{"id":32477,"date":"2019-10-31T21:47:17","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/rezervnoe-kopirovanie-chast-1-naznachenie-obzor-metodov-i-tehnologij\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:47:17","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:17","slug":"rezervnoe-kopirovanie-chast-1-naznachenie-obzor-metodov-i-tehnologij","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/rezervnoe-kopirovanie-chast-1-naznachenie-obzor-metodov-i-tehnologij","title":{"rendered":"Backup, pjesa 1: Q\u00ebllimi, p\u00ebrmbledhja e metodave dhe teknologjive","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Backup, pjesa 1: Q\u00ebllimi, p\u00ebrmbledhja e metodave dhe teknologjive\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/08d5ae9677c96628896868d3e19efd8f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nP\u00ebrse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb b\u00ebhen kopje rezerv\u00eb? Pajisjet jan\u00eb mjaft dhe mjaft t\u00eb besueshme, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj ka \"rete t\u00eb mjegullta\", t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebr nga besueshm\u00ebria jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mira se server\u00ebt fizik\u00eb: me nj\u00eb konfigurim t\u00eb duhur, serveri \"n\u00eb re\" mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb leht\u00ebsisht d\u00ebshtimin e nj\u00eb serveri fizik t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs, nd\u00ebrsa nga pik\u00ebpamja e p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimeve, do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb ndales\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, pothuajse t\u00eb padukshme n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e sh\u00ebrbimit. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, dyfishimi i informacionit shpesh k\u00ebrkon pages\u00ebn e nj\u00eb kohe procesori \"t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt\", ngarkes\u00ebs disk dhe trafikut t\u00eb rrjetit.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Nj\u00eb program ideal funksionon shpejt, nuk rrjedh n\u00eb memorien e azarshme, nuk ka vrima dhe nuk ekziston.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014I panjohur<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Duke qen\u00eb se programet ende shkruhen nga zhvillues t\u00eb bardh\u00eb, dhe procesi i testimit shpesh mungon, plus d\u00ebrgesa e programeve \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e rrall\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh duke aplikuar \"praktikat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira\" (t\u00eb cilat vet\u00eb jan\u00eb gjithashtu programe dhe, prandaj, jo perfekte), administrator\u00ebt sistemor\u00eb shpesh duhet t\u00eb zgjidhin probleme q\u00eb ting\u00ebllojn\u00eb shkurt, por thell\u00ebsisht: \"kthehu, si ishte\", \"siguro baz\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar normalisht\", \"punon ngadal\u00eb - e rikthejm\u00eb\", si dhe e preferuara ime \"nuk e di \u00e7far\u00eb, por rregulloje\".<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrve\u00e7 gabimeve logjike q\u00eb dalin si rezultat i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb pakujdesshme t\u00eb zhvilluesve, ose t\u00eb rast\u00ebsive, si dhe njohurive ose moskuptimeve t\u00eb pjesshme n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e programeve - p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato q\u00eb lidhin dhe sistemore, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb sistemet operative, drejtuesit dhe firmware-in, ka edhe gabime t\u00eb tjera. P\u00ebr shembull, shumica e zhvilluesve mb\u00ebshteten n\u00eb runtime, duke harruar plot\u00ebsisht ligjet fizike, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ende e pamundur t'i anashkalosh me an\u00eb t\u00eb programeve. Kjo p\u00ebrfshin besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e pafund t\u00eb n\u00ebnstruktur\u00ebs s\u00eb diskut dhe \u00e7do n\u00ebnstruktur\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb memorien e azarshme dhe cache-in e procesorit!), koh\u00ebzero p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin n\u00eb procesor, si dhe munges\u00ebn e gabimeve gjat\u00eb transfert\u00ebs n\u00eb rrjet dhe p\u00ebrpunimit n\u00eb procesor, dhe vonesat n\u00eb rrjet, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb barabarta me 0. Nuk duhet neglizhuar as data e njohur si deadline, sepse n\u00ebse nuk arrihet n\u00eb t\u00eb - do t\u00eb ket\u00eb probleme m\u00eb serioze se nuancat e funksionimit t\u00eb rrjetit dhe diskut.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Backup, pjesa 1: Q\u00ebllimi, p\u00ebrmbledhja e metodave dhe teknologjive\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/fed33628de53de522bae208f52fd7811.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u00c7far\u00eb duhet b\u00ebr\u00eb me problemet q\u00eb shfaqen papritur dhe rrezikojn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e \u00e7muara? Nuk ka z\u00ebvend\u00ebsues p\u00ebr zhvilluesit e gjall\u00eb, dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt se do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur n\u00eb afatin e af\u00ebrt. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, deri tani vet\u00ebm disa projekte kan\u00eb arritur t\u00eb provojn\u00eb se programi do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb ashtu si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb menduar, dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e domosdoshme q\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb merrni dhe t\u00eb aplikoni k\u00ebto prova p\u00ebr projekte t\u00eb tjera, t\u00eb ngjashme. Gjithashtu, k\u00ebto prova k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr aft\u00ebsi dhe njohuri t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, q\u00eb minimumizon mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb tyre duke pasur parasysh afatet. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, akoma nuk dim\u00eb p\u00ebr teknologjin\u00eb e ruajtjes, procesimit dhe transmetimit t\u00eb informacionit q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e shpejt\u00eb, e lir\u00eb dhe jasht\u00ebzakonisht e besueshme. K\u00ebto teknologji, n\u00ebse ekzistojn\u00eb, jan\u00eb kryesisht n\u00eb form\u00eb koncepti, edhe pse shpesh \u2014 vet\u00ebm n\u00eb libra dhe filma fantastiko-shkencor\u00eb.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Artizans t\u00eb mir\u00eb kopjojn\u00eb, artist\u00ebt e m\u00ebdhenj vjedhin.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014Pablo Picasso.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Zgjidhjet m\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme dhe gj\u00ebrat befasuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb thjeshta zakonisht ndodhin atje ku takohen koncepte, teknologji, njohuri, fusha shkencore q\u00eb, n\u00eb dukje, jan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb papajtueshme.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr shembull, zogjt\u00eb dhe avion\u00ebt kan\u00eb krah\u00eb, megjith\u00ebse pavar\u00ebsisht ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb funksionale \u2014 principi i veprimit ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrputhet, dhe problemet teknike zgjidhen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme: kockat e zbraz\u00ebta, p\u00ebrdorimi i materialeve t\u00eb forta dhe t\u00eb lehta, etj. \u2014 rezultatet jan\u00eb krejt ndryshe, ndon\u00ebse mjaft t\u00eb ngjashme. Modelet m\u00eb t\u00eb mira q\u00eb shohim n\u00eb teknologjin\u00eb ton\u00eb jan\u00eb gjithashtu kryesisht t\u00eb huazuara nga natyra: kompartimentet hermetike t\u00eb anijeve dhe n\u00ebndet\u00ebseve \u2014 nj\u00eb analogji direkte me krimbat e rrath\u00ebve; nd\u00ebrtimi i grupeve RAID dhe verifikimi i integritetit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave \u2014 dyfishimi i zinxhirit t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb; si dhe organet n\u00eb \u00e7ift, pavar\u00ebsia e funksionit t\u00eb organeve t\u00eb ndryshme nga sistemi nervor qendror (automatik i zemr\u00ebs) dhe reflekset \u2014 sisteme autonome n\u00eb Internet. Sigurisht, marrja dhe aplikimi i zgjidhjeve t\u00eb gatshme \"drejt p\u00ebr drejt\" \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrezikshme, por kush e di, ndoshta nuk ka zgjidhje t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>T\u00eb dinte se ku do t\u00eb biesh \u2014 do t\u2019i kishe vendosur kasht\u00ebn!<\/p>\n<p>\u2014Proverb popullor bjellorus.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> K\u00ebshtu, kopjet rezerv\u00eb jan\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T\u00eb ken\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb rikthejn\u00eb funksionimin e sistemeve t\u00eb tyre me pak ose pa ndalesa.<\/li>\n<li>Veproni me guxim, sepse n\u00eb rast t\u00eb nj\u00eb gabimi gjithmon\u00eb ka mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr ta rikthyer.<\/li>\n<li>Minimizoni pasojat e shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb q\u00ebllimsh\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb pak teori.<\/b><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u00c7do klasifikim \u00ebsht\u00eb arbitrar. Natyra nuk klasifikon. Ne klasifikojm\u00eb sepse k\u00ebshtu na p\u00ebrshtatet m\u00eb mir\u00eb. Dhe klasifikojm\u00eb sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, t\u00eb cilat gjithashtu i marrim arbitrarisht.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014 Jean Bruy\u00e8re<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Pavar\u00ebsisht nga m\u00ebnyra fizike e ruajtjes, ruajtja logjike e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb dy m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr qasje n\u00eb k\u00ebto t\u00eb dh\u00ebna: ruajtje n\u00eb bllok dhe ruajtje me skedar\u00eb. Kjo ndarje n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb mjaft e mjegullt, sepse nuk ekzistojn\u00eb ruajtje strikte n\u00eb bllok si dhe ruajtje strikte me skedar\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr thjesht\u00ebsi, le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se ato ekzistojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Ruajtja n\u00eb bllok t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00ebnkupton se ekziston nj\u00eb pajisje fizike, ku t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat regjistrohen n\u00eb disa pjes\u00eb fikse, blloqe. Aksesi n\u00eb blloqe \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb adrese, secilit bllok i p\u00ebrgjigjet nj\u00eb adres\u00eb e vetme brenda pajisjes.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb zakonisht b\u00ebhet duke kopjuar blloqet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar integritetin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb momentin e kopjimit, regjistrimi i blloqeve t\u00eb rinj ndalohet, si dhe ndryshimi i atyre ekzistuese. N\u00ebse merret nj\u00eb analogji nga bota reale \u2014 m\u00eb af\u00ebr se gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb dollap me kuti t\u00eb num\u00ebruara nj\u00ebsoj.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Backup, pjesa 1: Q\u00ebllimi, p\u00ebrmbledhja e metodave dhe teknologjive\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/32408012dbd29ec2e227602351d4bba6.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRuajtja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me skedar\u00eb, sipas parimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb pajisjeje logjike, \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me ruajtjen n\u00eb bllok dhe shpesh organizohet sip\u00ebr saj. Dallimet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme jan\u00eb prania e hierarkis\u00eb s\u00eb ruajtjes dhe emrat e kuptuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr njeriun. Dallohet nj\u00eb abstraksion n\u00eb form\u00ebn e skedarit \u2014 nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash me em\u00ebr, si dhe nj\u00eb katalog \u2014 nj\u00eb skedar i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ruhen p\u00ebrshkrimet dhe qasjet n\u00eb skedar\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Skedar\u00ebt mund t\u00eb pajisen me metadat\u00eb t\u00eb tjera: koha e krijimit, flamujt e qasjes, etj. Zakonisht rezervohen k\u00ebshtu: k\u00ebrkohen skedar\u00ebt e ndryshuar dhe pastaj kopjohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ruajtje skedar\u00ebsh me struktur\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Integriteti i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave zakonisht realizohet p\u00ebrmes munges\u00ebs s\u00eb skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt po b\u00ebhet regjistrimi. Metadata e skedar\u00ebve rezervohen nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. Nj\u00eb analogji e af\u00ebrt \u2014 nj\u00eb bibliotek\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ka seksione me libra t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, si dhe nj\u00eb katalog me emra kuptues p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit t\u00eb librave.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Backup, pjesa 1: Q\u00ebllimi, p\u00ebrmbledhja e metodave dhe teknologjive\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/796162e24eb255a27c51c6077bcb1f07.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb koh\u00ebt e fundit, her\u00eb pas here p\u00ebrshkruhet nj\u00eb variant tjet\u00ebr, nga i cili, n\u00eb thelb, ka filluar ruajtja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, dhe q\u00eb ka t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat karakteristika arkaike: ruajtja objektive e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n<p>Ndryshe nga ruajtja e skedar\u00ebve, ajo nuk ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb hierarki (skema e shesht\u00eb), dhe emrat e skedar\u00ebve, ndon\u00ebse jan\u00eb t\u00eb lexuesh\u00ebm nga njeriu, jan\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatur p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin nga makinat. Gjat\u00eb kopjimit t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, ruajtjet objektive zakonisht p\u00ebrpunohen si ruajtjet e skedar\u00ebve, por ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ka edhe variante t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p> \u2014 Ka dy lloje sistem administrator\u00ebsh: ata q\u00eb nuk b\u00ebjn\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb, dhe ata q\u00eb JANA B\u00cbJN\u00cb.<br \/>\n\u2014 N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ka tre lloje: ka edhe ata q\u00eb kontrollojn\u00eb se kopjet rezerv\u00eb mund t\u00eb rikuperohen.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014I panjohur<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p> Po ashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kuptohet se procesi i kopjimit t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave kryhet nga programe, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ia atribuohen t\u00eb gjitha ato t\u00eb meta si ndonj\u00eb program tjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr t\u00eb eliminuar (jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar!) var\u00ebsin\u00eb nga fakti njer\u00ebzor, si dhe karakteristikat \u2014 t\u00eb cilat ve\u00e7 e ve\u00e7 nuk ndikojn\u00eb shum\u00eb, por s\u00eb bashku mund t\u00eb japin nj\u00eb efekt t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm \u2014 p\u00ebrdoret rregulli 3-2-1. Ka shum\u00eb variante p\u00ebr ta interpretuar k\u00ebt\u00eb, por m\u00eb p\u00eblqen m\u00eb shum\u00eb interpretimi i m\u00ebposht\u00ebm: duhet t\u00eb ruhen 3 grupe t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtave t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, 2 grupe duhet t\u00eb ruhet n\u00eb formate t\u00eb ndryshme, si dhe 1 grup duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb ruajtje gjeografikisht t\u00eb larg\u00ebt.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00ebn formatin e ruajtjes duhet t\u00eb kuptohet si vijon:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>N\u00ebse ka var\u00ebsi nga m\u00ebnyra fizike e ruajtjes \u2014 ndryshojm\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn fizike.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00ebse ka var\u00ebsi nga m\u00ebnyra logjike e ruajtjes \u2014 ndryshojm\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn logjike.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur efektin maksimal t\u00eb rregullit 3-2-1, rekomandohet t\u00eb ndryshohet formati i ruajtjes n\u00eb t\u00eb dyja m\u00ebnyrat.<\/p>\n<p>Nga pik\u00ebpamja e gatishm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb kopjes rezerv\u00eb sipas q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb saj t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb \u2014 rikuperimin e funksionalitetit, \u2014 dallohet \"kopje rezerv\u00eb e nxeht\u00eb\" dhe \"kopje rezerv\u00eb e ftoht\u00eb\". Kopjet rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb nxehta dallohen nga ato t\u00eb ftohta vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye: ato jan\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb gati p\u00ebr pun\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa ato t\u00eb ftohta p\u00ebr rikuperim k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb disa veprime t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme: dekodim, nxjerrje nga arkiva etj.<\/p>\n<p>Nuk e duhet ngat\u00ebrruar kopjet e nxehta dhe t\u00eb ftohta me kopjet online dhe offline, t\u00eb cilat n\u00ebnkuptojn\u00eb izolimin fizik t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe n\u00eb thelb jan\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr shenj\u00eb klasifikimi e metodave t\u00eb kopjimit. Pra, nj\u00eb kopje offline \u2014 q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me sistemin ku duhet t\u00eb rikuperohet \u2014 mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb si e nxeht\u00eb ashtu edhe e ftoht\u00eb (n\u00eb kuptimin e gatishm\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebr rikuperim). Nj\u00eb kopje online mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e aksesueshme direkt aty ku duhet rikuperuar, dhe shpeshher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nxeht\u00eb, por ka edhe t\u00eb ftohta.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, nuk duhet harruar se procesi i krijimit t\u00eb kopjeve rezerv\u00eb zakonisht nuk p\u00ebrfundon me krijimin e nj\u00eb kopjeje t\u00eb vetme; mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh kopjesh. Prandaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb b\u00ebhet ndarja midis kopjeve t\u00eb plota, pra atyre q\u00eb mund t\u00eb rikuperohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur nga kopjet e tjera, si dhe kopjeve ndryshore (inkrementale, diferenciale, dekrementale etj.) \u2014 ato q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb rinovohen vet\u00eb dhe k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb rikuperimin paraprak t\u00eb nj\u00eb ose m\u00eb shum\u00eb kopjeve t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n<p>Kopjet ndryshore inkrementale jan\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u00eb kursyer hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e ruajtjes s\u00eb kopjeve rezerv\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb kopjen rezerv\u00eb shkruhen vet\u00ebm t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e ndryshuara q\u00eb nga kopja e kaluar.<\/p>\n<p>Kopjet ndryshore dekrementale krijohen me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin q\u00ebllim, por me nj\u00eb qasje paksa ndryshe: b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb kopje e plot\u00eb rezerv\u00eb, por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ruhet vet\u00ebm diferenca midis kopjes s\u00eb re dhe asaj t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme.<\/p>\n<p>Duhet t\u00eb shqyrtohet ve\u00e7mas procesi i kopjimit mbi nj\u00eb ruajt\u00ebs q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet munges\u00ebn e ruajtjes s\u00eb kopjeve t\u00eb dyfishta. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00ebse shkruhen kopje t\u00eb plota mbi t\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb do t\u00eb regjistrohet vet\u00ebm diferenca midis kopjeve rezerv\u00eb, por procesi i rikuperimit t\u00eb kopjeve rezerv\u00eb do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me rikuperimin nga nj\u00eb kopje t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe plot\u00ebsisht transparent.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Quis custodiet ipsos custodes?<\/p>\n<p>(Kush do t'i mbaj\u00eb n\u00eb kontroll ruajt\u00ebsit vet\u00eb? \u2014 latin.)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u00cbsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e pak\u00ebndshme kur nuk ka kopje rezerv\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb keq n\u00ebse nj\u00eb kopje rezerv\u00eb duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb, por kur rikuperohet rezulton se ajo nuk mund t\u00eb rikuperohet, sepse:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Integriteti i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave origjinale \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar.<\/li>\n<li>Ruajt\u00ebsi me kopjet rezerv\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar.<\/li>\n<li>Rikuperimi funksionon shum\u00eb ngadal\u00eb, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb jan\u00eb rikuperuar pjes\u00ebrisht.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nj\u00eb proces i nd\u00ebrtuar si\u00e7 duhet i kopjimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb parasysh v\u00ebrejtjet e tilla, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht dy t\u00eb parat.<\/p>\n<p>Integriteti i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave fillestare mund t\u00eb garantohet n\u00eb disa m\u00ebnyra. M\u00eb s\u00eb shpeshti p\u00ebrdoren k\u00ebto: a) krijimi i kopjeve t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb nivelin e bllokut, b) \"ngrirja\" e gjendjes s\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, c) nj\u00eb pajisje bllokuese e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb me ruajtjen e versioneve, d) regjistrimi i radh\u00ebs s\u00eb skedar\u00ebve ose blloqeve. Gjithashtu p\u00ebrdoren kontrolla t\u00eb shumave p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar verifikimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave gjat\u00eb rikuperimit.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00ebmtimet e ruajtjes gjithashtu mund t\u00eb zbulohen me ndihm\u00ebn e kontrollave t\u00eb shumave. Nj\u00eb metod\u00eb shtes\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i pajisjeve t\u00eb specializuara, ose sistemeve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat nuk mund t\u00eb ndryshohen t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e regjistruara, por mund t\u00eb shtohen t\u00eb reja.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuar rikuperimin, p\u00ebrdoret rikuperimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me disa procese p\u00ebr rikuperim \u2014 me kusht q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb \"ngushtica\" si nj\u00eb rrjet i ngadalsh\u00ebm ose nj\u00eb sistem disku i ngadalsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebr t\u00eb evituar situat\u00ebn me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb rikuperuara pjes\u00ebrisht, mund t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb procesin e kopjimit n\u00eb detyra t\u00eb vogla, secila e cila ekzekutohet ve\u00e7mas. K\u00ebshtu, krijohet mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb t\u00eb rikuperohet funksionaliteti n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb radh\u00ebs me parashikim t\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb rikuperimit. Kjo problematik\u00eb shpesh her\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb organizative (SLA), prandaj nuk do t\u00eb ndalemi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb detajisht.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ai q\u00eb di p\u00ebr er\u00ebzat s'ndodh q\u00eb t'i shtoj\u00eb ato n\u00eb \u00e7do gatim, por ai q\u00eb nuk do t'i shtoj\u00eb asgj\u00eb t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt.<\/p>\n<p>\u2014V. Sinjavski<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Praktika e softuerit t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur nga administruesit e sistemeve mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb, por parimet e p\u00ebrgjithshme gjithsesi mbeten t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rrept\u00ebsisht rekomandohet p\u00ebrdorimi i zgjidhjeve t\u00eb gatshme.<\/li>\n<li>Programet duhet t\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb parashikuesh\u00ebm, dmth. nuk duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb pa dokumentuara ose ngushtica.<\/li>\n<li>Konfigurimi i secilit program duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb mjaft, sa t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb lexoni \u00e7doher\u00eb manualin ose sh\u00ebnuesen.<\/li>\n<li>Zgjidhja duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb universale, pasi server\u00ebt mund t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb karakteristikat e tyre harduerike.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Programet e zakonshme p\u00ebr kryerjen e kopjeve rezerv\u00eb nga pajisjet blok jan\u00eb si m\u00eb posht\u00eb:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dd, e njohur p\u00ebr veteran\u00ebt e administrat\u00ebs s\u00eb sistemeve, p\u00ebrfshin gjithashtu programe t\u00eb ngjashme (si dd_rescue, p\u00ebr shembull).<\/li>\n<li>Programet p\u00ebr mir\u00ebmbajtje t\u00eb integruara n\u00eb disa sisteme skedar\u00ebsh q\u00eb krijojn\u00eb nj\u00eb kopje (dump) t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve.<\/li>\n<li>Utilitar\u00eb t\u00eb gjithansh\u00ebm; p\u00ebr shembull, partclone.<\/li>\n<li>Zgjidhje t\u00eb veta, shpesh t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta; p\u00ebr shembull, NortonGhost dhe versionet e m\u00ebvonshme.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u00ebr sistemet e skedar\u00ebve, detyra e kopjimit rezerv\u00eb zgjidhet pjes\u00ebrisht me metoda t\u00eb aplikueshme p\u00ebr pajisjet blok, megjithat\u00eb, mund t\u00eb zgjidhet m\u00eb efikasitet duke p\u00ebrdorur, p\u00ebr shembull:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rsync, nj\u00eb program universale dhe protokoll p\u00ebr sinkronizimin e gjendjes s\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve.<\/li>\n<li>Mjetet e integruara p\u00ebr arkivimin (ZFS).<\/li>\n<li>Mjetet e jashtme p\u00ebr arkivimin; p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i njohur \u00ebsht\u00eb tar. Ka dhe t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebr shembull, dar \u2014 nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim i tar me fokus n\u00eb sistemet moderne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nVe\u00e7an\u00ebrisht duhet p\u00ebrmendur mjetet softuerike p\u00ebr sigurimin e konsistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave gjat\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb kopjeve rezerv\u00eb. Shpesh p\u00ebrdoren variantet e m\u00ebposhtme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Montimi i sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb modalitetin vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lexim (ReadOnly), ose ngrirja e sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve (freeze) \u2014 metoda e aplikuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuar.<\/li>\n<li>Krijimi i kopjeve t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve ose pajisjes blok (LVM, ZFS).<\/li>\n<li>P\u00ebrdorimi i mjeteve t\u00eb jashtme p\u00ebr organizimin e kopjeve, edhe n\u00eb ato raste ku pikat e m\u00ebparshme nuk mund t\u00eb sigurohen p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye (programe si hotcopy).<\/li>\n<li>T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e kopjimit gjat\u00eb ndryshimeve (CopyOnWrite), megjithat\u00eb, zakonisht lidhen me sistemin e p\u00ebrdorur (BTRFS, ZFS).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Prandaj, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb server t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, duhet t\u00eb sigurohet nj\u00eb skem\u00eb kopjimi, e cila i plot\u00ebson k\u00ebrkesat e m\u00ebposhtme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>E thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur \u2014 nuk k\u00ebrkon veprime t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta gjat\u00eb funksionimit, veprime minimale p\u00ebr krijimin dhe rikthimin e kopjeve.<\/li>\n<li>Universale \u2014 punon si n\u00eb server\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj ashtu edhe n\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl; kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme gjat\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb numrit <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/server\/\"   title=\"server\u00ebsh\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1319\">server\u00ebsh<\/a> ose kur shkall\u00ebzohet.<\/li>\n<li>Instalohet p\u00ebrmes menaxherit t\u00eb paketeve, ose me nj\u00eb ose dy komanda si \"shkarko dhe nxirr jasht\u00eb\".<\/li>\n<li>Stabil \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur formati standard ose nj\u00eb format i vendosur prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebr ruajtje.<\/li>\n<li>I shpejt n\u00eb funksionim.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPretenduesit nga ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb ose m\u00eb pak n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me k\u00ebrkesat:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>rdiff-backup<\/li>\n<li>rsnapshot<\/li>\n<li>burp<\/li>\n<li>duplicati<\/li>\n<li>duplicity<\/li>\n<li>deja dup<\/li>\n<li>dar<\/li>\n<li>zbackup<\/li>\n<li>restic<\/li>\n<li>borgbackup<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Backup, pjesa 1: Q\u00ebllimi, p\u00ebrmbledhja e metodave dhe teknologjive\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/bc9e31c37656c1b6998f08939763a563.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSi nj\u00eb testim do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb makin\u00eb virtuale (bazuar n\u00eb XenServer) me karakteristikat e m\u00ebposhtme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>4 b\u00ebrthama 2.5 GHz,<\/li>\n<li>16 GB memorie RAM,<\/li>\n<li>50 GB storage hybrid (SCK me cache SSD 20% t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb disku virtual) si nj\u00eb disk virtual t\u00eb ndar\u00eb pa ndarje,<\/li>\n<li>kanali 200 Mbps n\u00eb Internet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSi server p\u00ebr pranimin e kopjeve rezerv\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb makin\u00eb praktikisht e ngjashme, vet\u00ebm me nj\u00eb hard disk 500 GB.<\/p>\n<p>Sistemi operativ \u2014 Centos 7 x64: ndarja standarde, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb shtes\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret si burim t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash.<\/p>\n<p>Si t\u00eb dh\u00ebna burimore do t\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb faqe n\u00eb wordpress, me skedar\u00eb multimedial\u00eb me nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi prej 40 GB, nj\u00eb databaz\u00eb n\u00eb mysql. Duke qen\u00eb se <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/vps\/\"   title=\"server\u00eb virtual\u00eb\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"1262\">server\u00eb virtual\u00eb<\/a> ndikimet ndahen shum\u00eb n\u00eb karakteristika, si dhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb reprodukueshm\u00ebri m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, k\u00ebtu ka <\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">rezultatet e testimit t\u00eb serverit me an\u00eb t\u00eb sysbench.<\/b>sysbench --threads=4 --time=30 --cpu-max-prime=20000 cpu run<br \/>\nsysbench 1.1.0-18a9f86 (duke p\u00ebrdorur LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3 t\u00eb lidhur)<br \/>\nPo e zhvillojm\u00eb testin me opsionet e m\u00ebposhtme:<br \/>\nNumri i treshave: 4<br \/>\nPo inicializojm\u00eb gjeneratorin e numrave rast\u00ebsor nga koha aktuale<\/p>\n<p>Limiti i numrave kryesor\u00eb: 20000<\/p>\n<p>Po inicializojm\u00eb treshat punuese\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Treshat jan\u00eb nisur!<\/p>\n<p>Shpejt\u00ebsia e CPU:<br \/>\nngjarje p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb: 836.69<\/p>\n<p>Kapaciteti:<br \/>\nngjarje\/s (eps): 836.6908<br \/>\nkoha e kaluar: 30.0039s<br \/>\nnumri total i ngjarjeve: 25104<\/p>\n<p>Vonesa (ms):<br \/>\nmin: 2.38<br \/>\navg: 4.78<br \/>\nmax: 22.39<br \/>\npercentili 95: 10.46<br \/>\nshuma: 119923.64<\/p>\n<p>Drejt\u00ebsia e treshave:<br \/>\nngjarje (avg\/stddev): 6276.0000\/13.91<br \/>\nkoha e ekzekutimit (avg\/stddev): 29.9809\/0.01<\/p>\n<p>sysbench --threads=4 --time=30 --memory-block-size=1K --memory-scope=global --memory-total-size=100G --memory-oper=read memory run<br \/>\nsysbench 1.1.0-18a9f86 (duke p\u00ebrdorur LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3 t\u00eb lidhur)<br \/>\nPo e zhvillojm\u00eb testin me opsionet e m\u00ebposhtme:<br \/>\nNumri i treshave: 4<br \/>\nPo inicializojm\u00eb gjeneratorin e numrave rast\u00ebsor nga koha aktuale<\/p>\n<p>Po zhvillojm\u00eb testin e shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb memories me opsionet e m\u00ebposhtme:<br \/>\nmadh\u00ebsia e bllokut: 1KiB<br \/>\nmadh\u00ebsia totale: 102400MiB<br \/>\noperacioni: lexim<br \/>\nshtrirja: globale<\/p>\n<p>Po inicializojm\u00eb treshat punuese\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Treshat jan\u00eb nisur!<\/p>\n<p>Numri total i operacioneve: 50900446 (1696677.10 p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb)<\/p>\n<p>49707.47 MiB t\u00eb transferuara (1656.91 MiB\/sec)<\/p>\n<p>Kapaciteti:<br \/>\nngjarje\/s (eps): 1696677.1017<br \/>\nkoha e kaluar: 30.0001s<br \/>\nnumri total i ngjarjeve: 50900446<\/p>\n<p>Vonesa (ms):<br \/>\nmin: 0.00<br \/>\navg: 0.00<br \/>\nmax: 24.01<br \/>\npercentili 95: 0.00<br \/>\nshuma: 39106.74<\/p>\n<p>Drejt\u00ebsia e treshave:<br \/>\nngjarje (avg\/stddev): 12725111.5000\/137775.15<br \/>\nkoha e ekzekutimit (avg\/stddev): 9.7767\/0.10<\/p>\n<p>sysbench --threads=4 --time=30 --memory-block-size=1K --memory-scope=global --memory-total-size=100G --memory-oper=write memory run<br \/>\nsysbench 1.1.0-18a9f86 (duke p\u00ebrdorur LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3 t\u00eb lidhur)<br \/>\nPo e zhvillojm\u00eb testin me opsionet e m\u00ebposhtme:<br \/>\nNumri i treshave: 4<br \/>\nPo inicializojm\u00eb gjeneratorin e numrave rast\u00ebsor nga koha aktuale<\/p>\n<p>Po zhvillojm\u00eb testin e shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb memories me opsionet e m\u00ebposhtme:<br \/>\nmadh\u00ebsia e bllokut: 1KiB<br \/>\nmadh\u00ebsia totale: 102400MiB<br \/>\noperacioni: shkruaj<br \/>\nshtrirja: globale<\/p>\n<p>Po inicializojm\u00eb treshat punuese\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Treshat jan\u00eb nisur!<\/p>\n<p>Numri total i operacioneve: 35910413 (1197008.62 p\u00ebr sekond\u00eb)<\/p>\n<p>35068.76 MiB t\u00eb transferuara (1168.95 MiB\/sec)<\/p>\n<p>Kapaciteti:<br \/>\nngjarje\/s (eps): 1197008.6179<br \/>\nkoha e kaluar: 30.0001s<br \/>\nnumri total i ngjarjeve: 35910413<\/p>\n<p>Vonesa (ms):<br \/>\nmin: 0.00<br \/>\navg: 0.00<br \/>\nmax: 16.90<br \/>\npercentili 95: 0.00<br \/>\nshuma: 43604.83<\/p>\n<p>Drejt\u00ebsia e treshave:<br \/>\nngjarje (avg\/stddev): 8977603.2500\/233905.84<br \/>\nkoha e ekzekutimit (avg\/stddev): 10.9012\/0.41<\/p>\n<p>sysbench --threads=4 --file-test-mode=rndrw --time=60 --file-block-size=4K --file-total-size=1G fileio run<br \/>\nsysbench 1.1.0-18a9f86 (duke p\u00ebrdorur LuaJIT 2.1.0-beta3 t\u00eb lidhur)<br \/>\nPo e zhvillojm\u00eb testin me opsionet e m\u00ebposhtme:<br \/>\nNumri i treshave: 4<br \/>\nPo inicializojm\u00eb gjeneratorin e numrave rast\u00ebsor nga koha aktuale<\/p>\n<p>Flamuj shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr hapjen e skedar\u00ebve: (asnj\u00eb)<br \/>\n128 skedar\u00eb, \u00e7do nj\u00eb 8MiB<br \/>\n1GiB madh\u00ebsia totale e skedar\u00ebve<br \/>\nMadh\u00ebsia e bllokut 4KiB<br \/>\nNumri i k\u00ebrkesave IO: 0<br \/>\nRaporti i leximit\/shkrimit p\u00ebr testin e kombinuar t\u00eb IO t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm: 1.50<br \/>\nFSYNC periudhor i aktivizuar, duke thirrur fsync() \u00e7do 100 k\u00ebrkesa.<br \/>\nDuke thirrur fsync() n\u00eb fund t\u00eb prov\u00ebs, Aktivizuar.<br \/>\nDuke p\u00ebrdorur modalitetin e I\/O sinkron<br \/>\nDuke kryer testin e rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm r\/w<br \/>\nPo inicializojm\u00eb treshat punuese\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Treshat jan\u00eb nisur!<\/p>\n<p>Kapaciteti:<br \/>\nleximi: IOPS=3868.21 15.11 MiB\/s (15.84 MB\/s)<br \/>\nshkrimi: IOPS=2578.83 10.07 MiB\/s (10.56 MB\/s)<br \/>\nfsync: IOPS=8226.98<\/p>\n<p>Vonesa (ms):<br \/>\nmin: 0.00<br \/>\nmesatar: 0.27<br \/>\nmaksimal: 18.01<br \/>\n95t\u00eb percentil: 1.08<br \/>\nshuma: 238469.45<\/p>\n<p>Me k\u00ebt\u00eb sh\u00ebnim fillon nj\u00eb cik\u00ebl t\u00eb madh <\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">artikujsh n\u00eb lidhje me kopjimin rezerv\u00eb<\/b><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> Kopjimi i rezervave, pjesa 1: Pse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme kopjimi i rezervave, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e metodave, teknologjive<\/li>\n<li> Kopjimi i rezervave, pjesa 2: P\u00ebrmbledhje dhe testim i mjeteve p\u00ebr kopje rezerv\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb rsync<\/li>\n<li> Kopja rezerv\u00eb, pjesa 3: Pasqyr\u00eb dhe testim i duplicity, duplicaty, deja dup<\/li>\n<li> Kopjimi i rezervave, pjesa 4: P\u00ebrmbledhje dhe testim i zbackup, restic, borgbackup<\/li>\n<li> Kopjimi i rezervave, pjesa 5: Testimi i bacula dhe veeam backup p\u00ebr linux<\/li>\n<li> Kopjimi i rezervave, pjesa 6: Krahasimi i mjeteve p\u00ebr kopje rezerv\u00eb<\/li>\n<li> Kopjimi i rezervave, pjesa 7: P\u00ebrfundime<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/southbridge\/blog\/449282\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438? \u0412\u0435\u0434\u044c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 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\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0430 \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439, \u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0447\u043e\u043a \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041a \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24281,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0417\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/rezervnoe-kopirovanie-chast-1-naznachenie-obzor-metodov-i-tehnologij\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.2\" \/>\n\t\t<meta 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