{"id":32089,"date":"2019-10-31T21:45:07","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/razbiraem-magnitno-rezonansnyj-tomograf-ii-metamaterialy-v-mrt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:45:07","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:07","slug":"razbiraem-magnitno-rezonansnyj-tomograf-ii-metamaterialy-v-mrt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/razbiraem-magnitno-rezonansnyj-tomograf-ii-metamaterialy-v-mrt","title":{"rendered":"Analizojm\u00eb magneto-rezonanc\u00ebn II: Metamat materiale n\u00eb MRI","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nNj\u00eb drejtk\u00ebmb\u00ebsh kaloi p\u00ebrmes veshit. Me nj\u00eb zhurm\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, ajo ndali n\u00eb trupin e kriostatit. Duke shurdhuar veten, vendosa t\u00eb b\u00ebja nj\u00eb pushim. T\u00eb shkel\u00ebsh bulonat n\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb magnetike prej 1.5 teslave me nj\u00eb mjet \u00e7eliku nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ndonj\u00eb ide e shk\u00eblqyer. Fusha, si nj\u00eb armik i paduksh\u00ebm, p\u00ebrpiqet vazhdimisht t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb mjetin nga duar, ta orientoj\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb linjave t\u00eb tij t\u00eb forc\u00ebs dhe ta drejtoj\u00eb sa m\u00eb af\u00ebr elektron\u00ebve q\u00eb po qarkullojn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb qark t\u00eb mbyllur nga super\u00e7\u5c0esor\u00ebt. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme t\u00eb mposht\u00ebsh lidhjet e oksiduara nga vitesh, nuk ka shum\u00eb zgjedhje. U ul n\u00eb kompjuter dhe zakonisht rishkova rrjedh\u00ebn e lajmeve. \"Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuan MRT-n\u00eb dyfish!\" - thoshte titulli i dyshimt\u00eb.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Rreth nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb, ne demontuam tomografin magnetik-rezonal<\/a><\/noindex> dhe mesuam thelbin e funksionit t\u00eb tij. Rekomandoj fuqish\u00ebm q\u00eb para leximit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij artikulli, t\u00eb freskoni n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb at\u00eb material.<\/i> <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb arsyeve t\u00eb ndryshme, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato historike, n\u00eb Rusi sot praktikisht nuk ka<\/a><\/noindex> prodhim t\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisjeje kaq komplekse si tomograf\u00ebt magnetik-rezonal\u00eb t\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse jetoni n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh, do ta gjeni leht\u00ebsisht klinikat q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj sh\u00ebrbimi. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, parku i skanereve MRT shpesh p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga pajisje t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura, t\u00eb sjella dikur nga SHBA dhe Europa dhe, n\u00ebse ndodh q\u00eb t\u00eb vizitoni nj\u00eb klinik\u00eb me MRT, mos u mashtroni nga pamja e jashtme e bukur e pajisjes - ajo mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb shum\u00eb vite. Si pasoj\u00eb, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndodhi q\u00eb pajisja t\u00eb prishet dhe un\u00eb isha p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ata njer\u00ebz q\u00eb ktheu tomograf\u00ebt e prishur n\u00eb funksion, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pacient\u00ebt t\u00eb mund t\u00eb vazhdonin t\u00eb b\u00ebnin diagnostikimin, nd\u00ebrsa pronar\u00ebt t\u00eb fitonin. <\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga dit\u00ebt e bukura, n\u00eb pushim midis aventurave t\u00eb rrezikshme me fushat magnetike t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, natyrsh\u00ebm kam hasur n\u00eb nj\u00eb njoftim interesant n\u00eb rrjedh\u00ebn e lajmeve: \"Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb, s\u00eb bashku me koleg\u00ebt hollandez\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuan teknologjin\u00eb MRT<\/a><\/noindex> me metamateryal\u00ebt\u00bb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb thuhet se fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi po kryhen hulumtime q\u00eb lidhen me pajisje, prodhimi i t\u00eb cilave ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur, m\u00eb duket tejet diskutuesh\u00ebm. Vendosa se kjo ishte thjesht nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpenzuar grantet, e p\u00ebrzier\u00eb me fjal\u00eb shkencore t\u00eb paqarta si\u00e7 jan\u00eb \u00abnanoteknologjit\u00eb\u00bb q\u00eb na lodh\u00ebn t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve. K\u00ebrkimi i informacionit mbi pun\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve vendas me MRI dhe metamateryal\u00ebt m\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante p\u00ebrshkrimin e nj\u00eb eksperimentit t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, q\u00eb mund ta p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisja leht\u00ebsisht, duke pasur parasysh se pajisja e MRI-s\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nImazhi nga artikulli<\/a><\/noindex>, i dedikuar forcimit t\u00eb sinjalit t\u00eb MRI-s\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e ashtuquajturit \u00abmetamateryal\u00bb. N\u00eb nj\u00eb aparat tipik klinik 1.5 - Tesla, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb pacientit ngarkohet metamateryali, n\u00eb form\u00eb en\u00eb me uj\u00eb, brenda t\u00eb cil\u00ebs jan\u00eb vendosur telat paralel\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar. N\u00eb tela vendoset objekti i studimit - nj\u00eb peshk (jo i gjall\u00eb). Imazhet nga e djathta jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb u mor\u00ebn n\u00eb MRI t\u00eb peshkut, me nj\u00eb hart\u00eb ngjyre t\u00eb vendosur q\u00eb tregonte intensitetin e sinjalit nga b\u00ebrthamat e hidrogjenit. Mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet se kur peshku q\u00ebndron mbi tela, sinjali \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i mir\u00eb, sesa pa to. Koha e skanimit n\u00eb t\u00eb dy rastet ishte e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, q\u00eb d\u00ebshmon nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb efikasitetit t\u00eb skanimit. Artikulli gjithashtu p\u00ebrfshinte me kujdes
\nformul\u00ebn<\/b>\"Analizojm\u00eb
\n
\np\u00ebr llogaritjen e gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb telave n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tomografit, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdora. Nd\u00ebrsa nd\u00ebrtova metamateryalin tim nga kuvet\u00eb dhe nga nj\u00eb grup telash bakri, t\u00eb pajisur me mbajt\u00ebse plastike, t\u00eb printuara n\u00eb 3D:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nMetamateryali im i par\u00eb. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas nd\u00ebrtimit u fut n\u00eb tomografin 1-Tesla. Nj\u00eb portokall sh\u00ebrbeu si objekt p\u00ebr skanimin.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\n\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430, \u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043a\u0443\u0447\u0443 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435! \u041d\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043e\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430! \u0414\u043e\u0435\u0432 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438, \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0443 \u00ab\u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e …?\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Autori m\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebn relativisht shpejt. Ishin mjaft t\u00eb impresionuar nga fakti q\u00eb dikush p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritej eksperimentet e tyre. N\u00eb fillim, u munduan p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00eb shpjegonin se si funksionojn\u00eb metamateryalet, duke p\u00ebrdorur termat \"rezonancat Fabri-Perot\", \"modet e veta\" dhe t\u00eb gjitha llojet e fushave radiofrekuent n\u00eb volum. Pastaj, duke kuptuar se un\u00eb nuk kuptoja fare se p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb po flisnin, ata vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb m\u00eb ftonin n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, q\u00eb t\u00eb shihja zhvillimet e tyre n\u00eb gjall\u00eb dhe t\u00eb sigurohesha se gjith\u00e7ka funksionon. At\u00ebher\u00eb, hodha n\u00eb \u00e7ant\u00ebn time solder-in e preferuar dhe shkova n\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Petersburg, n\u00eb Universitetin Komb\u00ebtar K\u00ebrkues t\u00eb Teknologjive t\u00eb Informacionit, Mekanik\u00ebs dhe Optik\u00ebs (si\u00e7 u duk, atje trajnojn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm programues).
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb vendin e ngjarjes, m\u00eb prit\u00ebn me ngroht\u00ebsi dhe papritur, m\u00eb ofruan nj\u00eb pun\u00eb, pasi ishin impresionuar nga kuveti im me kabllo dhe u duhej nj\u00eb person p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar t\u00eb reja. N\u00eb k\u00ebmbim, premtoi q\u00eb do t\u00eb m\u00eb shpjegonin n\u00eb detaje gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb m\u00eb interesonte dhe do t\u00eb kalonim nj\u00eb kurs t\u00eb studimit n\u00eb radiofizik\u00eb dhe MRT, i cili filloi me fat n\u00eb at\u00eb vit. T\u00ebrheqja ime p\u00ebr njohuri e fitoi, dhe m\u00eb pas, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vit, ndoqa studimet, b\u00ebra projekte dhe punova, duke m\u00ebsuar gradualisht gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth historis\u00eb s\u00eb rezonanc\u00ebs magnetike, si dhe gjendjes s\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs moderne n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do ta ndaja k\u00ebtu.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb thelb t\u00eb metod\u00ebs s\u00eb supozuar t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimit t\u00eb MRT, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb shqyrtuar n\u00eb artikujt shkencor\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur, jan\u00eb t\u00eb ashtuquajturat \"metamateryale\". Metamateryalet, ashtu si shum\u00eb zbulime t\u00eb tjera, i detyrojn\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e tyre zgjidhjeve t\u00eb papritura, t\u00eb fituara n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimeve teorike. Shkenc\u00ebtari sovjetik, Viktor Veselago, n\u00eb vitin 1967, duke punuar mbi nj\u00eb model teorik, sugjeroi ekzistenc\u00ebn e materialeve me koeficient negativ t\u00eb thyerjes. Si\u00e7 e keni kuptuar, kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me optik\u00ebn, dhe ky koeficient, n\u00eb terma t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se sa do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb drejtimin e tij drita duke kaluar n\u00ebp\u00ebr kufirin midis mjediseve t\u00eb ndryshme, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb ajri dhe uji. T\u00eb kuptosh se kjo ndodh v\u00ebrtet \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb verifikohet vet\u00eb:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nNj\u00eb eksperiment i thjesht\u00eb me nj\u00eb laser dhe nj\u00eb akvarium, q\u00eb demonstruan thyerjen e drit\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fakt interesant q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxirret nga nj\u00eb eksperiment t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se rrezja nuk mund t\u00eb thyhet n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn drejtim nga ku ra n\u00eb kufirin e ndarjes, pavar\u00ebsisht se sa p\u00ebrpiqet eksperimentatori. Ky eksperiment \u00ebsht\u00eb kryer me t\u00eb gjitha substancat natyrore, megjith\u00ebse rrezja ka vazhduar t\u00eb thyhet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb. Matematika tregon se koeficienti i thyjes, si dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e tij, epermerta dielektrike dhe magnetike, jan\u00eb pozitiv\u00eb, dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb re asnj\u00eb her\u00eb ndryshe. T\u00eb pakt\u00ebn deri n\u00eb momentin kur V. Veselago vendosi ta studioj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje dhe e tregoi se teorikisht nuk ka asnj\u00eb arsye pse koeficienti i thyjes t\u00eb mos mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb negativ.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nImazhi nga Wiki q\u00eb tregon ndryshimin mes mjediseve me koeficient pozitiv dhe negativ t\u00eb thyjes. Si\u00e7 shohim, drita sillet krejt\u00ebsisht ndryshe, krahasuar me eksperienc\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme.<\/p>\n

V. Veselago p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb u p\u00ebrpoq t\u00eb gjej\u00eb prova p\u00ebr ekzistenc\u00ebn e materialeve me koeficient negativ t\u00eb thyjes, megjithat\u00eb k\u00ebrkimet nuk pat\u00ebn sukses dhe puna e tij u harrua padrejt\u00ebsisht. Vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm, u krijuan artificialisht struktura kompozite q\u00eb realizonin vetit\u00eb e p\u00ebrshkruara, por jo n\u00eb optik\u00eb, por n\u00eb nj\u00eb gam\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb frekuencave mikroval\u00eb. Kjo sh\u00ebnoi momentin ky\u00e7, pasi vet\u00eb mund\u00ebsia e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre materialeve hapte perspektiva t\u00eb reja. P\u00ebr shembull - krijimi i superlenteve<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb afta t\u00eb zmadhojn\u00eb objekte q\u00eb jan\u00eb edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla se gjat\u00ebsia e val\u00ebs s\u00eb drit\u00ebs. Ose - mbulesa e padukshme, \u00ebndrrat e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ushtar\u00ebve. U b\u00ebn\u00eb korrigjime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb teori, duke marr\u00eb parasysh t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e reja. \u00c7el\u00ebsi i suksesit ishte p\u00ebrdorimi i strukturave t\u00eb renditura nga element\u00ebt rezonues - metaatomot, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl se gjat\u00ebsia e val\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezatimit me t\u00eb cilin ata interaktojn\u00eb. Struktura e renditur nga metaatomot \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompozit artificial, e quajtur metamaterial. <\/p>\n

Implementimi praktik i metamaterialeve \u00ebsht\u00eb teknologjikisht kompleks edhe sot, pasi madh\u00ebsia e pjes\u00ebve rezonante duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl se gjat\u00ebsia e val\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezatimit elektromagnetik. P\u00ebr gam\u00ebn optike (ku gjat\u00ebsia e val\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nanometrat), teknologjit\u00eb e tilla ndodhen n\u00eb kufirin e mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb avancimit. Prandaj, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb befasi q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e par\u00eb t\u00eb konceptit t\u00eb metamaterialeve u krijuan p\u00ebr vale elektromagnetike m\u00eb t\u00eb gjata nga gamat radio (t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi q\u00eb na \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e njohur nga mm deri n\u00eb m). Karakteristika kryesore dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht disavantazhi i \u00e7do metamateriali \u00ebsht\u00eb pasoja e natyr\u00ebs rezonante t\u00eb elementeve q\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb at\u00eb. Metamateriali mund t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb vetit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb mahnitshme vet\u00ebm n\u00eb frekuenca t\u00eb caktuara.
\nFrekuenca t\u00eb kufizuara.<\/b>Prandaj, p\u00ebr shembull, kur t\u00eb shihni p\u00ebrs\u00ebri di\u00e7ka si nj\u00eb super-bllokues z\u00ebri q\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb metamateriale, pyesni se cilin interval frekuencash e bllokon n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nShembuj tipik\u00eb t\u00eb metamaterialeve q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimin me val\u00ebt elektromagnetike. Strukturat nga p\u00ebr\u00e7uesit \u2014 nuk jan\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se rezonator\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, konture LC, t\u00eb formuara nga pozita hap\u00ebsinore e p\u00ebr\u00e7uesve. <\/p>\n

Ka kaluar pak koh\u00eb nga shfaqja e konceptit t\u00eb metamaterialeve dhe realizimeve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb para, kur njer\u00ebzit filluan ta p\u00ebrdorin at\u00eb n\u00eb MRT. Disavantazhi kryesor i metamaterialeve \u2014 gam\u00eb e ngusht\u00eb operative nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb problem p\u00ebr MRT, ku t\u00eb gjith\u00eb proceset ndodhin praktikisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb vetme t\u00eb rezonanc\u00ebs magnetike t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave, q\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb gam\u00ebn radio. K\u00ebtu mund t\u00eb krijoni meta-atoma me duar tuaja dhe menj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb shihni se \u00e7far\u00eb rezultati do t\u00eb merrni n\u00eb imazhe. Disa nga karakteristikat e para q\u00eb studiuesit realizuan n\u00eb MRT duke p\u00ebrdorur metamateriale ishin superlencat dhe endoskop\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nN\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e majt\u00eb n\u00ebn shkronj\u00ebn a) tregohet superlinza, e cila p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb tri-dimensional rezonator\u00ebsh n\u00eb pllaka printuese. \u00c7do rezonator \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb metalike e hapur me nj\u00eb kondensator t\u00eb saltur, q\u00eb formon nj\u00eb qark LC t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatur p\u00ebr frekuenc\u00ebn e MRT. M\u00eb posht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i vendosjes s\u00eb k\u00ebsaj strukture nga metamateriali midis k\u00ebmb\u00ebve t\u00eb pacientit, duke kaluar n\u00ebp\u00ebr procedur\u00ebn e tomografis\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht imazhet e marra pas saj. N\u00ebse m\u00eb par\u00eb nuk e ke neglizhuar k\u00ebshill\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar artikullin tim t\u00eb kaluar p\u00ebr MRT, at\u00ebher\u00eb tashm\u00eb e di se p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb imazh t\u00eb ndonj\u00eb zone t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb pacientit \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb grumbullosh sinjale t\u00eb dob\u00ebta, q\u00eb shuhet shpejt t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb antene t\u00eb af\u00ebrt \u2013 rrotull\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

Superlinza nga metamateriali lejon t\u00eb zgjerohet zona e veprimit t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs standarte. P\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb vizualizosh t\u00eb dy k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e pacientit nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb\u00ebs. Nga lajmet e k\u00ebqija \u2014 pozita e superlinz\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb zgjidhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar p\u00ebr manifestimin m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb efektit, dhe vet\u00eb superlinza \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e shtrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u2019u prodhuar. N\u00ebse ende nuk ke kuptuar pse kjo linz\u00eb quhet me prefiksin super-, at\u00ebher\u00eb shikoje foton p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmasat e saj dhe pastaj kupto se ajo funksionon me nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi vale rreth pes\u00eb metrave!<\/p>\n

N\u00ebn shkronj\u00ebn b) demonstrohet struktura e endoskopit. N\u00eb thelb, endoskopi p\u00ebr MRT \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb masiv i telave paralel\u00eb q\u00eb luan rolin e val\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7uesit. Ai lejon q\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen hap\u00ebsira nga e cila rrotulla merr sinjalin nga b\u00ebrthamat dhe vet\u00eb rrotulla n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme \u2013 deri n\u00eb at\u00eb pik\u00eb sa antena marr\u00ebse mund t\u00eb pozicionohet edhe jasht\u00eb kriostatit t\u00eb tomografit, larg nga fusha magnetike e p\u00ebrhershme. N\u00eb imazhet m\u00eb posht\u00eb t\u00eb skedave b) jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar fotografit\u00eb e marra p\u00ebr nj\u00eb en\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb mbushur me l\u00ebng \u2014 fantoma. Dallimi midis tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb se imazhet e etiketuar \"endoskop\" u mor\u00ebn kur rrotulla ishte n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme nga fantoma, ku pa endoskopin sinjalet nga b\u00ebrthamat nuk do t\u00eb ishin fare t\u00eb mundshme p\u00ebr t'u detektuar.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nga fushat m\u00eb premtuese t\u00eb aplikimit t\u00eb metamaterealit n\u00eb MRI, dhe m\u00eb af\u00ebrisht n\u00eb realizimin e tij praktik (n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin un\u00eb p\u00ebrfshiva veten n\u00eb fund), \u00ebsht\u00eb krijimi i bobinave pa kabllo. Duhet t\u00eb shpjegohet se nuk b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr Bluetooth apo ndonj\u00eb teknologji tjet\u00ebr pa kabllo p\u00ebr transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. \"Pa kabllo\" n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast n\u00ebnkupton prani t\u00eb lidhjes induktive ose kapacitive midis dy strukturave rezonante \u2013 anten\u00ebs marr\u00ebse-dh\u00ebn\u00ebse, si dhe metamaterealit. N\u00eb koncept, kjo duket k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nN\u00eb majt\u00eb tregohet si zakonisht kalon procedura MRI: pacienti shtrihet brenda kriostatit n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e fush\u00ebs magnetike statike homogjene. N\u00eb tunelin e tomografit \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar nj\u00eb anten\u00eb e madhe, e njohur si \"kafazi i zogjve\". Antena e till\u00eb e konfigurimit, lejon rrotullimin e vektorit t\u00eb fush\u00ebs magnetike radiofrekuente me frekuenc\u00ebn e precesionit t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave t\u00eb hidrogjenit (p\u00ebr makinat klinike zakonisht nga 40 deri n\u00eb 120 MHz, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb fush\u00ebs magnetike statike nga 1T deri n\u00eb 3T p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht), duke i b\u00ebr\u00eb ato t\u00eb absorbonin energji dhe pastaj t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndanin n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje. Sinjali p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebs nga b\u00ebrthamat \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i dob\u00ebt dhe derisa t\u00eb arrij\u00eb te drejtuesit e anten\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe, ai do t\u00eb dob\u00ebsohet patjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, n\u00eb MRI p\u00ebr t\u00eb pranuar sinjalet p\u00ebrdoren bobina lokale t\u00eb af\u00ebrta. N\u00eb figur\u00ebn n\u00eb qend\u00ebr, p\u00ebr shembull, tregohet nj\u00eb situat\u00eb tipike e skanimit t\u00eb gjurit. Me ndihm\u00ebn e metamaterealit, mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb rezonator q\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i lidhur induktivisht me kafazin e zogjve. Mjafton t\u00eb vendosni nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb pran\u00eb zon\u00ebs s\u00eb nevojshme t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb pacientit dhe sinjali nga aty do t\u00eb merret jo m\u00eb keq se me nj\u00eb bobin\u00eb lokale! N\u00eb rastin e suksessh\u00ebm t\u00eb realizimit t\u00eb konceptit, pacient\u00ebt nuk do t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb mb\u00ebrthehen pas kabllove, dhe procedura e diagnostikimit me MRI do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet m\u00eb e komfortshme.<\/p>\n

Ishte pik\u00ebrisht nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb q\u00eb po p\u00ebrpiqesha t\u00eb krijoja n\u00eb fillim, duke i zhytur kabllot n\u00eb uj\u00eb dhe duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb skanoja nj\u00eb portokall. Kabllot, t\u00eb zhytura n\u00eb uj\u00eb nga pamja e par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull \u2013 jan\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se meta-atome, secili prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb dipol gjysm\u00ebval\u00eb \u2013 nj\u00eb nga konstruksionet m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb antenave, t\u00eb njohur p\u00ebr \u00e7do entuziast t\u00eb radios.
\nI p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb ata n\u00eb uj\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'i mbrojtur nga zjarri n\u00eb MRI (edhe pse p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye gjithashtu), por p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkurtuar gjat\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre rezonante pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsor nga p\u00ebr\u00e7ueshm\u00ebria dielektrike e ujit.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nKjo teknik\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur prej koh\u00ebsh n\u00eb radiop\u00ebrceptues, duke rrethuar telin rreth nj\u00eb cope feriti - e ashtuquajtura anten\u00eb feriti. Vet\u00ebm feriti ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebr\u00e7ueshm\u00ebri magnetike t\u00eb lart\u00eb, dhe jo dielektrike, e cila megjithat\u00eb funksionon gjithashtu dhe lejon shkurtime t\u00eb p\u00ebrmasave rezonante t\u00eb anten\u00ebs. N\u00eb MRI, fatkeq\u00ebsisht, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret feriti, pasi \u00ebsht\u00eb magnetik. Uji \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb e lir\u00eb dhe e aksesueshme.<\/p>\n

Natyrisht, p\u00ebr llogaritjet e t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebtyre gj\u00ebrave \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohen modele matematikore komplekse q\u00eb marrin parasysh lidhjet midis elementeve rezonante, parametrave t\u00eb mjedisit dhe burimeve t\u00eb rrezatimit... ose mund t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzojm\u00eb arritjet e progresit dhe softuerin p\u00ebr modelimin numerik elektromagnetik, me t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballohet leht\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs i shkoll\u00ebs (shembuj t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer - CST, HFSS). Softueri lejon q\u00eb t\u00eb krijohen modele 3D t\u00eb rezonator\u00ebve, antenave, skemave elektrike, duke shtuar aty njer\u00ebz - po, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron, pyetja \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr imagjinat\u00ebn dhe kapacitetet kompjuterike t\u00eb disponueshme. Modelet e nd\u00ebrtuara ndahen n\u00eb rrjeta, n\u00eb nyjet e t\u00eb cilave zgjidhen ekuacionet e njohura t\u00eb Maxwell-it.
\nJa, p\u00ebr shembull, modelimi i fush\u00ebs magnetike radiofrekuente brenda anten\u00ebs s\u00eb lart\u00eb, e cila u p\u00ebrmend m\u00eb par\u00eb si nj\u00eb kafaz p\u00ebr zogj:<\/p>\n

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nMenj\u00ebher\u00eb b\u00ebhet e dukshme se si sillet fusha. N\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb tregohet situata kur brenda anten\u00ebs ka nj\u00eb kutin\u00eb me uj\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb an\u00ebn e djatht\u00eb - kur e nj\u00ebjta kutin\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi nj\u00eb rezonator me tela t\u00eb gjat\u00eb rezonante. Mund t\u00eb shihet si fusha magnetike forcohet ndjesh\u00ebm fal\u00eb telave. Pas zot\u00ebrimit t\u00eb CST dhe optimizimit t\u00eb dizajnit tim aty, kam krijuar p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nj\u00eb metamaterial q\u00eb v\u00ebrtet leht\u00ebsoi p\u00ebrforcimin e sinjalit n\u00eb tomografin\u00eb standarde klinike 1.5T MRI. Ai ishte gjithashtu nj\u00eb kuti (p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr m\u00eb e bukur, nga pleksiglas), e mbushur me uj\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb grup telash. K\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb, struktura u optimizua n\u00eb terma t\u00eb kushteve rezonante, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht: zgjedhja e gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb telave, pozitat e tyre, si dhe sasia e ujit. Ja se \u00e7far\u00eb rezultati u arrit me domatet:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nSkanimi i par\u00eb i domates u krye me nj\u00eb anten\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. N\u00eb fund, doli vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb zhurm\u00eb me konturet e dukshme vazhdimisht. Her\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb vendosa frutin n\u00eb nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb rezonante t\u00eb sapo b\u00ebr\u00eb. Nuk krijova karta me ngjyra, ose di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme, sepse efekti \u00ebsht\u00eb i qart\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrvoja ime, edhe pse kam humbur shum\u00eb koh\u00eb, e v\u00ebrtetoi se koncepti funksionon. <\/p>\n

E kuptoj \u00e7far\u00eb po mendoni \u2014 portokalle, domate \u2014 e gjitha kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb, ku jan\u00eb testet n\u00eb njer\u00ebz?
\nAto me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ishin t\u00eb kryera<\/noindex>:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nDora e nj\u00eb vullnetari, e cila kalon MRT, \u00ebsht\u00eb e vendosur mbi t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kut. V\u00ebrtet, uji n\u00eb kuti, pasi p\u00ebrmban hidrogjen, gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm. Forcimi i sinjalit ndodh n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e wrist-it, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e vendosur n\u00eb rezonator, nd\u00ebrsa pjes\u00ebt e tjera t\u00eb trupit jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme keq. Natyrisht, nj\u00eb efekt t\u00eb till\u00eb, ndoshta edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, mund t\u00eb arrihet duke p\u00ebrdorur spiralat klinike standarde. Por vet\u00eb fakti q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb krijohen gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tilla, thjesht duke kombinuar hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn, uj\u00eb dhe telat, me kombinimin e duhur, \u00ebsht\u00eb mahnit\u00ebs. Edhe m\u00eb befasuese \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb njohurit\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb mund t\u00eb merren p\u00ebrmes studimit t\u00eb dukurive q\u00eb duket se nuk kan\u00eb lidhje, si thyerja e drit\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb lodhur ende<\/b>Momentalisht, dizajni i kutis\u00eb me uj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar. Tani \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb e shesht\u00eb e printuar, q\u00eb lejon lokalizimin e fush\u00ebs magnetike t\u00eb anten\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb jashtme p\u00ebrreth saj. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb zona e saj e pun\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe se ajo e konstrukcionit t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nShiritat me ngjyra tregojn\u00eb intensitetin e fush\u00ebs magnetike mbi struktur\u00ebn q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e aktivizuar nga nj\u00eb burim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm t\u00eb val\u00ebve elektromagnetike. Struktura e shesht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb linj\u00eb transmetimi tipike, e njohur n\u00eb inxhinierin\u00eb e radios, megjithat\u00eb mund t\u00eb shqyrtohet gjithashtu si nj\u00eb metamatriel p\u00ebr MRT. Kjo \"spiral\u00eb pa tel\" tashm\u00eb mund t\u00eb konkuroj\u00eb spiralat standarde p\u00ebr homogjenitetin e fush\u00ebs q\u00eb krijohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb thell\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb objektin e skanimit:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nAnimacionet tregon nj\u00eb hart\u00eb ngjyrash t\u00eb sinjalit brenda nj\u00eb kutie me uj\u00eb n\u00eb MRI, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb flet\u00eb pas flet\u00eb. Ngjyra do t\u00eb thot\u00eb intensitetin e sinjaleve nga b\u00ebrthamat e hidrogjenit. N\u00eb k\u00ebndin e majt\u00eb t\u00eb sip\u00ebrm, p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb segment standard i fibr\u00ebs p\u00ebr skanimin e shpin\u00ebs si pranues. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, k\u00ebndi i majt\u00eb posht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kur kutia \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rezonatorin n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb pllakes. N\u00eb k\u00ebndin e djatht\u00eb posht\u00eb, sinjali merret nga nj\u00eb anten\u00eb e madhe e integruar n\u00eb tunelin e tomografit. Kam krahasuar homogenitetin e sinjalit n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e rrethuar me nj\u00eb drejtk\u00ebnd\u00ebsh. N\u00eb nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar, metamateriali punon m\u00eb mir\u00eb se fibra n\u00eb termat e homogenitetit t\u00eb sinjalit. P\u00ebr detyrat klinike, ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb arritje shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, por kur flasim p\u00ebr vendosjet shkencore MRI, ku skanojn\u00eb minj, kjo mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e sinjalit dhe n\u00eb uljen e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb nevojshme t\u00eb impulsit t\u00eb radios. <\/p>\n

\nP\u00ebr \"p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuan me 2 her\u00eb\" n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb artikullit - natyrisht, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr fryt i dashuris\u00eb s\u00eb patretur t\u00eb gazetar\u00ebve ndaj shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, por gjithashtu t\u00eb thuash se jan\u00eb hulumtime bosh \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu e pasakt\u00eb, si\u00e7 e tregojn\u00eb intereset p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb n\u00eb grupet shkencore n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. \u00cbsht\u00eb e habitshme, por punimet po zhvillohen edhe k\u00ebtu n\u00eb Rusi, megjith\u00ebse n\u00eb p\u00ebrvoja t\u00eb mia krejt personale, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim i rrall\u00eb. Ka ende shum\u00eb probleme t\u00eb pazgjidhura n\u00eb lidhje me p\u00ebrdorimin e metamaterialeve n\u00eb MRI. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 lokalizimit t\u00eb fushave magnetike p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb imazh t\u00eb mir\u00eb, nuk duhet harruar fushat elektrike, t\u00eb cilat shkaktojn\u00eb ngrohjen e indit, si dhe p\u00ebrthithjen e energjis\u00eb s\u00eb fush\u00ebs radiofrekuente nga indet e pacient\u00ebve q\u00eb po shqyrtohen. K\u00ebto gj\u00ebra, n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin klinik, k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb nj\u00eb kontroll t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, i cili komplikohet shum\u00eb me p\u00ebrdorimin e rezonator\u00ebve q\u00eb lokalizojn\u00eb fushat. Deri tani metamaterialet p\u00ebr MRI kan\u00eb mbetur brenda k\u00ebrkimeve shkencore, por rezultatet e marra jan\u00eb tashm\u00eb mjaft interesante dhe ndoshta n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen procedura MRI do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb e shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e sigurt.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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