{"id":31729,"date":"2019-10-31T21:42:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:42:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:42:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:42:44","slug":"sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie","title":{"rendered":"Numra rast\u00ebsor\u00eb dhe rrjete t\u00eb decentralizuara: aplikimi praktik","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"vvedenie\">Hyrje<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00abGjat\u00eb gjenerimit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rastit, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr ta l\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb rast\u00ebsi\u00bb<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Robert Cavu, 1970<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ky artikull i kushtohet p\u00ebrdorimit praktik t\u00eb zgjidhjeve q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin gjenerimin kolektiv t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rastit n\u00eb nj\u00eb ambient t\u00eb pasigurt. Shkurtimisht \u2014 si dhe p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret rasti n\u00eb bllokchain dhe pak p\u00ebr si t\u00eb diferencohet \u201crast\u00ebsi e mir\u00eb\u201d nga \u201crast\u00ebsi e keqe\u201d. Gjenerimi i nj\u00eb numri v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb rastit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb problem shum\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb vet\u00ebm, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb studiuar prej koh\u00ebsh nga kriptograf\u00ebt. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, n\u00eb rrjetet e decentralizuara, gjenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rastit b\u00ebhet edhe m\u00eb i komplikuar dhe i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb rrjetet ku pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit nuk i besoji nj\u00ebr\u00ebtjetrit, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjeneruar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb rastit t\u00eb pakontestuesh\u00ebm lejon zgjidhjen efikase t\u00eb shum\u00eb detyrave thelb\u00ebsore dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e skemave ekzistuese. K\u00ebtu, loj\u00ebrat e fatit dhe lotarit\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb aspak q\u00ebllimi num\u00ebr nj\u00eb, si\u00e7 mund t\u00eb duket p\u00ebr nj\u00eb lexues t\u00eb paekspertizuar n\u00eb fillim.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"generaciya-sluchaynyh-chisel\">Gjenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rastit<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kompjuter\u00ebt nuk din\u00eb t\u00eb gjenerojn\u00eb vet\u00eb numra t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb iu nevojitet ndihma nga jasht\u00eb. Nj\u00eb kompjuter mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme duke p\u00ebrdorur, p\u00ebr shembull, l\u00ebvizjet e mausit, sasin\u00eb e memories s\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur, rrjedhat parazite n\u00eb kontakteve t\u00eb procesorit dhe shum\u00eb burime t\u00eb tjera, t\u00eb quajtura burime entropie. K\u00ebto vlera vet\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, pasi ato jan\u00eb brenda nj\u00eb diapazoni t\u00eb caktuar ose kan\u00eb nj\u00eb karakter t\u00eb parashikuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb ndryshimeve. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrruar k\u00ebto numra n\u00eb numra v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb diapazon t\u00eb caktuar, aplikohen kriptotransformime, q\u00eb nga vlerat e shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pasakt\u00eb nga burimi i entropis\u00eb t\u00eb merrni vlera pseudorast\u00ebsore t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb uniforme. Vlerat e marra quhen pseudorast\u00ebsore, pasi ato nuk jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, por jan\u00eb prodhuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb deterministe nga entropia. \u00c7do algorit\u00ebm t\u00eb mir\u00eb kriptografik, kur kodon t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat, prodhon cifrat q\u00eb statistika duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pazbuluara nga nj\u00eb varg rast\u00ebsor, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb prodhuar rast\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb merret burimi i entropis\u00eb, i cili siguron vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb rip\u00ebrs\u00ebritshm\u00ebri dhe nj\u00eb parashikueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb vlerave edhe n\u00eb diapazonet e vogla, pjesa tjet\u00ebr e pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen dhe p\u00ebrzierjen e bit\u00ebve n\u00eb vler\u00ebn e rezultatit do ta marr\u00eb mbi vete algoritmi i enkriptimit.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar nj\u00eb shpjegim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, do t\u00eb shtoja se gjenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm madje edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga pilcat p\u00ebr sigurimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave tona, numrat pseudorast\u00ebsor\u00eb t\u00eb gjeneruar p\u00ebrdoren gjat\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb lidhjeve t\u00eb sigurta n\u00eb rrjete t\u00eb ndryshme, p\u00ebr gjenerimin e \u00e7el\u00ebsave kriptografik\u00eb, p\u00ebr balancimin e ngarkes\u00ebs, kontrollin e integritetit, dhe p\u00ebr shum\u00eb aplikacione t\u00eb tjera. Siguria e shum\u00eb protokolleve varet nga mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjeneruar nj\u00eb rast\u00ebsi t\u00eb besueshme, t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshkueshme nga jasht, ta ruajm\u00eb at\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb mos e zbulonim deri n\u00eb hapin tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb protokollit, ndryshe siguria do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb rrezik. Nj\u00eb sulm ndaj gjeneratorit t\u00eb vlerave pseudorast\u00ebsore \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht i rreziksh\u00ebm dhe v\u00eb n\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb gjith\u00eb programin q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor gjenerimin e rast\u00ebsive. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto ju duhen t\u00eb dijn\u00eb, n\u00ebse keni kaluar nj\u00eb kurs bazik n\u00eb kriptografi, prandaj do t\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb me rrjetet e decentralizuara.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"random-v-blokcheynah\">Rast\u00ebsor n\u00eb blockchain-e<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb pari, do t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr blockchain-et me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr kontratat inteligjente, pasi k\u00ebto mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin plot\u00ebsisht mund\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb ofron nj\u00eb rast\u00ebsor t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm. M\u00eb tej, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebsis\u00eb, do ta quaj k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji \u201c<em>Fener\u00eb Rast\u00ebsor\u00eb t\u00eb Verifikuesh\u00ebm Publikisht<\/em>\u201d ose PVRB. Duke pasur parasysh se blockchain-et jan\u00eb rrjete, informacioni n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb verifikohet nga \u00e7do pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb ky\u00e7e e emrit \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cVerifikuesh\u00ebm Publikisht\u201d, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, \u00e7do d\u00ebshiron mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb prova, duke p\u00ebrdorur llogaritjet, se numri i marr\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb blockchain ka k\u00ebto ve\u00e7ori:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rezultati duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb kriptografi t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme dhe t\u00eb provuar. <\/li>\n<li>Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb kontrolloni asnj\u00eb bit t\u00eb rezultatit. Si pasoj\u00eb, rezultati nuk mund t\u00eb parashikohet paraprakisht.<\/li>\n<li>Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb sabotosh protokollin e gjenerimit p\u00ebrmes mosmarrjes pjes\u00eb n\u00eb protokoll ose duke mbingarkuar rrjetin me mesazhe sulmuese.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrmet duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme ndaj komplotit t\u00eb nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb pranuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve t\u00eb pandersh\u00ebm t\u00eb protokollit (p.sh. 1\/3 e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Cdo t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7do mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb nj\u00eb grup i vog\u00ebl i organizuar t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb madje edhe nj\u00eb rast t\u00eb kontrolluar t\u00eb \u00e7iftit\/tegjuhas \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e dob\u00ebt n\u00eb siguri. \u00c7do mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb grupi t\u00eb ndaloj\u00eb prodhimin e rastit \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e dob\u00ebt n\u00eb siguri. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ka shum\u00eb probleme, dhe ky detyr\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb...<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Duket se aplikimi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb loj\u00ebrat e ndryshme, llotarit\u00eb, dhe gjithashtu \u00e7do form\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e loj\u00ebrave t\u00eb fatit n\u00eb blockchain. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, por rast\u00ebsori n\u00eb blockchain ka aplikime edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb ato.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"algoritmy-konsensusa\">Algoritmet e konsensit<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>PVRB p\u00ebr organizimin e konsensusit rrjetor luan nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb madh. Transaksionet n\u00eb blockchain jan\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtura me n\u00ebnshkrim elektronik, prandaj 'sulmi ndaj transaksionit' \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirja\/ekskludimi i nj\u00eb transaksioni n\u00eb bllok (ose n\u00eb disa blloqe). Nj\u00eb nga detyrat kryesore t\u00eb algoritmit t\u00eb konsensusit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb bien dakord p\u00ebr renditjen e k\u00ebtyre transaksioneve dhe p\u00ebr rendin e blloqeve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb k\u00ebto transaksione. Gjithashtu, nj\u00eb pron\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr blockchain-t e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb finaliteti \u2014 mund\u00ebsia e rrjetit p\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb dakord se zinxhiri deri n\u00eb bllokun e finalizuar \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtar dhe kurr\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtohet p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb fork-u t\u00eb ri. Zakonisht, p\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb dakord q\u00eb nj\u00eb bllok \u00ebsht\u00eb i vlefsh\u00ebm dhe, m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, final, k\u00ebrkohet t\u00eb mblidhen n\u00ebnshkrime nga shumica e prodhuesve t\u00eb bllokut (t\u00eb quajtur m\u00eb tej BP \u2014 block-producers), q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn t\u00eb dor\u00ebzoj\u00eb zinxhirin e blloqeve te t\u00eb gjith\u00eb BP-t\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndaj\u00eb n\u00ebnshkrimet midis t\u00eb gjith\u00eb BP-ve. Me rritjen e numrit t\u00eb BP-ve, numri i mesazheve t\u00eb nevojshme n\u00eb rrjet rritet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb eksponenciale, prandaj algoritmet e konsensusit q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb finalitet, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr shembull n\u00eb pBFT-konsensusin Hyperledger, nuk funksionojn\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e nevojshme, duke filluar nga disa dhjet\u00ebra BP, duke k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh lidhjesh. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebse n\u00eb rrjet ekziston nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb paartikuluar dhe t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, at\u00ebher\u00eb, edhe n\u00eb qasjen m\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, mund t\u00eb zgjedhim nj\u00eb nga prodhuesit e bllokut dhe ta em\u00ebrojm\u00eb at\u00eb 'lider' gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb raundi t\u00eb protokollit. N\u00ebse kemi <code>N<\/code> prodhuese bllokesh, nga t\u00eb cil\u00ebt <code>M: M &gt; 1\/2 N<\/code> jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, nuk censurojn\u00eb transaksionet dhe nuk krijojn\u00eb fork-e t\u00eb zinxhirit me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb realizimit t\u00eb sulmit 'double spend', at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb paartikuluar t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb barabart\u00eb do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb zgjedhjen e nj\u00eb lideri t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm me nj\u00eb probabilitet <code>M \/ N (M \/ N &gt; 1\/2)<\/code>. N\u00ebse \u00e7do udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i caktohet nj\u00eb interval i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb kohor, brenda t\u00eb cilit ai mund t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb nj\u00eb bllok dhe t\u00eb verifikoj\u00eb zinxhirin, dhe k\u00ebta intervale jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta n\u00eb koh\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb zinxhiri i blloqeve t\u00eb BP-ve t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb i gjat\u00eb se zinxhiri i formuar nga BP-t\u00eb e keqb\u00ebr\u00eb. Algoritmi i konsensusit, q\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi, thjesht do t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtoj\u00eb \"t\u00eb k\u00ebqijt\u00eb\". Ky parim i ndarjes s\u00eb kuantave t\u00eb barabarta t\u00eb koh\u00ebs p\u00ebr \u00e7do BP u aplikua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Graphene (parardh\u00ebsin e EOS), dhe lejon q\u00eb shumica e blloqeve t\u00eb mbyllen me nj\u00eb n\u00ebnshkrim, duke ulur ndjesh\u00ebm ngarkes\u00ebn n\u00eb rrjet dhe duke lejuar q\u00eb ky konsensus t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht shpejt dhe q\u00ebndrush\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb, rrjetet EOS tani kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin blloqe speciale (Blloku i Fundit T\u00eb Pavarur), q\u00eb miratohen nga n\u00ebnshkrimet e 2\/3 t\u00eb BP-ve. K\u00ebto blloqe sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar p\u00ebrfundimin (pamund\u00ebsin\u00eb e shfaqjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb fork-u t\u00eb zinxhirit q\u00eb fillon para bllokut t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb pavarur).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Po ashtu, n\u00eb implementimet reale, skema e protokollit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar - votimet p\u00ebr blloqet e propozuara b\u00ebhen n\u00eb disa etapa, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur funksionimin e rrjetit n\u00eb rast t\u00eb humbjes s\u00eb blloqeve dhe problemeve me rrjetin, por edhe duke marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebt\u00eb, algoritmet e konsensusit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin PVRB k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb pak mesazhe midis BP-ve, gj\u00eb q\u00eb i b\u00ebn ato m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb se P\u0412FT tradicional, ose variancat e tij t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i njohur i till\u00eb i algoritmeve \u00ebsht\u00eb: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/889.pdf\">Ouroboros<\/a><\/noindex> nga ekipi i Cardano, i cili, si \u00ebsht\u00eb shpallur, ka q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb provuar matematikore ndaj pranis\u00eb s\u00eb komplotit midis BP-ve. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb Ouroboros, PVRB p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar at\u00eb q\u00eb quhet \"planifikimi i BP-ve\" - nj\u00eb orar, sipas t\u00eb cilit \u00e7do BP caktohet nj\u00eb slot kohor t\u00eb tij p\u00ebr publikimin e bllokut. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi e madhe e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb \"baraz\u00ebsia totale\" e BP-ve (sipas madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb bilanceve t\u00eb tyre). Ndershm\u00ebria e PVRB garanton q\u00eb BP-t\u00eb e keqb\u00ebr\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb orarin e slot-eve t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, dhe prandaj nuk mund t\u00eb manipulojn\u00eb zinxhirin, duke u p\u00ebrgatitur dhe analizuar p\u00ebrpara fork-et e zinxhirit, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhur fork-un \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetesh thjesht n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb zinxhirit, pa p\u00ebrdorur metoda t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb llogaritur \"p\u00ebrdorimin\" e BP-ve dhe \"pesh\u00ebn\" e blloqeve t\u00eb tij. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha rastet kur n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb decentralizuar duhet t\u00eb zgjidhet nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs rast\u00ebsor, pothuajse gjithmon\u00eb zgjedhja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb PVRB, dhe jo nj\u00eb variant deterministik i bazuar, p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb hash-in e bllokut. Pa PVRB, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar n\u00eb zgjedhjen e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit \u00e7on n\u00eb shfaqjen e sulmeve, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat sulmuesi mund, duke zgjedhur nga disa opsione t\u00eb s\u00eb ardhmes, t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsin tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb korruptuar ose disa m\u00eb shum\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrje m\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme n\u00eb marrjen e vendimeve. P\u00ebrdorimi i PVRB i ndalon k\u00ebto lloj sulmesh.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"masshtabirovanie-i-balansirovka-nagruzki\">Zgjerimi dhe balancimi i ngarkes\u00ebs<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>PVRB mund t\u00eb sjell\u00eb p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha edhe n\u00eb detyra p\u00ebr reduktimin e ngarkes\u00ebs, zgjerimin e pagesave. Fillimisht, ka kuptim t\u00eb njiheni me <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/people.csail.mit.edu\/rivest\/pubs\/Riv97b.pdf\">artikull<\/a><\/noindex> Rivesta \u201cBiletat Elektronike t\u00eb Loteris\u00eb si Mikropagesa\u201d. Thelbi \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebni 100 pagesa prej 1 qindarke nga paguesi te marr\u00ebsi, mund t\u00eb luani n\u00eb nj\u00eb lotari t\u00eb ndershme me nj\u00eb \u00e7mim prej 1$ = 100 qindarkash, ku paguesi gjat\u00eb \u00e7do pageje prej 1 qindarke i transmeton bank\u00ebs nj\u00eb nga 100 biletat e tij \u201ct\u00eb lotaris\u00eb\u201d. Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto bileta fiton bank\u00ebs 1$, dhe ky bilet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ai q\u00eb marr\u00ebsi mund ta regjistroj\u00eb n\u00eb bllok\u00e7in\u00eb. E r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb se 99 biletat e tjera transmetohen mes marr\u00ebsit dhe paguesit pa ndihm\u00ebn e jashtme, p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kanali privat dhe me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e k\u00ebrkuar. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i mir\u00eb i protokollit p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb skem\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin Emercoin mund t\u00eb lexohet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@emer.tech\/randpay-6a028f16c82a\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kjo skem\u00eb ka disa probleme, p\u00ebr shembull, marr\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb ndaloj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin p\u00ebr paguesin menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas marrjes s\u00eb bilet\u00ebs fituese, por p\u00ebr shum\u00eb aplikacione t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, si tarifimi p\u00ebr minut\u00eb ose abonimet elektronike p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbime, k\u00ebto mund t\u00eb injorohen. K\u00ebrkesa kryesore, natyrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb ndershm\u00ebria e lotaris\u00eb q\u00eb po zhvillohet, dhe p\u00ebr ta realizuar at\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme PVRB.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Zgjedhja e nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsi t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb po aq e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr protokollet e sharding, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb si q\u00ebllim t\u00eb mund\u00ebsojn\u00eb shkall\u00ebzimin horizontal t\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb bllok\u00ebve, duke lejuar q\u00eb BP t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb procesojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm kapacitetin e tyre t\u00eb transaksioneve. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e komplikuar, sidomos n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e siguris\u00eb gjat\u00eb bashkimit t\u00eb shards. Zgjedhja e ndershme e nj\u00eb BP t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb caktuar ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shard t\u00eb caktuar, ashtu si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb algorithmet e konsensusit, \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb e PVRB. N\u00eb sistemet e centralizuara, shards caktohen nga balancuesi, i cili thjesht llogarit nj\u00eb hash nga k\u00ebrkesa dhe e d\u00ebrgon tek ekzekutori p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs. N\u00eb bllok\u00e7enet, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb caktim mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb sulm ndaj konsensusit. P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrmbajtja e transaksioneve mund t\u00eb kontrollohet nga sulmuesi, ai mund t\u00eb kontrolloj\u00eb cilat transaksione hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb shardin e tij t\u00eb kontrolluar dhe t\u00eb manipuloj\u00eb zinxhirin e bllok\u00ebve aty. Mund t\u00eb lexoni diskutimin mbi problemin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr detyrat e sharding n\u00eb Ethereum. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/Sharding-FAQ#how-is-the-randomness-for-random-sampling-generated\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSharding \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga detyrat m\u00eb ambicioze dhe serioze n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e blockchain, zgjidhja e saj do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e rrjeteve t\u00eb decentralizuara me performanc\u00eb dhe volum fantastik. PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nga blloqet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e saj.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"igry-ekonomicheskie-protokoly-arbitrazh\">Loj\u00ebrat, protokollet ekonomike, arbritrazhi<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Roli i numrave t\u00eb rastit n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e loj\u00ebrave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. P\u00ebrdorimi i qart\u00eb n\u00eb kazinot\u00eb online, dhe ai i pap\u00ebrshkruar n\u00eb llogaritjen e efekteve t\u00eb veprimeve t\u00eb natyrshme t\u00eb lojtar\u00ebve \u2014 t\u00eb dyja jan\u00eb probleme shum\u00eb komplekse p\u00ebr rrjetet decentralizuara, ku nuk ka mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb nj\u00eb burim qendror t\u00eb rast\u00ebsis\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, zgjedhja e rastit mund t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb shum\u00eb probleme ekonomike dhe t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e protokolleve m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta dhe m\u00eb efikase. Le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se n\u00eb protokollin ton\u00eb ndodhin mosmarr\u00ebveshje n\u00eb lidhje me pagesat p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb lir\u00eb, dhe k\u00ebto mosmarr\u00ebveshje ndodhin mjaft rrall\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb pakund\u00ebrshtuesh\u00ebm, klient\u00ebt dhe shit\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb bien dakord p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb rastit t\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve, por me nj\u00eb probabilitet t\u00eb caktuar. P\u00ebr shembull, me probabilitet 60% fiton klienti, dhe me probabilitet 40% fiton shit\u00ebsi. Ky qasje, q\u00eb nga nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje fillestare duket absurde, lejon zgjidhjen automatike t\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve me nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb fitoresh\/humbjesh t\u00eb parashikueshme sakt\u00ebsisht, t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyja pal\u00ebt pa asnj\u00eb angazhim t\u00eb pal\u00ebve t\u00eb treta dhe pa humbje kohe t\u00eb panevojshme. M\u00eb tep\u00ebr, raporti i probabiliteteve mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb dinamik dhe t\u00eb varet nga disa variabla global. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb kompani po shkon mir\u00eb, regjistrohet nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i ul\u00ebt i mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve dhe nj\u00eb kthim i lart\u00eb, kompania mund t\u00eb zhvendos\u00eb automatikisht probabilitetin e zgjidhjes s\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb orientimit ndaj klientit, si p\u00ebr shembull 70\/30 ose 80\/20, dhe anasjelltas, n\u00ebse mosmarr\u00ebveshjet po zhvendosin shum\u00eb mjete dhe jan\u00eb mashtruese ose t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme, mund t\u00eb zhvendoset probabiliteti n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh protokolesh t\u00eb decentralizuara, si regjistrat e kurator\u00ebve t\u00eb token\u00ebve, tregjet e parashikimit, dhe kurbat e obligacioneve, p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb loj\u00ebra ekonomike ku n rewards p\u00ebr sjellje t\u00eb mira dhe d\u00ebnime p\u00ebr sjellje t\u00eb k\u00ebqija. Aty shpesh hasen probleme sigurie, mbrojtja e t\u00eb cilave \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbrojtur nga sulmet e 'peshkaqen\u00ebve' me miliarda token\u00eb ('stake i madh'), \u00ebsht\u00eb e prekshme nga sulmet me mij\u00ebra llogari me bilance t\u00eb vogla ('sybil stake'), dhe masat e marra kund\u00ebr nj\u00eb sulmi, si tarifat jo-liniare t\u00eb krijuara p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb pun\u00ebn e stake-it t\u00eb madh t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme, zakonisht diskreditohet nga nj\u00eb sulm tjet\u00ebr. Duke qen\u00eb se flitet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb loj\u00eb ekonomike, pesha statistikore p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse mund t\u00eb llogaritet paraprakisht dhe thjesht t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen tarifat me ato t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme me shp\u00ebrndarjen p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. K\u00ebto tarifa probabilistike realizohen shum\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, n\u00ebse n\u00eb blockchain ka nj\u00eb burim t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm rast\u00ebsie dhe nuk k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb asnj\u00eb llogaritje komplekse, duke i komplikuar jet\u00ebn si peshkaqen\u00ebve ashtu edhe sybil-ve.<br \/>\nMegjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb kujtohet se kontrolli mbi bitin e vet\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb mashtruar, duke e zvog\u00ebluar dhe rritur probabilitetet n\u00eb dyfish, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nj\u00eb PVRB i ndersh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs thelb\u00ebsor i k\u00ebtyre protokoleve. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"gde-nayti-pravilnyy-random\">Ku t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb rast\u00ebsin\u00eb e duhur?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb teori, zgjedhja e ndershme e rast\u00ebsishme n\u00eb rrjetet decentralizuara lejon t\u00eb sigurohet nj\u00eb siguri e provueshme e pothuajse \u00e7do protokoli nga komploti. Justifikimi \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i thjesht\u00eb \u2014 n\u00ebse rrjeti duhet t\u00eb rregulloj\u00eb nj\u00eb bit 0 ose 1, dhe n\u00eb mesin e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve m\u00eb pak se gjysma jan\u00eb t\u00eb pandersh\u00ebm, at\u00ebher\u00eb, me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm iteratash, rrjeti do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb me garanci nj\u00eb konsensus n\u00eb lidhje me k\u00ebt\u00eb bit me nj\u00eb probabilitet t\u00eb fixuar. Thjesht sepse rast\u00ebsia e ndershme do t\u00eb zgjidhte 51 nga 100 pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs n\u00eb 51% t\u00eb rasteve. Por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb teori, sepse n\u00eb rrjetet reale, p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb till\u00eb sigurie si n\u00eb artikuj, k\u00ebrkohet nj\u00eb sasi e madhe mesazhesh midis hosteve, kriptografi komplekse me shum\u00eb hapa, dhe \u00e7do komplikim i protokollit menj\u00ebher\u00eb shton vektor\u00eb t\u00eb rinj sulmesh.<br \/>\nP\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, ne ende nuk shohim n\u00eb blockchain-e nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb provuar si t\u00eb fort\u00eb, i cili do t\u00eb ishte p\u00ebrdorur mjaft gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuar provat nga aplikacione reale, auditime t\u00eb shumta, ngarkesa dhe, sigurisht, sulme t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta, pa t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ta quash nj\u00eb produkt v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb sigurt.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Megjithat\u00eb, ka disa qasje perspektive, t\u00eb cilat dallohen nga shum\u00eb detaje, dhe ndonj\u00ebra prej tyre me siguri do t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb problemin. Me burimet aktuale t\u00eb llogaritjes, teoria kriptografike \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb kthehet mjaft mjeshtrisht n\u00eb aplikime praktike. N\u00eb vazhdim, do t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb lumtur t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr implementimet e PVRB: tani ka disa prej tyre, secila ka nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm ve\u00e7orish dhe karakteristikash n\u00eb realizim, dhe pas \u00e7do nj\u00eb prej tyre q\u00ebndron nj\u00eb ide e mir\u00eb. Ka disa ekipe q\u00eb merren me rast\u00ebsir\u00ebn, dhe p\u00ebrvoja e secil\u00ebs prej tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt. Shpresojm\u00eb q\u00eb informacioni yn\u00eb do t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb ekipet e tjera t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin m\u00eb shpejt, duke marr\u00eb parasysh p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e paraardh\u00ebsve.<\/p>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448330\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u044c\u044e, 1970 \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f 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