi mat\u00ebs nj\u00eb sistem kuantik-mekanik, at\u00ebher\u00eb, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb kuptimin e pranuar gjer\u00ebsisht, ne<\/p>\n

Mekanika kuantike \u00ebsht\u00eb e aplikueshme jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr sistemet e vogla, por edhe (si\u00e7 besojm\u00eb) p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha sistemet, megjithat\u00eb p\u00ebr sistemet e m\u00ebdha, rregullat kuantike shpejt b\u00ebhen shum\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara. Nj\u00eb koncept ky\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrimi kuantik, nj\u00eb shembull i thjesht\u00eb i t\u00eb cilit mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb koncepti i spin-it (rrotullimit). Elektron\u00ebt individual\u00eb kan\u00eb spin, prandaj n\u00eb praktik\u00eb nj\u00eb elektron i vet\u00ebm mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb spin t\u00eb drejtuar lart ose posht\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me nj\u00eb bosht hap\u00ebsinor t\u00eb zgjedhur. Spin-i i elektronit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb e v\u00ebzhgueshme, sepse elektronet krijojn\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb magnetike t\u00eb dob\u00ebt, t\u00eb ngjashme me fush\u00ebn e nj\u00eb magneti. Pra, spin-i i drejtuar lart do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se poli verior i elektronit tregon posht\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa spin-i i drejtuar posht\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se poli verior \"shikon\" lart. Dy elektron\u00eb mund t\u00eb vendosen n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje kuantike t\u00eb lidhur, ku nj\u00ebri ka spin t\u00eb drejtuar lart dhe tjetri posht\u00eb, por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb thuhet se cili nga elektron\u00ebt ka cilin spin. N\u00eb thelb, n\u00eb gjendjen themelore t\u00eb atomeve t\u00eb heliumit, dy elektron\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb till\u00eb, t\u00eb quajtur spin-singlet, pasi spin-i total i t\u00eb dy elektron\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb zero. N\u00ebse i ndajm\u00eb k\u00ebta dy elektron\u00eb pa ndryshuar spinet e tyre, ende mund t\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb t\u00eb pretendojm\u00eb se jan\u00eb s\u00eb bashku spin-singlet, por ende nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb themi se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb spin-i i secilit nga ata ndar\u00eb. Tani, n\u00ebse masim spin-in e nj\u00ebrit prej tyre dhe zbulojm\u00eb se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i drejtuar lart, at\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb jemi plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb sigurt se tjetri \u00ebsht\u00eb i drejtuar posht\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb, ne themi se spinet jan\u00eb t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara \u2014 asnj\u00ebra vet\u00eb nuk ka nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, nd\u00ebrsa s\u00eb bashku ata jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike.<\/p>\n

Einstein ishte shum\u00eb i shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr fenomenin e ngat\u00ebrrimit: dukej se ky fenomen k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte parimet baz\u00eb t\u00eb teoris\u00eb s\u00eb relativitetit. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb rastin e dy elektroneve n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje spin-singlet, kur ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndara shum\u00eb larg nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebs n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb, le t\u00eb quajm\u00eb nj\u00eb nga to Alice dhe tjetr\u00ebn Bob. Supozoni se Alice mat spin-in e elektronit t\u00eb saj dhe zbulohet se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb orientuar lart, nd\u00ebrsa Bob nuk ka b\u00ebr\u00eb asnj\u00eb matje. Deri n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb Alice realizon matjen e saj, nuk ka qen\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb thuhet se si \u00ebsht\u00eb spin-i i elektronit t\u00eb tij. Por sa her\u00eb q\u00eb ajo e p\u00ebrfundon matjen e saj, ajo e di me sakt\u00ebsi se spin-i i elektronit t\u00eb Bob-it \u00ebsht\u00eb orientuar posht\u00eb (n\u00eb drejtimin e kund\u00ebrt me spin-in e elektronit t\u00eb saj). A do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kjo se matja e saj e kaloi menj\u00ebher\u00eb elektronin e Bob-it n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje ku spin-i i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb orientuar posht\u00eb? Si mund t\u00eb ndodhte kjo, n\u00ebse elektronet jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndara n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb? Einstein dhe bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e tij Nathan Rosen dhe Boris Podolsky ndiheshin se historia e matjes s\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara ishte kaq serioze, saq\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte vet\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e mekanik\u00ebs kuantike. Parashtrimi i tyre, paradoksi Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR), p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb eksperiment t\u00eb menduar, t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me at\u00eb q\u00eb sapo e p\u00ebrshkruam, p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se mekanika kuantike nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i plot\u00eb i REALITETIT. Tani, mbi baza t\u00eb hulumtimeve teorike t\u00eb ndjekura dhe nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh matjesh, \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb konsensus i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm se paradoksi EPR p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb gabim dhe se teoria kuantike \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. Ngat\u00ebrrimi kuantik \u00ebsht\u00eb real: matjet e sistemeve t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara do t\u00eb korrelacionohen, edhe n\u00ebse k\u00ebto sisteme jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndara shum\u00eb larg n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb-kohe.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb kthehemi tek situata ku vendos\u00ebm dy elektrone n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje spin-singlet dhe ia dham\u00eb ato Alic\u00ebs dhe Bobit. \u00c7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb themi p\u00ebr elektronet para se t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb matjet? T\u00eb dyja s\u00eb bashku jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantik (spin-singlet). Spin-i i elektronit t\u00eb Alic\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb i orientuar me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn mund\u00ebsi lart ose posht\u00eb. M\u00eb sakt\u00eb, gjendja kuantike e elektronit t\u00eb saj mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb (spin lart) ose tjet\u00ebr (spin posht\u00eb) me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn mund\u00ebsi. Tani, p\u00ebr ne, nocioni i mund\u00ebsis\u00eb merr nj\u00eb kuptim m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb se m\u00eb par\u00eb. M\u00eb par\u00eb, ne shqyrtuam nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike (gjendja themelore e atomit t\u00eb hidrogjenit) dhe pam\u00eb q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb disa pyetje \u201ct\u00eb bezdisshme\u201d, si p.sh., \u201cKu ndodhet elektroni?\u201d, pyetje p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrgjigjet ekzistojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb sens probabilistik. N\u00ebse do t\u00eb b\u00ebnim \u201cpyetje t\u00eb mira\u201d, si: \u201cCila \u00ebsht\u00eb energjia e k\u00ebtij elektroni?\u201d, do t\u00eb merrnim p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr to. Tani, nuk ka \u201cpyetje t\u00eb mira\u201d q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebnim p\u00ebr elektronin e Alic\u00ebs, p\u00ebrgjigjet e t\u00eb cilave nuk varen nga elektroni i Bobit. (Nuk po flasim p\u00ebr pyetje t\u00eb kota si \u201cA ka spin elektroni i Alic\u00ebs?\u201d \u2013 pyetje p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat ekziston vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje.) Pra, p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar parametrat e nj\u00eb prej gjysm\u00eb-sistemeve t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara, ne do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim gjuh\u00ebn e probabilitetit. Caktueshm\u00ebria shfaqet vet\u00ebm kur shqyrtojm\u00eb lidhjen nd\u00ebrmjet pyetjeve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb p\u00ebr elektronet e tyre Alicia dhe Bobi.<\/p>\n

Ne q\u00ebllimisht filluam me nj\u00eb nga sistemet m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta kuantike mekanike q\u00eb njohim: sistemin e spinve t\u00eb elektron\u00ebve individual\u00eb. Ka shpres\u00eb se mbi baz\u00ebn e sistemeve t\u00eb tilla t\u00eb thjeshta do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohen kompjuter\u00eb kuantik\u00eb. Sistemi i spinve t\u00eb elektron\u00ebve individual\u00eb apo sisteme t\u00eb tjera ekuivalente kuantike tani quhen kubite (shkurtim p\u00ebr 'bitet kuantike'), q\u00eb n\u00ebnvizon rolin e tyre n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb, t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me rolin q\u00eb luajn\u00eb bitet e zakonshme n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt dixhital\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tani qoft\u00eb se tani e imaginejm\u00eb se \u00e7do elektron e kemi z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar me nj\u00eb sistem kvantor m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar me shum\u00eb, e jo vet\u00ebm dy gjendje kuantike. P\u00ebr shembull, t\u2019u japim Alic\u00ebs dhe Bobit blloqe prej magnezi t\u00eb past\u00ebr. Para se Alice dhe Bobi t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb secili n\u00eb pun\u00ebt e veta, blloqet e tyre mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb dhe ne do t\u00eb bien dakord q\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast ata fitojn\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt kuantike t\u00eb caktuar. Sa her\u00eb q\u00eb Alice dhe Bobi ndahen, blloqet e tyre t\u00eb magnezit nuk nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb m\u00eb. Ashtu si n\u00eb rastin e elektroneve, \u00e7do bllok \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje kuantike t\u00eb pacaktuar, megjithat\u00eb, s\u00eb bashku, si\u00e7 mendojm\u00eb, ata formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb qart\u00eb. (N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb diskutim supozojm\u00eb se Alice dhe Bobi jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin blloqet e tyre t\u00eb magnezit pa e prishur gjendjen e brendshme, ashtu si\u00e7 supozonim m\u00eb par\u00eb q\u00eb Alice dhe Bobi mund t\u00eb ndanin elektronet e tyre t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruara pa e ndryshuar spinin e tyre.) Por ndryshimi midis k\u00ebtij eksperimentin mendor dhe eksperimentit me elektrone q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se pasiguria e gjendjes kuantike t\u00eb \u00e7do blloku \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe. Nj\u00eb bllok mund t\u00eb fitoj\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr gjendje kuantike se sa numri i atomeve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Universin. K\u00ebtu hyn n\u00eb sken\u00eb termodinamika. Sistemet shum\u00eb t\u00eb pacaktuara megjithat\u00eb mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb disa karakteristika makroskopike t\u00eb caktuara mir\u00eb. Nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, temperatura. Temperatura \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e asaj se sa me probabilitet \u00e7do pjes\u00eb e sistemit ka energjin\u00eb mesatare t\u00eb caktuar, ku nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb i p\u00ebrgjigjet nj\u00eb probabiliteti m\u00eb t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur energji m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Nj\u00eb parameter tjet\u00ebr termodinamik \u00ebsht\u00eb entropia, q\u00eb n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb baraz me logaritin e numrit t\u00eb gjendjeve q\u00eb sistemi mund t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb. Nj\u00eb karakteristik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr termodinamike, e cila do t\u00eb ishte e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr bllokun e magnezit, \u00ebsht\u00eb magnetizmi i tij total, q\u00eb esencialisht \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb parameter q\u00eb tregon se sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb elektrone me spin t\u00eb drejtuar lart mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb n\u00eb bllok n\u00eb krahasim me ato me spin t\u00eb drejtuar posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ne sjell\u00ebm dinamik\u00ebn termike n\u00eb tregimin ton\u00eb si nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar sistemet, gjendjet kuantike t\u00eb cilave nuk u dihet sakt\u00ebsisht gjendja p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb gabimeve me sisteme t\u00eb tjera. Termodinamika \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet i fuqish\u00ebm p\u00ebr analizimin e k\u00ebtyre sistemeve, por krijuesit e saj nuk e kishin parashikuar k\u00ebshtu p\u00ebrdorimin e saj. Sadi Karno, James Joule, Rudolf Clausius ishin figura kryesore t\u00eb revolucionit industrial t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XIX, dhe ndiheshin t\u00eb preokupuar nga pyetja m\u00eb praktike nga t\u00eb gjitha: si funksionojn\u00eb motor\u00ebt? Presioni, v\u00ebllimi, temperatura dhe ngroht\u00ebsia jan\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr motor\u00ebt. Karno ngriti teorin\u00eb se energia n\u00eb form\u00ebn e ngroht\u00ebsis\u00eb kurr\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohet plot\u00ebsisht n\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme, si ngritja e ngarkesave. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e energjis\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb shkarkohet d\u00ebm. Clausius kontribuoi n\u00eb themelimin e ides\u00eb s\u00eb entropis\u00eb si nj\u00eb mjet universal p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar humbjet energjetike gjat\u00eb \u00e7do procesi q\u00eb ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me ngroht\u00ebsin\u00eb. Arritja kryesore e tij ishte kuptimi q\u00eb entropia kurr\u00eb nuk zvog\u00eblohet - n\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha proceset, ajo rritet. Proceset n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat entropia rritet quhen t\u00eb pariparueshme - pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak se ato nuk mund t\u00eb kthehen prapa pa zvog\u00ebluar entropin\u00eb. Hapi tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb zhvillimin e mekanik\u00ebs statistike u b\u00eb nga Clausius, Maxwell dhe Ludwig Boltzmann (n\u00eb mesin e shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve) - ata treguan se entropia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e kaosit. Zakonisht, sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb veproni mbi di\u00e7ka, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb kaos krijoni atje. Dhe madje, n\u00ebse keni zhvilluar nj\u00eb proces q\u00eb ka p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim t\u00eb sjell\u00eb rregull, gjat\u00eb tij do t\u00eb krijohet gjithmon\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb entropi sesa do t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrohet - p\u00ebr shembull, gjat\u00eb nxjerrjes s\u00eb ngroht\u00ebsis\u00eb. Nj\u00eb kran ngrit\u00ebs q\u00eb vendos akse \u00e7eliku n\u00eb renditje gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse krijon rregull n\u00eb sensin e vendosjes s\u00eb aksve, por gjat\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb tij do t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb aq ngroht\u00ebsi, sa q\u00eb entropia totale do t\u00eb rritet gjithsesi.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, dallimi midis m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si fizik\u00ebt e shekullit t\u00eb 19 e shohin termodinamik\u00ebn dhe m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs q\u00eb lidhet me ngat\u00ebrrimin kuantik nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq i madh sa duket. K \u00e7do her\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem nd\u00ebrvepron me nj\u00eb agjent t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm, gjendja e tij kuantike ngat\u00ebrrohet me gjendjen kuantike t\u00eb agjentit. Zakonisht, kjo ngat\u00ebrres\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb rritjen e pasiguris\u00eb s\u00eb gjendjes kuantike t\u00eb sistemit, me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, n\u00eb rritjen e numrit t\u00eb gjendjeve kuantike n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat sistemi mund t\u00eb ndodhet. Si rezultat i nd\u00ebrveprimit me sisteme t\u00eb tjera, entropia, e cila p\u00eb definingohet n\u00eb terma t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb gjendjeve kuantike t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr sistemin, zakonisht rritet.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, mekanika kuantike ofron nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb re p\u00ebr t\u00eb karakterizuar sistemet fizike, ku disa parametra (p.sh., pozita n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb) b\u00ebhen t\u00eb paqarta, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (p.sh., energia) shpesh njihen sakt\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb rastin e ngat\u00ebrrimit kuantik, dy pjes\u00eb thelb\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndara t\u00eb sistemit kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt kuantike t\u00eb njohur, nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7do pjes\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj ka nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb paqart\u00eb. Nj\u00eb shembull standard i ngat\u00ebrrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ift spin\u00ebsh n\u00eb gjendje singlet, ku nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb thuhet se cili spin \u00ebsht\u00eb i orientuar lart dhe cili posht\u00eb. Pasiguria e gjendjes kuantike n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb madh k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb qasje termodinamike, ku parametrat makroskopik\u00eb, si temperatura dhe entropia, njihen me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb madhe, megjith\u00ebse sistemi ka shum\u00eb gjendje kuantike mikroskopike t\u00eb mundshme.<\/p>\n

Pasi q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoi ekskursin ton\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e mekanik\u00ebs kuantike, nd\u00ebrlikueshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe termodinamik\u00ebs, le t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi tani t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb si gjith\u00e7ka kjo \u00e7on n\u00eb kuptimin e faktit se black holes kan\u00eb temperatur\u00eb. Hapi i par\u00eb drejt k\u00ebtij kuptimi u b\u00eb nga Bill Unruh \u2014 ai tregoi se nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me p\u00ebrshpejtimin e tij t\u00eb ndar\u00eb me 2\u03c0. \u00c7el\u00ebsi p\u00ebr llogaritjet e Unruh \u00ebsht\u00eb se nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues q\u00eb l\u00ebviz me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtim t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb caktuar, mund t\u00eb shoh\u00eb vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00eb t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb koh\u00ebs. Gjysma tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb thelb, ndodhet p\u00ebrtej horizontit, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me horizontin e nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb. N\u00eb fillim, kjo duket e pamundur: si mund t\u00eb sillet hap\u00ebsira e koh\u00ebs si nj\u00eb horizont i vrim\u00ebs s\u00eb zez\u00eb? P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar si ndodh kjo, le t\u00eb ftojm\u00eb v\u00ebzhguesit tan\u00eb t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm Alice, Bob dhe Bill. N\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn ton\u00eb ata rreshtohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb vij\u00eb, me Alice midis Bob dhe Bill, dhe distanca midis v\u00ebzhguesve n\u00eb \u00e7do \u00e7ift \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht 6 kilometra. Marr\u00ebveshja \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb momentin zero Alice do t\u00eb hidhet n\u00eb raket\u00eb dhe do t\u00eb fluturoj\u00eb drejt Bill (dhe pra, larg Bob) me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtim t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm. Raket\u00eb e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e mir\u00eb, e aft\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilloj\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtim 1.5 trilion her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se p\u00ebrshpejtimi gravitetal me t\u00eb cilin l\u00ebvizin objektet af\u00ebr sip\u00ebrfaqes s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs. Sigurisht, t\u2019i q\u00ebndroj\u00eb k\u00ebtij p\u00ebrshpejtimi Alice nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb, por si\u00e7 do t\u00eb shohim tani, k\u00ebto numra jan\u00eb zgjedhur me nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb; p\u00ebrfundimisht, ne thjesht po diskutojm\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb potenciale, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha. Pik\u00ebrisht momentin kur Alice hidhet n\u00eb raket\u00ebn e saj, Bob dhe Bill i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndesin me dor\u00eb. (Ne kemi t\u00eb drejt\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim shprehjen \"pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb momentin kur...\", sepse derisa Alice akoma nuk ka filluar fluturimin, ajo ndodhet n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn sistem t\u00eb referenc\u00ebs si Bob dhe Bill, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata mund t\u00eb sinkronizojn\u00eb or\u00ebt e tyre.) Alice, natyrisht, e sheh Billin q\u00eb po i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet: megjithat\u00eb, duke qen\u00eb n\u00eb raket\u00eb, ajo do ta shoh\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00eb her\u00ebt se sa do t\u00eb ndodhte n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kishte mbetur aty ku ishte, sepse raketa e saj, s\u00eb bashku me t\u00eb, fluturon pik\u00ebrisht drejt tij. Nd\u00ebrsa nga Bob, ajo, p\u00ebrkundrazi, largohet, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ne mund t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb arsyesh\u00ebm se ajo do ta shoh\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb po i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet, disa momente m\u00eb von\u00eb se si do ta kishte par\u00eb, sikur t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb vendin e saj t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm. Por e v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe m\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme: Alice nuk do ta shoh\u00eb Bob! Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, foton\u00ebt q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb nga Bob q\u00eb po i p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet Alice, kurr\u00eb nuk do ta arrijn\u00eb at\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se ajo kurr\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb arrij\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e drit\u00ebs. N\u00ebse Bob fillonte t\u00eb p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndeste, duke q\u00ebndruar pak m\u00eb af\u00ebr Alice, at\u00ebher\u00eb foton\u00ebt q\u00eb i iknin atij n\u00eb momentin e nisjes s\u00eb saj do ta arrinin, dhe sikur ai t\u00eb kishte q\u00ebndruar pak m\u00eb larg, do t\u00eb ishin edhe m\u00eb pak t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm q\u00eb ta arrinin. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, ne themi se Alice e sheh vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00ebn e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb koh\u00ebs. N\u00eb momentin kur Alice fillon t\u00eb l\u00ebviz\u00eb, Bob ndodhet pak m\u00eb larg horizontit q\u00eb Alice po v\u00ebzhgon.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb diskutimin ton\u00eb mbi nj\u00ebzimin kuantik, ne tashm\u00eb jemi m\u00ebsuar me iden\u00eb se megjith\u00ebse nj\u00eb sistem kuantik n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi ka nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb caktuar kuantike, disa pjes\u00eb t\u00eb tij mund t\u00eb mos e ken\u00eb at\u00eb. N\u00eb fakt, kur diskutojm\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem kuantik kompleks, ndonj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e tij mund t\u00eb karakterizohet m\u00eb s\u00eb miri n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb termodinamik\u00ebs: i mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr gjendjes kuantike t\u00eb tejet t\u00eb paparashikueshme t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm. Historia jon\u00eb e fundit me pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit Alice, Bob dhe Bill \u00ebsht\u00eb paksa e ngjashme me k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb, por sistemi kuantik p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin flasim k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb-koh\u00eb e zbraz\u00ebt, dhe Alice sheh vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00ebn e saj. T\u00eb precizojm\u00eb se hap\u00ebsira-koh\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen e saj themelore, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se nuk ka pjes\u00ebza n\u00eb t\u00eb (sigurisht, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 Alice, Bob, Bill dhe raket\u00ebs). Por ajo pjes\u00eb e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb q\u00eb sheh Alice do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen e saj themelore, por n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me at\u00eb pjes\u00eb q\u00eb ajo nuk e sheh. Hap\u00ebsira-koh\u00eb e perceptuar nga Alice \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje komplekse dhe t\u00eb paparashikueshme kuantike, e cila karakterizohet nga nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtare. Llogaritjet e Unruh tregojn\u00eb se kjo temperatur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 60 nano-kelvina. N\u00eb shkurt, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebrshpejtohet, Alice si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb, zhytet n\u00eb nj\u00eb banj\u00eb t\u00eb ngroht\u00eb radiacioni me temperatur\u00ebn e barabart\u00eb me (n\u00eb nj\u00ebsi p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse) p\u00ebrshpejtimin e ndar\u00eb me \"Termodinamika
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\n\"Termodinamika<\/p>\n

Fig. 7.1. Alice l\u00ebviz me p\u00ebrshpejtim n\u00eb gjendje qet\u00ebsie, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb Bob dhe Bill q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb t\u00eb pal\u00ebvizur. P\u00ebrshembulli, p\u00ebrshpejtimi i Alice \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht nj\u00ebsoj q\u00eb ajo kurr\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb shoh\u00eb foton\u00ebt q\u00eb Bob d\u00ebrgon n\u00eb drejtimin e saj n\u00eb momentin t = 0. Sidoqoft\u00eb, ajo merr foton\u00ebt q\u00eb Bill i d\u00ebrgon n\u00eb momentin t = 0. Si rezultat, ndodh q\u00eb Alice \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgoj\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs-koh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00c7uditshm\u00ebria e llogaritjeve t\u00eb Unruh-it q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se, ndon\u00ebse ato i referohen hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb zbraz\u00ebt nga fillimi deri n\u00eb fund, ato bien ndesh me fjal\u00ebt e njohura t\u00eb Mbretit Lir \"nga asgj\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb dal\u00eb asgj\u00eb\". Si mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb hap\u00ebsira e zbraz\u00ebt kaq e komplikuar? Nga mund t\u00eb dalin pjes\u00eb? E gjitha qendron n\u00eb faktin se, sipas teoris\u00eb kuantike, hap\u00ebsira e zbraz\u00ebt nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak e zbraz\u00ebt. Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb e mbushur me eksitacione t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebra q\u00eb quhen pjes\u00ebza virtuale, energjia e t\u00eb cilave mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb pozitive apo negative. Nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues nga e ardhmja \u2014 do ta quajm\u00eb K\u00ebrol, \u2014 q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb shoh\u00eb pothuajse gjith\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e zbraz\u00ebt, mund t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb se atje nuk ka pjes\u00ebza q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, pranimi i pjes\u00ebzave me energji pozitive n\u00eb at\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb-kohe q\u00eb Alisa mund ta v\u00ebzhgoj\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngatht\u00ebsis\u00eb kuantike, \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me eksitacionet me energji t\u00eb barabart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e hap\u00ebsir\u00eb-kohe q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme p\u00ebr Alis\u00ebn. E gjith\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta mbi hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e zbraz\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb e hapur p\u00ebr K\u00ebrolin, dhe kjo e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se aty nuk ka pjes\u00ebza. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrvoja e Alis\u00ebs i thot\u00eb asaj se atje ka pjes\u00ebza!<\/p>\n

Por k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, duket se temperatura Unruh e llogaritur \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb iluzion \u2014 ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb pron\u00eb e v\u00ebzhguesit q\u00eb p\u00ebrjeton nj\u00eb akcelerim konstant n\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb shesht\u00eb, sesa nj\u00eb pron\u00eb e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs s\u00eb shesht\u00eb si e till\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, vet\u00eb gravitacioni \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb forc\u00eb \"iluzore\" n\u00eb kuptimin se \"akcelerimi\" q\u00eb shkakton \u00ebsht\u00eb asgj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb nj\u00eb gjeodezike n\u00eb metrik\u00ebn e deformuar. Si\u00e7 e kemi shpjeguar n\u00eb kapitullin 2, parimi i ekvivalenc\u00ebs i Einstein-it thot\u00eb se akcelerimi dhe graviteti, n\u00eb thelb, jan\u00eb ekuivalente. Nga ky k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, nuk ka asgj\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht befasuese q\u00eb horizonti i nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb ka nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me temperatur\u00ebn e llogaritur Unruh t\u00eb nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhguesi q\u00eb akcelerohet. Por, mund t\u00eb pyesim, cila do t\u00eb ishte vlera e akcelerimit q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar temperatur\u00ebn? Duke u larguar nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme nga vrima e zez\u00eb, mund ta b\u00ebjm\u00eb t\u00ebrheqjen e saj gravitationale sa m\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt. A duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojm\u00eb se p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar temperatur\u00ebn efektive t\u00eb vrim\u00ebs s\u00eb zez\u00eb q\u00eb matim, duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim vler\u00ebn p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb akcelerimit? Ky pyetje rezulton t\u00eb jet\u00eb mjaft e nd\u00ebrlikuar, sepse, si\u00e7 mendojm\u00eb, temperatura e nj\u00eb objekti nuk mund t\u00eb zvog\u00eblohet shpesh. Supozohet se ajo ka nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar fikse t\u00eb kufizuar q\u00eb mund ta mas\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb v\u00ebzhgues shum\u00eb i larg\u00ebt.
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Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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