{"id":33117,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:51","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly-chast-2-ukv\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:51","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:51","slug":"chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly-chast-2-ukv","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/chto-slyshno-v-radioefire-prinimaem-i-dekodiruem-naibolee-interesnye-signaly-chast-2-ukv","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7far\u00eb po d\u00ebgjohet n\u00eb val\u00ebt e radios? Marrim dhe dekodojm\u00eb sinjalet m\u00eb interesante. Pjesa 2, UKV","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, Habr.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> kan\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar disa sinjale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb pranohen n\u00eb vale t\u00eb gjata dhe t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebra. Nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje interesante \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe banda FM, ku gjithashtu mund t\u00eb gjeni di\u00e7ka interesante.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\nSi n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb ato sinjale q\u00eb mund t\u00eb dekodohen vet\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb kompjuteri. P\u00ebr ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar se si funksionon, vazhdimi p\u00ebrmban m\u00eb shum\u00eb informacion.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nN\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb ne p\u00ebrdor\u00ebm nj\u00eb pranues online<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr pranimin e val\u00ebve t\u00eb gjata dhe t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebra. Fatkeq\u00ebsisht, p\u00ebr FM nuk ka sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb ngjashme \u2014 spektri i frekuencave \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i madh. Prandaj, ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisin eksperimente t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara m\u00eb posht\u00eb do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me nj\u00eb pranues t\u00eb tyre, nd\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00ebt \u00ebsht\u00eb RTL SDR V3<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb blihen p\u00ebr 30 dollar\u00eb. Ky pranues mbulon gam\u00ebn deri n\u00eb 1.7GHz, t\u00eb gjitha sinjalet e p\u00ebrshkruara m\u00eb posht\u00eb jan\u00eb pranuar pik\u00ebrisht me t\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Pra, le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb. Si n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb, sinjalet do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb sipas rritjes s\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

FM-radio<\/h2>\n

\nFM-radio n\u00eb vetvete ndoshta nuk do t\u00eb habis\u00eb ask\u00ebnd, por ne do t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr RDS. Prania e RDS (Sistemi i t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave Radio) siguron transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave digjitale \"n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi\" t\u00eb sinjalit FM. Spektri i sinjalit t\u00eb stacionit FM pas demodulimit duket k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nN\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 19kHz ndodhet ton piloti, dhe n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb trefishuar 57kHz transmetohet sinjali RDS. N\u00eb oscilogram\u00eb, n\u00ebse t\u00eb dy sinjalet shfaqen s\u00eb bashku, duket m\u00eb pak m\u00eb k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nMe ndihm\u00ebn e modulimit n\u00eb faz\u00eb k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb koduar nj\u00eb sinjal me frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt prej 1187.5Hz (p\u00ebr rastin, frekuenca 1187.5Hz gjithashtu nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjedhur rast\u00ebsisht \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb frekuenca 19kHz e tonit pilot e ndar\u00eb me 16). M\u00eb pas, pas dekodimit bit p\u00ebr bit, pakot e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, llojet e t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb shum\u00eb, jan\u00eb t\u00eb dekriptuara \u2014 p\u00ebrve\u00e7 tekstit, mund t\u00eb transmetohen p.sh., frekuencat alternative t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb stacionit radio, dhe kur hyn n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, pranuesi mund t\u00eb rregullohet automatikisht n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e re. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat RDS t\u00eb stacioneve lokale mund t\u00eb priten me an\u00eb t\u00eb programit RDS Spy<\/a><\/noindex>. Ajo mund t\u00eb lidhet p\u00ebrmes HDSDR, n\u00ebse zgjidhet modulimi FM, gjer\u00ebsia e sinjalit 120kHz dhe bitrejt 192kHz, si\u00e7 tregohet n\u00eb figur\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nPastaj mjafton t\u00eb drejtohet sinjali me ndihm\u00ebn e Virtual Audio Cable nga HDSDR n\u00eb RDS Spy (n\u00eb cil\u00ebsimet VAC gjithashtu duhet t\u00eb specifikohet bitrejt 192kHz). N\u00ebse gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb si\u00e7 duhet, ne do t\u00eb shohim t\u00eb gjith\u00eb informacionin mbi RDS, shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se sa do t\u00eb tregonte nj\u00eb pranues radioje sht\u00ebpie:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nP\u00ebrve\u00e7 FM, ndoshta mund t\u00eb dekodoni edhe DAB+, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ka pasur nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb Rusi ai ende nuk funksionon, por n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb aktual.<\/p>\n

Banda ajrore<\/h2>\n

\nHistorikisht, n\u00eb aviacion p\u00ebrdoret modulimi i amplituar (AM) dhe banda e frekuenc\u00ebs 118-137 MHz. Bisedat mes pilot\u00ebve dhe dispe\u00e7er\u00ebve nuk jan\u00eb enkriptuar dhe mund t\u00eb pranohen nga \u00e7do person i interesuar. Rreth 20 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u201ct\u00ebrheqnin\u201d radio-pranues t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb lir\u00eb nga Kina - mjaftonte t\u00eb shihnin bobinat e heterodinit dhe banda do t\u00eb zhvendosej, n\u00ebse kishin fat n\u00eb drejtimin e frekuencave m\u00eb t\u00eb larta. Ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr \u201carkitektur\u00ebn digjitale\u201d mund t\u00eb lexojn\u00eb diskutimin n\u00eb forumin radioscanner<\/a><\/noindex> nga viti 2004. M\u00eb von\u00eb, prodhuesit kinez\u00eb iu p\u00ebrgjigj\u00ebn p\u00ebrdoruesve dhe thjesht shtuan band\u00ebn Ajrore n\u00eb pranuesit (n\u00eb komentet e pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb rekomandonin Tecsun PL-660 ose PL-680). Por, natyrisht, p\u00ebrdorimi i pajisjeve m\u00eb t\u00eb specializuara (p\u00ebr shembull, pranuesit AOR, Icom) \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i preferuesh\u00ebm - ato kan\u00eb reduktim z\u00ebri (z\u00ebri fiket kur nuk ka sinjal dhe as zhurm\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme) dhe nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtimin e frekuencave.<\/p>\n

\u00c7do aeroport i madh p\u00ebrdor mjaft shum\u00eb frekuenca, ja p\u00ebr shembull, frekuencat e aeroportit Pulkovo, t\u00eb marra nga faqja e radioscanner:<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nP\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, mund t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoni transmetimet e bisedave nga qytete t\u00eb ndryshme ruse (Moska, S-Pb, Chelyabinsk dhe disa t\u00eb tjera) online n\u00eb http:\/\/live.radioscanner.net<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr ne n\u00eb band\u00ebn ajrore \u00ebsht\u00eb i interesant protokolli digjital ACARS<\/a><\/noindex> (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System). Sinjalet e tij transmetohen n\u00eb frekuencat 131.525 dhe 131.725 MHz (standardi evropian, frekuencat e rajoneve t\u00eb ndryshme mund t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb pacit\u00eb digjitale me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi prej 2400 ose 1200 bps, me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb till\u00eb, pilot\u00ebt mund t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb mesazhe me dispe\u00e7erin. P\u00ebr dekodimin n\u00eb MultiPSK duhet t\u00eb konfiguroni sinjalin n\u00eb modin AM (nevojitet nj\u00eb pranues SDR, sepse gjer\u00ebsia e brezit t\u00eb sinjalit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 5 KHz) dhe t\u00eb redirektoni z\u00ebrin me an\u00eb t\u00eb Virtual Audio Card. <\/p>\n

Rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar n\u00eb screenshot.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nFormati i sinjaleve ACARS \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i thjesht\u00eb dhe mund t\u00eb shikohet n\u00eb programin SA Free. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, mjafton t\u00eb hapni nj\u00eb fragment t\u00eb regjistrimit, dhe do t\u00eb shohim se \u201cbrenda\u201d AM-regjistrimeve n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebrmban modulim frekuencash.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nM\u00eb pas, duke aplikuar nj\u00eb detektor frekuence n\u00eb regjistrim, ne leht\u00ebsisht marrim nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb bitesh. N\u00eb realitet, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur q\u00eb kjo t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb, pasi programet e gatshme p\u00ebr dekodimin e ACARS jan\u00eb shkruar prej koh\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

Satelit\u00ebt meteorologjik\u00eb NOAA<\/h2>\n

\nPas d\u00ebgjimit t\u00eb negociatave t\u00eb aviator\u00ebve, mund t\u00eb ngjitemi edhe m\u00eb lart \u2014 n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. Ku p\u00ebr ne jan\u00eb interesante satelit\u00ebt meteorologjik\u00eb NOAA 15<\/a><\/noindex>, NOAA 18<\/a><\/noindex> dhe NOAA 19<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb transmetojn\u00eb imazhe t\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqes s\u00eb Tok\u00ebs n\u00eb frekuencat 137.620, 137.9125 dhe 137.100 MHz. Sinqalet mund t\u00eb dekodohen me programin WXtoImg<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Imazhi i pranuar mund t\u00eb duket k\u00ebshtu (foto nga faqja radioscanner):<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nFatkeq\u00ebsisht (ligjet e fizik\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb mashtrohen, dhe toka \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrumbullak\u00ebt, edhe pse nuk t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e besojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb), \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb pranohet sinjali i satelitit vet\u00ebm kur ai fluturon mbi ne, dhe jo gjithmon\u00eb k\u00ebto fluturime kan\u00eb koh\u00ebn dhe k\u00ebndin e p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm mbi horizont. M\u00eb par\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar dat\u00ebn dhe orarin e fluturimit t\u00eb af\u00ebrt nevojitej t\u00eb instalohej programi Orbitron<\/a><\/noindex> (nj\u00eb program i gjat\u00eb ekzistues q\u00eb nga viti 2001), tani \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb ta b\u00ebsh k\u00ebt\u00eb online p\u00ebrmes lidhjeve https:\/\/www.n2yo.com\/passes\/?s=25338<\/a><\/noindex>, https:\/\/www.n2yo.com\/passes\/?s=28654<\/a><\/noindex> dhe https:\/\/www.n2yo.com\/passes\/?s=33591<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. <\/p>\n

Sinjalet e satelit\u00ebve jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb z\u00ebshme dhe shkohen praktikisht n\u00eb \u00e7do anten\u00eb dhe n\u00eb \u00e7do marr\u00ebs. Por p\u00ebr t\u00eb pranuar imazhe me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb mir\u00eb, prap\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshme nj\u00eb anten\u00eb speciale dhe nj\u00eb pamje t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb horizontit. Ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb mund t\u00eb shikojn\u00eb tutorialin n\u00eb anglisht n\u00eb youtube<\/a><\/noindex> apo t\u00eb lexojn\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e detajuar<\/a><\/noindex>. Personalish, nuk pata durimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb ecur deri n\u00eb fund, por ndoshta t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt do t\u00eb ken\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb fat.<\/p>\n

Mesazhet e pej\u00ebzimit FLEX\/POCSAG<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00ebse lidhja e pej\u00ebzimit p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt korporativ\u00eb n\u00eb Rusi funksionon ende, nuk e di, por n\u00eb Europ\u00eb ajo funksionon p\u00ebrmbarisht dhe p\u00ebrdoret nga zjarrfik\u00ebsit, policia dhe sh\u00ebrbime t\u00eb ndryshme. <\/p>\n

Sinqalet FLEX dhe POCSAG mund t\u00eb pranohen me HDSDR dhe Virtual Audio Cable, dhe p\u00ebr dekodimin p\u00ebrdoret programi PDW<\/a><\/noindex>. Ky program \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2004 dhe nd\u00ebrfaqja ka t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin stil, por si\u00e7 duket, akoma funksionon mir\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nKa gjithashtu nj\u00eb dekoder multimon-ng q\u00eb punon n\u00ebn Linux, burimet e tij jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme n\u00eb github<\/a><\/noindex>. Nj\u00eb artikull i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar gjithashtu p\u00ebr protokollin e transmetimit POCSAG, ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb mund ta lexojn\u00eb at\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Ky\u00e7et\/nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebsit pa tel<\/h2>\n

\nEdhe m\u00eb lart n\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb, n\u00eb 433 MHz, ka nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb pajisjesh t\u00eb ndryshme \u2014 nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebs dhe toma pa tel, zilat e dyerve, sensor\u00ebt e presionit t\u00eb gomave t\u00eb automjeteve dhe t\u00eb tjera. <\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nK\u00ebto shpesh jan\u00eb pajisje kineze t\u00eb lira me modulim shum\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb. Aty nuk ka asnj\u00eb enkriptim, dhe p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb kod i thjesht\u00eb binar (OOK \u2014 on-off keying). Dekodimi i sinjaleve t\u00eb tilla \u00ebsht\u00eb shqyrtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. Ne mund t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzojm\u00eb nj\u00eb dekoder t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm rtl_433, i cili mund t\u00eb shkarkohet k\u00ebtu<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nDuke ekzekutuar programin, mund t\u00eb shihni pajisje t\u00eb ndryshme, dhe (n\u00eb rast se n\u00eb af\u00ebrsi ka nj\u00eb parkim) t\u00eb merrni informacione, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr presionin n\u00eb gomat e makin\u00ebs s\u00eb fqinjit. Nuk ka shum\u00eb kuptim praktik, por nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim t\u00ebr\u00ebsor matematikor, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft interesante \u2014 protokollet e k\u00ebtyre sinjaleve jan\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta p\u00ebr t'u dekoduar.<\/p>\n

Po, p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb blejn\u00eb k\u00ebto \u00e7el\u00ebsat pa tel, duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb parasysh se ata nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtur n\u00eb asnj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, dhe teorikisht fqinja juaj haker, n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb HackRF ose nj\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb ngjashme, mund t'ju fik\u00eb dritat n\u00eb tualet n\u00eb momentin m\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm ose t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme. Personal, nuk shqet\u00ebsohem p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, por n\u00ebse \u00e7\u00ebshtja e siguris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aktuale, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren pajisje m\u00eb serioze dhe t\u00eb shtrenjta me \u00e7el\u00ebsa t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe autentifikim (Z-Wave, Philips Hue, etj.).<\/p>\n

TETRA<\/h2>\n

\nTETRA<\/a><\/noindex> (Radio T\u00ebr\u00ebsore e K\u00ebrcimit) \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem profesional i komunikimeve radio q\u00eb ofron mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb mjaftueshme (thirrje grupore, enkriptim, bashkim t\u00eb disa rrjetesh, etj.). Dhe sinjalet e saj, n\u00ebse nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb enkriptuara, gjithashtu mund t\u00eb pranohen p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kompjuteri dhe nj\u00eb pranuesi SDR.<\/p>\n

Dekoduesi TETRA p\u00ebr Linux ka ekzistuar q\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, por konfigurimi i tij ka qen\u00eb gjithfar\u00ebsoj i nd\u00ebrlikuar, dhe rreth nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb nj\u00eb programues rus krijoi nj\u00eb plugin p\u00ebr pranimin e TETRA<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr SDR#. Tani kjo detyr\u00eb zgjidhet pothuajse vet\u00ebm me dy klikime, programi lejon q\u00eb t\u00eb shfaqni informacionin rreth sistemit, t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoni mesazhe vokale, t\u00eb mbledhni statistika, etj.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7far\u00eb
\n
\nPlugin-i nuk implementon t\u00eb gjitha mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e standartit, por funksionet kryesore punojn\u00eb pak a shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sipas Wikipedia-s, Tetra mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb urgjenc\u00ebn mjek\u00ebsore, policin\u00eb, transportin hekurudhor, etj. M\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me p\u00ebrhapjen e saj n\u00eb Rusi nuk kam informacion (dukesh se rrjeti Tetra \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb CM2018, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb), ata q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar mund ta verifikojn\u00eb vet\u00eb \u2014 sinjalet Tetra jan\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t'u njohur, dhe kan\u00eb nj\u00eb gjer\u00ebsi prej 25KHz, si\u00e7 shihet n\u00eb ekranin e imazhit. <\/p>\n

Natyrisht, n\u00ebse n\u00eb rrjet \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizuar enkriptimi (kjo mund\u00ebsi ekziston n\u00eb Tetra), plugini nuk do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb \u2014 n\u00eb vend t\u00eb z\u00ebrit do t\u00eb ket\u00eb vet\u00ebm \"burbullim\".<\/p>\n

ADSB<\/h2>\n

\nT\u00eb ngjitemi edhe m\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb, n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn 1.09GHz transmetohen sinjalet e tranponder\u00ebve t\u00eb avion\u00ebve, q\u00eb lejon faqe si FlightRadar24 t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb avion\u00ebt q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb. Ky protokoll \u00ebsht\u00eb shqyrtuar m\u00eb par\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisem k\u00ebtu (artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb tashm\u00eb i gjat\u00eb), ata q\u00eb duan mund t\u00eb lexojn\u00eb pjes\u00ebt. pjes\u00ebn e par\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> dhe pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundim<\/h2>\n

\nSi\u00e7 mund t\u00eb shihet, edhe me nj\u00eb marr\u00ebs p\u00ebr 30$ mund t\u00eb gjeni shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra interesante n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn ajrore. Jam i sigurt se k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur shum\u00eb e pak, dhe ndoshta di\u00e7ka e kam kaluar ose nuk e di. T\u00eb interesuarit mund t\u00eb provojn\u00eb vet\u00eb \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar m\u00eb mir\u00eb principet e funksionimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

Nuk kam shqyrtuar komunikimin amator, ndon\u00ebse n\u00eb VHF gjithashtu ka, por artikulli p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr komunikimin profesional.<\/p>\n

P.S.: Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr kulhackers<\/a><\/noindex> mund t\u00eb theksohet se nuk ka asgj\u00eb v\u00ebrtet sekret n\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e hapur q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb transmetuar p\u00ebr ndoshta 50 vjet, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nga \"ky\" k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrim, nuk ia vlen t\u00eb humbni koh\u00eb dhe para. Por nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i studimit t\u00eb principeve t\u00eb komunikimit dhe sistemeve t\u00eb ndryshme inxhinierike, njohja me funksionimin real t\u00eb rrjeteve reale \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft interesante dhe edukative.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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