{"id":33117,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:51","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly-chast-2-ukv\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:51","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:51","slug":"chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly-chast-2-ukv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly-chast-2-ukv","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7far\u00eb po d\u00ebgjohet n\u00eb eter? Pranojm\u00eb dhe dekodojm\u00eb sinjalet m\u00eb interesante. Pjesa 2, UKV","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, Habr.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> jan\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar disa sinjale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb kapen n\u00eb valle t\u00eb gjata dhe t\u00eb shkurtra. Po ashtu interesante \u00ebsht\u00eb gama FM, ku gjithashtu mund t\u00eb gjeni di\u00e7ka interesante.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\nSi n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb ato sinjale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb dekodojm\u00eb vet\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e kompjuterit. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar se si funksionon, vazhdimi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb posht\u00eb.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nN\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00ebm nj\u00eb pranues online<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur val\u00ebt e gjata dhe t\u00eb shkurtra. Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, p\u00ebr FM nuk ka sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb ngjashme \u2014 gama e frekuencave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe. Prandaj, ata q\u00eb duan t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisin eksperimentet e p\u00ebrshkruara m\u00eb posht\u00eb do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb pranuesin e tyre, nga m\u00eb t\u00eb lirat mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet RTL SDR V3<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili mund t\u00eb blihet p\u00ebr 30$. Ky pranues mbulon gam\u00ebn deri n\u00eb 1.7GHz, t\u00eb gjitha sinjalet e m\u00ebposhtme jan\u00eb kapur pik\u00ebrisht me t\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Pra, le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb. Si n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb sinjalet sipas rritjes s\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

FM-radio<\/h2>\n

\nFM-radio vet\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se do t\u00eb befasoj\u00eb ndok\u00ebnd, ne do t\u00eb na interesoj\u00eb RDS n\u00eb t\u00eb. Prania e RDS (Sistemi i T\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave Radio) siguron transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave digjitale \"brenda\" sinjalit FM. Spektri i sinjalit t\u00eb stacionit FM pas demodulimit duket k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 19kHz ndodhet ton-i pilot, dhe n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb trefisht\u00eb 57kHz transmetohet sinjali RDS. N\u00eb osojllogram, n\u00ebse t\u00eb dy sinjalet nxirren s\u00eb bashku, kjo duket k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nMe ndihm\u00ebn e modulimit t\u00eb faz\u00ebs, k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb koduar nj\u00eb sinjal me frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt prej 1187.5Hz (p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, frekuenca 1187.5Hz gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjedhur jo rast\u00ebsisht \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb frekuenca 19kHz e tonit pilot e ndar\u00eb me 16). Pastaj, pas dekodimit bit p\u00ebr bit, dekodohen paketat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, llojet e t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb shumta \u2014 p\u00ebrve\u00e7 tekstit, mund t\u00eb transmetohen p\u00ebr shembull, frekuencat alternative t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb stacionit t\u00eb radios, dhe kur hyjm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb t\u00eb re, pranuesi mund t\u00eb rregullohet automatikisht n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e re. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat RDS t\u00eb stacioneve lokale mund t\u00eb pranohen me ndihm\u00ebn e programit RDS Spy<\/a><\/noindex>. Ajo mund t\u00eb lidhet p\u00ebrmes HDSDR, n\u00ebse zgjidhet modulimi FM, gjer\u00ebsia e sinjalit 120kHz dhe bitrati 192kHz, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar n\u00eb figur\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nPastaj, mjafton t\u00eb ridrejtohet sinjali me ndihm\u00ebn e Virtual Audio Cable nga HDSDR n\u00eb RDS Spy (n\u00eb cil\u00ebsimet e VAC gjithashtu duhet t\u00eb specifikohet bitrati 192kHz). N\u00ebse gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb si\u00e7 duhet, do t\u00eb shohim t\u00eb gjith\u00eb informacionin rreth RDS, shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb tregonte nj\u00eb pranues radio i zakonsh\u00ebm:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nP\u00ebrve\u00e7 FM, mbani mend se gjithashtu mund t\u00eb dekodoni DAB+, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb Rusi ende nuk funksionon, por n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb aktual.<\/p>\n

Gama aviatike<\/h2>\n

\nSi\u00e7 ndodhi historikisht, n\u00eb aviacion p\u00ebrdoret modulimi amplitudinal (AM) dhe gama e frekuencave 118-137MHz. Bisedat e pilot\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb kontrollor\u00ebve nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb koduara, dhe mund t'i kap\u00eb kushdo q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron. Disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \"p\u00ebrdoreshin\" pranuesit e zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb lir\u00eb kinez\u00eb \u2014 mjaftonte t\u00eb zgjat\u00ebje rrotat e heterodin\u00ebs, dhe gama do t\u00eb l\u00ebvizte, n\u00ebse kishim fat at\u00ebher\u00eb drejt frekuencave m\u00eb t\u00eb larta. Ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar n\u00eb \"arkeologjin\u00eb digjitale\" mund t\u00eb lexojn\u00eb diskutimin n\u00eb forumin radioscanner<\/a><\/noindex> nga viti 2004. M\u00eb von\u00eb, prodhuesit kinez\u00eb i shkuan p\u00ebrdoruesve dhe thjesht shtuan gam\u00ebn Ajrore n\u00eb pranuesit (n\u00eb komentet e pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb rekomandonin Tecsun PL-660 ose PL-680). Por sigurisht, p\u00ebrdorimi i pajisjeve m\u00eb t\u00eb specializuara (p.sh., pranuesit AOR, Icom) \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e preferuar \u2014 ato kan\u00eb zhurm\u00ebn e heshtur (tingulli ndalet kur nuk ka sinjal dhe nuk ka zhurm\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme) dhe nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb kalimin e frekuencave.<\/p>\n

\u00c7do aeroport i madh p\u00ebrdor mjaft frekuenca, ja p\u00ebr shembull, frekuencat e aeroportit Pulkovo, t\u00eb marra nga faqja radioscanner:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nP\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, mund t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoni transmetime t\u00eb bisedave nga qytete t\u00eb ndryshme ruse (Mosk\u00eb, SHBA, \u00c7eljabinsk dhe disa t\u00eb tjera) online n\u00eb http:\/\/live.radioscanner.net<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ne n\u00eb gam\u00ebn e aviacionit, protokolli digjital ACARS<\/a><\/noindex> (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System). Sinjalet e tij transmetohen n\u00eb frekuencat 131.525 dhe 131.725MHz (standard evropian, frekuencat e rajoneve t\u00eb ndryshme mund t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb mesazhe digjitale me nj\u00eb bitrate prej 2400 ose 1200bps, me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb till\u00eb, pilot\u00ebt mund t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb mesazhe me kontrollorin. P\u00ebr t\u00eb dekoduar n\u00eb MultiPSK, duhet t\u00eb konfiguroni sinjalin n\u00eb modin AM (duhet nj\u00eb pranues SDR, pasi gjer\u00ebsia e brezit t\u00eb sinjalit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 5kHz) dhe t\u00eb ridrejtoni tingullin me ndihm\u00ebn e Virtual Audio Card. <\/p>\n

Rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb i treguar n\u00eb skrin.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nFormati i sinjaleve ACARS \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i thjesht\u00eb, dhe mund t\u00eb shikohet n\u00eb programin SA Free. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, mjafton t\u00eb hap\u00ebsh nj\u00eb cop\u00eb regjistrimi, dhe ne do t\u00eb shohim se n\u00eb \"brend\u00ebsi\" t\u00eb regjistrimit AM n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ka nj\u00eb modulim frekuenc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nPastaj, duke aplikuar nj\u00eb detektor frekuence n\u00eb regjistrim, ne leht\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb bit\u00ebsh. N\u00eb realitet, \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb duhet ta b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb, pasi programet e gatshme p\u00ebr dekodimin e ACARS jan\u00eb shkruar prej koh\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

Satelit\u00ebt meteorologjik\u00eb NOAA<\/h2>\n

\nDuke d\u00ebgjuar bisedat e aviator\u00ebve, mund t\u00eb ngjitemi edhe m\u00eb lart \u2014 n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. Aty jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr ne satelit\u00ebt meteorologjik\u00eb. NOAA 15<\/a><\/noindex>, NOAA 18<\/a><\/noindex> dhe NOAA 19<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb imazhe t\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb frekuencat 137.620, 137.9125 dhe 137.100 MHz. T\u00eb kodosh sinjalin mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet me programin WXtoImg<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Imazhi i pranuar mund t\u00eb duket k\u00ebshtu (foto nga faqja radioscanner):<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nFatkeq\u00ebsisht (ligjet e fizik\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb mashtrohen, dhe Toka \u00ebsht\u00eb rrethore, megjithat\u00eb disa nuk e besojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb), pranohet sinjali i satelitit vet\u00ebm kur kalon mbi ne, dhe jo gjithmon\u00eb k\u00ebto kalime kan\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe k\u00ebnde t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme. M\u00eb par\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar dat\u00ebn dhe or\u00ebn e kalimit m\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrt, duhej t\u00eb instaloje programin Orbitron<\/a><\/noindex> (nj\u00eb program i njohur, q\u00eb ekziston q\u00eb nga viti 2001), tani \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb ta b\u00ebsh k\u00ebt\u00eb online p\u00ebrmes lidhjeve. https:\/\/www.n2yo.com\/passes\/?s=25338<\/a><\/noindex>, https:\/\/www.n2yo.com\/passes\/?s=28654<\/a><\/noindex> dhe https:\/\/www.n2yo.com\/passes\/?s=33591<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. <\/p>\n

Sinjali i satelit\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i fort\u00eb, dhe d\u00ebgjohet n\u00eb \u00e7do anten\u00eb dhe receptor. Por p\u00ebr t\u00eb pranuar imazhin n\u00eb cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb mir\u00eb, akoma \u00ebsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshme nj\u00eb anten\u00eb speciale dhe nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb horizontit. T\u00eb interesuarit mund t\u00eb shohin tutorialin n\u00eb anglisht n\u00eb youtube<\/a><\/noindex> ose t\u00eb lexojn\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e detajuar<\/a><\/noindex>. Personalish, nuk kam pasur durimin ta \u00e7oj deri n\u00eb fund, por ndoshta t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt do t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb fat.<\/p>\n

Mesazhet e paging FLEX\/POCSAG<\/h2>\n

\nA funksionon ende lidhja e paging p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt korporativ\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi, nuk e di, por n\u00eb Evrop\u00eb ajo funksionon mir\u00eb, e p\u00ebrdorin zjarrfik\u00ebsit, policia dhe sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb tjera. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb pranuarit e sinjaleve FLEX dhe POCSAG mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet me HDSDR dhe Virtual Audio Cable, p\u00ebr dekodimin p\u00ebrdoret programi PDW<\/a><\/noindex>. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2004, dhe interfejsi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs, por sidoqoft\u00eb, i habitsh\u00ebm, akoma punon mjaft mir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nEksiston gjithashtu nj\u00eb dekoder multimon-ng, q\u00eb punon n\u00ebn Linux, kodet e tij jan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion n\u00eb github<\/a><\/noindex>. P\u00ebr protokollin e transmetimit POCSAG ka pasur gjithashtu nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb mund ta shikojn\u00eb at\u00eb. m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

\u00c7el\u00ebsat\/bllokuesit pa kabllo<\/h2>\n

\nD\u00ebgjuar n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 433 MHz, ekziston nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb pajisjesh t\u00eb ndryshme \u2014 bllokues pa kabllo dhe prizat, zile t\u00eb der\u00ebs, dhe sensor\u00eb p\u00ebr presionin e gomave t\u00eb automjeteve etj. <\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nK\u00ebto shpesh jan\u00eb pajisje kineze t\u00eb lira me modulimin m\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb. Aty nuk ka enkriptim, dhe p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb kod bimodal i thjesht\u00eb (OOK \u2014 on-off keying). Dekodimi i k\u00ebtyre sinjaleve \u00ebsht\u00eb shqyrtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Ne gjithashtu mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim nj\u00eb dekoder t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm rtl_433, t\u00eb cilin mund ta shkarkojm\u00eb. k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nDuke e nisur programin, mund t\u00eb shohim pajisje t\u00eb ndryshme dhe (n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb parkim af\u00ebr) t\u00eb dijm\u00eb p\u00ebr shembull presionin n\u00eb gom\u00ebt e automjetit t\u00eb fqinjit. Nj\u00eb kuptim praktik n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ka pak, por nga nj\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje matematikore, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft interesante \u2014 protokollet e k\u00ebtyre sinjaleve jan\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta p\u00ebr dekodim.<\/p>\n

Dhe, p\u00ebr t\u00eb bler\u00ebsit e k\u00ebtyre bllokuesve pa kabllo, duhet marr\u00eb parasysh se ata nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtur, dhe teorikisht fqinj q\u00eb merret me hakerimin mund t\u00eb t\u00eb fik\u00eb drit\u00ebn n\u00eb tualet n\u00eb momentet m\u00eb t\u00eb papritura ose t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme. Personalish, nuk merrem me k\u00ebt\u00eb, por n\u00ebse \u00e7\u00ebshtja e siguris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb relevante, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren pajisje m\u00eb serioze dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta me \u00e7el\u00ebsa t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe autentifikim (Z-Wave, Philips Hue etj).<\/p>\n

TETRA<\/h2>\n

\nTETRA<\/a><\/noindex> (Radio T\u00eb Territorit t\u00eb Shkarkuar) \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem profesional p\u00ebr lidhjen korporative t\u00eb radios me mund\u00ebsi mjaft t\u00eb gjera (thirrje grupore, enkriptim, bashkimi i disa rrjeteve etj). Dhe sinjalet e saj, n\u00ebse nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb enkriptuara, gjithashtu mund t\u00eb pranohen me ndihm\u00ebn e kompjuterit dhe SDR-receptorit.<\/p>\n

Dekoderi TETRA p\u00ebr Linux ka ekzistuar m\u00eb nga nj\u00eb koh\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, por konfigurimi i tij ka qen\u00eb jo triviale, dhe rreth nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb, nj\u00eb programues rus krijoi nj\u00eb plugin p\u00ebr pranimin e TETRA<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr SDR#. Tani kjo detyr\u00eb zgjidhet pothuajse literal n\u00eb dy klikime, programi lejon t\u00eb shfaqen informacionet mbi sistemin, t\u00eb d\u00ebgjohen mesazhet zanore, t\u00eb mblidhet statistika etj.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nPlugin-i nuk e implementon t\u00eb gjitha mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e standardit, por funksionet kryesore punojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb-m\u00eb pak.<\/p>\n

Sipas Wikipedi-s\u00eb, TETRA mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimin e emergjencave, policin\u00eb, transportin hekurudhor etj. Sa p\u00ebr p\u00ebrhapjen e saj n\u00eb Rusi, nuk kam informacion (duke p\u00ebrmendur se rrjeti TETRA \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb Kup\u00ebn e Bot\u00ebs 2018, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt), ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb mund ta verifikojn\u00eb vet\u00eb \u2014 sinjalet TETRA jan\u00eb leht\u00ebsisht t\u00eb njohura, dhe kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjer\u00ebsi prej 25 kHz, si\u00e7 duket n\u00eb screenshot. <\/p>\n

Natyrisht, n\u00ebse n\u00eb rrjet \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar enkriptimi (ka nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb TETRA), plugin-i nuk do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb \u2014 n\u00eb vend t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve do t\u00eb ket\u00eb vet\u00ebm \"bulp\".<\/p>\n

ADSB<\/h2>\n

\nNe do t'i japim nj\u00eb sh\u00ebnd\u00ebrrim m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb, n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 1.09GHz transmetohen sinjalet e transmetuesve t\u00eb avion\u00ebve, \u00e7ka lejon faqe si FlightRadar24 t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb avion\u00ebt n\u00eb fluturim. Ky protokoll \u00ebsht\u00eb diskutuar m\u00eb par\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisem k\u00ebtu (artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb tashm\u00eb i gjat\u00eb), ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb mund ta lexojn\u00eb. pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> dhe pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> pjes\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundimi<\/h2>\n

\nSi\u00e7 mund t\u00eb shihet, madje edhe me nj\u00eb marr\u00ebs prej 30$ mund t\u00eb gjeni shum\u00eb cosa interesante n\u00eb eter. Jam i sigurt se kjo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb renditur k\u00ebtu nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak e gjitha, dhe ndoshta kam humbur di\u00e7ka ose nuk e di. Ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar mund t\u00eb provojn\u00eb vet\u00eb \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb parimet e funksionimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb caktuar.<\/p>\n

Nuk kam shqyrtuar kommunikimin amator, megjith\u00ebse ekziston gjithashtu n\u00eb VHF, por artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr komunikimin profesional.<\/p>\n

P.S.: Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr kulhackers<\/a><\/noindex> duhet theksuar se asgj\u00eb v\u00ebrtet t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb transmetuar n\u00eb eter p\u00ebr rreth 50 vite, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nga kjo pik\u00eb e par\u00eb, nuk ia vlen t\u00eb humbas\u00ebsh koh\u00eb dhe para. Por, nga perspektiva e studimit t\u00eb parimeve t\u00eb komunikimit dhe sistemeve t\u00eb ndryshme inxhinierike, njohja me pun\u00ebn e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb rrjeteve t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft interesante dhe edukative.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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