{"id":32089,"date":"2019-10-31T21:45:07","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/razbiraem-magnitno-rezonansnyj-tomograf-ii-metamaterialy-v-mrt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:45:07","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:07","slug":"razbiraem-magnitno-rezonansnyj-tomograf-ii-metamaterialy-v-mrt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/razbiraem-magnitno-rezonansnyj-tomograf-ii-metamaterialy-v-mrt","title":{"rendered":"Analizojm\u00eb tomografin\u00eb magnetike II: Metamaterialet n\u00eb MRT","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nNj\u00eb screwdriver kaloi me t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb p\u00ebrmes ajrit. Me nj\u00eb zhurm\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, ndali n\u00eb korpusin e kriostatit. Duke e mallkuar vetveten, vendosa t\u00eb b\u00ebja nj\u00eb pushim. T\u00eb \u00e7montosh bolta n\u00eb nj\u00eb fush\u00eb magnetike prej 1.5 teslave, me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb instrumenti prej \u00e7eliku \u2014 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ide e mir\u00eb. Fush\u00eb si nj\u00eb armik i paduksh\u00ebm p\u00ebrpiqet vazhdimisht t\u00eb t\u00eb heq\u00eb instrumentin nga duar, ta orientoj\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb linjave t\u00eb forc\u00ebs s\u00eb saj dhe ta \u00e7oj\u00eb sa m\u00eb af\u00ebr elektron\u00ebve q\u00eb qarkullojn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb qoshe nga super\u00e7 conducting. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse v\u00ebrtet duhet t\u00eb mund\u00ebsh lidhjet e kalcifikuara t\u00eb viteve, nuk ka shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi. U ula p\u00ebrpara kompjuterit dhe si zakonisht shflejtova lajmet. \"Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuan MRI-n\u00eb dyfish!\" \u2014 thoshte titulli dyshues.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Rreth nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb, ne \u00e7montuam tomografin magneto-rezonant<\/a><\/noindex> dhe p\u00ebrmbyll\u00ebm kuptimin e funksionit t\u00eb tij. Fort\u00ebsisht rekomandoj q\u00eb para se t\u00eb lexoni k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, t\u00eb rinovoni at\u00eb material.<\/i> <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb arsyeve t\u00eb ndryshme, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato historike, n\u00eb Rusi sot praktikisht nuk ka<\/a><\/noindex> prodhim i pajisjeve kaq t\u00eb komplikuara si tomograf\u00ebt e rezonanc\u00ebs magnetike me polaritet t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse jetoni n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm, do ta keni t\u00eb leht\u00eb t\u00eb gjeni klinika q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj sh\u00ebrbimi. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, parku i skaner\u00ebve MRT shpesh p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga pajisje t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura, t\u00eb cilat dikur jan\u00eb importuar nga SHBA dhe Evropa dhe, n\u00ebse p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye duhet t\u00eb vizitoni nj\u00eb klinik\u00eb me MRT, mos u mashtroni nga pamja e bukur e aparatit \u2014 ai mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb mbi dyzet vjet q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret. Si pasoj\u00eb, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb k\u00ebto pajisje prishen, dhe un\u00eb kam qen\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ata q\u00eb rikthenin tomograf\u00ebt e prishur n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb pacient\u00ebt t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb diagnostikimin dhe pronar\u00ebt t\u00eb marrin fitim. <\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, nj\u00eb dit\u00eb t\u00eb bukur, gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb pushimi midis arg\u00ebtimeve t\u00eb rrezikshme me fusha magnetike t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, un\u00eb u ndesha n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkrim interesant n\u00eb bixhozin e lajmeve: \"Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb n\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me koleg\u00ebt holandez\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuan teknologjin\u00eb MRT<\/a><\/noindex> me \u043c\u0435\u0442amat\u00ebrialeve\u00bb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e tep\u00ebrt t\u00eb thuhet se vet\u00eb fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi po kryhen k\u00ebrkime mbi pajisjet, prodhimi i t\u00eb cil\u00ebve ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zot\u00ebruar, m\u00eb duket shum\u00eb e diskutueshme. Un\u00eb vendosa se ky ishte thjesht nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr shpenzim i granteve, i p\u00ebrzier me fjal\u00eb shkencore t\u00eb paqarta, si ato t\u00eb njohura tashm\u00eb \u00abnanoteknologjit\u00eb\u00bb. K\u00ebrkimi i informacionit mbi pun\u00ebn e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve vendas me MRT dhe metamat\u00ebrialet m\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante p\u00ebrshkrimin e nj\u00eb eksperimentin t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebris leht\u00ebsisht, duke qen\u00eb se aparati MRT \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nImazhi nga artikullit<\/a><\/noindex>, e cila ka dedikuar p\u00ebr forcimin e sinjalit MRI me ndihm\u00ebn e k\u00ebsaj q\u00eb quhet \u00abmetamaterial\u00bb. N\u00eb nj\u00eb aparat klinik tipik 1.5 \u2014 Tesla, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb pacientit ngarkohet metamateriali, n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb ene me uj\u00eb, brenda s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ndodhen tela paralel me nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar. N\u00eb tela, ndodhet objekti i hulumtimit \u2014 nj\u00eb peshk (jo i gjall\u00eb). Imazhet e djathta jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb marr\u00eb n\u00eb MRI t\u00eb peshkut, me nj\u00eb hart\u00eb ngjyrash t\u00eb vendosur, e cila tregon intensitetin e sinjalit nga b\u00ebrthamat e hidrogjenit. Mund t\u00eb shihet se kur peshku \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb tela, sinjali \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i mir\u00eb, sesa pa to. Koh\u00ebzgjatja e skanimit n\u00eb t\u00eb dy rastet \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebmton efektivitetin e skanimit. N\u00eb artikull u ofrua gjithashtu me kujdes
\nformula<\/b>\"Analizojm\u00eb
\n
\np\u00ebr llogaritjen e gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb tela n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tomografit, q\u00eb un\u00eb e p\u00ebrdora. Kreva metamaterialin tim nga nj\u00eb e qet\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb grup telash bakri, duke i furnizuar me mbajt\u00ebse plastike t\u00eb printuara me 3D:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nMetamateriali im i par\u00eb. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas prodhimit, u fut n\u00eb tomografin 1-Tesla. Nj\u00eb portokall sh\u00ebrbeu si objekt p\u00ebr skanimin.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nMegjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb forcimit t\u00eb premtuar t\u00eb sinjalit, mora nj\u00eb grumbull artefaktesh q\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht imazhin! Inati im nuk kishte kufij! Pasi p\u00ebrfundoja me testin, i d\u00ebrgova nj\u00eb email autor\u00ebve t\u00eb artikullit, ku p\u00ebrmbledhja mund t\u00eb reduktohej n\u00eb pyetjen \"\u00c7far\u00eb …?\".<\/p>\n

Autor\u00ebt m\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebn mjaft shpejt. Ata ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb impresionuar nga fakti se dikush po p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebriste eksperimentet e tyre. N\u00eb fillim, u munduan gjat\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00eb shpjegonin se si funksionojn\u00eb metamateryalet, duke p\u00ebrdorur terma si \"rezonancat Fabry-P\u00e9rot\", \"mode t\u00eb veta\", dhe t\u00eb gjitha llojet e fushave radiofrekuese n\u00eb volum. Pastaj, duke kuptuar se un\u00eb nuk e kuptoja fare p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb flisnin, ata vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb m\u00eb ftojn\u00eb n\u00eb sht\u00ebpin\u00eb e tyre, q\u00eb t\u00eb shihja zhvillimet e tyre n\u00eb jet, dhe t\u00eb isha i sigurt se kjo v\u00ebrtet funksionon. E futa n\u00eb \u00e7ant\u00ebn time saldatorin tim t\u00eb preferuar dhe u nisa p\u00ebr n\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Petersburg, n\u00eb universitetin komb\u00ebtar k\u00ebrkimor t\u00eb teknologjive t\u00eb informacionit, mekanik\u00ebs dhe optik\u00ebs (si\u00e7 duket, atje m\u00ebsojn\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm programues).
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\n
\nM\u00eb prit\u00ebn ngroht\u00ebsisht dhe papritur m\u00eb ofruan nj\u00eb pun\u00eb, sepse ishin t\u00eb impresionuar nga qet\u00ebsia ime me kabllot dhe u duheshin njer\u00ebz p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar t\u00eb reja. N\u00eb k\u00ebmbim, premtuan se do t\u00eb shpjegonin n\u00eb detaje gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb m\u00eb interesonte dhe do t\u00eb kalonin nj\u00eb kurs mbi radiofizik\u00ebn dhe MRT, i cili filloi me nj\u00eb fat t\u00eb lumtur pik\u00ebrisht at\u00eb vit. T\u00ebrheqja ime p\u00ebr njohuri fitoi, dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vit t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb vazhdova t\u00eb m\u00ebsoja, t\u00eb realizoja projekte dhe t\u00eb punoja, duke zbuluar gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth historis\u00eb s\u00eb rezonanc\u00ebs magnetike, si dhe gjendjes s\u00eb shkenc\u00ebs moderne n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do ta ndaj k\u00ebtu.<\/p>\n

The method of improving MRI, as explored in the mentioned scientific articles, is based on so-called \"metamaterials\". Like many other discoveries, metamaterials owe their emergence to unexpected solutions derived from theoretical research. In 1967, Soviet scientist Viktor Veselago, while working on a theoretical model, suggested the existence of materials with a negative refractive index. As you may have guessed, this relates to optics, where this coefficient essentially indicates how much the direction of light will change as it passes through the boundary between different mediums, such as air and water. You can easily verify that this indeed happens.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nA simple experiment with a laser pointer and an aquarium demonstrating light refraction.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fakt interesant q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nxirret nga nj\u00eb eksperiment t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se rrezeja nuk mund t\u00eb reflektohet n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn drejtim nga ku ra n\u00eb kufirin e ndarjes, pavar\u00ebsisht se si e p\u00ebrpiqet eksperimenti. Ky eksperiment \u00ebsht\u00eb kryer me t\u00eb gjitha substancat q\u00eb ndodhin n\u00eb natyr\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb rrezja vazhdonte t\u00eb reflektohej vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim. Matematika tregon se koeficienti i reflektimit, si dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e tij, permeabiliteti dielektrik dhe magnetik, jan\u00eb pozitiv\u00eb, dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndryshe. T\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, deri n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb V. Veselago vendosi t\u00eb studioj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje dhe tregoi se teorikisht nuk ka asnj\u00eb arsye pse koeficienti i reflektimit t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb negativ.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nImazhi nga Viki, i cili tregon ndryshimin mes mjediseve me koeficientet e reflektimit pozitiv dhe negativ. Si\u00e7 e shohim, drita sillet krejt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7uditshme, n\u00eb krahasim me p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme.<\/p>\n

V. Veselago gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb gjente prova p\u00ebr ekzistenc\u00ebn e materialeve me koeficient negativ t\u00eb thithjes, por k\u00ebrkimet e tij nuk kishin sukses dhe puna e tij u harrua padrejt\u00ebsisht. Vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit tjet\u00ebr u krijuan n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb artificiale struktura kompozite q\u00eb realizonin k\u00ebrkesat e p\u00ebrshkruara, por jo n\u00eb optik\u00eb, p\u00ebrkundrazi n\u00eb nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb frekuencave mikroval\u00eb. Kjo ishte nj\u00eb pik\u00eb kthese, pasi vet\u00eb mund\u00ebsia e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre materialeve hapi perspektiva t\u00eb reja. P\u00ebr shembull \u2014 krijimi superlinzave<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb afta t\u00eb zmadhojn\u00eb objekte edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla se gjat\u00ebsi e val\u00ebs s\u00eb drit\u00ebs. Ose \u2014 mbulesa t\u00eb plots\u00eb maskuese \u2013 t\u00eb padukshme, \u00ebndrrat e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ushtar\u00ebve. U b\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb teori, duke marr\u00eb parasysh t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e reja. \u00c7el\u00ebsi i suksesit ishte p\u00ebrdorimi i strukturave t\u00eb rregulluara nga element\u00ebt rezonues \u2014 metaatomet, madh\u00ebsia e t\u00eb cilave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl se gjat\u00ebsi e val\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezatimit me t\u00eb cilin interaktojn\u00eb. Struktura e rregulluar nga metaatomet \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompozit artificial, e njohur si metamaterial. <\/p>\n

Zbatimi praktik i metamaterialeve \u00ebsht\u00eb akoma teknologjikisht i nd\u00ebrlikuar, pasi dimensioni i pjes\u00ebve rezonante duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb krahasuesh\u00ebm m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl se gjat\u00ebsi e val\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezatimit elektromagnetik. P\u00ebr gam\u00ebn optike (ku gjat\u00ebsi e val\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nanometrat), teknologjit\u00eb e tilla jan\u00eb n\u00eb maj\u00eb t\u00eb mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb progresit. Prandaj, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e par\u00eb t\u00eb konceptit t\u00eb metamaterialeve u krijuan p\u00ebr vale elektromagnetike relativisht m\u00eb t\u00eb gjata nga gama e radios (t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur p\u00ebr ne nga mm deri n\u00eb m). Karakteristika kryesore dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht disavantazhi i \u00e7do metamateriali \u00ebsht\u00eb pasojat e natyr\u00ebs rezonante t\u00eb elementeve p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebse t\u00eb tij. Metamateriali mund t\u00eb shfaq\u00eb vetit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb mrekullueshme vet\u00ebm n\u00eb frekuenca t\u00eb caktuara.
\nFrekuenca t\u00eb kufizuara.<\/b>Prandaj, p\u00ebr shembull, kur t\u00eb shihni p\u00ebrs\u00ebri ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb si nj\u00eb super-shk\u00ebput\u00ebs z\u00ebri t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb metamateriale, pyesni se cila \u00ebsht\u00eb gama e frekuencave q\u00eb ajo realisht shk\u00ebput.<\/p>\n

\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nShembuj tipik\u00eb t\u00eb metamaterialeve q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimin me val\u00ebt elektromagnetike. Strukturat nga lidhet jan\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se rezonator\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, konture LC, t\u00eb formuara nga pozita hap\u00ebsinore e lidheve. <\/p>\n

Ka kaluar pak koh\u00eb q\u00eb nga shfaqja e konceptit t\u00eb metamaterialeve dhe realizimet e para t\u00eb tyre, si\u00e7 e kuptuan njer\u00ebzit t'i p\u00ebrdorin ato n\u00eb MRI. Mang\u00ebsia kryesore e metamaterialeve - diapazoni i ngusht\u00eb operativ nuk p\u00ebrb\u00ebn problem p\u00ebr MRI, ku t\u00eb gjitha proceset ndodhin praktikisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb vetme t\u00eb rezonanc\u00ebs magnetike t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave, q\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb diapazonin e radios. K\u00ebtu mund t\u00eb krijoni vet\u00eb meta-atome dhe menj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb shihni se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb rezultoj\u00eb n\u00eb imazhe. Nj\u00eb nga funksionalitetet e para q\u00eb k\u00ebrkuesit zbatuan n\u00eb MRI duke p\u00ebrdorur metamateriale ishin superlente dhe endoskop\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nN\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e majt\u00eb n\u00ebn shkronj\u00ebn a) paraqitet nj\u00eb superl\u00ebng, i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb rrjet\u00eb tre-dimensionale rezonator\u00ebsh n\u00eb pllakat e printuara. \u00c7do rezonator \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb metalike e hapur me nj\u00eb kondensator t\u00eb salduar, duke formuar nj\u00eb kontur LC, t\u00eb cilin e kan\u00eb shk\u00ebputur n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e MRT-s\u00eb. M\u00eb posht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i pozicionimit t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj strukture nga metamateriali midis k\u00ebmb\u00ebve t\u00eb pacientit, i cili po kalon procedur\u00ebn e tomografis\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb imazhet e marra pas saj. N\u00ebse m\u00eb par\u00eb nuk keni hezituar t\u00eb lexoni artikullin tim t\u00eb kaluar mbi MRT-n\u00eb, tashm\u00eb e dini se p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb imazhin e ndonj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb trupit t\u00eb pacientit, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb mblidhen sinjalet e dob\u00ebta, t\u00eb cilat zbehen shpejt, nga b\u00ebrthamat me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb antene t\u00eb vendosur af\u00ebr - spire. <\/p>\n

Superlinza nga metamateriali lejon zgjerimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb nj\u00eb bobine standarde. P\u00ebr shembull, vizualizoni t\u00eb dyja k\u00ebmb\u00ebt e pacientit nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb. Nga lajmet e k\u00ebqija \u2014 pozita e superlenez\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatet nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyre t\u00eb caktuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb shfaqur m\u00eb s\u00eb miri efektin, dhe vet\u00eb superlinza \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e shtrenjt\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u prodhuar. N\u00ebse ende nuk e keni kuptuar pse kjo lente quhet me parafijen super-, shikoni dimensionet e saj n\u00eb foto, dhe pastaj kuptoni se funksionon me nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi vale prej rreth pes\u00eb metrash!<\/p>\n

N\u00ebn shkronj\u00ebn b) demonstrohet konstrukti i endoskopit. N\u00eb thelb, endoskopi p\u00ebr MRT \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup kabllosh paralel, q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben si nj\u00eb vodi\u00e7 valesh. Ai lejon t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndajm\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e regjionit nga i cili bobina merr sinjal nga b\u00ebrthamat dhe vet\u00eb bobin\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme - deri n\u00eb at\u00eb pik\u00eb sa antena prit\u00ebse mund t\u00eb vendoset jasht\u00eb kriostatit t\u00eb tomografit, larg fush\u00ebs magnetike t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme. N\u00eb imazhet e poshtme t\u00eb kartel\u00ebs b) jan\u00eb paraqitur fotografi t\u00eb marra p\u00ebr nj\u00eb en\u00eb speciale t\u00eb mbushur me l\u00ebng - fantoma. Diferenca midis tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb se imazhet n\u00ebnshkruara si 'endoskop' jan\u00eb marr\u00eb kur bobina ishte n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme nga fantoma, ku pa endoskopin sinjalet nga b\u00ebrthamat do t\u00eb ishin krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb padetectueshme.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nga fushat m\u00eb premtuese t\u00eb aplikimit t\u00eb metamaterialeve n\u00eb MRT, dhe ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr zbatimit t\u00eb saj praktik (n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn un\u00eb isha angazhuar p\u00ebrfundimisht) \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb krijimi i bobinave pa tel. Duhet sqaruar se n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast nuk flitet p\u00ebr Bluetooth ose ndonj\u00eb teknologji tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave pa tel. \"Pa tel\" n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast do t\u00eb thot\u00eb pranin\u00eb e lidhjes induktive ose kapacitative t\u00eb dy strukturave rezonante \u2013 nj\u00eb antene transmetuese-pranuesi, si dhe metamateriali. N\u00eb koncept, kjo duket k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nM\u00eb posht\u00eb tregohet se si zakonisht zhvillohet procedura e MRT-s\u00eb: pacienti shtrihet brenda kriostatit n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e fush\u00ebs magnetike statike homogjene. N\u00eb tunelin e tomografit \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar nj\u00eb anten\u00eb e madhe, e quajtur \"kafaz zogjsh\". Antena e till\u00eb, lejon rrotullimin e vektorit t\u00eb fush\u00ebs magnetike radiofrekuenc\u00eb me frekuenc\u00ebn e precesionit t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave t\u00eb hidrogjenit (p\u00ebr makinat klinike, kjo zakonisht varion nga 40 n\u00eb 120 MHz n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb fush\u00ebs magnetike statike nga 1T deri n\u00eb 3T p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht), duke i b\u00ebr\u00eb ato t\u00eb absorbojn\u00eb energji dhe m\u00eb pas t\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje. S\u00ebrbimi yn\u00eb nga b\u00ebrthamat \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i dob\u00ebt dhe derisa ai t\u00eb arrij\u00eb n\u00eb kabllot e anten\u00ebs s\u00eb madhe, ai do t\u00eb humbas\u00eb patjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, n\u00eb MRT p\u00ebrdoren spirala lokale t\u00eb af\u00ebrta p\u00ebr t\u00eb pranuar sinjalet. N\u00eb figur\u00ebn n\u00eb qend\u00ebr, p\u00ebr shembull, tregohet nj\u00eb situat\u00eb tipike e skanimit t\u00eb gjurit. Me ndihm\u00ebn e metamaterialeve mund t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb rezonator, i cili do t\u00eb jet\u00eb lidhur induktivisht me kafaz zogjsh. Mjafton t\u00eb vendosni nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb pran\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb trupit t\u00eb pacientit dhe sinjali nga aty do t\u00eb pranohet jo m\u00eb keq se me spiralin lokal! N\u00eb rast se realizimi i konceptit ka sukses, pacient\u00ebt nuk do t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb kabllo, dhe procedura e diagnoz\u00ebs MRT do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet m\u00eb komode.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebt\u00eb lloj gj\u00ebje doja t\u00eb krijoja n\u00eb fillim, duke futur telat n\u00eb uj\u00eb dhe duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb skanoja nj\u00eb portokall. Telat, t\u00eb zhytur n\u00eb uj\u00eb nga imazhi i par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull \u2014 nuk jan\u00eb gj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se meta-atome, secili prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb dipol gjysm\u00eb-val\u00ebsh \u2014 nj\u00eb nga projektet m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb antenave, t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr \u00e7do pasionant t\u00eb radios.
\nI zhysin n\u00eb uj\u00eb jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u djegur gjat\u00eb MRI (edhe pse p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye poashtu), por p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkurtuar gjat\u00ebsi rezonance t\u00eb tyre, pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb mas\u00ebn e barabart\u00eb me rr\u00ebnj\u00ebn katrore t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkueshm\u00ebris\u00eb dielektrike t\u00eb ujit.
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nK\u00ebt\u00eb teknik\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorin prej koh\u00ebsh n\u00eb radiop\u00ebr\u00e7ues, duke e mb\u00ebshtjell\u00eb telin rreth nj\u00eb cope feriti \u2014 e ashtuquajtura anten\u00eb feriti. Vet\u00ebm se feriti ka p\u00ebrshkueshm\u00ebri magnetike, jo dielektrike, \u00e7ka p\u00ebrkthehet gjithashtu n\u00eb shkurtimin e p\u00ebrmasave rezonante t\u00eb anten\u00ebs. N\u00eb MRI, fatkeq\u00ebsisht, nuk mund ta fusni feritin, pasi ai \u00ebsht\u00eb magnetik. Uji \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb e lir\u00eb dhe e aksesueshme.<\/p>\n

Natyrisht, p\u00ebr t\u00eb llogaritur t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto gj\u00ebra, duhen nd\u00ebrtuar modele matematikore mjaft t\u00eb avancuara q\u00eb shqyrtojn\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimin midis elementeve t\u00eb rezonanc\u00ebs, parametrave t\u00eb mjedisit dhe burimeve t\u00eb rrezatimit\u2026 ose mund t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzojm\u00eb arritjet e p\u00ebrparimit dhe softuer\u00ebt p\u00ebr modelimin numerik elektromagnetik, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nj\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs mund t'i kuptoj\u00eb pa asnje v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi (shembuj t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer jan\u00eb CST, HFSS). Softueri lejon krijimin e modeleve 3D t\u00eb rezonator\u00ebve, antenave, skemave elektrike, duke shtuar aty njer\u00ebz \u2013 po, p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron, pyetjeja \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb imagjinat\u00ebn dhe burimet llogarit\u00ebse t\u00eb disponueshme. Modelet e nd\u00ebrtuara coptohen n\u00eb rrjeta, n\u00eb nyjet e t\u00eb cilave zgjidhen ekuacionet e njohura t\u00eb Maxwell-it.
\nJa, p\u00ebr shembull, modelimi i fush\u00ebs magnetike radiofrekuenc\u00eb brenda ant\u00ebs s\u00eb tipit kafaz zogjsh q\u00eb u p\u00ebrmend m\u00eb par\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nMenj\u00ebher\u00eb b\u00ebhet mjaft e qart\u00eb se si rrotullohet fusha. N\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb tregohet situata kur brenda anten\u00ebs ka nj\u00eb kuti me uj\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb \u2014 kur e nj\u00ebjta kuti \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi nj\u00eb resonator prej telash me gjat\u00ebsi rezonuese. Mund t\u00eb shihet se si fusha magnetike forcohet ndjesh\u00ebm fal\u00eb telave. Pas zot\u00ebrimit t\u00eb CST dhe optimizimit t\u00eb projektit tim atje, krijova p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nj\u00eb metamaterial q\u00eb v\u00ebrtet lejonte p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e sinjalit n\u00eb tomografin\u00eb standarde klinike 1.5T MRT. Ai gjithashtu p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb kuti (p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb bukur, prej organik\u00ebs), t\u00eb mbushur me uj\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb mas\u00eb telash. K\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb, struktura ishte optimizuar n\u00eb lidhje me kushtet rezonuese, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht: zgjedhja e gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb telave, pozita e tyre, si dhe sasia e ujit. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati me domaten:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nSkanimi i par\u00eb i domateve u krye n\u00eb nj\u00eb anten\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Si rezultat, doli vet\u00ebm zhurm\u00eb me skica t\u00eb paqarta. Her\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb vendosa frytin n\u00eb nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb rezonante t\u00eb sapob\u00ebr\u00eb. Nuk ia vura shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi hartave t\u00eb ngjyrave apo di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme, sepse efekti \u00ebsht\u00eb evident. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrmes eksperienc\u00ebs sime, edhe pse harxhuar shum\u00eb koh\u00eb, provova se koncepti funksionon. <\/p>\n

E kuptoj se \u00e7far\u00eb po mendoni \u2014 portokalle, domate \u2014 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto nuk jan\u00eb, ku jan\u00eb testet mbi njer\u00ebzit?
\nAta v\u00ebrtet ishin kryer<\/noindex>:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nDora e nj\u00eb vullnetari q\u00eb b\u00ebn nj\u00eb MRT \u00ebsht\u00eb e vendosur mbi t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn kutin\u00eb. V\u00ebrtet, uji n\u00eb kuti, pasi p\u00ebrmban hidrogjen, gjithashtu dallohet shum\u00eb mir\u00eb. Forcimi i sinjalit ndodh n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e ky\u00e7it t\u00eb dor\u00ebs q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi rezonator, nd\u00ebrsa pjes\u00ebt e tjera t\u00eb trupit duken keq. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se nj\u00eb efekt t\u00eb till\u00eb, ndoshta edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, mund t\u00eb arrihet duke p\u00ebrdorur bobinat klinike standarde. Por vet\u00eb fakti q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhen gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tilla, thjesht duke kombinuar hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn, ujin dhe telat n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb duhura, \u00ebsht\u00eb mahnit\u00ebs. Akoma m\u00eb e habitshme \u00ebsht\u00eb se njohurit\u00eb mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb mund t\u00eb arrihen p\u00ebrmes hulumtimeve mbi dukurit\u00eb q\u00eb duken se nuk kan\u00eb lidhje, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb thyerjet e drit\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb lodhur ende<\/b>N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment, konstruksioni i kutis\u00eb me uj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar. Tani \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb shtypi q\u00eb lejon lokalizimin e fush\u00ebs magnetike t\u00eb nj\u00eb antene t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb jashtme rreth saj. Zona e saj e pun\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe se ajo e konstrukcionit t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nK\u00ebto shirit\u00eb me ngjyra tregojn\u00eb intensitetin e fush\u00ebs magnetike mbi struktur\u00ebn gjat\u00eb eksitimit nga nj\u00eb burim i jasht\u00ebm i val\u00ebve elektromagnetike. Struktura e shesht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb linj\u00eb transmetimi tipike, e njohur n\u00eb inxhinierin\u00eb radiOTEKnike, megjithat\u00eb ajo mund t\u00eb shqyrtohet gjithashtu si nj\u00eb metamaterial p\u00ebr MRI. Kjo \"llamb\u00eb pa tela\" tashm\u00eb mund t\u00eb konkurroj\u00eb me standardet e llambave p\u00ebr homogjenitetin e fush\u00ebs q\u00eb krijohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb thell\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar brenda objektit t\u00eb skanimit:
\n\"Analizojm\u00eb
\nAnimacionet tregojn\u00eb n\u00eb shtresa nj\u00eb hart\u00eb ngjyrash t\u00eb sinjalit brenda nj\u00eb kutie me uj\u00eb n\u00eb MRT. Ngjyra tregon intensitetin e sinjaleve nga b\u00ebrtham\u00ebt e hidrogjenit. N\u00eb k\u00ebndin e majt\u00eb t\u00eb sip\u00ebrm, nj\u00eb segment standard i bobin\u00ebs p\u00ebrdoret si marr\u00ebs p\u00ebr skanimin e shpin\u00ebs. K\u00ebndi i majt\u00eb t\u00eb posht\u00ebm \u2014 kur kuti ndodhet mbi rezonatorin si nj\u00eb pllaka qarku. N\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00ebn e poshtme \u2014 sinjali merret nga nj\u00eb anten\u00eb e madhe e integruar n\u00eb tunelin e tomografit. Un\u00eb krahasova nj\u00ebhom\u00ebsin\u00eb e sinjalit n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e p\u00ebrshkruar me nj\u00eb katror. N\u00eb nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi t\u00eb caktuar, metamateriali funksionon m\u00eb mir\u00eb se bobina n\u00eb aspektin e nj\u00ebhom\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb sinjalit. P\u00ebr detyrat klinike, kjo mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb nj\u00eb arritje shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, por kur b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr instalime shkencore MRT, ku skanojn\u00eb k\u00ebrdha, kjo mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb arritjen e nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb sinjalit dhe reduktimin e fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb nevojshme t\u00eb impulsive radio. <\/p>\n

\nP\u00ebr \"p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuan 2 her\u00eb\" n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb artikullit \u2014 sigurisht, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr krijim i dashuris\u00eb s\u00eb pazgjidhur midis gazetar\u00ebve dhe shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, megjithat\u00eb, t\u00eb thuash se k\u00ebto jan\u00eb studime bosh gjithashtu nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb, gj\u00eb q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet nga interesi p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb n\u00eb grupet shkencore n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn. \u00cbsht\u00eb e habitshme, por puna po zhvillohet edhe n\u00eb Rusin\u00eb ton\u00eb, ndon\u00ebse nga p\u00ebrvoja ime t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht personale, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim i rrall\u00eb. Ka ende shum\u00eb probleme t\u00eb pazgjidhura q\u00eb lidhen me p\u00ebrdorimin e metamaterialeve n\u00eb MRI. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 lokalizimit t\u00eb fushave magnetike p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb imazh t\u00eb mir\u00eb, nuk duhet harruar fushat elektrike, t\u00eb cilat shkaktojn\u00eb ngrohjen e indeve, si dhe p\u00ebrthithjen e energjis\u00eb s\u00eb fush\u00ebs radiofrekuente nga inde t\u00eb pacient\u00ebve q\u00eb po i n\u00ebnshtrohen ekzaminimeve. K\u00ebto gj\u00ebra, n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin klinik, duhet t\u00eb kontrollohen ndjesh\u00ebm, t\u00eb cilat komplikohet shum\u00eb kur p\u00ebrdoren rrezonator\u00ebt p\u00ebr lokalizimin e fushave. Deri m\u00eb tani, metamaterialet p\u00ebr MRI mbeten brenda kuadrit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimeve shkencore, por rezultatet q\u00eb po arrihen jan\u00eb mjaft interesante dhe ndoshta n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen procedura e MRI-s\u00eb do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mir\u00eb fal\u00eb tyre, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb e shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e sigurt.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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