<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\nVendi i n\u00ebnt\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nTalliumi<\/b>
Ndryshe nga metalet e r\u00ebnda klasike q\u00eb lidhen me grupin tialol t\u00eb cistein\u00ebs n\u00eb proteina dhe pengojn\u00eb jetes\u00ebn, talliumi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i sofistikuar: jonet e talliumit nj\u00ebvalent p\u00ebrputhen n\u00eb madh\u00ebsi dhe pronat kimike me kaliumin, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb jonet e kaliumit n\u00eb proceset biokimike. Talliumi akumulohet n\u00eb flok\u00eb, kocka, veshka dhe muskuj, duke prekur sistemin nervor periferik, traktin gastrointestinal dhe veshkat.<\/p>\n
Simptoma karakteristike e helmimit me p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjet e talliumit \u00ebsht\u00eb r\u00ebnia e pjesshme e flok\u00ebve, kur doza \u00ebsht\u00eb e konsiderueshme, ndodh alopecia totale. Me nj\u00eb doz\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, alopecia nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb tipike, pasi personi vdes nga helmi para se t\u00eb ndodhi humbja e flok\u00ebve. Pra, n\u00eb parim, n\u00ebse t\u00eb p\u00eblqen t\u00eb rreshkesh t\u00ebr\u00eb kok\u00ebn \u2014 mund t\u00eb provosh t\u00eb luash me doz\u00ebn, por ka rrezik t\u00eb mos e kap\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb rast helmimi me tallium ose p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjet e tij, antidoti \u00ebsht\u00eb azuri berlinez, ndihma e par\u00eb n\u00eb helmimin me tallium \u00ebsht\u00eb pastrimi i stomakut me nj\u00eb solucion 0.3% t\u00eb tioglikolatit t\u00eb natriumit me pluhur aktivizuar karboni. Thuhet se ndihmon, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb.<\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjith\u00eb e p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb taliumin n\u00eb arm\u00ebt strategjike, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pse \u00ebsht\u00eb ai n\u00eb list\u00ebn time? E gjith\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb, sepse shumica e laboratoreve q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb analiza t\u00eb ujit dhe produkteve ushqimore p\u00ebrdorin nj\u00eb solucion kalibrimi t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer IV<\/noindex>. Kam qen\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar se si ky solucion \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb me pipet\u00eb, dhe, p\u00ebr shkak se nuk kishte gome, e zgjat\u00ebn solucionin me goj\u00eb<\/i>. \u00c7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb them\u2026 Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar \u00e7mimin Darwin.<\/p>\nVendi i tet\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nFosgjen<\/b>edhe sot nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur asnj\u00eb antidoz\u00eb p\u00ebr fosgjenin<\/i>.<\/p>\n
Q\u00ebndrimi dhe thjesht\u00ebsia q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se shenjat e para t\u00eb ngjarjes shfaqen pas nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb nga 4 deri n\u00eb 8 or\u00eb, madje jan\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur edhe periudha deri n\u00eb 15 or\u00eb. Pas k\u00ebsaj, ndodhin koll\u00eb e fort\u00eb, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje, dhe ngjyrosje e fytyr\u00ebs dhe buz\u00ebve. Edhe edem\u00eb progresive t\u00eb mushk\u00ebrive \u00e7on n\u00eb ndjenja t\u00eb forta sufokimi, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsim t\u00eb dhimbjes n\u00eb gjoks, dhe nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm frym\u00ebmarrjeje q\u00eb rritet, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb deri n\u00eb 60-70 her\u00eb n\u00eb minut\u00eb. Frym\u00ebmarrja \u00ebsht\u00eb konvulsive. Disa detaje: l\u00ebng i ngjash\u00ebm me shkum\u00eb e mbushur me protein\u00eb hidhet nga alveolat dhe bronkiolat e mushk\u00ebrive n\u00eb rrug\u00ebt e frym\u00ebmarrjes m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsira dhe pamund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb frymuar. \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebn n\u00eb at\u00eb moment ai njeri i mjeruar dhe si duket \u2014 e mban mend at\u00eb pamjen e frikshme? Po, pik\u00ebrisht. Me edem\u00eb toksike t\u00eb mushk\u00ebrive, deri n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e sasis\u00eb totale t\u00eb gjakut t\u00eb trupit kalon n\u00eb mushk\u00ebri, t\u00eb cilat si rezultat, \u00ebnjten dhe rriten n\u00eb mas\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb mushk\u00ebri normale peshon rreth 500-600 gram, \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb re se mushk\u00ebrit\u00eb e \"fosgjenit\" peshonin deri n\u00eb 2.5 kilogram.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb fund, presioni i gjakut bie ndjesh\u00ebm, i helmuari ndodhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb madhe nervozizmi, merr frym\u00eb me zhurm\u00eb, merr aj\u00ebr me goj\u00eb, pastaj ndodhin vdekja.<\/p>\n
Sikurse, ndodhin raste kur i helmuari shmang \u00e7do l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb tepruar dhe p\u00ebr leht\u00ebsimin e frym\u00ebmarrjes zgjidh nj\u00eb pozicion m\u00eb t\u00eb rehatsh\u00ebm. Fytyra e atyre q\u00eb jan\u00eb helmuar b\u00ebhet gri, djersa \u00ebsht\u00eb e ftoht\u00eb dhe ngjit\u00ebse. Pavar\u00ebsisht ndjesis\u00eb s\u00eb mbytjes, sekrecionet s'e ndahen. Pas disa dit\u00ebsh, i helmuari vdes. Rrall\u00eb, pas 2-3 dit\u00ebve, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim, i cili pas 2-3 jav\u00ebsh mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb me sh\u00ebrim, por komplikimet nga s\u00ebmundjet infektive sekondare jan\u00eb t\u00eb shpeshta, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb vdekjen fatale.<\/p>\n
Pra, si t\u00eb ndjesh fosgjenin dhe t\u00eb ik\u00ebsh p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u helmuar, duke marr\u00eb parasysh periudh\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb latente dhe faktin q\u00eb ky gaz nuk ka shije dhe ndalon nga nj\u00eb arom\u00eb si fruta t\u00eb prera ose fush\u00eb \u2014 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb as shum\u00eb e ashp\u00ebr, ndryshe nga ajo q\u00eb ndjen n\u00eb autobus, ku po udh\u00ebton? Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme \u2014 e duhanisur: duhanosja n\u00eb ajrin q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban fosgjen \u00ebsht\u00eb e pak\u00ebndshme ose e pamundur.<\/p>\n
Fosgjen p\u00ebrdoret aktivisht n\u00eb sintez\u00ebn organike: n\u00eb prodhimin e ngjyrave, si dhe n\u00eb prodhimin e termoplastik\u00ebve polikarbonat. Por ti, %username%, mbaj mend: fosgjen krijohet gjat\u00eb djegies s\u00eb freon\u00ebve q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb klor. \u00cbsht\u00eb interesante se p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye ndalohet duhani gjat\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtjes s\u00eb makinave frigoriferike dhe instalacioneve. Duke pasur parasysh se ka\u00e7ak\u00ebt kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb ndiejn\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb keqe \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb thuhet se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n
Vendi i shtat\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nPlumb<\/b>Tetraetilplumbi<\/b>
Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e rrezikshme \u00ebsht\u00eb ekspozimi ndaj plumbit p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt: me ekspozim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb ai shkakton prapambetje mentale dhe s\u00ebmundje kronike t\u00eb tru dhe zhvillimit.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, aceti i plumbit \u00ebsht\u00eb i \u00ebmb\u00ebl n\u00eb shije! Nuk e dije, %username%? Po, pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb quhet sheqeri i plumbit. Saltykov-Shchedrin e p\u00ebrmendi at\u00eb madje n\u00eb prodhimin e ver\u00ebs s\u00eb falsifikuar:<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb kov\u00eb alkooli derdhet n\u00eb barr\u00ebl, dhe m\u00eb pas, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb llojit t\u00eb ver\u00ebs q\u00eb po prodhohet: p\u00ebr Madeira \u2014 aq shum\u00eb melas\u00eb, p\u00ebr Malaga \u2014 katran, p\u00ebr Rheingau \u2014 plumb sheqeri etj. K\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje e trazojn\u00eb deri sa t\u00eb b\u00ebhet homogjene dhe m\u00eb pas e mbyllin\u2026<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\nMbani parasysh se ka nj\u00eb mendim se fjala ruse \u00abplumb\u00bb \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me fjal\u00ebn \u00abver\u00eb\u00bb, sepse romak\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb (dhe n\u00eb Kaukaz) e ruanin ver\u00ebn n\u00eb en\u00eb plumbi, t\u00eb cilat i jepnin nj\u00eb shije t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Kjo shije ishte kaq e \u00e7muar sa nuk i kushtonin r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi mund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb helmimit nga substanca toksike. Po, jetoni shpejt \u2014 vdisni t\u00eb rinj\u2026<\/p>\n
Por vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet tetraetil plumbi \u2014 nj\u00eb l\u00ebng i pa Color, yndyror, i avulluesh\u00ebm, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb si aditiv antidetonues n\u00eb benzin\u00eb (ajo e njohur si benzin\u00eb me plumb). N\u00eb Ish-BRSS, p\u00ebr t\u00eb identifikuar benzin\u00ebn q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante tetraetil plumbin, ishte shtuar ngjyra: deri n\u00eb vitin 1979, benzinat q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbanin tetraetil plumbin A\u041893, A-76 dhe A-66 ishin ngjyrosur n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb blu, t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr dhe portokalli p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht, q\u00eb nga viti 1979, benzinat e etiluara filluan t\u00eb ngjyrohen n\u00eb portokalli t\u00eb kuq (A\u0418-93), t\u00eb verdh\u00eb (A-76), blu (A\u0418-98), t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr (A-66) ose roz\u00eb (A-72).<\/p>\n
Kjo nuk b\u00ebhej vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr estetik\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr bler\u00ebsit \u2014 p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se ndotjet p\u00ebrhapnin plumb kudo, vet\u00eb tetraetil plumbi ka disa veti t\u00eb k\u00ebndshme, duke filluar nga kancerogjeniciteti deri te toksiciteti shum\u00eb i lart\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebto rrethana, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtohet si me avujt (mos haroni, kjo gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb fluktuese), ashtu edhe p\u00ebrmes l\u00ebkur\u00ebs. Ky substanc\u00eb ndikon selektivisht n\u00eb sistemin nervor, duke shkaktuar helmime akute, subakute dhe kronike (po, po, si plumbi, kjo gj\u00eb p\u00eblqen t\u00eb akumulohet). <\/p>\n
M\u00eb shpesh helmimet jan\u00eb akute dhe subakute. S\u00eb pari d\u00ebmtohet korteksi i trurit t\u00eb madh. N\u00eb zon\u00ebn e qendrave vegetative t\u00eb trurit nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsor ndodh nj\u00eb fokus i ngacmimit t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, q\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb shkelje t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve kortiko-n\u00ebnkortikale.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb faz\u00ebn fillestare t\u00eb helmimit akut, v\u00ebrehen \u00e7rregullime t\u00eb dukshme vegetative: temperatura e trupit dhe presioni arterial bien, gjumi \u00ebsht\u00eb i prekour, shfaqet frika e t\u00eb vdekurit gjat\u00eb nat\u00ebs, humor i shqet\u00ebsuar dhe i shtypur. \u00cbsht\u00eb karakteristike ndjenja e nj\u00eb masthi flok\u00ebsh ose fijesh n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb faz\u00ebn para-kuliminuese shfaqen \u00e7rregullime mendore t\u00eb theksuara: frika nga vdekja fillon t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsoj\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm nat\u00ebn por edhe gjat\u00eb dit\u00ebs, shfaqen halucinacione d\u00ebgjimore, vizuale dhe prek\u00ebse t\u00eb frikshme, si dhe mendime t\u00eb ndjekjes dhe lidhjes. N\u00ebn ndikimin e k\u00ebtyre mendimeve zhvillohet nj\u00eb ngacmim psikomotor, pacienti b\u00ebhet agresiv, dhe ka raste kur, duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb shp\u00ebtojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn nga persona q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb pas tyre, njer\u00ebzit hidhen nga dritaret. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb faz\u00ebn kulminante, ngacmimi psikomotor arrin tensionin maksimal. Nd\u00ebrgjegjja \u00ebsht\u00eb e turbullt. I mjeruari mendon se po e prejn\u00eb n\u00eb copa, se trupi i \u00ebsht\u00eb mb\u00ebshtjell\u00eb nga gjarp\u00ebrinjt\u00eb, etj. Mund t\u00eb shfaqen kriza epileptike. N\u00eb kulmin e ngacmimit psikomotor rritet temperatura (deri n\u00eb 40 \u00b0C), rritet presioni dhe ritmi i zemr\u00ebs. Fundi \u00ebsht\u00eb i qart\u00eb: kolaps, vdekje.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse do t\u00eb kesh fat \u2014 parashikimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i favorsh\u00ebm: nga t\u00ebrheqja psikomotorike kalon n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje vegjetative-astenike. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, mbeten defekte t\u00eb mendjes, mpirje emocionale, ulje t\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs, humbje t\u00eb interesit p\u00ebr rrethin etj. \u2014 por do t\u00eb jetosh. Nuk jam i sigurt n\u00ebse do t\u00eb jesh i lumtur.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, e kujton tregimin e gjysheve p\u00ebr narkoman\u00ebt e friksh\u00ebm q\u00eb nuhasin benzin\u00eb? Po, pik\u00ebrisht! Sipas nj\u00eb hipoteze t\u00eb njohur, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb propozuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar fluktacionet n\u00eb nivelin e krimit n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XX dhe fillimin e shekullit XXI, helmi i tetraetilplumbit n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri ka sjell\u00eb d\u00ebmtim t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb sistemit nervor qendror, si pasoj\u00eb e s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur sjellja delinkuente n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e rritur, q\u00eb ka \u00e7uar n\u00eb rritjen e krimit nga vitet 1960 deri n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 1990. R\u00ebnia e nivelit t\u00eb krimit nga vitet 1990, sipas k\u00ebsaj hipoteze, shpjegohet me uljen e konsumit t\u00eb benzin\u00ebs, prodhuar me p\u00ebrdorimin e tetraetilplumbit, duke filluar nga vitet 1970.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse p\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq nuk ke pasur fat, dhe je helmuar me tetrahidrosivin, do t\u00eb trajtohesh si nj\u00eb \u00e7mendur i zakonsh\u00ebm: barbituratet, hexenal, aminazina, narkotik\u00eb (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 morfin\u00ebs, e cila jep nj\u00eb efekt paradoksal, duke e forcuar eksitimin). Po ashtu p\u00ebrshkruhen glukoza intravenoze me vitamina nga grupi B dhe acid askorbik, agjent\u00eb dehidratues (glukoza, sulfat magnezi), si dhe barna p\u00ebr zemr\u00ebn dhe en\u00ebt e gjakut (n\u00ebse ka kolaps). Shpresojm\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb njeri p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. N\u00ebse ke fat \u2014 ndoshta edhe t\u00eb arsyesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
\u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u theksuar se tetrahidrosivini \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndaluar kudo, po. N\u00eb Rusi \u2014 q\u00eb nga 15 n\u00ebntori 2002, por ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb, duke par\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, m\u00eb lindin dyshime\u2026<\/p>\n
Vendi i gjasht\u00eb.<\/h3>\n \nBotulotoksina<\/b>
Po ashtu, botulotoksina \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga proteinat m\u00eb komplekse t\u00eb sintetizuara n\u00eb natyr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndiesh kur kjo maj\u00eb e natyr\u00ebs t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb stomakun t\u00ebnd? Helmi shkakton probleme n\u00eb funksionimin e nervave t\u00eb kafk\u00ebs, muskulatur\u00ebs skeletore, dhe qendrave nervore t\u00eb zemr\u00ebs. Para syve do t\u00eb shfaqet mjegull, fluturat, e shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb do t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb shikim t\u00eb kryq\u00ebzuar (jo p\u00ebr shkak se ke pir\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb fest\u00eb). M\u00eb von\u00eb, do t\u00eb bashkohen gjithashtu shqet\u00ebsimet me t\u00eb folur\u00ebn dhe g\u00eblltitjen, fytyra do t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb dukje maske. Vdekja vjen nga hipoksi, e shkaktuar nga d\u00ebmtimi i proceseve t\u00eb metabolizmit t\u00eb oksigjenit, asfiksin\u00eb e rrug\u00ebve t\u00eb ajrit, paraliz\u00ebn e muskulatur\u00ebs s\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrjes dhe muskulit t\u00eb zemr\u00ebs. N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim \u2014 do t\u00eb vdes\u00ebsh, dhe mjaft e dhimbshme.<\/p>\n
Pse vet\u00ebm vendi i gjasht\u00eb? \u00c7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb se klostridiet botulinum \u2014 t\u00eb vetmit q\u00eb nuk zbulojn\u00eb sekretin e mjeshtrit t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij toksini \u2014 nuk e duan aspak pun\u00ebn n\u00eb aj\u00ebr, prandaj mund t'i gjesh kryesisht n\u00eb konserva dhe sallam \u2014 ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebrpudha t\u00eb skuqura t\u00eb konservuara dhe n\u00eb mish t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur n\u00eb cop\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe peshk me d\u00ebmtime n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe. Vendi i dyt\u00eb \u2014 mjek\u00ebsia: Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Pra, n\u00ebse t\u00eb injektojn\u00eb me di\u00e7ka t\u00eb till\u00eb \u2014 ke t\u00eb gjitha shanset t\u00eb ndiesh kompleksin e pap\u00ebrshkruesh\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb mirave, t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara m\u00eb lart. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhur keq, q\u00eb m\u00eb pas nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb askush p\u00ebr t'u treguar.<\/p>\n
Si t\u00eb shp\u00ebtosh? Mos ha \u00e7far\u00ebdo. Dhe n\u00ebse duhet t\u00eb hash \u2014 at\u00ebher\u00eb pas trajtimit termik: botulotoksina nuk e p\u00eblqen fare kur e skuqin ose e zbusin. P\u00ebrkundrazi, edhe pse kjo substanc\u00eb nuk friksohet nga l\u00ebngu i stomakut, ajo shkat\u00ebrrohet plot\u00ebsisht kur zier gjat\u00eb 25-30 minutave.<\/p>\n
Vendi i pest\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nAmatoksinat<\/b>
Amiotoksinat jan\u00eb disa nga hepatotoksinat m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Prandaj, sa her\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebshirosh t\u00eb pini, %username%, kjo nuk mund t\u00eb krahasohet me k\u00ebt\u00eb bukuri: amiotoksinat bllokojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt polimeraz\u00ebn RNA II, e cila bllokon sintez\u00ebn e RNA-s\u00eb matrice dhe shkakton nekroz\u00ebn e hepatociteve. Dhe pasi n\u00eb bot\u00ebn ton\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb mbijetosh pa m\u00ebl\u00e7i \u2014 n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, e kuptove.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb nga detajet ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht shqet\u00ebsuese t\u00eb k\u00ebtij helmimi \u00ebsht\u00eb periudha e gjat\u00eb latente: 6-30 or\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ti do t\u00eb jesh n\u00eb rrezik dhe nuk do t\u00eb kesh mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shp\u00ebtosh duke lar\u00eb stomakun. Simptomat shfaqen papritmas: vjellje t\u00eb fuqishme (k\u00ebshtu si t\u00eb perhershme), dhimbje n\u00eb bark, diarre. N\u00eb produktet e diarres\u00eb (kupto ti) v\u00ebrehet gjak, pasi ndodh d\u00ebmtimi i enterociteve t\u00eb zorr\u00ebs. \u00c7far\u00eb ndodh me m\u00ebl\u00e7in\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment\u2026 as nuk dua t\u00eb mendoj. Rritet dob\u00ebsia, ndodhin shkelje n\u00eb balanc\u00ebn e ujit dhe elektroliteve. N\u00eb dit\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb ose t\u00eb tret\u00eb shfaqen shenjat e hepatopatis\u00eb toksike: m\u00ebl\u00e7ia zmadhohet, ndjenja e humorit p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet, shfaqet ikter dhe dukurit\u00eb e diatez\u00ebs hemorragjike \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb kur t\u00eb mbulon nj\u00eb erupcion t\u00eb gjakut. Zhvillohet nefropatia, mosfunksionimi m\u00ebl\u00e7io-veshkave, hepatargji, anuria, koma. E gjith\u00eb situata \u00ebsht\u00eb e trisht\u00eb. Helmet e r\u00ebnda jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnda p\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, sidomos n\u00ebse n\u00eb trup ka hyr\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi e madhe toksinash (m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 200 mg): n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, zhvillimi i intoksikacionit ndodh menj\u00ebher\u00eb, me zhvillimin e atrofis\u00eb akute t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb outcome t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb vdekjeprur\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Shkaku kryesor i vdekjes \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshtimi akut i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb d\u00ebshtimi akut i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb dhe veshkave. Edhe n\u00ebse ke mbijetuar, shum\u00eb gjasa do t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetosh ndryshime t\u00eb pakthyeshme n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e indit t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb, t\u00eb shprehura me nekroz\u00eb totale.<\/p>\n
Si ta shp\u00ebtosh veten nga kjo? Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, amatoksinat jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme ndaj nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb sesa botulotoksina. N\u00eb \u00e7do rast, mos u b\u00eb si nj\u00eb gjuetar fungesh dhe n\u00ebse shkon n\u00eb pyll \u2014 gjej nj\u00eb angazhim m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb! Mos ble k\u00ebrpudha nga plakat, edhe n\u00ebse duken shum\u00eb simpatike! Kujto mbi Snjezhana \u2014 dhe ti nuk ke as xhuxh\u00eb as njohur princi!<\/p>\n
Si\u00e7 duket e \u00e7uditshme, n\u00eb rastin e helmimit ndihmojn\u00eb doza t\u00eb larta peniciline. Thuhet se silibinina (silibin) \u2014 n\u00eb esenc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb koncentrat i ekstraktit t\u00eb farave t\u00eb rrepk\u00ebs \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb antidoti ndaj amatoksinave, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. Shum\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb teste, por p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye askush nuk pranon.<\/p>\n
Vendi i kat\u00ebrt<\/h3>\n \nAflatoksinat<\/b>
Nga t\u00eb gjitha helmuesit biologjik\u00eb t\u00eb prodhuar, aflatoksinat jan\u00eb agjent\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm hepatokancerogjen\u00eb t\u00eb zbuluar deri m\u00eb sot. Kur nj\u00eb doz\u00eb e lart\u00eb helmi hyn n\u00eb trup, vdekja ndodh brenda disa dit\u00ebsh p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb d\u00ebmtimeve t\u00eb pakthyeshme t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb; kur hyn nj\u00eb doz\u00eb e ul\u00ebt, zhvillohet aflatoksikoza kronike, e cila shquhet p\u00ebr shtypjen e sistemit imunitar, d\u00ebmtimin e ADN-s\u00eb, aktivizimin e onkogeneve \u2014 duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb kancer t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb. Po, %username%, duke ngr\u00ebn\u00eb arra ose fara jo shum\u00eb t\u00eb mira \u2014 do t\u00eb vdes\u00ebsh. Ndoshta, jo menj\u00ebher\u00eb, por sigurt dhe me vuajtje.<\/p>\n
Aflatoksinat jan\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm ndaj p\u00ebrpunimit termik t\u00eb produktit \u2014 k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb edhe kikiriku i skuqur e p\u00ebrfshin k\u00ebt\u00eb. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb vendet e zhvilluara, monitorimi i produkteve ku shpesh hasen aflatoksinat (kikiriku, misri, fara e kungullit, etj.) kryhet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb strikte, dhe partit\u00eb e infektuara shkat\u00ebrrohen. P\u00ebr vendet n\u00eb zhvillim, ku ky kontroll nuk ekziston, infektimi i produkteve nga myku mbetet nj\u00eb faktor serioz vdekjesh. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb Mozambik, vdekshm\u00ebria nga kanceri i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 50 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se n\u00eb Franc\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb cilin vend e lidh ti tuaj\u00ebn, %username%?<\/p>\n
Rritim bastet! Vendi i tret\u00eb.<\/h3>\n \nMerkuuri<\/b>Metilmerkuuri<\/b>
Merkuzi dhe t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e saj jan\u00eb toksike. Ekspozita ndaj merkurit \u2014 edhe n\u00eb sasi t\u00eb vogla \u2014 mund t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb probleme serioze sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb rrezik p\u00ebr zhvillimin e fetusit dhe zhvillimin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs n\u00eb fazat e hershme t\u00eb jet\u00ebs. Mercuri mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb ndikim toksik n\u00eb sistemet nervore, t\u00eb tretjes dhe imunitetit, si dhe n\u00eb mushk\u00ebrit\u00eb, veshkat, l\u00ebkur\u00ebn dhe syt\u00eb. OBSH e konsideron merkurin si nj\u00eb nga dhjet\u00eb substancat kimike kryesore ose grupe substancash kimike q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb problem t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin publik.<\/p>\n
Por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb tani. T\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebt mjek\u00eb, deri n\u00eb vitet 1970, e p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn shum\u00eb aktivisht p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e merkurit:<\/p>\n
\nkloridi i mercurit (I) (kalomel) \u2014 laxativ;<\/li>\n merkuzal dhe prom\u00ebran \u2014 diuretike t\u00eb forta;<\/li>\n kloridi i mercurit (II), cianidi i mercurit (II), amidochloridi i mercurit dhe oksidi i verdh\u00eb i mercurit (II) \u2014 antiseptik\u00eb (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrje t\u00eb pomadave).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nJan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura raste kur, gjat\u00eb kthes\u00ebs s\u00eb zorr\u00ebve, pacient\u00ebve u jepnin nj\u00eb got\u00eb mercury n\u00eb stomak. Sipas ekspert\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb mjek\u00ebsor\u00eb, q\u00eb propozonin k\u00ebt\u00eb metod\u00eb trajtimi, merkurit, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs dhe l\u00ebvizshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tij, duhej t\u00eb kalonte n\u00ebp\u00ebr zorr\u00eb dhe n\u00ebn pesh\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb zgjidhte pjes\u00ebt e veta t\u00eb kthyer.<\/p>\n
Preparatet q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb merkur jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur q\u00eb nga shekulli XVI (n\u00eb BRSS deri n\u00eb vitin 1963) p\u00ebr trajtimin e sifilisit. Kjo ishte e bazuar n\u00eb faktin q\u00eb treponema e zbeht\u00eb, q\u00eb shkakton sifilis, ka nj\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebri t\u00eb lart\u00eb ndaj p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjeve organike dhejoorganike q\u00eb bllokojn\u00eb grupet tiol t\u00eb enzimave tiolike t\u00eb mikrobit \u2014 p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjeve t\u00eb merkurit, arsenikut, bizmutit dhe jodit. Megjithat\u00eb, ky trajtim ishte i pamjaftuesh\u00ebm dhe mjaft toksik p\u00ebr organizmin e pacientit, i cili gjithashtu ka grupe tiol, pavar\u00ebsisht se m\u00eb shum\u00eb se treponema e fatkeqshme. Ky trajtim \u00e7onte n\u00eb r\u00ebnien e plot\u00eb t\u00eb flok\u00ebve dhe nj\u00eb rrezik t\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr zhvillimin e komplikimeve serioze. Megjithat\u00eb, mjek\u00ebt e mir\u00eb dhe human\u00eb shkuan edhe m\u00eb tej: metoda t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb merkurizimit t\u00eb trupit u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn, ku pacienti vendosej n\u00eb nj\u00eb en\u00eb q\u00eb ngrohej, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn l\u00ebshoheshin avuj merkur. Kjo metod\u00eb, edhe pse ishte relativisht efektive, kishte efekte an\u00ebsore dhe rrezikun e helmimit fatal nga merkur, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb nj\u00eb gradual t\u00ebrheqje t\u00eb saj nga praktika klinike.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00ebher\u00eb, amalgami i argjendit u p\u00ebrdor n\u00eb stomatologji si material p\u00ebr plombat e dh\u00ebmb\u00ebve para se t\u00eb shfaqeshin materialet q\u00eb shkrihen me drit\u00eb. Mbaji mend k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7do her\u00eb kur nj\u00eb dentiste simpatike me syze shqipton p\u00ebrmbi ty!<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrthithjet dhe lidhjet e zgjidhshme t\u00eb merkurit jan\u00eb m\u00eb toksike. Merkuri metalik vet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak i rreziksh\u00ebm, megjithat\u00eb ai gradualisht avullon edhe n\u00eb temperatura dhome, dhe avujt mund t\u00eb shkaktojn\u00eb helmim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb \u2014 dhe, si\u00e7 p\u00ebrmend\u00ebm, avujt nuk kan\u00eb arom\u00eb. Merkurit dhe lidhjet e tij (sul\u00ebma, kalomele, kinosh, cianid i merkurit) i prekin sistemin nervor, m\u00ebl\u00e7in\u00eb, veshkat dhe traktin gastrik, duke shkaktuar probleme me frym\u00ebmarrjen kur \u00ebsht\u00eb e frym\u00ebzuar. Merkuri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues tipik i helmuesve akumulator\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, p\u00ebrjashtohen lidhjet organike t\u00eb merkurit, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti metilmerkur. Ai zakonisht formohet si rezultat i metabolizmit t\u00eb mikroorganizmave n\u00eb fund t\u00eb uj\u00ebrave n\u00eb rastin e lirimit t\u00eb merkuri n\u00eb rezerva ujore. Kjo substanc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb toksike. Toksiciteti \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se ai i merkuri, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimit m\u00eb aktiv me grupet sulfhidril t\u00eb enzimave dhe, si rrjedhoj\u00eb, inaktivizimin e k\u00ebtyre enzimave. Duke qen\u00eb se substanca paraqet nj\u00eb lidhje kovalente dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak polar se kationi i merkurit vet\u00eb, ndikimi n\u00eb organiz\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me helmin nga metalet e r\u00ebnda (n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti merkur), por ka nj\u00eb ve\u00e7anti: d\u00ebmtimi i sistemit nervor \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i shprehur. Ky d\u00ebmtim njihet si s\u00ebmundja Minamata. <\/p>\n
Syndromi u regjistrua dhe studiohet p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Japoni, n\u00eb prefektur\u00ebn Kumamoto, n\u00eb qytetin Minamata, n\u00eb vitin 1956. Shkaku i shfaqjes s\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes ishte shkarkimi i zgjatur nga kompania \"Chisso\" i mercurit jo-organik n\u00eb uj\u00ebrat e gjirit t\u00eb Minamata, i cili u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb metilmerkur nga mikroorganizmat n\u00eb sedimentet e tij, dhe pasi ky lidhje ka tendenc\u00ebn t\u00eb akumulohet n\u00eb organizma, rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrimi n\u00eb indet e organizmave rritet me rritjen e pozicionit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb zinxhirin e ushqimit. K\u00ebshtu, te peshqit n\u00eb gjirin e Minamata, p\u00ebrqendrimi i metilmerkurit varionte nga 8 n\u00eb 36 mg\/kg, te midhjet \u2014 deri n\u00eb 85 mg\/kg, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb uj\u00eb sasia e tij nuk kalonte 0,68 mg\/l.<\/p>\n
Simptomat p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb shqet\u00ebsime n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje, djegie, mpirje dhe ng\u00ebr\u00e7e n\u00eb ekstremitete, dob\u00ebsim t\u00eb qart\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb fjal\u00ebs, lodhje, zhurm\u00eb n\u00eb vesh\u00eb, ngushtim t\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb shikimit, humbje d\u00ebgjimi dhe l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb mpira. Disa nga viktimat e r\u00ebnda t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes s\u00eb Minamata-s p\u00ebrfunduan duke u \u00e7mendur, humb\u00ebn vet\u00ebdijen dhe nd\u00ebrruan jet\u00eb brenda nj\u00eb muaji pas fillimit t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes.<\/p>\n
Ka there jan\u00eb gjithashtu viktima me simptoma kronike t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes Minamata, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb dhimbjet e kok\u00ebs, lodhja e shpesht\u00eb, humbja e nuhatjes dhe shijes, si dhe harresa, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakapshme, por jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e p\u00ebrditshme. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ka pacient\u00eb me s\u00ebmundjen Minamata t\u00eb lindur me patologji si rezultat i ekspozimit ndaj metilmerkurit, kur ata ishin ende n\u00eb barkun e n\u00ebnave t\u00eb tyre, q\u00eb konsumonin peshk t\u00eb infektuar. <\/p>\n
Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb akoma gjetur nj\u00eb kur\u00eb p\u00ebr s\u00ebmundjen Minamata, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb trajtimi p\u00ebrfshin p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar simptomat dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e terapive fizike rehabilituese. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 d\u00ebmtojmve fizik q\u00eb ai shkakton sh\u00ebndetit, ka gjithashtu nj\u00eb d\u00ebm social q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin diskriminimin e viktimave t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes Minamata. Pra, %username%, a d\u00ebshiron akoma t\u00eb transferohesh n\u00eb Vendin e Fukushim\u00ebs, Minamata dhe Diellin e Lindjes?<\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb vitin 1996, n\u00eb qytetin Meisei, i vendosur pran\u00eb gjirit, u nd\u00ebrtua nj\u00eb muze i s\u00ebmundjes Minamata. N\u00eb vitin 2006, n\u00eb territorin e muzeut u nd\u00ebrtua nj\u00eb Memorial n\u00eb kujtim t\u00eb viktimave t\u00eb helmimit me merkur si rezultat i ndotjes s\u00eb gjirit Minamata. T\u00eb thuash q\u00eb viktimat nuk u ndihmuan nga kjo, \u00ebsht\u00eb e th\u00ebn\u00eb e tyre.<\/p>\n
Vendi i dyt\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nMetanoli<\/b>
Problemi me metanol nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet problemi i tij, por problemi yn\u00eb si organiz\u00ebm. Sepse n\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmban enzim\u00ebn alkoholdehidrogjenaz\u00eb (ose ADH I), me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn na ka bekuar n\u00ebna natyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7montuar alkoolin. Dhe n\u00eb rastin e etanolit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, ajo e \u00e7monton at\u00eb n\u00eb acetaldehid (p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, hangover!), dhe n\u00ebse kemi fat - deri n\u00eb acidin acetik, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb fakt i pad\u00ebmsh\u00ebm dhe ushqyes n\u00eb form\u00ebn e acetil-koenzim\u00ebs A, por me metanolin ka ndodhur nj\u00eb gaf\u00eb: prodhohet formaldehid toksik dhe formiat. Duket se n\u00ebna natyr\u00eb ka nj\u00eb sens shum\u00eb specifik t\u00eb humorit.<\/p>\n
Problemi p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet nga fakti se, si\u00e7 pretendojn\u00eb guximtar\u00ebt (t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb pak), metanoli nuk ka asnj\u00eb ndryshim n\u00eb shije dhe arom\u00eb nga alkooli i zakonsh\u00ebm, dhe p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr n\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje me t\u00eb. Nd\u00ebr t\u00eb tjera, reagimi me jodform, kur jodformi i verdh\u00eb bie me alkool etilik, nd\u00ebrsa me metanol nuk ndodh asgj\u00eb, nuk funksionon p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebrmbajtjen e metanol n\u00eb zgjidhjen e etanolit. <\/p>\n
1-2 mililitra metanoli p\u00ebr kilogram t\u00eb mishit zakonisht garanton d\u00ebrgimin e guximtar\u00ebve tek t\u00eb tjer\u00eb individ\u00eb interesant\u00eb me krah\u00eb mbrapa, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb predispozit\u00ebs s\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij materiali n\u00eb nervin e syrit \u2014 10-20 ml e b\u00ebn njeriun t\u00eb verb\u00ebr. P\u00ebr gjithnj\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, efekti toksik i metanol\u00ebs zhvillohet gjat\u00eb disa or\u00ebve, dhe antidotet efektive mund t\u00eb zvog\u00eblojn\u00eb d\u00ebmin. Pra, n\u00ebse ti, %username%, pas nj\u00eb abuzimi ndihesh p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye me dhimbje koke, dob\u00ebsi t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, ndjenj\u00eb s\u00ebmundjeje, t\u00eb dridhura, t\u00eb vjella \u2014 pini edhe nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Nuk po shaka: si\u00e7 tregohet n\u00eb udh\u00ebzimin p\u00ebr mjek\u00ebt e emergjenc\u00ebs, antidoti n\u00eb rast helmimi nga metanoli \u00ebsht\u00eb etanoli, i cili jepet intravenoz n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb solucion 10% ose 30-40% oral, n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn prej 1-2 gram\u00eb solucion p\u00ebr 1 kg pesh\u00eb n\u00eb dit\u00eb. Efekti i dobish\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast arrihet p\u00ebrmes t\u00ebrheqjes s\u00eb enzim\u00ebs ADH I p\u00ebr oksidimin e etanolit eksogjen. Duhet t\u00eb merret parasysh se n\u00ebse diagnoza nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb, helmimi nga metanoli mund t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohet me intoksikimin e zakonsh\u00ebm nga alkooli (si\u00e7 e ke v\u00ebn\u00eb re m\u00eb sip\u00ebr) ose me helmimin nga 1,2-diklor-etani ose karboni kat\u00ebrklorid (solvent\u00eb organik\u00eb, q\u00eb jan\u00eb nj\u00eb dhurat\u00eb e madhe, por jo aq t\u00eb njohur) \u2014 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, administrimi i sasis\u00eb s\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme t\u00eb alkoolit etilik \u00ebsht\u00eb i rreziksh\u00ebm. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nuk je me fat, %username%. Q\u00ebndro i fort\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Helmimi i metanolit \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i zakonsh\u00ebm. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb SHBA, gjat\u00eb vitit 2013 jan\u00eb regjistruar 1747 raste (po, n\u00eb SHBA). Jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura shum\u00eb helmime masive me metanol:<\/p>\n
\nHelmimi masiv me metanol n\u00eb Spanj\u00eb, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1963; numri zyrtar i t\u00eb vdekurve ishte 51 persona, megjithat\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb vler\u00ebsime q\u00eb variojn\u00eb nga 1000 deri n\u00eb 5000 persona.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv me metanol n\u00eb Bangalore (Indi) n\u00eb korrik 1981. Numri i t\u00eb vdekurve \u2014 308 persona.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv me ver\u00eb duke shtuar metanol n\u00eb Itali n\u00eb pranver\u00ebn e vitit 1986; humb\u00ebn jet\u00ebn 23 persona.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv me metanol n\u00eb El Salvador n\u00eb tetor 2000 shkaktoi vdekjen e 122 personave. Autoritetet dyshuan p\u00ebr nj\u00eb akt terrorist, pasi metanoli nuk u identifikua n\u00eb pije alkoolike n\u00eb fabrikat prodhuese gjat\u00eb hetimit t\u00eb incidentit.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv me metanol m\u00eb 9-10 shtator 2001 n\u00eb qytetin P\u00e4rnu (Estoni); 68 persona vdiq\u00ebn.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv me metanol n\u00eb \u00c7eki, Poloni dhe Sllovaki n\u00eb shtator 2012; 51 person vdiq.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv me metanol m\u00eb 17-20 dhjetor 2016 n\u00eb Irkutsk (Rusi). Numri i t\u00eb vdekurve \u2014 78 persona.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nPrandaj metanoli zuri vendin e dyt\u00eb n\u00eb renditjen ton\u00eb. Dhe kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak qesharake.<\/p>\n
Ta-da! Fanfare! Ne z\u00ebm\u00eb vendin e par\u00eb!<\/h3>\n \nN\u00eb vendin e par\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndonj\u00eb substanc\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse toksike q\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjendet diku n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb krijes\u00eb tropikale ose n\u00eb peshk. Pra, le t\u00eb harrojm\u00eb p\u00ebr tetrodotoksin dhe batrachotoksin.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndonj\u00eb substanc\u00eb joorganike q\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjendet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb prodhime speciale - si nitrat beriliumi, i cili, p\u00ebr rastin, ka edhe shije t\u00eb \u00ebmb\u00ebl, ose klorid arseniku, q\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb i njohur n\u00eb mesjet\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndonj\u00eb organik\u00eb q\u00eb as nuk mund ta gjejm\u00eb gjat\u00eb dit\u00ebs - si ricini, ose q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb studiuar shum\u00eb koh\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe ndodhet n\u00eb kuti medicinale - si strihnina ose digitoksina.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb cianidi i zakonsh\u00ebm dhe acidi cianhidrik, ku ndodhi d\u00ebshtimiepik n\u00eb rastin e Rasputinit.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb poloni-210 ose VX, i cili garanton d\u00ebrgimin n\u00eb bot\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr edhe n\u00eb doza miniaturale - por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak i aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr publikun e gjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Jo, lideri yn\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb vras\u00ebs i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, me milion\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb marra.<\/p>\n
Gaz karbonik<\/b>
Helmimi \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur:<\/p>\n
\nn\u00eb raste zjarresh;<\/li>\n n\u00eb industri ku monoksidi i karbonit p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr sintez\u00ebn e nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb substancash organike (aceton, alkooli metilik, fenol etj.);<\/li>\n n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb gazifikuara, ku p\u00ebrdoren pajisje q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin gaz (sobat, ngroh\u00ebsit e ujit t\u00eb kaluesh\u00ebm, gjenerator\u00ebt e energjis\u00eb me dhom\u00eb djegie t\u00eb hapur) n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb ajrosjes s\u00eb pamjaftueshme, p\u00ebr shembull, kur ndodhin probleme me t\u00ebrheqjen n\u00eb kanalet e tymit dhe\/ose ajrosjes, ose p\u00ebr munges\u00eb ajri t\u00eb fresk\u00ebt p\u00ebr djegien e gazit;<\/li>\n n\u00eb garazhet me ventilim t\u00eb dob\u00ebt, n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb papastra ose me ventilim t\u00eb mang\u00ebt, n\u00eb tunele, sepse n\u00eb tymin e makin\u00ebs p\u00ebrmban deri n\u00eb 1-3% CO sipas standardeve;<\/li>\n n\u00eb q\u00ebndrim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb ose pran\u00eb saj - n\u00eb autostrada t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, p\u00ebrqendrimi mesatar i CO e kalon pragun e helmimit;<\/li>\n n\u00eb kushte sht\u00ebpie kur ka rrjedhje t\u00eb gazit ndri\u00e7ues dhe kur grilat e sobave nuk mbyllen n\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb ambiente me ngrohje nga soba (sht\u00ebpi, banja);<\/li>\n kur p\u00ebrdoret ajr i dob\u00ebt n\u00eb aparatet e frym\u00ebmarrjes;<\/li>\n kur piqet shisha (po, plot t\u00eb rinj p\u00ebrjetojn\u00eb dhimbje koke, marramendje, nauze, gjum\u00eb pas pirjes s\u00eb shish\u00ebs, gj\u00eb q\u00eb shkaktohet nga helmimi me monoksid karboni, i formuar kur ka munges\u00eb oksigjeni n\u00eb aparatin e shish\u00ebs).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nPra, ka mjaft shanse p\u00ebr t'u njohur me helmimin, %username%. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e 0,08 % CO n\u00eb ajrin e frym\u00ebmarrjes, njeriu ndjen dhimbje koke dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje. Me rritjen e p\u00ebrqendrimit t\u00eb CO deri n\u00eb 0,32 %, ndodhin paraliza dhe humbje e vet\u00ebdijes (vdekja ndodh brenda 30 minutash). N\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrime mbi 1,2 %, vet\u00ebdija humbet pas dy-tre frym\u00ebmarrjeve, personi vdes p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak se 3 minuta duke pasur kriza.) N\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrime m\u00eb t\u00eb ulta (m\u00eb pak se 0,08 %) ndodhin ndjenjat e m\u00ebposhtme (me rritjen e p\u00ebrqendrimit):<\/p>\n
\nD\u00ebshtim t\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjeve psikomotorike, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb rritje kompensuese e qarkullimit t\u00eb gjakut n\u00eb organet jetike. Tek individ\u00ebt me insuficenc\u00eb t\u00eb theksuar kardiovaskulare \u2014 dhimbje gjoksi gjat\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs fizike, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje.<\/li>\n Dhimbje koke t\u00eb lehta, r\u00ebnie e aft\u00ebsis\u00eb mendore dhe fizike, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje gjat\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs fizike t\u00eb mesme. \u00c7rregullime n\u00eb perceptimin vizual. Mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb fatal p\u00ebr fetus\u00ebt, individ\u00ebt me insuficenc\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb t\u00eb zemr\u00ebs.<\/li>\n Dhimbje koke pulsuese, marramendje, irritueshm\u00ebri, paq\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebri emocionale, \u00e7rregullime t\u00eb memories, nauze, \u00e7rregullim t\u00eb koordinimit t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve t\u00eb imta t\u00eb duarve.<\/li>\n Dhimbje t\u00eb forta koke, dobeti, hund\u00eb e bllokuar, nauze, t\u00eb vjella, \u00e7rregullim i shikimit, dhe konfuzion.<\/li>\n Hallucinations, \u00e7rregullim i r\u00ebnd\u00eb i koordinat\u00ebs s\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb muskujve \u2014 pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye n\u00eb rast zjarri njer\u00ebzit shpesh vdesin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nSi t\u00eb ndihmojm\u00eb n\u00eb rast t\u00eb helmit me gaz karbonik? S\u00eb pari, largohet nga zona e infektuar. Mund t\u00eb themi, respirator\u00ebt e zakonsh\u00ebm, copat e lagura p\u00ebr fytyr\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrkthyesit e pambukut nuk ndihmojn\u00eb, sepse gaz karbonik i sheh t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebto n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend interesant dhe kalon leht\u00eb \u2014 ju nevojitet nj\u00eb respirator me filtrin 'gopkalit' \u2014 ai q\u00eb ka oksidin e bakrit, i cili oksidon gazin karbonik n\u00eb dioksid carbono. Pas k\u00ebsaj, merrni frym\u00eb, merrni frym\u00eb! Merrni frym\u00eb me aj\u00ebr t\u00eb past\u00ebr, dhe m\u00eb mir\u00eb \u2014 me oksigjen, p\u00ebr t'u dh\u00ebn\u00eb indet dhe organet tuaj t\u00eb mjerueshme aq shum\u00eb nevoj\u00eb!<\/p>\n
Mjek\u00ebsia bot\u00ebrore nuk njeh antidota t\u00eb besueshme p\u00ebr trajtimin e helmit nga gazrat e karbonit. Por! - jepni krenari: shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb kan\u00eb zhvilluar nj\u00eb preparat inovativ \"Acizol\", i pozicionuar si antidot (ndon\u00ebse shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb nuk e besojn\u00eb shum\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb). Administrimi b\u00ebhet me injeksion intramuskular, n\u00eb form\u00eb zgjidhjeje. Po ashtu ofrohet si mas\u00eb parandaluese. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb ftojn\u00eb t\u00eb testojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb preparat, por numri i d\u00ebshirah\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb ndoshta m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl se ai p\u00ebr antidotin ndaj amatoksinave.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebtu mbaron, %username%!<\/h3>\n Shpresoj t\u00eb mos t\u00eb kem prishur apetitin, ishte interesante, dhe m\u00ebsove di\u00e7ka t\u00eb re, e jo thjesht t\u00eb kufizosh diet\u00ebn dhe vendet vizitimi.<\/p>\n
Sh\u00ebndet dhe fat!<\/b>habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username% \u0414\u0430, \u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440 9000 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435. \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 LD50 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u044b, %username%, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
![\"Helmet](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c29155d157771099bb00b13801adf86e.png\")