{"id":32724,"date":"2019-10-31T21:48:35","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:48:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-est-chto-i-kto-est-kto-na-rynke-zashhity-ot-ddos\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:48:35","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:48:35","slug":"chto-est-chto-i-kto-est-kto-na-rynke-zashhity-ot-ddos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-est-chto-i-kto-est-kto-na-rynke-zashhity-ot-ddos","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb dhe kush \u00ebsht\u00eb kush n\u00eb tregun e mbrojtjes nga DDoS.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00abDjemt, q\u00eb na b\u00ebri faqen, tashm\u00eb ka vendosur mbrojtjen nga DDoS\u00bb.
\n\u00abNe kemi mbrojtje nga DDoS, pse ra faqja?\u00bb
\n\u00abSa-sa mij\u00eb k\u00ebrkon Qrator?\u00bb<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjur si\u00e7 duhet ndaj k\u00ebtyre pyetjeve nga klienti\/kryetari, do t\u00eb ishte mir\u00eb t\u00eb dinim se \u00e7far\u00eb fshihet pas emrit \u00abmbrojtje nga DDoS\u00bb. Zgjedhja e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb mbrojtjes ngjan m\u00eb shum\u00eb si zgjedhja e nj\u00eb ila\u00e7i nga nj\u00eb mjek sesa si zgjedhja e nj\u00eb tavoline n\u00eb IKEA.<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb them se merrem me mb\u00ebshtetje faqesh p\u00ebr 11 vjet, kam p\u00ebrjetuar qindra sulme ndaj sh\u00ebrbimeve q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtes, dhe tani do t\u00eb flas pak p\u00ebr brend\u00ebsin\u00eb e mbrojtjes.
\n\"\u00c7far\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSulmet e rregullta. 350k k\u00ebrkesa n\u00eb total, 52k k\u00ebrkesa legjitime.<\/i>
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSulmet e para u shfaq\u00ebn praktikisht nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me internetin. DDoS si fenomen u b\u00eb masiv n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 2000 (shihni www.cloudflare.com\/learning\/ddos\/famous-ddos-attacks<\/noindex>).
\nDeri nga viti 2015-2016, pothuajse \u00e7do ofrues hostimi u vendos n\u00eb mbrojtje nga sulmet DDoS, ashtu si shumica e faqeve t\u00eb njohura n\u00eb fusha konkurruese (b\u00ebni whois p\u00ebr IP-t\u00eb e faqeve eldorado.ru, leroymerlin.ru, tilda.ws, do t\u00eb shihni rrjetet e operator\u00ebve t\u00eb mbrojtjes).<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse 10-20 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb shumica e sulmeve mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballoheshin n\u00eb serverin vet\u00eb (vler\u00ebsoni rekomandimet e administratorit t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb Lenta.ru Maksim Moskov nga vitet '90: lib.ru\/WEBMASTER\/sowetywww2.txt_with-big-pictures.html#10<\/a><\/noindex>), at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrballja me mbrojtjen \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar.<\/p>\n

Llojet e sulmeve DDoS nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i operatorit t\u00eb mbrojtjes<\/h2>\n

Sulme n\u00eb nivelin L3 \/ L4 (sip\u00ebr modeli OSI)<\/h4>\n

\u2014 Sulmi UDP flood nga nj\u00eb botnet (direkt nga pajisjet e infektuara d\u00ebrgohen shum\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e sulmuar, duke mbushur kanalin);
\n \u2014 Amplifikimi DNS \/ NTP \/ etj (nga pajisjet e infektuara d\u00ebrgohen shum\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa n\u00eb DNS \/ NTP \/ etj t\u00eb brishta, adresa e d\u00ebrguesit falsifikohet, nj\u00eb stuhi paketash p\u00ebrgjigje p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkesat mbush kanalin e atij q\u00eb sulmohet; k\u00ebshtu realizohen sulmet m\u00eb masive n\u00eb internetin modern);
\n \u2014 GLUTYN SYN \/ ACK (shum\u00eb k\u00ebrkesa d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb server\u00ebt e sulmuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb lidhje, duke shkaktuar mbushjen e radh\u00ebs s\u00eb lidhjeve);
\n \u2014 sulme me fragmentimin e paketimeve, ping of death, ping flood (lutem k\u00ebrkoni);
\n \u2014 etj.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto sulme kan\u00eb si q\u00ebllim \"t\u00eb mbushin\" kanalin e serverit ose \"t\u00eb vrasin\" aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb pranuar trafik t\u00eb ri.
\nMegjith\u00ebse GLUTYN SYN \/ ACK dhe amplifikimi dallohen shum\u00eb, shum\u00eb kompani luftojn\u00eb ndaj tyre n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me sukses. Problemet shfaqen me sulmet nga grupi i m\u00ebposht\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Sulmet n\u00eb L7 (niveli i aplikacionit)<\/h4>\n

\u2014 GLUTYN http (n\u00ebse sulmohet nj\u00eb website ose nj\u00eb API http);
\n \u2014 sulmet n\u00eb pika t\u00eb dob\u00ebta t\u00eb faqes (t\u00eb cilat nuk kan\u00eb CACHE, ngarkojn\u00eb shum\u00eb faqen, etj.).<\/p>\n

Q\u00ebllimi \u2014 t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb q\u00eb serveri t\u00eb \"punoj\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb\", t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoj\u00eb shum\u00eb \"si\u00e7 duket k\u00ebrkesa reale\" dhe t\u00eb mbetet pa burime p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkesat e v\u00ebrteta.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, ka edhe sulme t\u00eb tjera, k\u00ebto jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshmet.<\/p>\n

Sulmet serioze n\u00eb nivelin L7 krijohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb unike p\u00ebr \u00e7do projekt q\u00eb sulmohet.<\/p>\n

Pse 2 grupe?<\/b>
\nSepse ka shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz q\u00eb din\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrballojn\u00eb mir\u00eb sulmet n\u00eb nivelin L3 \/ L4, por ose nuk merrni fare p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr mbrojtjen n\u00eb nivelin e aplikacionit (L7), ose p\u00ebrballen me to m\u00eb dob\u00ebt se opsionet alternative.<\/p>\n

Kush \u00ebsht\u00eb kush n\u00eb tregun e mbrojtjes nga DDoS<\/h2>\n

\n(pik\u00ebpamja ime personale)<\/p>\n

Mbrojtja n\u00eb nivelin L3 \/ L4<\/h4>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar sulmet me amplifikim (\"ng\u00ebr\u00e7\" i kanalit t\u00eb serverit), mjaftojn\u00eb kanale t\u00eb gjera (shumica e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb mbrojtjes lidhen me shumic\u00ebn e ofruesve t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb rrug\u00ebve n\u00eb Rusi dhe kan\u00eb kanale me kapacitet teorik mbi 1 Tbit). Mos harroni se sulmet e tilla jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb rralla dhe zgjatin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb or\u00eb. N\u00ebse jeni Spamhaus dhe askush nuk ju do \u2014 po, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqen t'i v\u00ebn\u00eb kanalet p\u00ebr disa dit\u00eb, madje me rrezik p\u00ebr mbijetes\u00ebn e botnet-it global q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret. N\u00ebse keni thjesht nj\u00eb dyqan n\u00eb internet, madje edhe n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb mvideo.ru \u2014 1 Tbit n\u00eb disa dit\u00eb nuk do ta shihni shum\u00eb shpejt (shpresoj).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar sulmet me SYN\/ACK flood, fragmentimin e pakove, etj., jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme pajisje ose sisteme software p\u00ebr detektimin dhe bllokimin e k\u00ebtyre sulmeve.
\nKjo pajisje prodhohet nga shum\u00eb kompani (Arbor, ka zgjidhje nga Cisco, Huawei, implementime software nga Wanguard etj.), shum\u00eb operator\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj tashm\u00eb e kan\u00eb instaluar dhe shesin sh\u00ebrbime p\u00ebr mbrojtjen nga DDoS (di p\u00ebr instalimet n\u00eb Rostelecom, Megafon, TTK, MTS, n\u00eb thelb te t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ofruesit e m\u00ebdhenj, kjo b\u00ebhet gjithashtu nga hoster\u00ebt me mbrojtjen e tyre a-la OVH.com, Hetzner.de, kam p\u00ebrjetuar vet\u00eb mbrojtjen n\u00eb ihor.ru). Disa kompani po zhvillojn\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb tyre software (teknologjit\u00eb si DPDK lejojn\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e trafikut n\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra gigabit n\u00eb nj\u00eb makin\u00eb fizike x86).<\/p>\n

Dhe nga lojtar\u00ebt e njohur, m\u00eb shum\u00eb-m\u00eb pak efikas L3\/L4 DDoS mund t\u00eb bllokojn\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb. Tani nuk do t\u00eb them se kush ka kapacitetin maksimal t\u00eb kanalit m\u00eb t\u00eb madh (kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb informacion konfidencial), por zakonisht kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, dhe diferenca \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm sesa shpejt vepron mbrojtja (menj\u00ebher\u00eb ose pas disa minutash downtime t\u00eb projektit, si n\u00eb Hetzner).
\nProblemi \u00ebsht\u00eb sa cil\u00ebsisht b\u00ebhet kjo: nj\u00eb sulm me amplifikim mund t\u00eb bllokohet duke bllokuar trafikun nga vendet me numrin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb trafikut t\u00eb d\u00ebmsh\u00ebm, ose mund t\u00eb hidhet vet\u00ebm trafiku v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb pad\u00ebshiruar.
\nMegjithat\u00eb, nga p\u00ebrvoja ime, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb lojtar\u00ebt serioz\u00eb t\u00eb tregut e p\u00ebrballojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pa problem: Qrator, DDoS-Guard, Kaspersky, G-Core Labs (ish-SkyParkCDN), ServicePipe, Stormwall, Voxility, etj.
\nNuk kam pasur p\u00ebrvoja me ofruesit si Rostelecom, Megafon, TTK, Beeline; sipas p\u00ebrshtypjeve t\u00eb koleg\u00ebve, ata ofrojn\u00eb k\u00ebto sh\u00ebrbime mjaft mir\u00eb, por ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndikohet nga mungesa e p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs: ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb duhet t\u00eb rregullohet di\u00e7ka p\u00ebrmes mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb operatorit t\u00eb mbrojtjes.
\nDisa operator\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \"mbrojtje nga sulmet n\u00eb nivelin L3\/L4\" ose \"mbrojtje kanalesh\", q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e lir\u00eb se mbrojtja n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nivelet.<\/p>\n

Si arrin nj\u00eb ofrues, q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb magistral, t\u00eb p\u00ebrballoj\u00eb sulmet n\u00eb qindra Gbit, ai nuk ka kanale t\u00eb veta?<\/b>Operatori i mbrojtjes mund t\u00eb lidhet me ndonj\u00eb nga ofruesit e m\u00ebdhenj dhe t\u00eb mbroj\u00eb sulmet \"n\u00eb koston e tij\". P\u00ebr kanalin do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb paguash, por t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto qindra Gbit nuk do t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzohen gjithmon\u00eb, ka mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb konsiderueshme p\u00ebr uljen e kostove t\u00eb kanaleve n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, prandaj plani mbetet funksional.
\n\"\u00c7far\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\nK\u00ebto jan\u00eb lloje raportesh nga mbrojtja e nivelit L3\/L4 q\u00eb un\u00eb merrja rregullisht, duke mb\u00ebshtetur sistemet e ofruesit t\u00eb hostimit.<\/i><\/p>\n

Mbrojtje n\u00eb nivelin L7 (niveli i aplikacionit)<\/h4>\n

Sulmet n\u00eb nivelin L7 (niveli i aplikacionit) mund t'i ndalojn\u00eb me q\u00ebndrim t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm.
\nKam nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb reale t\u00eb konsiderueshme me
\n \u2014 Qrator.net;
\n \u2014 DDoS-Guard;
\n \u2014 G-Core Labs;
\n \u2014 Kaspersky.<\/p>\n

Ata ngarkojn\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do megabit t\u00eb trafikut t\u00eb past\u00ebr; nj\u00eb megabit kushton rreth disa mij\u00eb rubla. N\u00ebse keni t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn 100 megabit t\u00eb trafikut t\u00eb past\u00ebr \u2014 oh. Mbrojtja do t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb e shtrenjt\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb flas n\u00eb artikujt e ardhsh\u00ebm se si t'i projektosh aplikacionet p\u00ebr t\u00eb kursyer shum\u00eb n\u00eb kapacitetin e kanaleve t\u00eb mbrojtjes.
\nV\u00ebrtet\u00eb \"mbret\" i malit \u00ebsht\u00eb Qrator.net; t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt jan\u00eb pas tyre. Qrator \u00ebsht\u00eb ende i vetmi n\u00eb praktiken time q\u00eb ofron nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me zero t\u00eb alarm\u00ebve false, por ata jan\u00eb disa her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjt\u00eb se lojtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb tregut.<\/p>\n

Operator\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb gjithashtu ofrojn\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme dhe cil\u00ebsore. Shum\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime n\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje ton\u00eb (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb njohura n\u00eb vend!) jan\u00eb n\u00ebn mbrojtjen e DDoS-Guard, G-Core Labs dhe jan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur me rezultatet q\u00eb marrin.
\n\"\u00c7far\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\nSulmet e ndaluara nga Qrator<\/i><\/p>\n

Ka nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb edhe me ofrues t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl mbrojtjeje si cloud-shield.ru, ddosa.net, dhe mij\u00ebra t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Nuk do ta rekomandoja kategorikisht, sepse p\u00ebrvoja ime nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe, prandaj do t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr parimet e funksionimit t\u00eb tyre. \u00c7mimi i mbrojtjes s\u00eb tyre shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb 1-2 renditje m\u00eb i ul\u00ebt se ai i lojtar\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ata blejn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e mbrojtjes s\u00eb pjesshme (L3\/L4) nga ndonj\u00eb nga lojtar\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj dhe b\u00ebjn\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb vet\u00ebn nga sulmet n\u00eb nivele m\u00eb t\u00eb larta. Kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb efektive dhe mund t\u00eb merrni nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak para, por \u00ebsht\u00eb ende kompani t\u00eb vogla me staf t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, ju lutem, kini parasysh.<\/p>\n

Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsia e reflektimit t\u00eb sulmeve n\u00eb nivelin L7?<\/h4>\n

T\u00eb gjitha aplikacionet jan\u00eb unike, dhe duhet t\u00eb lejohet trafik i dobish\u00ebm p\u00ebr to dhe t\u00eb bllokohet ai d\u00ebmshp\u00ebrblues. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb ndahen nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht robot\u00ebt, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren shum\u00eb, me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb SHUM\u00cb nivele filtrimi t\u00eb trafikut.<\/p>\n

Dikur mjaftonte modulet nginx-testcookie (https:\/\/github.com\/kyprizel\/testcookie-nginx-module<\/a><\/noindex>), dhe ende \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb reflektuar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh sulmesh. Kur punoja n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e hostimit, mbrojtjen L7 e nd\u00ebrtova pik\u00ebrisht mbi nginx-testcookie.
\nFatkeq, sulmet jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara. testcookie p\u00ebrdor kontrolle robot\u00ebsh bazuar n\u00eb JS, dhe shum\u00eb robot\u00eb modern\u00eb arrijn\u00eb t'i kalojn\u00eb ato me sukses.<\/p>\n

Botnetet sulmuese jan\u00eb gjithashtu unike, dhe duhet t\u00eb merret parasysh karakteristika e \u00e7do botneti t\u00eb madh.
\nAmplikimi, sulmi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb nga botneti, filtrimi i trafikut nga vende t\u00eb ndryshme (filtrimi i ndrysh\u00ebm p\u00ebr vende t\u00eb ndryshme), sulmi SYN\/ACK, fragmentimi i pakove, ICMP, sulmi http, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin e aplikacionit\/http mund t\u00eb shpikni nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pakufish\u00ebm sulmesh t\u00eb ndryshme.
\nN\u00eb total, n\u00eb nivelin e mbrojtjes s\u00eb kanaleve, pajisjeve t\u00eb specializuara p\u00ebr pastrimin e trafikut, softuer\u00ebve t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, konfigurimeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb filtrimit p\u00ebr \u00e7do klient, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb dhjet\u00ebra dhe qindra nivele filtrimi.
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb optimizuar konfigurimet e filtrimit p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorues t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, k\u00ebrkohet p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb e madhe dhe staf i kualifikuar. Edhe nj\u00eb operator i madh, i cili vendos t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime mbrojtjeje, nuk mund t\u00eb \"thjesht hedhi para p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problemin\": p\u00ebrvoja do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebrmes faqeve t\u00eb bllokuara dhe rregullimeve t\u00eb gabuara ndaj trafikut legjitim.
\nP\u00ebr operator\u00ebt e mbrojtjes nuk ka nj\u00eb buton \"do t\u00eb shmang\u00eb DDoS\", por ka shum\u00eb mjete q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb dish si t'i p\u00ebrdor\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

Dhe nj\u00eb shembull bonus tjet\u00ebr.
\n\"\u00c7far\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\nServeri pa mbrojtje u bllokua nga hosti gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb sulmi me kapacitet prej 600 mbit.<\/i>
\n(\"Shkaterresa\" e trafikut nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme, pasi u sulmua vet\u00ebm 1 faqe, e cila u hoq p\u00ebrkoh\u00ebsisht nga serveri dhe bllokimi u hoq brenda nj\u00eb ore).<\/i>
\n\"\u00c7far\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>
\nKy server \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebn mbrojtje. Sulmuesit \"u dor\u00ebzuan\" pas nj\u00eb dite t\u00eb sulmeve t\u00eb shmangura. Vet\u00eb sulmi doli t\u00eb mos ishte m\u00eb i forti.<\/i><\/p>\n

Sulmet dhe mbrojtjet L3\/L4 jan\u00eb m\u00eb triviale, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ato varen nga trash\u00ebsia e kanaleve, algoritmet e zbulimit dhe filtrimit t\u00eb sulmeve.
\nSulmet L7 jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara dhe origjinale, ato varen nga aplikacioni i sulmuar, mund\u00ebsit\u00eb dhe fantazia e sulmuesve. Mbrojtja ndaj tyre k\u00ebrkon njohuri dhe p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, dhe rezultati mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb i menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm ose nj\u00ebqind p\u00ebrqind. Deri tani, Google nuk ka shpikur nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr rrjet t\u00eb trurit p\u00ebr mbrojtje.
\n
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