{"id":32331,"date":"2019-10-31T21:46:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:46:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/steal-kto-kradyot-u-virtualok-protsessornoe-vremya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:46:24","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:46:24","slug":"steal-kto-kradyot-u-virtualok-protsessornoe-vremya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/steal-kto-kradyot-u-virtualok-protsessornoe-vremya","title":{"rendered":"Steal: kush po i vjedh koh\u00ebn e procesorit virtual\u00ebve","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Steal: kush po i vjedh koh\u00ebn e procesorit virtual\u00ebve\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/23cac5d3cc3295dc6f1014e9fda36b89.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nP\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje! Dua t\u00eb flas n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr mekanik\u00ebn e shfaqjes s\u00eb steal brenda makinave virtuale dhe p\u00ebr disa artefakte t\u00eb padukshme, q\u00eb arrit\u00ebm t\u00eb zbulojm\u00eb gjat\u00eb k\u00ebrkimit ton\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin u p\u00ebrqendrua ndihm\u00ebsi im si drejtori teknik i platform\u00ebs n\u00eb re. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/mcs.mail.ru\/\">Mail.ru Cloud Solutions<\/a><\/noindex>. Platforma funksionon n\u00eb KVM.<\/p>\n<p>Koha e steal CPU \u00ebsht\u00eb koha gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs nj\u00eb makin\u00eb virtuale nuk merr burime procesori p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e saj. Kjo koh\u00eb konsiderohet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb sistemet operativ\u00eb mikprit\u00ebs n\u00eb mjedise virtualizimi. Shkaqet se ku shkojn\u00eb k\u00ebto burime t\u00eb rezervuara, ashtu si n\u00eb jet\u00eb, jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb paqart\u00eb. Por vendos\u00ebm t\u00eb kuptojm\u00eb, madje b\u00ebm\u00eb nj\u00eb seri eksperimentesh. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se tani e dim\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr steal, por disa gj\u00ebra interesante do t'ju tregojm\u00eb tani.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>1. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb steal<\/h2>\n<p>\nPra, steal \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metrik\u00eb q\u00eb tregon munges\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit p\u00ebr proceset brenda makin\u00ebs virtuale. Si\u00e7 p\u00ebrshkruhet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/git.kernel.org\/pub\/scm\/linux\/kernel\/git\/stable\/linux.git\/patch\/?id=c9aaa8957f203bd6df83b002fb40b98390bed078\">n\u00eb patchin e kernelit KVM<\/a><\/noindex>, steal \u00ebsht\u00eb koha gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs hipervizori ekzekuton procese t\u00eb tjera n\u00eb sistemin operativ mikprit\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrsa ka vendosur procesin e makin\u00ebs virtuale n\u00eb radh\u00eb p\u00ebr ekzekutim. K\u00ebshtu, steal llogaritet si diferenca midis koh\u00ebs kur procesi \u00ebsht\u00eb i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t'u ekzekutuar dhe koh\u00ebs kur procesit i jan\u00eb rezervuar burimet e procesorit.<\/p>\n<p>Metrika steal e merr b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn e makin\u00ebs virtuale nga hipervizori. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, hipervizori nuk sakt\u00ebson se cilat procese t\u00eb tjera po ekzekuton; thjesht \"kur jam i z\u00ebn\u00eb, nuk mund t\u00eb t\u00eb kushtoj koh\u00eb\". N\u00eb KVM mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr llogaritjen e steal \u00ebsht\u00eb e shtuar n\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/449657\/\">patches.<\/a><\/noindex>Ka dy pika ky\u00e7e k\u00ebtu: <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Makina virtuale merr informacion p\u00ebr steal nga hipervizori. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, nga pik\u00ebpamja e humbjeve, p\u00ebr proceset n\u00eb vet\u00eb makin\u00eb virtuale, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb indirekte, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb subjekt i deformimeve t\u00eb ndryshme.\n<\/li>\n<li>Hipervizori nuk ndan me makin\u00ebn virtuale informacionin se me \u00e7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb i z\u00ebn\u00eb \u2014 e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ai nuk i kushton koh\u00eb asaj. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, vet\u00eb makina virtuale nuk mund t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb deformimet n\u00eb treguesin steal, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vler\u00ebsoheshin nga karakteri i proceseve konkuruese.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>2. \u00c7far\u00eb ndikon n\u00eb steal<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<h3>2.1. Llogaritja e steal<\/h3>\n<p>\nN\u00eb thelb, steal llogaritet p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht ashtu si koha normale e utilizimit t\u00eb procesorit. Informacioni mbi si llogaritet utilizimi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i madh. Ndoshta sepse shumica e konsideron k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje t\u00eb qart\u00eb. Por k\u00ebtu gjithashtu ka kapri\u00e7io. P\u00ebr t'u njohur me k\u00ebt\u00eb proces, mund t\u00eb lexoni <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brendangregg.com\/blog\/2017-05-09\/cpu-utilization-is-wrong.html\">artikulli Brendann Gregg<\/a><\/noindex>: do t\u00eb m\u00ebsoni p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb madhe nuancash gjat\u00eb llogaritjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit dhe p\u00ebr situatat kur ky llogaritje do t\u00eb ishte e gabuar p\u00ebr arsyet e m\u00ebposhtme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Teprica e procesorit, gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs humbasin ciklet.\n<\/li>\n<li>Aktivizimi \/ \u00e7aktivizimi i turbo-boost-it, i cili ndryshon frekuenc\u00ebn e procesorit.\n<\/li>\n<li>Ndryshimi i koh\u00ebzgjatjes s\u00eb kvantit t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, q\u00eb ndodh gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb teknologjive p\u00ebr kursimin e energjis\u00eb t\u00eb procesorit, si SpeedStep.\n<\/li>\n<li>Problemi i llogaritjes mesatare: vler\u00ebsimi i p\u00ebrdorimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb minute n\u00eb nivelin e 80% mund t\u00eb fshij\u00eb nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm n\u00eb 100%.\n<\/li>\n<li>Bllokimi ciklik (spin lock) \u00e7on n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb procesorit, por procesi i p\u00ebrdoruesit nuk sheh p\u00ebrparim n\u00eb ekzekutimin e tij. Si rezultat, llogaritja e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb procesorit nga procesi do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00ebqind p\u00ebrqind, ndon\u00ebse fizikisht koha e procesorit nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nga procesi.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNuk kam gjetur artikuj q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb nj\u00eb llogaritje t\u00eb till\u00eb p\u00ebr steal (n\u00ebse dini, ju lutem ndani n\u00eb komentet). Megjithat\u00eb, sipas burimeve, mekanizmi i llogaritjes \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb si p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin. Thjesht n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb shtohet nj\u00eb num\u00ebrues tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebr procesin KVM (procesin virtual t\u00eb makin\u00ebs), i cili llogarit koh\u00ebzgjatjen e q\u00ebndrimit t\u00eb procesit KVM n\u00eb gjendjen e pritjes s\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit. Num\u00ebruesi merr informacionin p\u00ebr procesorin nga specifikimi i tij dhe shikon n\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha tik-tak\u00ebt e tij jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur nga procesi i virtualizimit. N\u00ebse po, at\u00ebher\u00eb llogarisim se procesori ishte angazhuar vet\u00ebm me procesin e makin\u00ebs virtuale. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, ne informojm\u00eb se procesori ishte angazhuar me di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr, u shfaq steal. <\/p>\n<p>Procesi i llogaritjes s\u00eb steal \u00ebsht\u00eb i ekspozuar ndaj t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtave probleme si llogaritja e zakonshme e p\u00ebrdorimit. Nuk mund t\u00eb thuhet se k\u00ebto probleme ndodhin shpesh, por duken demoralizuese.<\/p>\n<h3>2.2. Llojet e virtualizimit n\u00eb KVM<\/h3>\n<p>\nN\u00eb rregull, ka tre lloje virtualizimi, dhe t\u00eb gjitha mbSupported by KVM. Nga lloji i virtualizimit mund t\u00eb varet mekanizmi i shfaqjes s\u00eb steal.<\/p>\n<p><b>Translacioni<\/b>. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, funksionimi i sistemit operativ t\u00eb makin\u00ebs virtuale me pajisjet fizike t\u00eb hipervizorit ndodh p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Sistemi operativ mikprit\u00ebs i d\u00ebrgon pajisjes s\u00eb tij mikprit\u00ebse nj\u00eb urdh\u00ebr.\n<\/li>\n<li>Drejtuesi i pajisjes mikprit\u00ebse merr urdhrin, formon nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr BIOS-in e pajisjes dhe e d\u00ebrgon at\u00eb n\u00eb hipervizor.\n<\/li>\n<li>Procesi i hipervizorit b\u00ebn translacionin e komand\u00ebs n\u00eb komand\u00ebn p\u00ebr pajisjen fizike, \u00e7ka e b\u00ebn at\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb, m\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt.\n<\/li>\n<li>Drejtuesi i pajisjes fizike pranon komand\u00ebn e modifikuar dhe e d\u00ebrgon at\u00eb n\u00eb pajisjen fizike.\n<\/li>\n<li>Rezultatet e ekzekutimit t\u00eb komandave kthehen n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin rrug\u00eb. \n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nAvantazhi i translacionit \u00ebsht\u00eb se ai lejon emulimin e \u00e7do pajisjeje dhe nuk k\u00ebrkon p\u00ebrgatitje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs s\u00eb sistemit operativ. Por p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb paguani, sidomos p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p><b>Virtualizimi harduerik<\/b>. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, pajisja n\u00eb nivelin harduerik kupton komandat nga sistemi operativ. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e mir\u00eb. Por, fatkeq\u00ebsisht, ajo nuk mb\u00ebshtetet nga t\u00eb gjitha pajisjet fizike, hipervizor\u00ebt dhe sistemet operuese mysafir. Aktualisht, pajisjet kryesore q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin virtualizimin harduerik jan\u00eb procesor\u00ebt.<\/p>\n<p><b>Paravirtualizimi (paravirtualization)<\/b>. Varianti m\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm i virtualizimit t\u00eb pajisjeve n\u00eb KVM dhe gjithashtu m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e zakonshme e virtualizimit p\u00ebr sistemet operative mysafir. Karakteristika e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb se punimi me disa n\u00ebn-sisteme t\u00eb hipervizorit (p\u00ebr shembull, me gruan e rrjetit ose gruan e diskut) ose ndarja e faqeve t\u00eb memories kryhet duke p\u00ebrdorur API-n\u00eb e hipervizorit, pa translacionin e komandave t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Disavantazhi i k\u00ebtij m\u00ebnyre t\u00eb virtualizimit \u00ebsht\u00eb nevoja p\u00ebr modifikimin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs s\u00eb sistemit operativ mysafir, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ai t\u00eb mund t\u00eb interagoj\u00eb me hipervizorin p\u00ebrmes k\u00ebsaj API. Por zakonisht kjo zgjidhet me an\u00eb t\u00eb instalimit t\u00eb drejtuesve t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin operativ mysafir. N\u00eb KVM kjo API quhet <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/developerworks\/library\/l-virtio\/index.html\">API virtio<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Me paravirtualizimin, n\u00eb krahasim me translacionin, rruga deri te pajisja fizike shkurt\u00ebzohet ndjesh\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes d\u00ebrgimit t\u00eb komandave direkt nga makina virtuale n\u00eb procesin e hipervizorit n\u00eb host. Kjo lejon t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtohet ekzekutimi i t\u00eb gjitha instruksioneve brenda makin\u00ebs virtuale. N\u00eb KVM, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi t\u00eb API-s\u00eb virtio, e cila funksionon vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr pajisje t\u00eb caktuara, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb adaptori i rrjetit ose disku. Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye n\u00eb makinat virtuale instalohet drejtuesit virtio. <\/p>\n<p>Ankesa e k\u00ebtij p\u00ebrshpejtimi \u00ebsht\u00eb se jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb proceset q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundohen brenda virtualkes mbeten brenda saj. Kjo krijon disa efekte speciale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb sjellin shfaqjen n\u00eb steal. Rekomandoj t\u00eb filloni nj\u00eb studim t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj \u00e7\u00ebshtjeje nga <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/239238\/\">Nj\u00eb API p\u00ebr I\/O virtual: virtio<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>2.3. Planifikimi \"i drejt\u00eb\"<\/h3>\n<p>\nVirtualka mbi hipervizorin \u00ebsht\u00eb, n\u00eb fakt, nj\u00eb proces normal q\u00eb i n\u00ebnshtrohet ligjeve t\u00eb planifikimit (distribucioni i burimeve midis proceseve) n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn Linux, prandaj do ta shqyrtojm\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb detaje. <\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb Linux p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb sistem i quajtur CFS, Completely Fair Scheduler, i cili nga b\u00ebrthama 2.6.23 \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb menaxheri i paracaktuar. P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar k\u00ebt\u00eb algorit\u00ebm, mund t\u00eb lexoni Arkitektur\u00ebn e B\u00ebrtham\u00ebs Linux ose kodin burimor. Q\u00ebllimi i CFS \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb ndaj\u00eb koh\u00ebn e procesorit midis proceseve n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb ekzekutimit. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb procesori t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb nj\u00eb proces, aq m\u00eb pak koh\u00eb do t\u00eb marr\u00eb. Kjo garanton nj\u00eb ekzekutim \"t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm\" t\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb proceseve - n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb proces t\u00eb mos z\u00ebr\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb procesor\u00ebt dhe proceset e tjera t\u00eb ken\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb ekzekutohen. <\/p>\n<p>Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb, kjo paradigm\u00eb sjell artefakte interesante. P\u00ebrdoruesit e gjat\u00eb t\u00eb Linux sigurisht q\u00eb do t\u00eb kujtojn\u00eb ngrirjen e redaktorit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb tekstit n\u00eb desktop gjat\u00eb aktivizimit t\u00eb aplikacioneve q\u00eb konsumojn\u00eb shum\u00eb burime, si kompilatori. Kjo ndodhte sepse detyrat e pakonsumatore t\u00eb aplikacioneve desktop konkurronin me detyrat aktive q\u00eb konsumonin burime, si kompilatori. CFS mendon se kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejt\u00eb, prandaj ndalon periodikisht redaktorin e tekstit dhe i jep procesorit mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoj\u00eb detyrat e kompilatorit. Kjo u rregullua me mekanizmin <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/marc.info\/?l=linux-kernel&amp;m=128978361700898\">sched_autogroup<\/a><\/noindex>, por shum\u00eb karakteristika t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit midis detyrave mbeten. N\u00eb thelb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb histori se si gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb keq n\u00eb CFS, por nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t'u kujtuar se shp\u00ebrndarja \"e ndershme\" e koh\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb triviale.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtje e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb planifikues \u00ebsht\u00eb preemption. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb larguar nj\u00eb proces q\u00eb ka konsumuar shum\u00eb resurse nga procesori dhe p\u00ebr t'i dh\u00ebn\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve t\u00eb punojn\u00eb. Procesi i largimit quhet kalimi i kontekstit, ose context switching i procesorit. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, ruhet i gjith\u00eb konteksti i detyr\u00ebs: gjendja e stack-ut, regjistrat dhe t\u00eb tjera, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs procesi d\u00ebrgohet p\u00ebr t\u00eb pritur, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb vendin e tij futet nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb operacion i kushtuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr OS-n\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrdoret rrall\u00eb, por n\u00eb thelb nuk ka asgj\u00eb t\u00eb keqe n\u00eb t\u00eb. Ndryshimi i shpesht\u00eb i kontekstit mund t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb problem n\u00eb OS, por zakonisht ndodh vazhdimisht dhe nuk tregon ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Ky tregim i gjat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar nj\u00eb fakt: sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb resurse t\u00eb procesorit p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb konsumoj\u00eb nj\u00eb proces n\u00eb nj\u00eb planifikues t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm Linux, aq m\u00eb shpejt do t\u00eb ndalet, q\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb punojn\u00eb edhe proceset e tjera. N\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejt\u00eb apo jo \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pyetje e komplikuar, e cila zgjidhet ndryshe me ngarkesa t\u00eb ndryshme. N\u00eb Windows deri koh\u00ebt e fundit, planifikuesi ishte i orientuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin me prioritet t\u00eb aplikacioneve desktop, gj\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb sillte ngecje t\u00eb proceseve n\u00eb sfond. N\u00eb Sun Solaris kishte pes\u00eb klasa t\u00eb ndryshme planifikuesish. Kur u nisi virtualizimi, u shtua klasa e gjasht\u00eb, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/man.shtml?topic=FSS&amp;category=7&amp;russian=4\">Fair share scheduler<\/a><\/noindex>, sepse pes\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebparshmet nuk punonin adekuat me virtualizimin e Solaris Zones. Nj\u00eb studim i detajuar i k\u00ebtij problemi rekomandohet t\u00eb fillohet me libra si <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Solaris-Internals-OpenSolaris-Kernel-Architecture\/dp\/0131482092\/\">Solaris Internals: Solaris 10 and OpenSolaris Kernel Architecture<\/a><\/noindex> ose <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Understanding-Linux-Kernel-Third-Daniel\/dp\/0596005652\/\">Understanding the Linux Kernel<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h3>2.4. Si t\u00eb monitoroni steal?<\/h3>\n<p>\nT\u00eb monitoroni steal brenda nj\u00eb makine virtuale, si dhe \u00e7do metrik\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb procesorit, \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb: mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni \u00e7do mjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb metrikat e procesorit. Gj\u00ebja kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb virtualka t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb Linux. Windows p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb panjohur nuk ofron nj\u00eb informacion t\u00eb till\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e saj. \ud83d\ude41<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Steal: kush po i vjedh koh\u00ebn e procesorit virtual\u00ebve\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3c7cd04f73fd6a74b86af81382090b69.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Dalja e komand\u00ebs top: detajimi i ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit, n\u00eb kolumn\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb \u2014 steal<\/i><\/p>\n<p>V\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb paraqiten kur p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb merrni k\u00ebt\u00eb informacion nga hipervizori. Mund t\u00eb provoni t\u00eb parashikoni steal n\u00eb makin\u00ebn host, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrmes parametrave Load Average (LA) \u2014 vlera mesatare e numrit t\u00eb proceseve q\u00eb presin n\u00eb radh\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ekzekutuar. Metodologjia e llogaritjes s\u00eb k\u00ebtij parametri nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb, por n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, n\u00ebse LA e normalizuar sipas numrit t\u00eb fijeve t\u00eb procesorit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe se 1, kjo tregon se serveri me Linux \u00ebsht\u00eb ngarkuar me di\u00e7ka. <\/p>\n<p>\u00c7far\u00eb presin t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta procese? P\u00ebrgjigjja e qart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb processori. Por p\u00ebrgjigjja nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e sakt\u00eb, sepse ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb procesori \u00ebsht\u00eb i lir\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa LA g\u00ebrryehet. Kujtoni, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/serverfault.com\/questions\/911976\/redhat-nfs-cluster-high-load-average-suddenly\">si \u00e7flaket NFS dhe si rritet LA n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast<\/a><\/noindex>K\u00ebshtu mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb edhe me disqet dhe pajisjet e tjera hyr\u00ebse\/dal\u00ebse. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, proceset mund t\u00eb presin p\u00ebr p\u00ebrfundimin e \u00e7do bllokimi, si fizike, e lidhur me pajisjet hyr\u00ebse\/dal\u00ebse, ashtu edhe logjike, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb mutex. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrfshihen gjithashtu bllokimet n\u00eb nivelin e harduerit (p\u00ebrgjigjja e disqeve) ose logjik (primitiv\u00ebt e bllokimit, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb shum\u00eb entitete, si mutex adaptive dhe spin, semafor\u00eb, variabla kushtesh, rw locks, ipc locks\u2026).<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori tjet\u00ebr e LA \u00ebsht\u00eb se llogaritet si nj\u00eb vler\u00eb mesatare p\u00ebr sistemin operativ. P\u00ebr shembull, 100 procese konkurrojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb skedar, dhe at\u00ebher\u00eb LA=50. Nj\u00eb vler\u00eb kaq e madhe, duket se tregon se operacioni \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb keqe. Por p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kod t\u00eb keq t\u00eb shkruar, kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje normale, me faktin se e keqja i p\u00ebrket vet\u00ebm atij, nd\u00ebrsa proceset e tjera n\u00eb operacion nuk vuajn\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebtij mesatarizimi (n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, jo m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb minut\u00eb), p\u00ebrcaktimi i ndonj\u00eb gj\u00ebje n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb treguesit LA \u2014 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet i frytsh\u00ebm, me rezultate shum\u00eb t\u00eb pasigurta n\u00eb raste t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Po t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb zbuloni, do t\u00eb zbuloni se n\u00eb artikujt n\u00eb Wikipedia dhe burimet e tjera t\u00eb disponueshme, p\u00ebrshkruhen vet\u00ebm rastet m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta, pa shpjegim t\u00eb thell\u00eb t\u00eb procesit. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb interesuarit d\u00ebrgoj, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brendangregg.com\/blog\/2017-08-08\/linux-load-averages.html\">k\u00ebtu, te Brendann Gregg<\/a><\/noindex> \u00a0\u2014 m\u00eb pas p\u00ebrmes lidhjeve. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb n\u00eb anglisht \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/335326\/\">p\u00ebrkthimi i artikullit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb njohur n\u00eb lidhje me LA<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Efektet speciale<\/h2>\n<p>\nTani do t\u00eb ndalemi te rastet kryesore t\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb steal, me t\u00eb cilat kemi p\u00ebrballur. Do t\u00eb tregoj se si derivojn\u00eb nga gjith\u00e7ka e th\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe si lidhen me treguesit n\u00eb hipervizor.<\/p>\n<p><b>Rishfryt\u00ebzimi<\/b>. M\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e zakonshme: hipervizori \u00ebsht\u00eb i rishfryt\u00ebzuar. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, shum\u00eb makina virtuale jan\u00eb t\u00eb nisura, konsumi i procesorit brenda tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb i lart\u00eb, konkurenca \u00ebsht\u00eb e madhe, shfryt\u00ebzimi sipas LA \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 1 (n\u00eb normalizim sipas thithjeve t\u00eb procesor\u00ebve). Brenda t\u00eb gjitha makinerive virtuale gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u ngadal\u00ebsuar. Steal, e cila kalon nga hipervizori, gjithashtu rritet, duhet t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen ngarkesat ose t\u00eb mbyllet dikush. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb logjike dhe e qart\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><b>Paravirtualizimi kundrejt instancave t\u00eb vetme<\/b>. N\u00eb hipervizor ka vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb virtuale, ajo konsumon nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb tij, por jep nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb hyrje\/dalje, p\u00ebr shembull p\u00ebr diskun. Dhe nga diku n\u00eb t\u00eb shfaqet nj\u00eb steal i vog\u00ebl, deri n\u00eb 10% (ashtu si\u00e7 tregojn\u00eb disa eksperimente t\u00eb kryera).<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb rast interesant. Steal k\u00ebtu shfaqet pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb bllokimeve n\u00eb nivelin e drejtor\u00ebve t\u00eb para-virtualizuar. Brenda virtuales krijohet nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrprerje, e cila p\u00ebrpunohet nga drejtori dhe shkon n\u00eb hipervizor. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrprerjes n\u00eb hipervizor, p\u00ebr virtualen duket si nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb e d\u00ebrguar, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gatshme p\u00ebr ekzekutim dhe po pret procesorin, por koh\u00ebn e procesorit nuk e marrin. Virtualja mendon se ky koh\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vjedhur. <\/p>\n<p>Kjo ndodh n\u00eb momentin e d\u00ebrgimit t\u00eb tamponit, ai shkon n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e kernel-it t\u00eb hipervizorit, dhe ne fillojm\u00eb ta presim. Megjithat\u00eb, nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i virtuales, ai duhet t\u00eb kthehet menj\u00ebher\u00eb. Prandaj, sipas algoritmit t\u00eb llogaritjes s\u00eb steal, ky koh\u00eb konsiderohet e vjedhur. Probabilisht, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb situat\u00eb mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb edhe mekanizma t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebrpunimi i ndonj\u00eb sys calls), por ata nuk duhet t\u00eb ndahen shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><b>Planifikuesi kund\u00ebr virtualeve me ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb<\/b>. Kur nj\u00eb virtuale vuan m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga steal sesa t\u00eb tjerat, kjo lidhet pik\u00ebrisht me planifikuesin. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb procesorike t\u00eb ket\u00eb procesi, aq m\u00eb par\u00eb planifikuesi do ta largohet, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt t\u00eb mund t\u00eb punojn\u00eb gjithashtu. N\u00ebse virtualja konsumon pak, ajo gati nuk do t\u00eb shoh\u00eb steal: procesi i saj ka pritur dhe duhet t'i jepet m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb. N\u00ebse virtualja prodhon ngarkes\u00ebn maksimale n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn e saj, ajo shpesh largohet nga procesori dhe p\u00ebrpiqen t\u2019i jepen m\u00eb pak koh\u00eb. <\/p>\n<p>Akoma m\u00eb keq, kur proceset brenda virtuales p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb procesor\u00eb, sepse nuk p\u00ebrballen me p\u00ebrpunimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. At\u00ebher\u00eb sistemi operativ n\u00eb hipervizor, me optimizimin e tij t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm, do t\u00eb jap\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb pak koh\u00eb procesori. Ky proces ndodh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb shp\u00ebrthyese, dhe steal rritet n\u00eb qiell, megjithat\u00eb virtualet e tjera mund ta ken\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ta v\u00ebrejn\u00eb. Dhe sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb b\u00ebrthama, aq m\u00eb keq p\u00ebr makin\u00ebn q\u00eb ka marr\u00eb goditjen. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti vuajn\u00eb virtualet me ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe me shum\u00eb b\u00ebrthama.<\/p>\n<p><b>LA i ul\u00ebt, por ka steal<\/b>. N\u00ebse LA \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 0.7 (dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, hipervizori duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb pak i ngarkuar), por brenda disa virtualeve v\u00ebrehet steal:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Versioni e p\u00ebrmendur m\u00eb lart me para-virtualizim. Virtualka mund t\u00eb merr metrika q\u00eb tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr steal, megjith\u00ebse hipervizori \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rregull. Sipas rezultateve t\u00eb eksperimenteve tona, nj\u00eb steal i till\u00eb nuk kalon 10% dhe nuk duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm mbi performanc\u00ebn e aplikacioneve brenda virtualk\u00ebs.\n<\/li>\n<li>Emri LA konsiderohet gabimisht. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, n\u00eb \u00e7do moment t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ai matet mir\u00eb, por kur merret mesatarja p\u00ebr nj\u00eb minut\u00eb, rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb virtualka n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00ebn e hipervizorit konsumon t\u00eb gjitha procesor\u00ebt e saj p\u00ebr gjysm\u00eb minute, LA p\u00ebr minut\u00ebn n\u00eb hipervizor do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 0,15; kat\u00ebr t\u00eb tilla virtualka q\u00eb punojn\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht do t\u00eb japin 0,6. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, ajo q\u00eb p\u00ebr gjysm\u00eb minute secila prej tyre kishte steal t\u00eb eg\u00ebr mbi 25% n\u00eb treguesin LA, tashm\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb shp\u00ebtohet.\n<\/li>\n<li>P\u00ebrs\u00ebri, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shedulerit, i cili vendosi se dikush po konsumon shum\u00eb, dhe le t\u00eb pres\u00eb ai dikush. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb un\u00eb do t\u00eb kaloj kontekstin, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoj nd\u00ebrprerjet dhe do t\u00eb merrem me gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb sistemit. Si rezultat, disa virtualka nuk shohin asnj\u00eb problem, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb nj\u00eb degradim serioz t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>4. Izolime t\u00eb tjera<\/h2>\n<p>\nKa ende nj\u00eb milion arsye p\u00ebr izolime n\u00eb kthimin e ndersh\u00ebm t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb procesorit n\u00eb virtualka. P\u00ebr shembull, komplikimet n\u00eb llogaritje sjellin hipertredhjen dhe NUMA. Ato e b\u00ebjn\u00eb zgjedhjen e b\u00ebrthamave p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e procesit p\u00ebrfundimisht m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar, sepse sheduleri p\u00ebrdor koeficient\u00ebt - pesha, t\u00eb cilat e b\u00ebjn\u00eb llogaritjen edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar gjat\u00eb kalimit t\u00eb kontekstit.<\/p>\n<p>Mund t\u00eb ndodhin izolime p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb teknologjive si turbo boost ose, p\u00ebrkundrazi, m\u00ebnyra e kursimit t\u00eb energjis\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat gjat\u00eb llogaritjes s\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit mund t\u00eb rrisin artificialisht ose t\u00eb ulin frekuenc\u00ebn ose madje qindar\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs n\u00eb server. Aktivizimi i turbo boost redukton performanc\u00ebn e nj\u00eb thread-i t\u00eb procesorit p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb performanc\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb tjetri. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment, informacioni mbi frekuenc\u00ebn aktuale t\u00eb procesorit nuk i d\u00ebrgohet virtualk\u00ebs dhe ajo mendon se koha e saj po vidhet nga dikush (p\u00ebr shembull, ajo k\u00ebrkoi 2 GHz, por mori gjysm\u00eb m\u00eb pak). <\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb shum\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr izolime. N\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb caktuar mund t\u00eb zbuloni di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr. \u00cbsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb filloni me librat mbi t\u00eb cilat kam dh\u00ebn\u00eb lidhje m\u00eb lart dhe t\u00eb merrni statistika nga hipervizori me mjete si perf, sysdig, systemtap, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/jvns.ca\/blog\/2017\/07\/05\/linux-tracing-systems\/\">disa dhjet\u00ebra<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<h2>5. P\u00ebrfundime<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nj\u00eb sasi e caktuar steal mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb paravirtualizimit dhe mund t\u00eb konsiderohet normale. N\u00eb internet shkruhet se kjo madh\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb arrij\u00eb 5-10%. Varet nga aplikacionet brenda virtualizimit dhe nga ngarkesa q\u00eb ato i japin pajisjeve fizike. \u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kushtohet v\u00ebmendje se si ndihen aplikacionet brenda virtualizimeve.\n<\/li>\n<li>Raporti i ngarkes\u00ebs n\u00eb hypervisor dhe steal brenda virtualizimit nuk jan\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb qart\u00eb, t\u00eb dy vler\u00ebsimet e steal mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb gabuara n\u00eb situata t\u00eb caktuara me ngarkesa t\u00eb ndryshme.\n<\/li>\n<li>Planifikuesi nuk ka mir\u00ebpritje p\u00ebr proceset q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb shum\u00eb. Ai p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb jap\u00eb m\u00eb pak atyre q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Virtualizimet e m\u00ebdha jan\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebqija.\n<\/li>\n<li>Nj\u00eb steal i vog\u00ebl mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb normale edhe pa paravirtualizim (duke marr\u00eb parasysh ngarkes\u00ebn brenda virtualizimit, ve\u00e7orit\u00eb e ngarkes\u00ebs nga fqinj\u00ebt, shp\u00ebrndarjen e ngarkes\u00ebs n\u00eb tread dhe faktor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb).\n<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ebse d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb zbuloni steal n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb caktuar, duhet t\u00eb hulumtoni variante t\u00eb ndryshme, t\u00eb grumbulloni metrika, t'i analizoni me kujdes dhe t\u00eb mendoni se si t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndani n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn. Nga \u00e7do rast mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb deviacione q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb konfirmohen eksperimentalisht ose t\u00eb shqyrtohen n\u00eb debuguerin e b\u00ebrtham\u00ebs.\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/449316\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442! \u0425\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043e \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f steal \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0438 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432\u044b\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0442\u0435\u0445\u0434\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b Mail.ru Cloud Solutions. \u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 KVM. CPU steal time \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24147,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32331","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" 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