{"id":31729,"date":"2019-10-31T21:42:44","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:42:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:42:44","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:42:44","slug":"sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sluchajnye-chisla-i-detsentralizovannye-seti-prakticheskoe-primenenie","title":{"rendered":"Numra t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm dhe rrjete t\u00eb decentralizuara: aplikimi praktik","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 id=\"vvedenie\">Hyrje<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00abGenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb tep\u00ebr i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr ta l\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb t\u00eb fatit\u00bb<\/em><br \/>\n<em>Robert Cavyu, 1970<\/em><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ky artikull \u00ebsht\u00eb kushtuar p\u00ebrdorimit praktik t\u00eb zgjidhjeve q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin gjenerimin kolektiv t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb mjedis t\u00eb paqart\u00eb. N\u00ebse e p\u00ebrmbledhim \u2014 si dhe p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret rast\u00ebsia n\u00eb bllok\u00e7enet, dhe pak rreth se si t\u00eb dallojm\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201crast\u00ebsi t\u00eb mir\u00eb\u201d nga nj\u00eb \u201crast\u00ebsi t\u00eb keqe\u201d. Gjenerimi i nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb rast\u00ebsor \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb problem shum\u00eb i komplikuar edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb vet\u00ebm, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb studiuar prej koh\u00ebsh nga kriptograf\u00ebt. Nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb rrjetet e decentralizuara, gjenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe m\u00eb i komplikuar dhe i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb fundmi, n\u00eb rrjetet ku pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit nuk i besojn\u00eb nj\u00ebri-tjetrit, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjeneruar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pahtush\u00ebm rast\u00ebsor lejon zgjidhjen efektive t\u00eb shum\u00eb problemeve t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebson ndjesh\u00ebm skemat ekzistuese. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, loj\u00ebrat e fatit dhe lotarit\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb aspak q\u00ebllimi num\u00ebr nj\u00eb, si\u00e7 mund t\u00eb duket fillimisht p\u00ebr lexuesin e pak\u00ebndsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"generaciya-sluchaynyh-chisel\">Gjenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kompjuter\u00ebt nuk din\u00eb t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb numra t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm vetvetiu; p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb u k\u00ebrkohet ndihma nga jasht. Nj\u00eb kompjuter mund t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb rastit duke p\u00ebrdorur, p\u00ebr shembull, l\u00ebvizjet e miut, sasin\u00eb e memories s\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur, rrymat parazite n\u00eb kontaktet e procesorit dhe shum\u00eb burime t\u00eb tjera, t\u00eb quajtur burime entropie. Vet\u00eb k\u00ebto vlera nuk jan\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, pasi ato ndodhen brenda nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar ose kan\u00eb nj\u00eb natyr\u00eb parashikueshm\u00ebrie. P\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto numra t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb numra v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, u aplikohen transformime kriptografike, p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb vlera pseudorast\u00ebsore t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara nj\u00ebtrajt\u00ebsisht nga vlerat e burimeve t\u00eb entropis\u00eb. Vlerat e marra quhen pseudorast\u00ebsore, pasi ato nuk jan\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, por jan\u00eb prodhuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb deterministe nga entropia. \u00c7do algorit\u00ebm kriptografik i mir\u00eb, n\u00eb procesin e enkriptimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, prodhon ciphertext q\u00eb statistikorisht duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb padalluesh\u00ebm nga nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb e rast\u00ebsishme, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb p\u00ebr prodhimin e rast\u00ebsis\u00eb mund t\u00eb merret nj\u00eb burim entropie q\u00eb siguron vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb riprodhim t\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe parashikueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb vlerave, edhe n\u00eb gamat e vogla; pjesa tjet\u00ebr e pun\u00ebs p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen dhe p\u00ebrzierjen e bixhive n\u00eb vler\u00ebn p\u00ebrfundimtare e merr p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr algoritmi i enkriptimit.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar k\u00ebt\u00eb shpjegim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, do t\u00eb theksoj se gjenerimi i numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisje \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga shtyllat e sigurimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave tona. Numrat e rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb gjeneruar p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur lidhje t\u00eb siguruara n\u00eb rrjete t\u00eb ndryshme, p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar \u00e7el\u00ebsa kriptografik\u00eb, p\u00ebr balancimin e ngarkes\u00ebs, kontrollin e integritetit dhe p\u00ebr shum\u00eb aplikime t\u00eb tjera. Siguria e shum\u00eb protokolleve varet nga mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjeneruar nj\u00eb rast\u00ebsor t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb pap\u00ebrcaktuesh\u00ebm nga jasht\u00eb, p\u00ebr ta ruajtur at\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr ta mbajtur sekret deri n\u00eb hapin tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb protokollit, p\u00ebrndryshe siguria do t\u00eb vihet n\u00eb rrezik. Nj\u00eb sulm ndaj gjeneratorit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht i rreziksh\u00ebm dhe rrezikon menj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb software-in q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor gjenerimin e rast\u00ebsor\u00ebve. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto duhet t'i dini, n\u00ebse keni kaluar nj\u00eb kurs baz\u00eb mbi kriptografin\u00eb, prandaj le t\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb me rrjetet decentralizuara.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"random-v-blokcheynah\">Rast\u00ebsor n\u00eb blockchain<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb pari, do t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr blockchain-et me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr kontratat inteligjente, sepse ato mund t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht mund\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb ofron nj\u00eb rast\u00ebsi t\u00eb kalibruar cil\u00ebsore. M\u00eb tej, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebsis\u00eb, un\u00eb do t'i referohem k\u00ebsaj teknologjie si \u201c<em>Publicly Verifiable Random Beacons<\/em>\u201d ose PVRB. Duke qen\u00eb se blockchain-et jan\u00eb rrjete, informacionin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebs mund ta verifikoj\u00eb \u00e7do an\u00ebtar, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb ky\u00e7e e emrit \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cPublicly Verifiable\u201d, pra, kushdo mund, p\u00ebrmes llogaritjeve, t\u00eb marr\u00eb prova se numri t\u00eb cilin e ka publikuar blockchain-i ka k\u00ebto vetit\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rezultati duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje q\u00eb provon t\u00eb jet\u00eb uniforme, pra t\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb kriptografin\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme q\u00eb provohet. <\/li>\n<li>Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb kontrolloni asnj\u00eb nga bit\u00ebt e rezultatit. Si pasoj\u00eb, rezultati nuk mund t\u00eb parashikohet paraprakisht.<\/li>\n<li>Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb sabotosh protokollin e gjenerimit p\u00ebrmes mos pjes\u00ebmarrjes n\u00eb protokoll ose duke e ngarkuar rrjetin me mesazhe sulmuese.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrmet duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb forta ndaj komplotit t\u00eb nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb pranuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve t\u00eb pandersh\u00ebm n\u00eb protokoll (p\u00ebr shembull 1\/3 e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u00c7do mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb nj\u00eb grup minoritar i organizuar t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb rast t\u00eb kontrolluar \u00e7ift\/jesh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme paraqet nj\u00eb dob\u00ebsi n\u00eb siguri. \u00c7do mund\u00ebsi e grupit p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar l\u00ebshimin e rastit t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm paraqet nj\u00eb dob\u00ebsi n\u00eb siguri. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ka shum\u00eb probleme, dhe kjo detyr\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb...<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Duket se aplikimi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb loj\u00ebrat e ndryshme, llotarit\u00eb dhe \u00e7do form\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bixhozit n\u00eb blockchain. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, por rast\u00ebsia n\u00eb blockchain ka aplikime edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb ato.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"algoritmy-konsensusa\">Algoritmet e konsensusit<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>PVRB ka organizimi i konsensusit rrjetor ka nj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi t\u00eb madhe. Transaksionet n\u00eb blockchain jan\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtura nga n\u00ebnshkrimet elektronike, prandaj, \"sulmi n\u00eb transaksion\" \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirja\/hoqja e nj\u00eb transaksioni nga nj\u00eb bllok (ose nga disa blloqe). Detyra kryesore e algoritmit t\u00eb konsensusit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje mbi rendin e k\u00ebtyre transaksioneve dhe mbi rendin e blloqeve q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb k\u00ebto transaksione. Nj\u00eb pron\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr blockchain t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb finaliteti \u2014 mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb rrjeti t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje se sajoja deri n\u00eb bllokun e finalizuar \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtare dhe asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtohet p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb fork-u t\u00eb ri. Zakonisht, q\u00eb t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjen se nj\u00eb bllok \u00ebsht\u00eb i vlefsh\u00ebm dhe, m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, final, k\u00ebrkohet t\u00eb mblidhen n\u00ebnshkrime nga shumica e prodhuesve t\u00eb bllokut (m\u00eb pas BP \u2014 block-producers), gj\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon minimalisht t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet sajoja e blloqeve te t\u00eb gjith\u00eb BP, dhe n\u00ebnshkrimet t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen nd\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb gjith\u00eb BP. Me rritjen e numrit t\u00eb BP, numri i mesazheve t\u00eb nevojshme n\u00eb rrjet rritet eksponencialisht, prandaj, algoritmet e konsensusit q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb finalitet, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr shembull n\u00eb konsensusin pBFT t\u00eb Hyperledger, nuk punojn\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e duhur, duke filluar q\u00eb nga disa dhjet\u00ebra BP, duke k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh lidhjesh. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebse n\u00eb rrjet ka nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb pakontestuesh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, at\u00ebher\u00eb, madje edhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb afrim t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, mund t\u00eb zgjidhni nj\u00eb nga prodhuesit e bllokut dhe ta em\u00ebroni at\u00eb \"lider\" p\u00ebr nj\u00eb raund t\u00eb protokollit. N\u00ebse kemi <code>N<\/code> prodhues bllokesh, nga t\u00eb cil\u00ebt <code>M: M &gt; 1\/2 N<\/code> jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, nuk censurojn\u00eb transaksionet dhe nuk nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb forka t\u00eb zinxhirit me q\u00ebllim p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer sulmin \"double spend\", at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb pakontestuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb zgjedhjen e nj\u00eb lideri t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm me probabilitet <code>M \/ N (M \/ N &gt; 1\/2)<\/code>. N\u00ebse \u00e7do lider caktohet nj\u00eb interval t\u00eb vetin t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ai mund t\u00eb prodhoj\u00eb nj\u00eb bllok dhe t\u00eb verifikoj\u00eb zinxhirin, dhe k\u00ebto intervale jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta n\u00eb koh\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb zinxhiri i blloqeve t\u00eb ND-s\u00eb s\u00eb ndershme do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb i gjat\u00eb se zinxhiri i formuar nga ND-t\u00eb keqdash\u00ebse, dhe algoritmi i konsensusit q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi do t\u00eb hidhte thjesht \"t\u00eb keqen\". Ky parim i ndarjes s\u00eb kvanteve t\u00eb barabarta t\u00eb koh\u00ebs p\u00ebr \u00e7do ND u aplikua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Graphene (parardh\u00ebsi i EOS) dhe lejon shumic\u00ebn e blloqeve t\u00eb mbyllen me nj\u00eb n\u00ebnshkrim, \u00e7ka e ul ndjesh\u00ebm ngarkes\u00ebn n\u00eb rrjet dhe e b\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb konsensus t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb shum\u00eb shpejt dhe me stabilitet. Megjithat\u00eb, rrjetet EOS tani jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruara t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin blloqe speciale (Blloku i fundit t\u00eb pakthyesh\u00ebm), t\u00eb cilat konfirmohen nga n\u00ebnshkrime 2\/3 nga ND-t\u00eb. K\u00ebto blloqe sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar p\u00ebrfundimin (pashmangshm\u00ebria e shfaqjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb ndarjeje t\u00eb zinxhirit q\u00eb fillon para Bllokut t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb pakthyesh\u00ebm).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Gjithashtu, n\u00eb implementimet reale, skema e protokollit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar - votimet p\u00ebr blloqet e propozuara b\u00ebhen n\u00eb disa etapa, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur funksionimin e rrjetit n\u00eb rastin e humbjes s\u00eb blloqeve dhe problemeve me rrjetin, por edhe duke marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebt\u00eb, algoritmet e konsensusit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin PVRB k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme m\u00eb pak mesazhe midis BP, q\u00eb i b\u00ebn ato m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta se tradita P\u0412FT, ose variacione t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i spikatur i k\u00ebtyre algoritmeve: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2016\/889.pdf\">Ouroboros<\/a><\/noindex> nga ekipi i Cardano, i cili, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb shpallur, ka q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb provuar matematikore ndaj pranis\u00eb s\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjeve midis BP. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb Ouroboros PVRB p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar at\u00eb q\u00eb quhet \"BP schedule\" \u2014 nj\u00eb orar sipas t\u00eb cilit \u00e7do BP i caktohet nj\u00eb slot temporal p\u00ebr publikimin e nj\u00eb bloku. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfitim i madh i p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb \"barazia\" e plot\u00eb e BP-ve (sipas madh\u00ebsive t\u00eb bilanceve t\u00eb tyre). Ndershm\u00ebria e PVRB garanton q\u00eb BP-t\u00eb e k\u00ebqija nuk mund t\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb orarin e slot\u00ebve temporal, dhe prandaj nuk mund t\u00eb manipulojn\u00eb zinxhirin, duke p\u00ebrgatitur paraprakisht dhe analizuar deg\u00ebt e zinxhirit; p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhur nj\u00eb deg\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetesh thjesht n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi e zinxhirit, pa p\u00ebrdorur taktika t\u00eb sofistikuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb llogaritur \"p\u00ebrdorshm\u00ebrin\u00eb\" e BP-ve dhe \"pesha\" e blloqeve t\u00eb tij. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha rastet kur n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb decentralizuar duhet t\u00eb zgjidhet nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs rast\u00ebsor, pothuajse gjithmon\u00eb zgjedhja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb PVRB, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb varianti t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar, bazuar, p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb hash-in e bllokut. Pa PVRB, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar n\u00eb zgjedhjen e pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit \u00e7on n\u00eb shfaqjen e sulmeve, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat sulmuesi mund, duke zgjedhur nga disa opsione t\u00eb ardhshme, t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsin e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb korruptuar ose menj\u00ebher\u00eb disa, p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb vendimmarrje. P\u00ebrdorimi i PVRB diskreditohet k\u00ebto lloje sulmesh.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"masshtabirovanie-i-balansirovka-nagruzki\">Shkall\u00ebzimi dhe balancimi i ngarkes\u00ebs<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>PVRB mund t\u00eb sjell\u00eb p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb konsiderueshme gjithashtu n\u00eb detyra p\u00ebr zvog\u00eblimin e ngarkes\u00ebs, shkall\u00ebzimin e pagesave. Fillimisht, ka kuptim t\u00eb njihet me <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/people.csail.mit.edu\/rivest\/pubs\/Riv97b.pdf\">artikullin<\/a><\/noindex> Rivesta \"Biletet Elektronike t\u00eb Llotaris\u00eb si Mikropag\u00eb\". Thell\u00ebsia e konceptit \u00ebsht\u00eb se, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebni 100 pagesa nga 1c nga paguesi te marr\u00ebs, mund t\u00eb luani nj\u00eb llotari t\u00eb ndershme me nj\u00eb \u00e7mim prej 1$ = 100c, ku paguesi n\u00eb \u00e7do pages\u00eb prej 1c i kalon bank\u00ebs nj\u00eb nga 100 \"biletat e tij t\u00eb llotaris\u00eb\". Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto bileta fiton 1$ p\u00ebr bank\u00ebn, dhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb bileti q\u00eb merr\u00ebsi mund ta regjistroj\u00eb n\u00eb blockchain. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, 99 bileta t\u00eb tjera kalohen midis marr\u00ebsit dhe paguesit pa ndihm\u00ebn e tret\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kanali privat dhe me shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e nevojshme. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i mir\u00eb i protokollit t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb skem\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin Emercoin mund t\u00eb lexoni. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/@emer.tech\/randpay-6a028f16c82a\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kjo skem\u00eb ka disa probleme, p\u00ebr shembull, marr\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb ndaloj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin p\u00ebr paguesin menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas marrjes s\u00eb bilet\u00ebs fituese, por p\u00ebr shum\u00eb aplikacione t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, si tarifimi p\u00ebr minut\u00eb ose abonimet elektronike p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbime, mund t\u00eb injorohen. K\u00ebrkesa kryesore, natyrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb ndershm\u00ebria e llotarive t\u00eb zhvilluara, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar k\u00ebt\u00eb, PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht e nevojshme.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Zgjedhja e nj\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsi t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme edhe p\u00ebr protokollet e sharding, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb si q\u00ebllim shkall\u00ebzimin horizontal t\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb bllok\u00ebve, duke lejuar q\u00eb BP t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm skopin e tyre t\u00eb transaksioneve. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb shum\u00eb sfiduese, sidomos n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e siguris\u00eb kur bashkohen shardet. Zgjedhja e ndershme e BP t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb em\u00ebruar ata p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shard t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, ashtu si n\u00eb algoritmet e konsensusit \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb PVRB. N\u00eb sistemet e centralizuara, shardet em\u00ebrohen nga nj\u00eb balancues, i cili vet\u00ebm llogarit hash nga k\u00ebrkesa dhe e d\u00ebrgon tek p\u00ebrfituesi i nevojsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb blockchain, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndikuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb em\u00ebrim mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb sulm n\u00eb konsensus. P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrmbajtja e transaksioneve mund t\u00eb kontrollohet nga nj\u00eb sulmues, ai mund t\u00eb kontrolloj\u00eb se cilat transaksione hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb shardin e kontrolluar prej tij dhe t\u00eb manipuloj\u00eb zinxhirin e bllok\u00ebve n\u00eb t\u00eb. Diskutimi p\u00ebr problemin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb rastit p\u00ebr detyrat e sharding n\u00eb Ethereum mund t\u00eb lexohet. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/wiki\/wiki\/Sharding-FAQ#how-is-the-randomness-for-random-sampling-generated\">k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSharding \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga detyrat m\u00eb ambicioze dhe serioze n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e blockchain, zgjidhja e saj do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e rrjeteve t\u00eb decentralizuara me performanc\u00eb dhe volum fantastik. PVRB \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u0451 nga blloket e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e saj.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"igry-ekonomicheskie-protokoly-arbitrazh\">Loj\u00ebra, protokolle ekonomike, arbitrazh<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Roli i numrave t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e loj\u00ebrave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. P\u00ebrdorimi i qart\u00eb n\u00eb kazinot\u00eb online, dhe ai i paduksh\u00ebm gjat\u00eb llogaritjes s\u00eb efekteve t\u00eb veprimeve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb lojtarit \u2014 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb probleme jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb komplikuara p\u00ebr rrjetet e decentralizuara, ku nuk ka mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb besosh n\u00eb nj\u00eb burim qendror t\u00eb rast\u00ebsis\u00eb. Por, zgjedhja e rast\u00ebsishme mund t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb shum\u00eb probleme ekonomike dhe t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e protokolleve m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta dhe m\u00eb efektive. Supozoni se n\u00eb protokollin ton\u00eb ka mosmarr\u00ebveshje n\u00eb lidhje me pages\u00ebn p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb lir\u00eb, dhe k\u00ebto mosmarr\u00ebveshje ndodhin mjaft rrall\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb pa kontestuesh\u00ebm, klient\u00ebt dhe shit\u00ebsit mund t\u00eb bien dakord p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve, por me nj\u00eb probabilitet t\u00eb caktuar. P\u00ebr shembull, me nj\u00eb probabilitet prej 60% fiton klienti, nd\u00ebrsa me 40% fiton shit\u00ebsi. Ky qasje, q\u00eb n\u00eb dukje duket absurde, lejon zgjidhjen automatike t\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve me nj\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb sakt\u00eb fitimesh\/ Humbjesh, q\u00eb i k\u00ebnaq t\u00eb dyja pal\u00ebt pa asnj\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirje t\u00eb nj\u00eb pale t\u00eb tret\u00eb dhe pa humbje kohe t\u00eb panevojshme. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, raporti i probabiliteteve mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb dinamik dhe t\u00eb varet nga disa variab\u00ebl global\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse kompania po zhvillohet mir\u00eb, ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve dhe nj\u00eb kthim t\u00eb lart\u00eb, kompania mund t\u00eb zhvendos\u00eb automatikisht probabilitetin e zgjidhjes s\u00eb mosmarr\u00ebveshjeve n\u00eb favor t\u00eb klientit, p\u00ebr shembull 70\/30 ose 80\/20, dhe anasjelltas, n\u00ebse mosmarr\u00ebveshjet po marrin shum\u00eb mjete dhe jan\u00eb mashtruese ose t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatshme, mund t\u00eb zhvendos\u00eb probabilitetin n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh protokollesh interesant\u00eb t\u00eb decentralizuara, si regjistrat e kuratuar me tokene, tregjet e parashikimit, kurbat e lidhjes dhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb loj\u00ebra ekonomike ku shp\u00ebrblehet sjellja e mir\u00eb dhe nd\u00ebshkohet ajo e keqe. Ato shpesh hasin probleme sigurie, mbrojtja e t\u00eb cilave shkon n\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbrojtur nga sulmet e \"kit\u00ebve\" me miliarda tokene, \u00ebsht\u00eb e prekshme nga sulmet e mij\u00ebra llogarive me bilance t\u00eb vogla. Masat e marra kund\u00ebr nj\u00eb sulmi, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb tarifat jo lineare, t\u00eb krijuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb pafavorshme veprimin e stake t\u00eb madh, zakonisht diskreditohen nga nj\u00eb sulm tjet\u00ebr. Duke qen\u00eb se b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb loj\u00eb ekonomike, pesha p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse statistikore mund t\u00eb llogaritet paraprakisht, dhe thjesht t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen tarifat me ato t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme me shp\u00ebrndarjen p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. K\u00ebto tarifa probabilistike realizohen shum\u00eb leht\u00eb, n\u00ebse n\u00eb blockchain ekziston nj\u00eb burim i besuesh\u00ebm rast\u00ebsie dhe nuk k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb ndonj\u00eb llogaritje t\u00eb komplikuar, duke e komplikuar jet\u00ebn si kit\u00ebve ashtu edhe sybil-ave.<br \/>\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb mbani mend se kontrolli mbi nj\u00eb bit t\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast mund t\u00eb manipuloj, duke reduktuar dhe rritur probabilitetet n\u00eb dyfish. K\u00ebshtu, nj\u00eb PVRB i ndersh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs ky\u00e7 i k\u00ebtyre protokolleve. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2 id=\"gde-nayti-pravilnyy-random\">Ku t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb rastin e duhur?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb teori, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhje e rast\u00ebsishme e ndershme n\u00eb rrjetet e decentralizuara siguron siguri t\u00eb provueshme p\u00ebr pothuajse \u00e7do protokoll nga komplotet. Justifikimi \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i thjesht\u00eb \u2014 n\u00ebse nj\u00eb rrjet bie dakord p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bit 0 ose 1 dhe midis pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsve m\u00eb pak se gjysma jan\u00eb t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb pas nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb mjaftuesh\u00ebm iteracionesh, rrjeti me siguri do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb konsensus n\u00eb lidhje me k\u00ebt\u00eb bit me nj\u00eb probabilitet t\u00eb caktuar. Thjesht sepse rasti i ndersh\u00ebm do t\u00eb zgjedh\u00eb 51 nga 100 pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs n\u00eb 51% t\u00eb rasteve. Por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb teori, sepse n\u00eb rrjete reale, p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb till\u00eb sigurie si n\u00eb artikuj, k\u00ebrkohen shum\u00eb mesazhe midis hosteve, kriptografi e komplikuar dhe \u00e7do kompleksitet q\u00eb shtohet n\u00eb protokoll menj\u00ebher\u00eb sjell horizonte t\u00eb reja sulmesh.<br \/>\nPik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, ne akoma nuk shohim n\u00eb blockchain-et nj\u00eb PVRB t\u00eb provuar si t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, i cili do t\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar provat e aplikacioneve reale, auditeve t\u00eb shumta, ngarkesave, dhe sigurisht, sulmeve reale, pa t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ta quash nj\u00eb produkt me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Megjithat\u00eb, ekzistojn\u00eb disa qasje premtuese, t\u00eb cilat ndryshojn\u00eb n\u00eb shum\u00eb detaje, dhe ndonj\u00ebra prej tyre me siguri do t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb problem. Me burimet aktuale t\u00eb llogaritjes, teorit\u00eb e kriptografis\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb aplikime praktike. N\u00eb vazhdim, ne do t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb lumtur t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr implementimet e PVRB: tani ka disa prej tyre, secila ka nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7orive dhe karakteristikave n\u00eb realizim, dhe pas secil\u00ebs q\u00ebndron nj\u00eb ide e mir\u00eb. R\u00ebndom mund t\u00eb merret nga pak ekipe, dhe p\u00ebrvoja e secil\u00ebs prej tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb tjerat. Shpresojm\u00eb se informacioni yn\u00eb do t'u ndihmoj\u00eb ekipeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb avancojn\u00eb m\u00eb shpejt, duke marr\u00eb parasysh p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e paraardh\u00ebsve.<\/p>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448330\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u00ab\u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0435\u043b \u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0430, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0451 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u044c\u044e, 1970 \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f 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