<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\nVendi i n\u00ebnt\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nTalliumi<\/b>
Ndryshe nga metalet e r\u00ebnda klasike, t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb thelb lidhin grupin tiol t\u00eb cistein\u00ebs n\u00eb proteina dhe pengojn\u00eb jetes\u00ebn, talliumi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i sofistikuar: jonet e nj\u00ebvalentit t\u00eb talliumit jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrmasa dhe karakteristika kimike me kaliumin, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb jonet e kaliumit n\u00eb proceset biokimike. Talliumi akumulohet n\u00eb flok\u00eb, kocka, veshka dhe muskuj, d\u00ebmton sistemin nervor periferik, traktin gastrointestinal dhe veshkat.<\/p>\n
Simptoma karakteristike e helmimit me p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e talliumit \u00ebsht\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht humbja e flok\u00ebve, n\u00eb nj\u00eb doz\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme \u2014 alopecia totale. N\u00eb nj\u00eb doz\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb \u2014 alopecia nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb karakteristike, pasi njeriu vdes nga helmimi para se t\u00eb humbas\u00eb flok\u00ebt. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00eb parim, n\u00ebse t\u00eb p\u00eblqen t\u00eb rruash kok\u00ebn \u2014 mund t\u00eb provosh t\u00eb luash me doz\u00ebn, por ka rrezik t\u00eb mos e gjesh.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb rast helmimi me tallium ose p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e tij, antidoti \u00ebsht\u00eb azuri berlinez. Ndihma e par\u00eb p\u00ebr helmimin me tallium \u2014 pastrimi i stomakut me nj\u00eb zgjidhje 0,3% tiosulfati t\u00eb natriumit me pluhurin e karbonit aktiv t\u00eb cilin e ke p\u00ebrzier. Thon\u00eb se ndihmon, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, talliumi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb list\u00ebn e helmeve strategjike, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pse \u00ebsht\u00eb ai n\u00eb list\u00ebn time? Arsyeja \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e laborator\u00ebve q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e ujit dhe produkteve ushqimore p\u00ebrdorin zgjidhje e mrekullueshme p\u00ebr kalibrim IV<\/noindex>. Kam qen\u00eb d\u00ebshmitar si u mor ky solucion me pipet\u00eb, dhe pasi nuk kishte shiring\u00eb - e thithnin me goj\u00eb<\/i>. \u00c7far\u00eb t\u00eb them\u2026 Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar \u00e7mimin Darwin.<\/p>\nVendi i tet\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nFosgjen<\/b>edhe sot nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar ndonj\u00eb kund\u00ebrhelm\u00eb p\u00ebr fosgjenin<\/i>.<\/p>\n
Bukuria dhe thjesht\u00ebsia q\u00ebndron n\u00eb faktin se shenjat e para t\u00eb dukshme t\u00eb helmimit shfaqen pas nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb prej 4 deri n\u00eb 8 or\u00eb, madje jan\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur periudha deri n\u00eb 15 or\u00eb. Pas k\u00ebsaj ndodhin kollitje e fort\u00eb, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje, ngjyr\u00eb blu t\u00eb fytyr\u00ebs dhe buz\u00ebve. Edema progresive e mushk\u00ebrive \u00e7on n\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje, nj\u00eb ndjesi t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb n\u00eb kafaz, shkalla e frym\u00ebmarrjes rritet, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb deri n\u00eb 60-70 n\u00eb minut\u00eb. Frym\u00ebmarrja b\u00ebhet e ngurt\u00eb. Disa detaje: nj\u00eb l\u00ebng i pasur me proteina i sikletsh\u00ebm dhe i ngjitsh\u00ebm sp\u00ebrkatet nga alveolat dhe bronkeol\u00ebt e mushk\u00ebrive n\u00eb rrug\u00ebt e frym\u00ebmarrjes m\u00eb t\u00eb gjera, duke shkaktuar v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi dhe pamund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb frym\u00eb. \u00c7far\u00eb b\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb moment ata q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pafat dhe si duken - a e mban mend imazhet e filmit horror? Po, ashtu. N\u00eb edem\u00ebn toksike t\u00eb mushk\u00ebrive, deri n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e sasis\u00eb totale t\u00eb gjakut n\u00eb trup kalon n\u00eb mushk\u00ebri, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb fryhen dhe rriten n\u00eb mas\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb mushk\u00ebri normale ka nj\u00eb pesh\u00eb prej rreth 500-600 gram\u00ebsh, \"mushk\u00ebria nga fosgjeni\" mund t\u00eb peshoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 2.5 kilogram.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb fund, presioni i gjakut bie menj\u00ebher\u00eb, i helmuari \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb fort\u00eb eksitimi, frymon me zhurm\u00eb, merr frym\u00eb me goj\u00eb, pastaj ndodh vdekja.<\/p>\n
Ka ndodhin gjithashtu raste kur personi i helmuar shmang \u00e7do l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt dhe p\u00ebr leht\u00ebsi n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje zgjedh nj\u00eb pozicion m\u00eb t\u00eb rehatsh\u00ebm. Lips e atyre q\u00eb jan\u00eb helmuar jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira, djersa \u00ebsht\u00eb e ftoht\u00eb dhe e ngjitur. Pavar\u00ebsisht nga ndjenja e mbytjes, sekrecionet nuk shk\u00ebputen. Pas disa dit\u00ebsh, personi i helmuar vdes. Rralle, pas 2-3 dit\u00ebsh, mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim t\u00eb gjendjes, q\u00eb brenda 2-3 jav\u00ebve mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb me sh\u00ebrim, por shpesh ndodhin komplikacione si rezultat i s\u00ebmundjeve infektive sekondare, q\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb rezultatin fatal.<\/p>\n
Pra, si mund ta ndjeni fosgjen dhe t\u00eb largoheni pa u helmuar, duke marr\u00eb parasysh periudh\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb latent dhe at\u00eb q\u00eb ky gaz nuk ka shije dhe me er\u00ebn e tij i ngjan fruta t\u00eb kalbura ose fushave - jo aq e ashp\u00ebr, ndryshe nga ajo q\u00eb ndjen n\u00eb autobus, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin po udh\u00ebton? Si\u00e7 duket \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm - duke pir\u00eb: pirja n\u00eb ajrin q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban fosgjen \u00ebsht\u00eb e pak\u00ebndshme ose e pamundur plot\u00ebsisht.<\/p>\n
Fosgjen p\u00ebrdoret aktivisht n\u00eb sintez\u00ebn organike: n\u00eb prodhimin e ngjyrave, si dhe n\u00eb prodhimin e termoplastik\u00ebve polikarbona. Por ti, %username%, mbaje mend: fosgjen formohet gjat\u00eb djegies s\u00eb freon\u00ebve q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb klorin. \u00cbsht\u00eb interesante q\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj ndalohet pirja gjat\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb makinave frigoriferike dhe pajisjeve. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh se duhanpir\u00ebsit kan\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb shanse t\u00eb ndiejn\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb keqe - \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb thuash se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n
Vendi i shtat\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nPlumbi<\/b>Tetraetilplumbi<\/b>
Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e rrezikshme \u00ebsht\u00eb ndikimi i plumbit tek f\u00ebmij\u00ebt: ekspozimi i gjat\u00eb shkakton prapambetje mendore dhe s\u00ebmundje kronike t\u00eb trurit.<\/p>\n
Ajo, aceti i plumbit ka nj\u00eb shije t\u00eb \u00ebmb\u00ebl! A nuk e dinit, %username%? Po, pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb e quajn\u00eb sheqerin e plumbit. Saltykov-Shchedrin madje e p\u00ebrmendi at\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjes s\u00eb ver\u00ebrave false:<\/p>\n
N\u00eb nj\u00eb barrel derdhet nj\u00eb kov\u00eb alkooli, dhe pastaj, sipas pron\u00ebs s\u00eb ver\u00ebs q\u00eb prodhohet: p\u00ebr maderr\u00ebn \u2014 kaq e kaq melase, p\u00ebr malag\u00ebn \u2014 katran, p\u00ebr rejnejn\u00eb \u2014 sheqer plumbi etj. Kjo p\u00ebrzierje p\u00ebrzihet deri sa t\u00eb b\u00ebhet homogjene, dhe pastaj mbyllet...<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
\nAjo, ka nj\u00eb mendim se fjala ruse \"plumb\" lidhet me fjal\u00ebn \"wein\", pasi romak\u00ebt antik\u00eb (dhe n\u00eb Kaukaz) ruanin ver\u00ebn n\u00eb en\u00eb plumbi, q\u00eb i jepte asaj nj\u00eb shije t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Kjo shije u vler\u00ebsua kaq shum\u00eb sa q\u00eb nuk iu kushtua r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi mund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb helmimit me substanca toksike. Epo, jetoni shpejt \u2014 vdisni rinor...<\/p>\n
Por vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet plumbi tetraetil \u2014 nj\u00eb l\u00ebng i pa ngjyr\u00eb dhe i yndyrsh\u00ebm, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb si nj\u00eb aditiv anti-ndez\u00ebs p\u00ebr benzin\u00ebn (ajo vet\u00eb Benzina me Plumb). N\u00eb BRSS, p\u00ebr t\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar benzin\u00ebn q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante plumb tetraetil, iu shtua nj\u00eb ngjyrues: deri n\u00eb vitin 1979, benzinat A\u013093, A-76 dhe A-66 q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbanin plumb tetraetil u ngjyros\u00ebn n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb blu, jeshile dhe portokalli p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht, nga viti 1979 benzinat e etilizuara filluan t\u00eb ngjyrosen n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb portokalli-t\u00eb kuqe (A\u0130-93), t\u00eb verdh\u00eb (A-76), t\u00eb blert\u00eb (A\u0130-98), t\u00eb jeshile (A-66) ose t\u00eb roz\u00eb (A-72).<\/p>\n
Kjo nuk u b\u00eb p\u00ebr bukuri dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequr bler\u00ebsit \u2014 p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se gazrat e shp\u00ebrthimit ndotin gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebrreth me plumb, plumbi tetraetil vet\u00eb ka nj\u00eb seri pronash t\u00eb k\u00ebndshme, duke filluar nga kancerogjeniciteti dhe duke p\u00ebrfunduar me toksicitet t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtohet si me avujt (kjo gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e flakshme, mos harroni), ashtu edhe p\u00ebrmes l\u00ebkur\u00ebs. Kjo substanc\u00eb godet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb selektive sistemin nervor, duke shkaktuar helmime akute, subakute dhe kronike (po, po, ashtu si plumbi, kjo gj\u00eb p\u00eblqen t\u00eb akumulohet). <\/p>\n
P\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsisht, helmimet jan\u00eb t\u00eb mprehta dhe subakute. Goditet kryesisht korteksi i trurit t\u00eb madh. N\u00eb zon\u00ebn e qendrave vegetative t\u00eb trurit nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsor, lind nj\u00eb fokus i eksitimit t\u00eb bllokuar, q\u00eb \u00e7on n\u00eb shkelje t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb lidhjeve kortiko-n\u00ebnkortikale.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb faz\u00ebn fillestare t\u00eb helmimit akute, v\u00ebrehen \u00e7rregullime t\u00eb theksuara vegetative: temperatura e trupit dhe presioni arterial bien, gjumi ndikohet, shfaqet frika e q\u00ebndrueshme nga vdekja gjat\u00eb nat\u00ebs, disponimi b\u00ebhet i shqet\u00ebsuar e i deprimuar. \u00cbsht\u00eb karakteristike ndjenja e nj\u00eb rrufe q\u00eb zvarritet n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb faz\u00ebn prekulminante, shfaqen \u00e7rregullime psikike t\u00eb theksuara: frika nga vdekja fillon t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsoj\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm nat\u00ebn, por edhe gjat\u00eb dit\u00ebs, shfaqen halucinacione t\u00eb frikshme auditive, vizuale dhe tactile, mendime p\u00ebr ndjekje dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie. N\u00ebn ndikimin e mendimeve t\u00eb \u00e7rregullta, zhvillohet nj\u00eb acarim psikomotor, pacienti b\u00ebhet agresiv, e ndodhin shpesh raste kur, duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb shp\u00ebtojn\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tyre nga persona q\u00eb dyshojn\u00eb se po i ndjekin, njer\u00ebzit hidhen nga dritaret. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb faz\u00ebn kulminante, acarimi psikomotor arrin tensionin maksimal. Nd\u00ebrgjegjja \u00ebsht\u00eb e turbullt. I mjeruari i duket se po e presin n\u00eb copa, se trupi i \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrthyer nga gjarp\u00ebrinjt\u00eb, etj. Mund t\u00eb zhvillohen kriza epileptike. N\u00eb pik\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb acarimit psikomotor, temperatura rritet (deri n\u00eb 40 \u00b0C), rritet presioni dhe ritmi i zemr\u00ebs. Finale \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb: kolaps, vdekja.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse ndodhi t\u00eb kesh fat \u2013 parashikimi \u00ebsht\u00eb pozitiv: n\u00eb vend t\u00eb acarimit psikomotor shfaqet nj\u00eb gjendje vegetativ-astenike. Megjithat\u00eb, mbeten defekte n\u00eb psikik\u00eb, mpirje emocionale, ulje t\u00eb inteligjenc\u00ebs, humbje interesi p\u00ebr mjedisin etj. \u2013 por do t\u00eb jetosh. Nuk jam i sigurt se do t\u00eb jesh i lumtur.<\/p>\n
Me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, t\u00eb kujtohet tregimi i gjysheve p\u00ebr toksikoman\u00ebt e friksh\u00ebm q\u00eb nuhasin benzin\u00eb? Po, k\u00ebshtu! Sipas nj\u00eb hipoteze t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, e propozuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar luhatjet e nivelit t\u00eb kriminalitetit n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit XX dhe fillimin e shekullit XXI, helmimi nga tetraetil plumbi n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri \u00e7oi n\u00eb \u00e7rregullime n\u00eb zhvillimin e sistemit nervor qendror, pasojat e t\u00eb cilave ishin rritja e sjelljeve delikuente n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e rritur, \u00e7ka solli rritjen e kriminalitetit nga vitet 1960 deri n\u00eb fillimin e viteve 1990. R\u00ebnia e nivelit t\u00eb kriminalitetit q\u00eb nga vitet 1990, sipas k\u00ebsaj hipoteze, shpjegohet nga r\u00ebnia e konsumit t\u00eb benzin\u00ebs s\u00eb prodhuar me tetraetil plumb nga vitet 1970.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse ndodhi q\u00eb ti nuk kishe fat dhe u helmove me tetrat-etil plumb, do t\u00eb trajtohesh si nj\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm psikopat: me sedativ\u00eb (barbituratet), heksonal, aminazin\u00eb, narkotik\u00eb (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 morfin\u00ebs, e cila jep efektin e kund\u00ebrt duke rritur eksitimin). Gjithashtu, do t\u00eb jepen intravenous glukoz\u00eb me vitamina t\u00eb grupit B dhe acid askorbik, si dhe agjent\u00eb dehidratues (glukoz\u00eb, sulfat magnezi), si dhe mjete kardiake dhe vaskulare (n\u00eb rast kolapsi). Ndoshta do t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb s\u00ebrish nj\u00eb njeri nga ty. N\u00ebse ke fat \u2014 ndoshta edhe nj\u00eb t\u00eb arsyesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
Sidoqoft\u00eb, tetrat-etil plumbi \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndaluar kudo, po. N\u00eb Rusi \u2014 q\u00eb nga 15 n\u00ebntori 2002, por nganj\u00ebher\u00eb, duke par\u00eb ata q\u00eb m\u00eb rrethojn\u00eb, kam dyshime...<\/p>\n
Vendi i gjasht\u00eb.<\/h3>\n \nBotulotoksina<\/b>
P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, botulotoksina \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga proteinat m\u00eb komplekse t\u00eb sintetizuara n\u00eb natyr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndihesh kur kjo maj\u00eb e sintez\u00ebs natyrore t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb stomakun t\u00ebnd? Helmimi shkakton \u00e7rregullime n\u00eb funksionimin e nervave cranial, muskujve skeletor\u00eb, dhe qendrave nervore t\u00eb zemr\u00ebs. Para syve do t\u00eb shfaqet mjegull, fluturat, shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb ken\u00eb strabiz\u00ebm (nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se ke pir\u00eb shum\u00eb n\u00eb fest\u00eb). M\u00eb von\u00eb, do t\u00eb shfaqen \u00e7rregullime t\u00eb t\u00eb folurit dhe g\u00eblltitjes, nj\u00eb fytyr\u00eb e ngjashme me mask\u00eb. Vdekja ndodh nga hipoksia e shkaktuar nga \u00e7rregullimi i proceseve metabolike t\u00eb oksigjenit, asfiksia e rrug\u00ebve t\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrjes, paraliza e muskujve t\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrjes dhe muskulatur\u00ebs s\u00eb zemr\u00ebs. Thjesht, do t\u00eb vdes\u00ebsh, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, p\u00ebr shum\u00eb p\u00ebrshtyp\u00ebse.<\/p>\n
Pse vet\u00ebm vendi i gjasht\u00eb? Arsyeja \u00ebsht\u00eb se Clostridium botulinum \u2014 t\u00eb vetmet, q\u00eb nuk e zbulojn\u00eb sekretin e mjeshtrit t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij toksini \u2014 nuk i p\u00eblqen aspak t\u00eb punojn\u00eb n\u00eb aj\u00ebr, prandaj i gjen kryesisht n\u00eb konserva dhe salsi\u00e7et \u2014 ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebrpudhat e konservuara dhe n\u00eb mishin dhe peshkun t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur me copa t\u00eb m\u00ebdha q\u00eb kan\u00eb d\u00ebmtime n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe. Vendi i dyt\u00eb \u2014 medicina: \u00ebsht\u00eb Botox, Relatox, Xeomin, BTXA, Dysport, Neuronox. Pra, n\u00ebse t\u00eb injektojn\u00eb me di\u00e7ka t\u00eb till\u00eb \u2014 ke t\u00eb gjitha shanset t\u00eb ndihesh nj\u00eb kompleks i pazbatuesh\u00ebm i t\u00eb gjitha mir\u00ebb\u00ebrjeve, t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara m\u00eb sip\u00ebr. \u00cbsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhur keq, se m\u00eb pas nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb askush p\u00ebr t'i treguar.<\/p>\n
Si t\u00eb shp\u00ebtojm\u00eb? Mos ha \u00e7far\u00ebdo. Dhe po t\u00eb hash \u2014 pastaj pas p\u00ebrpunimit termik: botulotoksina nuk e p\u00eblqen aspak kur e skuqin ose e ziejne. Megjith\u00ebse kjo substanc\u00eb nuk ka frik\u00eb nga l\u00ebngu i stomakut, ajo shkat\u00ebrrohet plot\u00ebsisht kur ziejm\u00eb p\u00ebr 25-30 minuta.<\/p>\n
Vendi i pest\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nAmatoksinat<\/b>
Amatoksinat jan\u00eb disa nga hepatotoksinat m\u00eb t\u00eb forta n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Prandaj, aq shum\u00eb sa pije, %username%, kjo nuk mund t\u00eb krahasohet me k\u00ebt\u00eb bukuri: amatoksinat bllokojn\u00eb me siguri RNA-polimeraz\u00ebn II, \u00e7ka bllokon sintez\u00ebn e mRNA dhe shkakton nekroz\u00ebn e hepatociteve. Dhe pasi n\u00eb bot\u00ebn ton\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb mbijetosh pa m\u00ebl\u00e7i \u2014 n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, e kuptove.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb nuanc\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e k\u00ebndshme e k\u00ebsaj papunte \u00ebsht\u00eb periudha e gjat\u00eb latente: 6-30 or\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ti nuk do t\u00eb kesh koh\u00eb t\u00eb mendo\u00ebsh dhe t\u00eb shp\u00ebtoj\u00ebsh stomakun. Simptomat shfaqen papritur: t\u00eb vjella t\u00eb forta (t\u00eb vazhdueshme), dhimbje n\u00eb bark, diarrea. N\u00eb produktet e diarres\u00eb (e di \u00e7far\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton) v\u00ebrehet gjak, pasi ndodh shkat\u00ebrrimi i enterociteve t\u00eb zorr\u00ebs. \u00c7far\u00eb ndodh n\u00eb at\u00eb moment me m\u00ebl\u00e7in\u00eb... nuk m\u00eb p\u00eblqen t\u00eb mendoj. Forcohen dob\u00ebsia, \u00e7rregullimet e bilancit uj\u00eb-elektrolit. N\u00eb dit\u00ebn e 2-t\u00eb deri n\u00eb t\u00eb 3-t\u00eb shfaqen shenjat e hepatopatis\u00eb toksike: m\u00ebl\u00e7ia zmadhohet, humb humorin, shfaqet ikter dhe dukurit\u00eb e diatez\u00ebs hemorragjike \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb kur t\u00eb mbushin l\u00ebkur\u00ebn me njolla t\u00eb kuqe. Shfaqet nefropatia, d\u00ebshtimi hepatiko-veters dhe koma. Gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e trishtueshme. Intoksikimet kalojn\u00eb shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht rrezikojn\u00eb n\u00ebse organizmi ka marr\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb madhe toksinash (m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 200 mg): n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast zhvillimi i intoksikimit ndodh shpejt, me zhvillim t\u00eb atrofis\u00eb akute t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb fatal.<\/p>\n
Shkaku kryesor i vdekjes \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebshtimi akut i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb, m\u00eb rrall\u00eb d\u00ebshtimi akut hepatiko-veters. Edhe n\u00ebse mbijetoni, me shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi do t\u00eb keni ndryshime t\u00eb pakthyeshme n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e indit t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb, t\u00eb shprehura nga nekrozat totale.<\/p>\n
Si ke t\u00eb mbrohemi nga kjo? Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, amatoksinat jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme ndaj nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb sesa botulotoksinat. N\u00eb \u00e7do rast, mos u b\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkuesgjelb\u00ebr dhe n\u00ebse je n\u00eb pyll \u2014 gjej nj\u00eb aktivitet m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb! Mos ble k\u00ebrpudha nga gjyshes, edhe n\u00ebse duken shum\u00eb t\u00eb \u00ebmbla! Kujto pak ``Shk\u00eblqes\u00ebn e Bardh\u00eb`` \u2014 dhe ti s'ke as dwarf\u00eb, as njohur princa!<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr \u00e7udi, me intoksikim ndihmojn\u00eb doza t\u00eb larta t\u00eb penicilin\u00ebs. Flitet se silibin (silibin) \u2014 n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrim i ekstraktit t\u00eb farave t\u00eb murrizit \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb antidot ndaj amatoksinave, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. Shum\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb teste, por p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye askush nuk pranon.<\/p>\n
Vendi i kat\u00ebrt<\/h3>\n \nAflatoksinat<\/b>
Nga t\u00eb gjitha helmat biologjikisht t\u00eb prodhuara, aflatoksinat jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00ebt hepatokancerogjen\u00eb t\u00eb zbuluara deri tani. Kur hyn n\u00eb organiz\u00ebm nj\u00eb doz\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb helmi, vdekja ndodh brenda disa dit\u00ebsh p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb d\u00ebmtimeve t\u00eb pakthyeshme t\u00eb m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb; kur hyn nj\u00eb doz\u00eb e ul\u00ebt zhvillohet aflatoksikoza kronike, e cila karakterizohet nga shtypja e sistemit imunitar, d\u00ebmtimi i ADN-s\u00eb, aktivizimi i onkogjen\u00ebve \u2014 n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim \u00ebsht\u00eb kanceri i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb. Po, %username%, n\u00ebse ha arra ose fara t\u00eb cilat nuk jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb mira \u2014 do t\u00eb vdes\u00ebsh. Ndoshta, jo menj\u00ebher\u00eb, por me siguri dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb dhimbshme.<\/p>\n
Aflatoksinat jan\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme ndaj p\u00ebrpunimit termik t\u00eb produktit \u2014 k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb kjo i p\u00ebrfshin edhe arrat e skuqura. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb vendet e zhvilluara, kryhet nj\u00eb monitorim i rrept\u00eb i produkteve, ku aflatoksinat gjenden m\u00eb shpesh (arra, mis\u00ebr, fara kungulli etj.), partin\u00eb e infektuar shkat\u00ebrrohet. P\u00ebr vendet n\u00eb zhvillim, ku nj\u00eb kontroll i till\u00eb mungon, infektimi i produkteve nga k\u00ebrpudhat mbetet nj\u00eb faktor i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm vdekjesh. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb Mozambik vdekshm\u00ebria nga kanceri i m\u00ebl\u00e7is\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 50 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb sesa n\u00eb Franc\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb cilin vend e lidh ti vendin t\u00ebnd, %username%?<\/p>\n
T\u00eb rriturit e \u00e7mimeve! Vendi i tret\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nM\u00ebrkur<\/b>Metilmerkuri<\/b>
M\u00ebrkuri dhe t\u00eb gjitha lidhjet e tij jan\u00eb helmuese. Rrezatimi nga merkurit \u2014 edhe n\u00eb sasi t\u00eb vogla \u2014 mund t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb probleme serioze me sh\u00ebndetin dhe paraqet nj\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim p\u00ebr zhvillimin fetal dhe t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebs n\u00eb fazat e hershme t\u00eb jet\u00ebs. M\u00ebrkuri mund t\u00eb ushtroj\u00eb nj\u00eb ndikim toksik n\u00eb sistemin nervor, at\u00eb t\u00eb tretjes dhe imunitetit, si dhe n\u00eb mushk\u00ebri, veshka, l\u00ebkur\u00eb dhe sy. OBSH e konsideron merkurin si nj\u00eb nga dhjet\u00eb substancat kimike ose grupe substancash kimike q\u00eb paraqesin nj\u00eb problem t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin publik.<\/p>\n
Por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb tani. T\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit mjek\u00eb deri n\u00eb vitet 1970 i kan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur shum\u00eb aktivisht lidhjet e merkurit:<\/p>\n
\nklorid merkur (I) (kalomel) \u2014 laksativ;<\/li>\n merkurial dhe promaran \u2014 diuretik\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb;<\/li>\n klorid merkur (II), cianid merkur (II), amidoklorid merkur dhe oksid i verdh\u00eb merkur (II) \u2014 antiseptik\u00eb (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen e pomadave).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nDihet p\u00ebr raste kur, n\u00eb rastin e rrotullimit t\u00eb zorr\u00ebve, pacientit i \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb got\u00eb merkur n\u00eb stomak. Sipas mendimeve t\u00eb mjek\u00ebve t\u00eb lasht\u00eb q\u00eb propozonin k\u00ebt\u00eb metod\u00eb trajtimi, merkurit, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pesh\u00ebs dhe l\u00ebvizshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb tij, duhej t\u00eb kalonte p\u00ebrmes zorr\u00ebve dhe n\u00ebn pesh\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb shtrinte pjes\u00ebt e tij t\u00eb kthyer.<\/p>\n
Preparatet e merkuri \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur q\u00eb nga shekulli XVI (n\u00eb BRSS deri n\u00eb vitin 1963) p\u00ebr trajtimin e sifilisit. Kjo ishte e motivuar nga fakti se treponema e zbardhur, q\u00eb shkakton sifilis, ka ndjeshm\u00ebri shum\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb ndaj komponimeve organike dhe jo-organike q\u00eb bllokojn\u00eb grupet tiolike t\u00eb enzimeve mikroba \u2014 komponimet e merkuri, arseniku, bizmuti dhe jodi. Megjithat\u00eb, ky trajtim ishte i pamjaftuesh\u00ebm dhe jasht\u00ebzakonisht toksik p\u00ebr organizmin e pacientit, i cili gjithashtu kishte grupe tiolike, ndon\u00ebse m\u00eb shum\u00eb se treponema e pafat. Ky trajtim \u00e7onte n\u00eb humbjen e plot\u00eb t\u00eb flok\u00ebve dhe rrezikun e lart\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb komplikacioneve serioze. Megjithat\u00eb, mjek\u00ebt e mir\u00eb, t\u00eb dashur, shkuan edhe m\u00eb tej: u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn metoda t\u00eb merkurizimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb trupit, ku pacienti vendosej n\u00eb nj\u00eb en\u00eb q\u00eb ngrohej, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn d\u00ebrgoheshin avuj merkuri. Kjo metod\u00eb, megjith\u00ebse ishte relativisht efektive, kishte efekte an\u00ebsore dhe rrezikun e helmeve vdekjeprur\u00ebse me merkur, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb gradualisht e shp\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen e saj nga praktika klinike.<\/p>\n
Sidoqoft\u00eb, amalgami i argjendt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb dentistik\u00eb si material p\u00ebr p\u00ebrplumbimet dentare deri n\u00eb shfaqjen e materialeve t\u00eb ndri\u00e7uara. Kujtoje k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7do her\u00eb, kur nj\u00eb dentiste simpatike me syze t\u00eb k\u00ebrkon mbi ty!<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, avuj dhe komponimet e tretshme t\u00eb merkuri jan\u00eb m\u00eb helmueset. Merkuri metalik vet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak i rreziksh\u00ebm, megjithat\u00eb ai avullon gradualisht edhe n\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn e dhom\u00ebs, dhe avujt e tij mund t\u00eb shkaktojn\u00eb helmim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb \u2014 dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn, avujt nuk kan\u00eb er\u00eb. Merkuri dhe komponimet e tij (sulema, kalomel, cinabar, cianidi i merkuri) godasin sistemin nervor, m\u00ebl\u00e7in\u00eb, veshkat, traktin gastrointestinal, dhe n\u00eb frym\u00ebmarrje \u2014 rrug\u00ebt e frym\u00ebmarrjes. Merkuri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues tipik i helmave kumulative.<\/p>\n
Komponentet organike t\u00eb merkuri, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht metilmerkur, q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb disi ve\u00e7mas. Ato zakonisht formohen si rezultat i metabolizmit t\u00eb mikroorganizmave n\u00eb fund t\u00eb rezervuar\u00ebve kur merkuri lirohet n\u00eb uj\u00ebra. Kjo substanc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tep\u00ebr helmatuanse. Toksiciteti i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se ai i merkurrit, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimit m\u00eb aktiv me grupet sulfhidril t\u00eb enzimave dhe, p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, inaktivizimin e k\u00ebtyre enzimave. Duke qen\u00eb se substanca p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb lidhje kovalente dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak polar se kationi i vet\u00eb merkuri, ndikimi n\u00eb trup \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me helmimin nga metalet e r\u00ebnda (sidomos merkuri), por ka nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori: d\u00ebmtimi i sistemit nervor \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i theksuar. Ky d\u00ebmtim \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur si s\u00ebmundja e Minamata-s. <\/p>\n
Ky sindrom u regjistrua dhe u studua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Japoni, n\u00eb prefektur\u00ebn Kumamoto n\u00eb qytetin Minamata n\u00eb vitin 1956. Shkaku i shfaqjes s\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes ishte shp\u00ebrthimi i gjat\u00eb i merkuri jo-organik nga kompania \"Chisso\" n\u00eb ujin e gjirit t\u00eb Minamata, e cila mikroorganizmat n\u00eb fund t\u00eb rezervuar\u00ebve e transformuan n\u00eb metilmerkur. Duke qen\u00eb se kjo substanc\u00eb ka prirje t\u00eb akumulohet n\u00eb organizma, p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, koncentrimi n\u00eb indet e tyre rritet me rritjen e pozicionit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb zinxhirin ushqimor. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb peshqit n\u00eb gjirin e Minamata-s, p\u00ebrmbajtja e metilmerkurtit ishte nga 8 deri n\u00eb 36 mg\/kg, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb midhje deri n\u00eb 85 mg\/kg, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb uj\u00eb ajo nuk kalonte 0.68 mg\/l.<\/p>\n
Simptomat p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb \u00e7rregullime motori, djegie, k\u00ebputje dhe mpirje n\u00eb ekstremitete, p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsim t\u00eb qart\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb fjal\u00ebs, lodhje, zilb\u00eb n\u00eb vesh\u00eb, ngushtim t\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb shikimit, humbje d\u00ebgjimi dhe l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb paqart\u00eb. Disa nga viktimat e r\u00ebnda t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes s\u00eb Minamata-s humb\u00ebn mendjen, humb\u00ebn ndjenj\u00ebn e vet\u00ebdijes dhe vdiq\u00ebn brenda nj\u00eb muaji pas fillimit t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes.<\/p>\n
Jan\u00eb gjithashtu viktima me simptoma kronike t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes s\u00eb Minamata-s, t\u00eb tilla si dhimbje koke, lodhje e shpesht\u00eb, humbje e nuhatur\u00ebs dhe shijes, si dhe mosp\u00ebrkujdes, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u v\u00ebn\u00eb re, por q\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsojn\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht jet\u00ebn e p\u00ebrditshme. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ka pacient\u00eb me s\u00ebmundjen e Minamata-s t\u00eb lindur, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt kan\u00eb lindur me patologji si rezultat i ekspozimit ndaj metilmerkurtit, kur ata ishin ende n\u00eb barkun e n\u00ebnave t\u00eb tyre q\u00eb konsumonin peshk t\u00eb ndotur. <\/p>\n
Nuk ka ende nj\u00eb kur\u00eb p\u00ebr s\u00ebmundjen e Minamat\u00ebs, prandaj trajtimi p\u00ebrfshin p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar simptomat dhe p\u00ebrdorimin e terapis\u00eb fizike rehabilituese. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 d\u00ebmtimit fizik q\u00eb i shkaktohet sh\u00ebndetit, ka edhe d\u00ebm social, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin diskriminimin e viktimave t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes s\u00eb Minamat\u00ebs. E pra, %username%, a je akoma i gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb transferohesh n\u00eb Vendin e Fukushim\u00ebs, Minamat\u00ebn dhe Diellin Rrit\u00ebs?<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vitin 1996, n\u00eb qytetin e Meisei-t, q\u00eb ndodhet af\u00ebr gjirit, u nd\u00ebrtua nj\u00eb muze p\u00ebr s\u00ebmundjen e Minamat\u00ebs. N\u00eb vitin 2006, n\u00eb territorin e muzeut u nd\u00ebrtua edhe nj\u00eb Memorial n\u00eb kujtim t\u00eb viktimave t\u00eb helmimit nga merkur si rezultat i ndotjes s\u00eb gjirit t\u00eb Minamat\u00ebs. Thuhet se viktimat nuk ndihen m\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Vendi i dyt\u00eb<\/h3>\n \nMetanoli<\/b>
Problemi i metanolit n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb problemi i tij, por problemi i trupit ton\u00eb. Sepse pik\u00ebrisht aty ndodhet enzima alkoholdehidrogjenaza (ose ADH I), e cila na e ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb natyra p\u00ebr t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb alkoolin. Dhe n\u00eb rastin e etanol standard, ajo e shp\u00ebrb\u00ebn at\u00eb n\u00eb acetaldehid (p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, simptoma e etjes!), dhe n\u00ebse ke fat \u2014 n\u00eb acid acetik, praktikisht t\u00eb pad\u00ebmsh\u00ebm dhe ushqyes n\u00eb form\u00ebn e acetil-koenzim\u00ebs A, nd\u00ebrsa me metanolin ndodh nj\u00eb gabim: rezulton formaldehid toksik dhe formiat. Duksh\u00ebm, natyra ka nj\u00eb humor mjaft specifik.<\/p>\n
Problemi p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet nga fakti q\u00eb, si thon\u00eb guximtar\u00ebt (t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb pak), metanoli nuk ndryshon n\u00eb shije dhe er\u00eb nga alkooli normal, dhe sidomos kur \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje me t\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, reagimi i jodoforit, kur jodofori i verdh\u00eb formohet me etanol, nd\u00ebrsa me metanol nuk formohet asgj\u00eb, nuk funksionon p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar p\u00ebrmbajtjen e metanolit n\u00eb nj\u00eb solucion etanoli. <\/p>\n
1-2 mililitra metanoli p\u00ebr kilogram trup normalisht garanton q\u00eb guximtar\u00ebt t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen te persona t\u00eb tjer\u00eb interesant\u00eb me krah\u00eb pas shpine, dhe p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb predispozit\u00ebs s\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtij substance ndaj nervit optik \u2014 10-20 ml b\u00ebn q\u00eb nj\u00eb individ t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i verb\u00ebr. P\u00ebr gjithmon\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, efekti toksik i metanol\u00ebs zhvillohet gjat\u00eb disa or\u00ebve, dhe antidotet efektive jan\u00eb t\u00eb afta t\u00eb reduktojn\u00eb d\u00ebmin e shkaktuar. Prandaj, n\u00ebse ti, %username%, ndjen ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb dhimbje koke, dob\u00ebsi t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, shqet\u00ebsim, ethe, nauze dhe t\u00eb vjella pas abuzimit, pi edhe nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Nuk po b\u00ebj shaka: si\u00e7 thuhet n\u00eb udh\u00ebzimin p\u00ebr mjekun e urgjenc\u00ebs, antidoti p\u00ebr helmimin nga metanoli \u00ebsht\u00eb etanoli, i cili jepet intravenoz n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje 10% n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb infuzionale ose n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje 30-40% oralisht, me doz\u00eb 1-2 gram p\u00ebr 1 kg pesh\u00eb n\u00eb dit\u00eb. Efekti i dobish\u00ebm n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast sigurohet me sidomos me shp\u00ebrnguljen e enzim\u00ebs ADH I p\u00ebr oksidimin e etanolit ekzogjen. Duhet t\u00eb kihet parasysh se, n\u00ebse diagnoza nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakta, helmimi nga metanoli mund t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohet me vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb intoxikim alkoolik (si\u00e7 e ke v\u00ebrejtur m\u00eb lart) ose me helmim nga 1,2-dikloretano apo karboni katrekor (zgjidh\u00ebs organik\u00eb, q\u00eb jan\u00eb nj\u00eb dhurat\u00eb e madhe, por jo aq e shquar) - n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, futja e sasis\u00eb s\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme t\u00eb alkoolit etilik \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrezikshme. N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim, nuk e kishe me fat, %username%. Rr hold tightly.<\/p>\n
Helmimet nga metanoli jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb zakonshme. Ashtu, n\u00eb SHBA gjat\u00eb vitit 2013 u regjistruan 1747 raste (dhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fakt - SHBA). Ka shum\u00eb helmime masive nga metanoli:<\/p>\n
\nHelmimi masiv nga metanoli n\u00eb Spanj\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1963; numri zyrtar i t\u00eb vdekurve 51 persona, megjithat\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb vler\u00ebsime n\u00eb rangun nga 1000 deri n\u00eb 5000 persona.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv nga metanoli n\u00eb Bangalore (Indi) n\u00eb korrik t\u00eb vitit 1981. Numri i t\u00eb vdekurve - 308 persona.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv nga vera me shtimin e metanol\u00ebs n\u00eb Itali n\u00eb pranver\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 1986; 23 persona humb\u00ebn jet\u00ebn.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv nga metanoli n\u00eb El Salvador n\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 2000 solli vdekjen e 122 personave. Autoritetet dyshuan p\u00ebr nj\u00eb akt terrorist, pasi metanoli n\u00eb pijet alkoolike n\u00eb fabrikat e prodhimeve nuk u gjet gjat\u00eb hetimeve t\u00eb incidentit.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv nga metanoli 9-10 Sht\u00ebpator 2001 n\u00eb qytetin P\u00e4rnu (Estoni); 68 persona humb\u00ebn jet\u00ebn.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv nga metanoli n\u00eb \u00c7ekin\u00eb, Poloni dhe Sllovaki n\u00eb Shtator 2012; 51 persona vdiq\u00ebn.<\/li>\n Helmimi masiv nga metanoli 17-20 dhjetor 2016 n\u00eb Irkutsk (Rusi). Numri i t\u00eb vdekurve - 78 persona.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nP\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb shkak, metanoli zuri vendin e dyt\u00eb n\u00eb renditjen ton\u00eb. Dhe kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb aspak e qeshur.<\/p>\n
Ta-da! Fanfare! Ne kemi vendin e par\u00eb!<\/h3>\n \nN\u00eb vendin e par\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb kemi ndonj\u00eb substanc\u00eb t\u00eb tmerrshme toksike, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjendet ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb te disa kafsh\u00eb tropikale ose peshq. Pra, t\u00eb harrojm\u00eb p\u00ebr tetrodotoksin\u00eb dhe batrakhotoksin\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndonj\u00eb paorganike, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb haset vet\u00ebm n\u00eb prodhime speciale \u2014 si nitrat berili, i cili, p\u00ebr temporar, \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu i \u00ebmb\u00ebl n\u00eb shije, ose kloridi i arsyes, shum\u00eb i njohur n\u00eb mesjet\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb ndonj\u00eb organike, q\u00eb gjithashtu nuk mund t\u00eb gjendet leht\u00eb \u2014 si ricini, ose q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb studiuar shum\u00eb koh\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kuti mjek\u00ebsore \u2014 si strihnina ose digitoksina.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb cianidi apo acid cianid, me t\u00eb cilin ndodhi nj\u00eb d\u00ebshtim epik n\u00eb rastin e Rasputinit.<\/p>\n
Nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb poloni-210 ose VX, i cili garanton d\u00ebrgimin n\u00eb at\u00eb bot\u00eb edhe n\u00eb doza minimale \u2014 por sigurisht nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i aksesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr publikun e gjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Jo, lideri yn\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb vras\u00ebs i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, me miliona jet\u00eb n\u00eb duar.<\/p>\n
Gaz lot\u00ebsir\u00eb<\/b>
Helmimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur:<\/p>\n
\nn\u00eb zjarre;<\/li>\n n\u00eb prodhim, ku gazi lot\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr sintoz\u00ebn e disa substancave organike (aceton, metil alkool, fenol etj.);<\/li>\n n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb gazifikuara, ku punohet me pajisje q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin gaz (stovesh, ngroh\u00ebs uji dhe gjenerator\u00eb t\u00eb nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb me kamban\u00eb t\u00eb hapur), n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb d\u00ebshtuar t\u00eb ventilimit, p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb rast t\u00eb d\u00ebshtimit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs n\u00eb graciet dhe\/ose kanalet e ventilimit ose munges\u00ebs s\u00eb ajrit p\u00ebr djegien e gazit;<\/li>\n n\u00eb garazhe me ventilim t\u00eb keq, n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb ajrosje ose kan\u00eb ajrosje t\u00eb dob\u00ebt, tunele, pasi n\u00eb gazin e konsumatorit \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme deri n\u00eb 1-3% CO sipas normave.<\/li>\n N\u00ebse q\u00ebndroni p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb z\u00ebn\u00eb ose pran\u00eb saj - n\u00eb autostrada t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, p\u00ebrqendrimi mesatar i CO tejkalon pragun e helmimit;<\/li>\n N\u00eb kushte sht\u00ebpiake gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjedhjeje t\u00eb gazit t\u00eb ndri\u00e7imit dhe kur der\u00ebzat e oxhak\u00ebve nuk mbyllen n\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb ambiente me ngrohje nga oxhaku (sht\u00ebpi, banja);<\/li>\n Kur p\u00ebrdoret aj\u00ebr i keq n\u00eb aparatet e frym\u00ebmarrjes;<\/li>\n Gjat\u00eb pirjes s\u00eb \u00e7ajit me qakull (po, po - nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje shum\u00eb e madhe e njer\u00ebzve ndjejn\u00eb dhimbje koke, marramendje, t\u00eb p\u00ebrziera, gjum\u00eb pas pirjes s\u00eb \u00e7ajit me qakull, e cila shkaktohet nga helmimi me monoksid karboni, i cili formohet kur ajri i oksigjenit nuk arrin n\u00eb aparatin p\u00ebr qakull).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nPra, ke shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb ndeshesh me helmimin, %username%, <\/p>\n
Kur p\u00ebrqendrimi i CO \u00ebsht\u00eb 0,08 % n\u00eb ajrin e thithur, njeriu ndjen dhimbje koke dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi frym\u00ebmarrjeje. Me rritjen e p\u00ebrqendrimit t\u00eb CO n\u00eb 0,32 %, ndodhin paraliz\u00eb dhe humbje t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes (vdekja ndodh brenda 30 minutash). Me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrim mbi 1,2 %, vet\u00ebdija humbet pas dy-tre frym\u00ebmarrjeve, njeriu vdes p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak se 3 minuta n\u00eb konvulsionet. Me p\u00ebrqendrim n\u00ebn toksik (m\u00eb pak se 0,08%) mund t\u00eb hasni ndjenjat e m\u00ebposhtme (n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me rritjen e p\u00ebrqendrimit):<\/p>\n
\nK\u00ebnaqje e ngadalt\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjigjeve psiko-motorike, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb - rritje kompensuese e qarkullimit t\u00eb gjakut n\u00eb organet kryesore. Te ata me insuficienc\u00eb kardiovaskulare t\u00eb theksuar - dhimbje gjoksi gjat\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs fizike, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi frym\u00ebmarrjeje.<\/li>\n Dhimbje t\u00eb vogla koke, ulje t\u00eb kapacitetit mendor dhe fizik, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi frym\u00ebmarrjeje gjat\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs fizike mesatare. \u00c7rregullime t\u00eb perceptimit vizual. Mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb fatale p\u00ebr foshnjat, individ\u00ebt me insuficienc\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb kardiovaskulare.<\/li>\n Dhimbje koke pulsante, marramendje, irritueshm\u00ebri, destabilizim emocional, \u00e7rregullim t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs, t\u00eb p\u00ebrziera, \u00e7rregullim i koordinatave t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb duarve.<\/li>\n Dhimbje koke e fort\u00eb, dob\u00ebsi, rrjedhje e hund\u00ebs, t\u00eb p\u00ebrziera, t\u00eb vjella, \u00e7rregullim t\u00eb shikimit, konfuzion t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijes.<\/li>\n Hallucinations, nj\u00eb \u00e7rregullim i r\u00ebnd\u00eb i koordinatave t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb muskujve - pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, gjat\u00eb zjarrit, njer\u00ebzit shpesh kan\u00eb humbur jet\u00ebn.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nSi d\u00ebm\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb rast helmimi me gaz karbonik? E para - t\u00eb largohemi nga zona e ndotjes. E v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb, q\u00eb maskat e zakonshme, p\u00eblhurat e lagura p\u00ebr fytyr\u00ebn dhe bandazhet pambuku-marse nuk ndihmojn\u00eb; gaz karbonik i ka par\u00eb ata t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm dhe kalon leht\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrmes tyre - nevojitet nj\u00eb mask\u00eb me kartridzh gopkalit i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb ai q\u00eb ka oksid bakri, duke oksiduar gazin karbonik n\u00eb dioksid t\u00eb karbonit t\u00eb sigurt. Pas k\u00ebsaj - frym\u00ebmerrni, frym\u00ebmerrni! Frym\u00ebmerrni aj\u00ebr t\u00eb fresk\u00ebt, e preferuara - oksigjen, t'i jepni indeve dhe organeve tuaja kaq t\u00eb nevojshme!<\/p>\n
Mjek\u00ebsia bot\u00ebrore nuk njeh antidot t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb rast helmimi me gaz karbonik. Por! - jepni krenari: shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt rus\u00eb kan\u00eb zhvilluar nj\u00eb ila\u00e7 inovativ<\/p>\n
K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka, %username%!<\/h3>\n Shpresoj t\u00eb mos ta prish apetitin, ishte interesante dhe m\u00ebsove di\u00e7ka t\u00eb re, e jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb kufizosh diet\u00ebn dhe vendet q\u00eb viziton.<\/p>\n
Sh\u00ebndet dhe fat!<\/b>habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username% \u0414\u0430, \u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440 9000 \u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u043e\u043a, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0436\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435. \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438 LD50 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u042f \u0445\u043e\u0447\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b, \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u044b, %username%, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0448\u044c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0438\u0441\u043a \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24626,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
![\"Helmet](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c29155d157771099bb00b13801adf86e.png\")