E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb vlen p\u00ebr talliumin \u2014 ai \u00ebsht\u00eb tmerr\u00ebsisht helmuese.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nPrandaj na mbet\u00ebn natriumi dhe kaliumi. Por t\u00eb jemi t\u00eb sinqert\u00eb \u2014 vetit\u00eb e t\u00eb gjitha l\u00ebngjeve t\u00eb nxira jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme.<\/p>\n
Hidroksidi i natriumit \u2014 si \u00absoda kaustike\u00bb \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb. Hidroksidi i kaliumit si aditiv ushqimor E525 \u2014 gjithashtu. T\u00eb dy kan\u00eb ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb ngjashme: jan\u00eb shum\u00eb higroskopik\u00eb, pra t\u00ebrheqin uj\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb aj\u00ebr \u00abshkrijn\u00eb\u00bb. Shkrijn\u00eb mir\u00eb n\u00eb uj\u00eb, dhe gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj l\u00ebshojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb nxeht\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u00abShkrirja\u00bb n\u00eb aj\u00ebr \u2014 n\u00eb thelb formimi i solucioneve shum\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruara t\u00eb alkalive. Prandaj, n\u00ebse vendosni nj\u00eb cop\u00eb alkalie t\u00eb fort\u00eb mbi let\u00ebr, l\u00ebkur\u00eb, disa metale (po ashtu alumini) \u2014 pas nj\u00eb kohe do t\u00eb zbuloni se materiali \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebmtuar mir\u00eb! Ajo q\u00eb tregohej n\u00eb \u00abKlubin e Luft\u00ebtar\u00ebve\u00bb \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb af\u00ebr s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs: me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, duar t\u00eb djersitura \u2014 po n\u00eb alkali \u2014 do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e dhimbshme! Personalish, m\u00eb duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e dhimbshme se acidi klorhidrik (p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb flasim m\u00eb posht\u00eb).<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse duar jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb thata \u2014 me siguri n\u00eb alkali t\u00eb that\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb ndjeni asgj\u00eb.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebto alkalet e ashpra shkat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm yndyrnat n\u00eb gliserin dhe kripra t\u00eb acideve yndyrore - k\u00ebshtu behet sapuni (p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, \"Klubi i Luft\u00ebtar\u00ebve!\") Pak m\u00eb gjat\u00eb, por po aq efektivisht proteinat ndahen - pra, n\u00eb thelb, alkalet tretin mishin, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht solucionet e forta - sidomos n\u00eb nxeht\u00ebsi. Nj\u00eb disavantazh krahasuar me acidin klorhidrik (p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin do flas m\u00eb posht\u00eb) \u00ebsht\u00eb se t\u00eb gjitha alkalet absorbojn\u00eb dioksidin e karbonit nga atmosfera, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb fuqia do t\u00eb ulet gradualisht. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, alkalet reagojn\u00eb edhe me komponent\u00ebt e xhamit - xhami b\u00ebhet i turbullt, megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr ta tretur plot\u00ebsisht - k\u00ebtu natyrisht duhet punuar shum\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e alkalive t\u00eb ashpra ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb edhe hidroksidet e tetras\u00ebmameilammoniumit, p\u00ebr shembull<\/p>\n
Hidroksidi i tetrametilammoniumit<\/b>Acidi sulfurik<\/h3>\n
\nH2SO4<\/b>
Tani, kur merrni ujin, acid sulfurik ngrohet shum\u00eb, q\u00eb e b\u00ebn pamjen akoma m\u00eb t\u00eb gjall\u00eb. Prandaj, pastrimi i saj me uj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb ide shum\u00eb e keqe. M\u00eb mir\u00eb ta pastroni me vaj (t\u00eb pastroni, jo t\u00eb frosni \u2014 dhe pastaj ta pastroni me uj\u00eb). Ose me nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb t\u00eb madhe uji, p\u00ebr ta ftohur menj\u00ebher\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u00abS\u00eb pari uji, pastaj acidi \u2014 p\u00ebrndryshe ndodhin probleme t\u00eb m\u00ebdha!\u00bb \u2014 k\u00ebto sakt\u00ebsisht i referohen acidit sulfurik, megjithat\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do acid.<\/p>\n
Si nj\u00eb oksidues, acidi sulfurik oksidon sip\u00ebrfaqen e metalit n\u00eb okside. Dhe p\u00ebr shkak se nd\u00ebrveprimi i oksideve me acide ndodh me pjes\u00ebmarrjen e ujit si nj\u00eb katalizator \u2014 dhe acidi sulfurik nuk jep uj\u00eb \u2014 ndodh nj\u00eb efekt i quajtur pasivizim: nj\u00eb film i dendur, i patretsh\u00ebm dhe i pap\u00ebrshkuesh\u00ebm nga oksidi i metalit mbron at\u00eb nga tretja e m\u00ebtejshme.<\/p>\n
Sipas k\u00ebtij mekanizmi, acidi sulfurik i p\u00ebrqendruar d\u00ebrgohet n\u00eb vende t\u00eb larg\u00ebta si hekuri, alumini. E ve\u00e7anta \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00ebse acidi e hollon \u2014 shfaqet uji, dhe nuk mund t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet \u2014 metalet tret\u00ebn.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, oksidi i squfurit SO3 shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00eb acidin sulfurik dhe rezulton n\u00eb oleum \u2013 i cili nganj\u00ebher\u00eb shkruhet gabimisht si H2S2O7, por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e sakt\u00eb. Oleumi ka nj\u00eb t\u00ebrheqje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe ndaj ujit.<\/p>\n
Disa ndjenja personale p\u00ebr kontaktin me acidin sulfurik n\u00eb dor\u00eb: fillimisht pak ngroht\u00ebsi, pastaj pak djegie \u2013 e la n\u00ebn uj\u00eb, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb e tmerrshme. Mos besoni filmave, por nuk e rekomandoj t\u00eb bjer\u00eb n\u00eb fytyr\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Organik\u00ebt shpesh p\u00ebrdorin krompik ose \"p\u00ebrzierjen kromatike\" \u2013 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb bikromati i kaliumit i tretur n\u00eb acidin sulfurik. N\u00eb thelb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb solucion i acidit kromik, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr larjen e en\u00ebve nga mbetjet organike. N\u00ebse ka kontakt me dor\u00ebn, gjithashtu ndjehet djeg\u00ebse, por n\u00eb thelb \u2013 acidi sulfurik plus kromi toksik me gjasht\u00eb vlera. Nuk do t\u00eb keni vrima n\u00eb dor\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 n\u00eb rroba.<\/p>\n
Autori i k\u00ebtyre rreshtave njeh nj\u00eb idiot q\u00eb n\u00eb vend t\u00eb bikromatit t\u00eb kaliumit p\u00ebrdori permanganatin e kaliumit. Kur u kontaktua me organik\u00ebn, pati nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrthim t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. T\u00eb pranishmit pat\u00ebn nj\u00eb frik\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Acidi klorur<\/h3>\n \nHCl<\/b>
Ky acid, kur bie n\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00eb, djeg pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb, subjektivisht \u2014 gjithashtu kruan, dhe p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ka nj\u00eb er\u00eb t\u00eb keqe: n\u00ebse punoni shum\u00eb me acid klorhidrik t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb laborator me ventilim t\u00eb dob\u00ebt \u2014 dentistit tuaj do t'i thoni \"faleminderit\": do ta pasuroni at\u00eb. \u00c7udit\u00ebrisht, g\u00eblqerja ndihmon. Por jo shum\u00eb. M\u00eb mir\u00eb \u2014 ventilimi.<\/p>\n
Duke qen\u00eb se nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vajor dhe nuk ngroh shum\u00eb n\u00eb uj\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb ka ndjeshm\u00ebri vet\u00ebm ndaj metal\u00ebve, dhe jo ndaj t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve. \u00c7udit\u00ebrisht, \u00e7eliku n\u00eb acidin klorhidrik t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar kalon n\u00eb nj\u00eb faz\u00eb pasivizimi dhe i thot\u00eb \"jo!\". K\u00ebshtu e shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb gjat\u00eb transportit.<\/p>\n
Acidi azotik<\/h3>\n \nHNO3<\/b>
Si nj\u00eb oksidues, pasivizon shum\u00eb metale, t\u00eb cilat mbulohen me nj\u00eb film t\u00eb pa zhb\u00ebr\u00eb dhe thon\u00eb: \"mirupafshim\" \u2014 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb kromi, hekuri, alumini, kobalti, nikeli dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Reagon menj\u00ebher\u00eb me l\u00ebkur\u00ebn sipas parimit t\u00eb reaksionit xantoproteik \u2014 do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb njoll\u00eb t\u00eb verdh\u00eb, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ti, %username%, p\u00ebrfundimisht p\u00ebrb\u00ebhesh nga proteina! Pas pak kohe, l\u00ebkura e verdh\u00eb do t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebhet, ashtu si pas nj\u00eb djegieje. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, djaloshit m\u00eb pak se acidi klorhidrik, ndon\u00ebse nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm \u2014 dhe k\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb toksike: oksidet e azotit q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr organizmin.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb kimi p\u00ebrdorin at\u00eb q\u00eb quhet \"p\u00ebrzierja nitrifikuese\" \u2014 m\u00eb e njohura p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga acidi sulfurik dhe acidi azotik. P\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb sinteza, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti n\u00eb prodhimin e substanc\u00ebs arg\u00ebtuese \u2014 piroksilinit. Sa i p\u00ebrket djeg\u00ebsis\u00eb \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta me krompikun plus nj\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00eb t\u00eb bukur t\u00eb verdh\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Kahet do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00abuji i mbretit\u00bb \u2014 nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje e acidit azotike me tre pjes\u00eb acid klorhidrik. P\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb disa metale, kryesisht ato t\u00eb \u00e7muara. Metoda e kontrollit t\u00eb mostrave t\u00eb produkteve t\u00eb arit bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrpujtjen e ndryshme dhe shtimin e ujit \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn, \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr profesionist\u00ebt t\u00eb mashtrohen me falsifikime. Sa i p\u00ebrket k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimit p\u00ebr l\u00ebkur\u00ebn \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta \u00abp\u00ebrzierje nitruese\u00bb dhe p\u00ebrcjell nj\u00eb er\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb e pa ngat\u00ebrrueshme, gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft toksike.<\/p>\n
Ka gjithashtu \u00abvodka e mbretit t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00bb \u2014 kur p\u00ebrqindja \u00ebsht\u00eb e kund\u00ebrt, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb spesifik\u00eb e rrall\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Acidi fosforik<\/h3>\n \nH3PO4<\/b>
Acidi ortofosforik i p\u00ebrqendruar (85%) \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb si nj\u00eb shurup. Acidi vet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mesatar, shpesh p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb industrin\u00eb ushqimore, p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn \u2014 kur t\u00eb vendosin plombe, sip\u00ebrfaqja e dh\u00ebmbit p\u00ebrgatitet duke u trajtuar me acidin fosforik.<\/p>\n
Korrizionimi \u00ebsht\u00eb mesatar, por ka nj\u00eb nuanc\u00eb t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme: kjo shurup e p\u00ebrthith mir\u00eb. Prandaj, n\u00ebse bie mbi rroba\u2014do t\u00eb p\u00ebrthithet dhe pastaj do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb ngadal\u00eb t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrroj\u00eb. Dhe n\u00ebse ka njolla ose vrima nga acidi nitrik dhe klorik\u2014at\u00ebher\u00eb nga acidi fosforik, gj\u00ebja do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb t\u00eb ndahet, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme te k\u00ebpuc\u00ebt, kur vrima duket se shembet, derisa t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb p\u00ebrmes.<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, ta quash at\u00eb korrosive \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Acidi fluoroaktik<\/h3>\n \nHF<\/b>
Nj\u00eb acid i dob\u00ebt q\u00eb formon komplekse t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme me jonet floride me nj\u00eb dashuri t\u00eb fort\u00eb. Prandaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb befasues se \u00e7far\u00eb zgjidh ajo, q\u00eb miqt\u00eb e tjer\u00eb, m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb, nuk mund ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebrdoret shum\u00eb shpesh n\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr tretje. Kur bie n\u00eb duar, ndjenjat do t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme nga komponent\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre p\u00ebrzierjeve, por ka nj\u00eb nuanc\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Acidi fluorinici zgjidh SiO2. Pra, r\u00ebr\u00eb. Pra, xham. Pra, kuarc. E k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Jo, n\u00ebse e derdh k\u00ebt\u00eb acid mbi dritare \u2014 ajo nuk do t\u00eb zgjidhte, por do t\u00eb mbetet njoll\u00eb e turbullt. P\u00ebr ta zgjidhur \u2014 duhet t\u00eb mbash p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, e m\u00eb mir\u00eb akoma \u2014 ta ngroh\u00ebsh. Gjat\u00eb zgjidhjes lirohet SiF4, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb aq i dobish\u00ebm p\u00ebr sh\u00ebndetin, sa m\u00eb mir\u00eb ta b\u00ebsh n\u00ebn nj\u00eb extractore.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb detaj i vog\u00ebl, por i k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm: silikoni ndodhet te ti, %username%, n\u00eb thonjt\u00eb e tu. Pra, po t\u00eb preket nga acidi fluorinic n\u00ebn thonj \u2014 nuk do t\u00eb ndiesh asgj\u00eb. Por nat\u00ebn s'do t\u00eb mundesh t\u00eb flesh \u2014 do t\u00eb ket\u00eb dhimbje T\u00cb TILLA, sa her\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb kesh d\u00ebshir\u00eb t\u00eb heq\u00ebsh gishtin. Beso, shok \u2014 e di.<\/p>\n
E p\u00ebrgjithshme, acidi fluorinic \u00ebsht\u00eb toksik, kancerogjen, dep\u00ebrton p\u00ebrmes l\u00ebkur\u00ebs dhe ka shum\u00eb efekte t\u00eb tjera \u2014 por ne sot po flasim p\u00ebr acide, apo jo?<\/p>\n
A e mban mend, ne u dakorduam n\u00eb fillim, se florin nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb? Nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb. Por do t\u00eb ket\u00eb\u2026<\/p>\n
Floride t\u00eb gazrave inerte<\/h3>\n \nN\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, fluor \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb djal\u00eb i ashp\u00ebr, nuk ia del leht\u00eb t'i b\u00ebsh ball\u00eb, prandaj disa gazra inerti formojn\u00eb me t\u00eb fluorid\u00eb. Disa fluorid\u00eb stabil\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohur: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb kristale q\u00eb n\u00eb aj\u00ebr, me shpejt\u00ebsi dhe gatishm\u00ebri t\u00eb ndryshme, shkat\u00ebrrohen nga lag\u00ebshtira n\u00eb acid fluoro. Acidi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs. <\/p>\n
Acidi iodhidrik<\/h3>\n \nHI<\/b>Acidi klorik<\/h3>\n
\nHClO4<\/b>
Kur prek l\u00ebkur\u00ebn djeg, ndjenje sikur nga acidi sulfurik. Ka nj\u00eb er\u00eb t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme. Kur shihni n\u00eb filma se dikush hedh nj\u00eb kufom\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb en\u00eb me acid klorhidrik \u2014 dhe ajo mbi t\u00eb gjitha \u00ebsht\u00eb shk\u00ebrmoqur, po, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur \u2014 por zgjat gjat\u00eb ose duhet ta ngroh\u00ebsh. N\u00ebse e ngrohni \u2014 mund t\u00eb shp\u00ebrthej\u00eb (shih m\u00eb lart). Pra, b\u00ebni kujdes me kinematografin (m\u00eb duket se e kam par\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb \"Cloverfield, 10\").<\/p>\n
A propos, ngjyra e kloridit (VII) Cl2O7 dhe kloridit (VI) Cl2O6 \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati se si k\u00ebto okside formojn\u00eb acid klorhidrik me ujin.<\/p>\n
Tani imagjinoni se kemi vendosur t\u00eb bashkojm\u00eb aciditetin e fort\u00eb dhe ngjyrosjen e flourit n\u00eb nj\u00eb lidhje: t\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb molekul\u00eb t\u00eb acidit klorhidrik ose t\u00eb acidit sulfurik dhe t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojm\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha grupet hidroxil me fluor! Do t\u00eb dal\u00eb nj\u00eb substanc\u00eb e tmerrshme: ajo do t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveproj\u00eb me ujin dhe substanca t\u00eb ngjashme \u2014 dhe do t\u00eb prodhohet nj\u00eb acid i fort\u00eb dhe acid fluorsilikat n\u00eb vendin e reaksionit. A?<\/p>\n
Fluoridet e sulfurit, bromit dhe jodit<\/h3>\n \nKujtoni se ra dakord t\u00eb shqyrtonim vet\u00ebm l\u00ebngjet? P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, n\u00eb artikullin ton\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrfshihet triflorid klori ClF3<\/b>, i cili ka nj\u00eb pik\u00eb valimi prej +12 \u00b0C, megjith\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto tmerrime p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht toksik, t\u00eb ndez\u00eb xhamin, mask\u00ebn e gazit dhe, kur derdhet 900 kilogram, t\u00eb h\u00ebng\u00ebr 30 cm beton dhe nj\u00eb met\u00ebr zhavorr \u2014 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta. Por ne ran\u00eb dakord \u2014 l\u00ebngjet.<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, ka nj\u00eb l\u00ebng t\u00eb verdh\u00eb \u2014 pentaflorid jodi IF5<\/b>, nj\u00eb l\u00ebng pa ngjyr\u00eb \u2014 triflorid bromi BrF3<\/b>, nj\u00eb t\u00eb verdh\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb \u2014 pentaflorid bromi BrF5<\/b>, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk mbeten prapa. BrF5, p\u00ebr shembull, gjithashtu shp\u00ebrndaj xhamin, metalet dhe betonin.<\/p>\n
Po nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, - nd\u00ebr fluoridet e squfurit, vet\u00ebm decafluoride i disulfurit (nganj\u00ebher\u00eb quhet edhe pes\u00eb fluor i squfurit) - nj\u00eb l\u00ebng i pa ngjyr\u00eb me formul\u00ebn S2F10<\/b>. Por ky bashk\u00ebngjitje \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft stabil n\u00eb temperatura normale, nuk shp\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga uji - prandaj nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb korroziv. Megjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb kat\u00ebr her\u00eb m\u00eb toksik se fosgjeni me mekanizmin e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb veprimi.<\/p>\n
Me rastin, flitet se pentafluoride e jodit ka qen\u00eb \"gazi special\" p\u00ebr mbushjen e atmosfer\u00ebs n\u00eb anijen shp\u00ebtimi n\u00eb skenat p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb filmit \"Alien\" t\u00eb vitit 1979. Epo, nuk e mbaj mend, sinqerisht.<\/p>\n
Superacidet<\/h3>\n \nTermi \"superacid\" u fut nga James Conan n\u00eb vitin 1927 p\u00ebr klasifikimin e acideve m\u00eb t\u00eb forta se acidet minerale t\u00eb zakonshme. N\u00eb disa burime, acidin klorur e p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb si superacid, megjithat\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu - \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb acid mineral i zakonsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb superacidesh jan\u00eb acide minerale, t\u00eb cilave u jan\u00eb shtuar halogjen\u00eb: halogjeni t\u00ebrheq elektronet, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb atomet jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngacmuar, dhe gjith\u00e7ka sa vjen nga hidrogjeni: ai shk\u00ebputet n\u00eb form\u00ebn e H+ - bum: ja, dhe.argjendi u b\u00eb m\u00eb i fort\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Shembuj \u2014 acid fluorosulfonik dhe acidi klorosulfonik<\/b>
M\u00eb pas, dikush nga t\u00eb men\u00e7urit mendoi: le t\u00eb marrim acidin Lewis (nj\u00eb substanc\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb pranoj\u00eb nj\u00eb pal\u00eb elektronesh nga nj\u00eb substanc\u00eb tjet\u00ebr) dhe ta p\u00ebrziejm\u00eb me acidin Br\u00f8nsted (nj\u00eb substanc\u00eb q\u00eb mund t\u00eb dhuroj\u00eb nj\u00eb proton)! E p\u00ebrzier\u00ebm pentafluoridin e antimmoniumit me acidin fluorik dhe mor\u00ebm acidi heksafluorantimonik HSbF6.<\/b>N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem, acidi fluorik l\u00ebshon nj\u00eb proton (H+), nd\u00ebrsa baza e lidhur (F\u2212) izolohet me lidhjen koordinuese me pentafluoridin e antimmoniumit. K\u00ebshtu formohet nj\u00eb anjon i madh oktaedrik (SbF6\u2212), i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb n\u00fckleofilar shum\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt dhe nj\u00eb baz\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt. Duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb \"i lir\u00eb\", protonu shkakton superacidity n\u00eb sistem \u2014 funksioni Hammet -28!<\/p>\n
M\u00eb pas, erdh\u00ebn t\u00eb tjer\u00eb dhe than\u00eb, p\u00ebrse mor\u00ebm acidin Br\u00f8nsted t\u00eb dob\u00ebt \u2014 dhe po vazhdojm\u00eb me k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Acidi tetrafluorometansulfonik.<\/b>
Pastaj, nj\u00eb grup shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebsh nga dega kimike e universitetit amerikan t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb, n\u00ebn drejtimin e profesorit Christopher Reid, filluan nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me koleg\u00ebt nga Instituti i Kataliz\u00ebs t\u00eb SB RAN (Novosibirsk) dhe shpik\u00ebn acidin karboranik H(CHB11Cl11). E quajt\u00ebn \u00abkarboranike\u00bb p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit e zakonsh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebse d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb ndihesh si nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar \u2014 p\u00ebrs\u00ebrite \u00ab2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undekaklor-1-karba-klozo-dodecaboran(12)\u00bb tri her\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu duket kjo bukuri<\/b>
M\u00eb von\u00eb, Christopher Reed n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimin e lajmeve Nature tha: \"Ideja e sintez\u00ebs s\u00eb acidit karboran erdhi nga fantazit\u00eb p\u00ebr \"molekulat q\u00eb kurr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb nuk ishin krijuar.\" Bashk\u00eb me koleg\u00ebt e tij, ai d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb acidin karboran p\u00ebr oksidimin e atomeve t\u00eb gazit inert ksenon \u2014 thjesht sepse askush nuk e kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. Origjinale, p\u00ebr t\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Tani, pasi superacidet jan\u00eb acide normale, ato veprojn\u00eb zakonisht, vet\u00ebm pak m\u00eb fort. \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se do t\u00eb djegin l\u00ebkur\u00ebn, por kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se do t\u00eb shp\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb. Acidi fluorosulfonik \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rast i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, por atje \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fluorit, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb me acidin hidrofluorik.<\/p>\n
Acidet trihalogenacat<\/h3>\n \nDhe konkretisht \u2014 acidi trifluoroacetik dhe acidi trikoloroacetik<\/b>
M\u00eb simpatike \u00ebsht\u00eb acidi trifluoroacetik: 20%-ti tret\u00ebs shp\u00ebrb\u00ebn metalet, kork\u00ebn, gom\u00ebn, bakelitin, polietileni. N\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00eb djeg dhe krijon diga t\u00eb thata, duke arritur deri n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn muskulore. <\/p>\n
Acidi trihloruacetik n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebllai i vog\u00ebl, por gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, duar p\u00ebr femrat: n\u00eb ndjekjen e bukuris\u00eb, disa shkojn\u00eb p\u00ebr n\u00eb procedur\u00ebn e peeling TCA (TCA - \u00ebsht\u00eb TetraChloroAcetate) - kur me at\u00eb acidin tetrasloruacetik shp\u00eblarin shtres\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb ngurt\u00ebsuar t\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00ebs.<\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse estetisti bisedon me telefon, mund t\u00eb ndodhin d\u00ebshtime.<\/b>habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u2013\u00a0\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e\u2026 \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24989,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
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