{"id":33395,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-interesnye-metally\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:20","slug":"samye-interesnye-metally","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/samye-interesnye-metally","title":{"rendered":"Metalet m\u00eb interesante","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Metalet<\/p>\n

Kush nuk d\u00ebgjon metal \u2014 nuk i ka dh\u00ebn\u00eb Zoti mend!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n \u2014 Krijimtari popullore<\/i><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, %username%.<\/p>\n

gjf<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb lidhje. Sot do t\u00eb jem shum\u00eb i shkurt\u00ebr, sepse brenda gjasht\u00eb or\u00ebve duhet t\u00eb ngrihem dhe t\u00eb iki.<\/p>\n

Dhe sot d\u00ebshiroj t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr metalin. Por jo p\u00ebr at\u00eb, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb muzik\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb mund t\u00eb flasim nj\u00ebher\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr nj\u00eb got\u00eb birr\u00eb, jo n\u00eb Habra. Dhe as p\u00ebr metalin \u2014 por p\u00ebr metalet! D\u00ebshiroj t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr ato metale q\u00eb m\u00eb kan\u00eb befasuar n\u00eb jet\u00eb me vetit\u00eb e tyre.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shkak se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit n\u00eb top-list\u00eb dallohen p\u00ebr disa nga superfuqit\u00eb e tyre, nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb vende ose fitues. Do t\u00eb ket\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb dhjet\u00ebsh t\u00eb metalit! Prandaj, numri rendor nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb asgj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Hajde.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n1. Merkuuri<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nMerkuuri \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb i l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm: temperatura e shkrirjes s\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb -39 \u00b0C. P\u00ebr faktin se ai \u00ebsht\u00eb toksik \u2014 madje shum\u00eb \u2014 kam shkruar tashm\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe prandaj nuk do t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritem.<\/p>\n

Qysh prej koh\u00ebsh, merkurin e adhuronin \u2014 si jo, \"argjendi likwid\"! Alkimist\u00ebt besonin se pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb merkur fshihej guri filozofal, p\u00ebr shembull, Jabir ibn Hayyan mendonte se, duke qen\u00eb se merkur \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metal i l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb \"absolut\": ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i lir\u00eb nga \u00e7do papast\u00ebrti q\u00eb i p\u00ebrket metaleve t\u00eb ngurta. Shkuma \u2014 nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr objekt adhurimi p\u00ebr Hayyan \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb elementi i zjarrit, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jap\u00eb flak\u00eb t\u00eb past\u00ebr \"absolut\", k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha metalet e tjera (dhe q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pakta: shtat\u00eb) jan\u00eb formuar nga merkur dhe shkuma.<\/p>\n

Si n\u00eb shekullin VIII, ashtu edhe tani \u2014 n\u00ebse p\u00ebrzien merkurin dhe shkumin, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrftosh sulfid t\u00eb zi t\u00eb merkurit (dhe kjo, p\u00ebr rastin, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga m\u00ebnyrat e deaktaktimit t\u00eb merkurit t\u00eb derdhur) \u2014 por asgj\u00eb si metal. K\u00ebt\u00eb d\u00ebshtim t\u00eb m\u00ebrzitsh\u00ebm, Hayyan e shpjegoi me faktin se t\u00eb gjitha metalet e pakuptueshme nuk kan\u00eb nj\u00eb \"pjek\u00ebs\", i cili do t\u00eb marr\u00eb nga ky gj\u00ebra t\u00eb zeza p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar me metal. Dhe natyrisht, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb filluan t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb \"pjek\u00ebsin\" p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb ar. Historia e k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb gurit filozofal u shpall zyrtarisht e hapur. <\/p>\n

%username%, po ti tani duke qeshur me alkimist\u00ebt \u2014 por ata e arrit\u00ebn q\u00ebllimin e tyre! N\u00eb vitin 1947, fizikant\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb \u00e7lirimit beta t\u00eb izotopeve Hg-197 arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb prodhonin izotopin e vet\u00ebm stabil t\u00eb arit Au-197. Nga 100 mg merkur arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb nxjerrin plot 35 \u00b5g ari \u2014 dhe tani ata jan\u00eb n\u00eb Muzeun e Shkenc\u00ebs dhe Industris\u00eb n\u00eb \u00c7ikago. Pra, alkimist\u00ebt kishin t\u00eb drejt\u00eb \u2014 sepse \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur! Vet\u00ebm, p\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, \u00ebsht\u00eb e shtrenjt\u00eb\u2026<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, alkimisti i vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk besonte n\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e prodhimit t\u00eb arit nga metale t\u00eb tjera ishte Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abdullah ibn al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Sina \u2014 dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb injorant\u00ebt \u2014 thjesht Avicenna.<\/p>\n

Dhe, nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, nj\u00eb metal tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb konkurron shum\u00eb me merkurin \u00ebsht\u00eb gali. Temperatura e tij e shkrirjes \u00ebsht\u00eb 29 \u00b0C, n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb m\u00eb tregonin nj\u00eb trik skenik: vjen nj\u00eb cop\u00eb metal\u2026
\n.. dhe ja \u00e7far\u00eb del<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nP\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, gali tani mund t\u00eb blihet n\u00eb ali, p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar k\u00ebt\u00eb trik. Nuk e di, megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb dogan\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

2. Titani<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nTitani \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metal i fort\u00eb, jo si merkur! Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb i fort\u00eb! N\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebrin\u00eb dhe adoleshenc\u00ebn time, shkrimi me titan ishte i zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha ato xhama n\u00eb transportin publik. Sepse ai g\u00ebrryej dhe l\u00eb nj\u00eb pluhur metalik t\u00eb im\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb se titani p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb aviacion p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fort\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe leht\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb tij. Do t\u00eb tregoj p\u00ebr disa aplikime interesante.<\/p>\n

Kur nxeh, titani fillon t\u00eb thith\u00eb gazra t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm \u2014 oksigjen, klor dhe madje edhe azot. Kjo p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb instalimet p\u00ebr pastrimin e gazrave inert\u00eb (si argoni, p\u00ebr shembull) \u2014 ai kalon p\u00ebrmes tubave t\u00eb mbushura me sfungjer titan dhe t\u00eb nxehta deri n\u00eb 500-600 \u00b0C. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb temperatur\u00eb, sfungjeri titan reagon me uj\u00eb \u2014 oksigjeni thithet, hidrogjeni lirohet, por zakonisht hidrogjeni n\u00eb gazrat inert\u00eb nuk shqet\u00ebson ask\u00ebnd, ndryshe nga uji.<\/p>\n

Dioksidi i bardh\u00eb i titanit TiO2 p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb bojra (p\u00ebr shembull, boja titanike), si dhe n\u00eb prodhimin e letre dhe plastik\u00ebs. Shtesa ushqimore E171. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, gjat\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb dioksidit t\u00eb titanit, kontrollohet domosdoshm\u00ebrish p\u00ebrb\u00ebrja elementare \u2014 jo p\u00ebr t\u00eb reduktuar papast\u00ebrtit\u00eb, por p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtuar \"bardh\u00ebsi\": \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme q\u00eb element\u00ebt ngjyrues \u2014 hekur, krom, bak\u00ebr, etj. \u2014 t\u00eb jen\u00eb sa m\u00eb pak.<\/p>\n

Karburiti i titanit, diboridi i titanit, karb\u00ebnitri i titanit jan\u00eb konkurrent\u00ebt e karburit t\u00eb wolframit p\u00ebr fort\u00ebsin\u00eb. Disavantazhi \u2014 jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Nitridi i titanit p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr mbulimin e veglave, kupolave t\u00eb kishave dhe n\u00eb prodhimin e bizhuterive, pasi ka nj\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb q\u00eb ngjan me ar. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto \"lloj metalesh mjek\u00ebsor\u00eb\", q\u00eb duken si ari, jan\u00eb mbuluar me nitrid titaniti.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, studiuesit e p\u00ebrkushtuar koh\u00ebt e fundit kan\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb aleat\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e fort\u00eb se titani! Por p\u00ebr ta arritur k\u00ebt\u00eb \u2014 duhej t\u00eb p\u00ebrziheshin palladi, silici, fosfori, germaniumi dhe argjendi. Kjo gj\u00eb doli e shtrenjt\u00eb, prandaj s\u00ebrish titani fitoi.<\/p>\n

3. Wolfram<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nTungsten \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu e kund\u00ebrta e merkurit: metali m\u00eb i fort\u00eb me nj\u00eb temperatur\u00eb shkrirjeje prej 3422 \u00b0C. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur q\u00eb nga shekulli XVI, megjithat\u00eb, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb njohur vet\u00eb metali, por minerali tungstenit, i cili p\u00ebrmban tungsten. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, emri Wolf Rahm n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e gjerman\u00ebve t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \"kremrat e ujkut\": gjerman\u00ebt q\u00eb shkrinin tin\u00eb nuk e donin aspak mineralin tungstenit, i cili pengonte shkrirjen, duke e kthyer tin\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb froth llumi (\"g\u00eblltiste tin\u00ebn si nj\u00eb ujk dhej\"). Metali vet\u00eb u izolohua m\u00eb von\u00eb, rreth 200 vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb shihet n\u00eb foto nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb tungsten, por karbidi i tungstenit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00ebse ke nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb n\u00eb dor\u00eb, %username%, mos e merr shum\u00eb seriozisht. Karbidi i tungstenit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrje e r\u00ebnd\u00eb dhe jasht\u00ebzakonisht e fort\u00eb \u2014 dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb godasin, n\u00eb fakt \"pobedite\" \u00ebsht\u00eb 90% karbidi i tungstenit. Gjithashtu, karbidi i tungstenit p\u00ebrdoret nga njer\u00ebzit e mir\u00eb si maj\u00eb p\u00ebr projektil\u00ebt dhe plumbat. Por jo vet\u00ebm ai, m\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr nj\u00eb metal tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Tani, megjith\u00ebse wolframi \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00eb \u2014 sipas densitetit m\u00eb t\u00eb madh krahasuar me plumbin tradicional dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb, mbrojtja nga wolframi \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak e r\u00ebnd\u00eb me karakteristika mbrojt\u00ebse t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta ose m\u00eb efektive me pesh\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pik\u00ebs shkrir\u00ebse dhe fort\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb wolframit, q\u00eb e b\u00ebn t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin, n\u00eb raste t\u00eb tilla p\u00ebrdoren aliazhet m\u00eb plastike t\u00eb wolfram nga metale t\u00eb tjera ose pluhuri i wolframit (ose p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjeve t\u00eb tij) n\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb polimer. K\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb, m\u00eb efikase \u2014 por vet\u00ebm m\u00eb e shtrenjt\u00eb. Prandaj, n\u00eb rastin e fallout-it, %username%, merrni armatur\u00ebn nga wolfram!<\/p>\n

Tani, n\u00eb unaz\u00ebn time \"t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetshme\" arrita t\u00eb b\u00ebj nj\u00eb njoll\u00eb me ndonj\u00eb kimik \u2014 dhe nuk e di se \u00e7far\u00eb. Pra, \"t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetshme\" \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit normal\u00eb)))<\/p>\n

4. Uran<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nMetali i vet\u00ebm natyral q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret si karburant. Epo \u2014 karburant b\u00ebrthamor. <\/p>\n

Kur isha nx\u00ebn\u00ebs, por isha af\u00ebr universitetit (nuk do t\u00eb them pse!), gjithmon\u00eb m\u00eb b\u00ebnte t\u00eb qesh reagimi i student\u00ebve t\u00eb huaj kur u tregonin kristalet e uranil-acetat natriumi n\u00ebn mikroskop. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb reagim me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb cil\u00ebsor. Kur u thoshin t\u00eb huajve fjal\u00ebn \u00aburanil\u00bb \u2014 ata fluturonin nga tavanet. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb qeshnin.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb vjen t\u00eb qesh dhe t\u00eb qaj q\u00eb tani pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e njer\u00ebzve tan\u00eb gjithashtu e mendojn\u00eb uranin si t\u00eb friksh\u00ebm, t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb tmerrsh\u00ebm. R\u00ebnia e arsimimit \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, q\u00eb n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e lashta, oksidi natyror i uranit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr prodhimin e en\u00ebve t\u00eb verdha. Nj\u00eb cop\u00eb stak\u00eb i verdh\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante 1% oksid urani dhe daton nga viti 79 pas Krishtit, \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur af\u00ebr Napolit. Ai nuk ndri\u00e7on n\u00eb err\u00ebsir\u00eb dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb radioaktiv. Kam qen\u00eb n\u00eb Uj\u00ebrat e Verdha n\u00eb Ukrain\u00eb, ku eksportohet koncentrati i uranit. Askush atje nuk ndri\u00e7on dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb radioaktiv. Shpjegimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb: urani natyror \u00ebsht\u00eb paksa radioaktiv \u2014 jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb se granitet dhe bazaltet, si dhe materyrat e tjera dhe metropolit. Ai uran q\u00eb quhet URAN \u00ebsht\u00eb izotopi U-235, i cili n\u00eb natyr\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm 0.7204%. \u00cbsht\u00eb kaq pak, saq\u00eb p\u00ebr profesionist\u00ebt e Energjis\u00eb Nderlidh\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb ekstraktohet dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohet ky izotop (t\u00eb 'pasurohet') \u2014 ndryshe, reaktori nuk do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb thjesht.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fakt, ndodhte q\u00eb dikur n\u00eb natyr\u00eb kishte m\u00eb shum\u00eb U-235 \u2014 thjesht me kalimin e koh\u00ebs ai u shp\u00ebrb\u00eb. Dhe duke qen\u00eb se kishte m\u00eb shum\u00eb, ishte e mundur t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohej nj\u00eb reaktor b\u00ebrthamor thjesht n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb improvizuese. N\u00eb kuptimin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs. K\u00ebshtu ndodhi n\u00eb Gabon, n\u00eb depositin Oklo rreth 2 miliard\u00eb vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb: uj\u00eb kalonte p\u00ebrmes mineralit, uji \u2014 nj\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsues natyror i neutroneve q\u00eb l\u00ebshohen gjat\u00eb shp\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb uraniumit-235 \u2014 dhe p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, energjia e neutroneve ishte sakt\u00ebsisht aq sa duhej p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn e uraniumit-235 \u2014 dhe k\u00ebshtu filloi reaksioni zinxhiror. Dhe uraniumi digjej p\u00ebr disa qindra vjet derisa u konsumua... <\/p>\n

Kjo u zbulua ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb vitin 1972, kur n\u00eb fabrik\u00ebn e pasurimit t\u00eb uraniumit n\u00eb Pierrelatte (Franc\u00eb) gjat\u00eb analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb uraniumit nga Oklo u gjet nj\u00eb devijim nga norma e p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjes izotopike t\u00eb uraniumit. P\u00ebrmbajtja e izotopit U-235 ishte 0,717% n\u00eb vend t\u00eb zakonshmes 0,720%. Uraniumi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb salsi\u00e7he, k\u00ebtu pesha e pamjaftueshme nd\u00ebshkohet ashp\u00ebr: t\u00eb gjitha objektet nukleare jan\u00eb n\u00ebn kontroll t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar p\u00ebrdorimin e paligjsh\u00ebm t\u00eb materialeve q\u00eb ndahen p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime ushtarake. Prandaj, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nis\u00ebn t\u00eb studiojn\u00eb, gjet\u00ebn edhe disa elemente t\u00eb tjera, si neodim dhe ruten, dhe kuptuan \u2014 U-235 ishte vjedhur nga ne, thjesht kishte djegur, si n\u00eb reaktor. K\u00ebshtu, reaktori nuklear natyra e shpiku shum\u00eb p\u00ebrpara nesh. Megjithat\u00eb, ashtu si gjith\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Uran i varf\u00ebruar (kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb kur numri 235 merret dhe jepet p\u00ebr atomist\u00ebt, nd\u00ebrsa mbetet U-238) \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb i d\u00ebndur dhe i fort\u00eb, p\u00ebr nga vetit\u00eb ngjason me tungstenin, dhe k\u00ebshtu p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb ato vende ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb godas\u00ebsh. Ka nj\u00eb histori nga ish-Jugosllavia: atje jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur shell-e t\u00eb kalit p\u00ebrplasje q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbanin uran. Problemet n\u00eb popullat\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb, por jo p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb radiacionit: pluhuri i vog\u00ebl i uranit hynte n\u00eb mushk\u00ebri, absorbohej \u2014 dhe jepte rezultate: urani \u00ebsht\u00eb toksik p\u00ebr veshkat. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, nuk ka \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb frik\u00ebsohemi nga ureat-sulfati! E v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb, ligjet e RF nuk e parashikojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u2014 dhe k\u00ebshtu ka probleme t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme me hyrjen e reagenteve kimik\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb uran, pasi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zyrtar, urani \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eblloj.<\/p>\n

Po ashtu ka qelq uran: nj\u00eb shtes\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e uranit i jep nj\u00eb fluorescenc\u00eb t\u00eb bukur t\u00eb verdh\u00eb-jeshile.
\nDhe kjo, po, \u00ebsht\u00eb e bukur!<\/b>\"Metalet
\n\"Metalet
\n
\nP\u00ebr shembull, \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e dobishme t\u00eb ofroni mysafir\u00ebve disa moll\u00eb ose nj\u00eb sallat\u00eb, pastaj t\u00eb ndizni pak ultraviolet dhe t\u00eb tregoni sa bukur \u00ebsht\u00eb. Kur t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb duke u mahnitur, thjesht t\u00eb plotesoni: \"Epo, po, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb qelqi i uranit...\" Dhe t\u00eb hani nj\u00eb cop\u00eb moll\u00eb nga vaza...<\/p>\n

5. Osmium<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nTani q\u00eb fol\u00ebm p\u00ebr metalet e r\u00ebnda, \u00ebsht\u00eb koha t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim metalin m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi \u2014 osmiumin. Densiteti i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb 22,62 g\/cm\u00b3!<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, osmiumi, duke qen\u00eb m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00eb, nuk pengohet t\u00eb jet\u00eb edhe fluksoz: n\u00eb aj\u00ebr, ai oksidohet gradualisht n\u00eb OsO4, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb fluksoz \u2014 dhe duhet th\u00ebn\u00eb, shum\u00eb helmues. Po, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb element i grupit t\u00eb platin\u00ebs, por gjithsesi oksidohet. Emri 'osmium' vjen nga greqishtja e lasht\u00eb \u1f40\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae \u2014 'er\u00eb' \u2014 pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj: reaksionet kimike t\u00eb tretjes s\u00eb aleat t\u00eb alkalin\u00ebs osmiri n\u00eb uj\u00eb ose acid shoq\u00ebrohen me l\u00ebshimin e nj\u00eb arom\u00eb t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme dhe t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme t\u00eb OsO4, e cila irriton fytin dhe ngjan me er\u00ebn e klorit ose t\u00eb nepin e prishur. K\u00ebt\u00eb er\u00eb e ndjeu Smithson Tennant (p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb), duke punuar me osmiri \u2014 dhe k\u00ebshtu e quajti metalin. Dija se osmiumi duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb pluhurin e tij dhe duhet ngrohur p\u00ebr t\u00eb intensifikuar procesin \u2014 por n\u00eb \u00e7do rast nuk d\u00ebshiroj t\u00eb q\u00ebndroj para k\u00ebtij metali p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ajo, ka nj\u00eb izotop tjet\u00ebr, Os-187. N\u00eb natyr\u00eb ka shum\u00eb pak, prandaj ai p\u00ebrftohet nga osmiumi n\u00eb centrifuga p\u00ebrmes ndarjes s\u00eb mas\u00ebs \u2014 pik\u00ebrisht si urani. Ndarja merr 9 muaj \u2014 po, mund t\u00eb thuash se \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb lind\u00ebsh. Prandaj, Os-187 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga metalet m\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta, pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrmbajtja e tij p\u00ebrcakton \u00e7mimin e tregut t\u00eb osmiumit t\u00eb natyrsh\u00ebm. Por ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb metal m\u00eb i shtrenjti, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb flas m\u00eb posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

6. Iridiumi<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nTani q\u00eb fol\u00ebm p\u00ebr grupin e platiniumit, ia vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim edhe iridiumin. Osmiumi ia mori iridiumit titullin e metalit m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb \u2014 por ndarja \u00ebsht\u00eb e vog\u00ebl: densiteti i iridiumit \u00ebsht\u00eb 22,53 g\/cm\u00b3. Osmiumi dhe iridiumi u zbuluan s\u00eb bashku n\u00eb vitin 1803 nga kimisti anglez S. Tennant \u2014 t\u00eb dy ishin t\u00eb pranish\u00ebm si p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs n\u00eb platin\u00ebn natyrore, e cila ishte sjell\u00eb nga Amerika e Jugut. Tennant ishte i pari nga disa shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb q\u00eb arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb merrnin nj\u00eb mbetje t\u00eb pakapshme n\u00eb sasi t\u00eb mjaftueshme pas ndikimit mbi platin\u00ebn nga acidi mbret\u00ebror dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktonin n\u00eb t\u00eb metale q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb panjohura m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Por ndryshe nga osmiumi, iridiumi \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm: n\u00eb form\u00eb blloku, ai nuk shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00eb asnj\u00eb acid dhe p\u00ebrzierje t\u00eb tyre! Aspak! Edhe fluori i friksh\u00ebm e merr vet\u00ebm n\u00eb 400-450 \u00b0C. P\u00ebr ta shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb iridiumin, nevoja \u00ebsht\u00eb ta p\u00ebrziejm\u00eb me alkali \u2014 dhe preferohet gjithashtu n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb oksigjeni. <\/p>\n

Forca mekanike dhe kimike e iridiumit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb Dhom\u00ebn e Masave dhe Peshave \u2014 nga nj\u00eb aliazh platinium-iridi \u00ebsht\u00eb prodhuar standardi i kilogramit.<\/p>\n

Momentalisht iridiumi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metal bankar, por ka pasur ndodhi: n\u00eb vitin 2013, iridiumi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb u p\u00ebrdor p\u00ebr t\u00eb prodhuar monedha zyrtare nga Banka Komb\u00ebtare e Ruand\u00ebs, e cila l\u00ebshoi nj\u00eb monedh\u00eb nga metali i past\u00ebr 999. Monedha iridiumi u l\u00ebshua me vler\u00eb 10 franca ruandeze. O Zot \u2014 do doja nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb monedh\u00eb!<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, kur isha shum\u00eb i ri, n\u00eb \u00abRinin\u00eb Teknike\u00bb lexova nj\u00eb tregim fantastik, ku nj\u00eb djalosh arrinte suksesin duke nd\u00ebrruar r\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebr iridium me ndonj\u00eb jasht\u00ebtok\u00ebsor n\u00eb nj\u00eb bodrum. Ata, duket se, kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr silikon! As emrin dhe autorin e tregimit nuk i mbaj mend. Faleminderit. Wesha<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 ma kujtoi:<\/a><\/noindex> V.Shibaev. Kabelli 'nga atje'.<\/p>\n

7. Ari<\/b>L\u00ebre at\u00eb \u2014 t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e pan\u00eb
\n\"Metalet
\n
\nN\u00eb jet\u00eb shpesh ndodh q\u00eb ka nj\u00eb kampion faktik dhe nj\u00eb formal. N\u00ebse iridi \u00ebsht\u00eb kampioni faktik i q\u00ebndres\u00ebs kimike, ari \u00ebsht\u00eb formali: ky \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb elektronegativ, 2.54 sipas shkall\u00ebs Poling. Por kjo nuk e pengon arin t\u00eb zbutet n\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje acidesh, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb si zakonisht \u2014 lavd\u00ebrimet i takojn\u00eb atij q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i pasur.<\/p>\n

Dhe v\u00ebrtet, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment, fal\u00eb faktit se Kina dhe RF po largohen nga politika e akumulimit t\u00eb rezervave valutore n\u00eb dollar\u00eb amerikan\u00eb n\u00eb politik\u00ebn e akumulimit t\u00eb arit, ari \u00ebsht\u00eb metali bankar m\u00eb i shtrenjt\u00eb: p\u00ebrsa i p\u00ebrket \u00e7mimit, ai ka tejkaluar prej koh\u00ebsh platinin \u2014 dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb grupin e platin\u00ebs. Pra, ruaje parat\u00eb n\u00eb ar, %username%! <\/p>\n

Pasi metode alkimik p\u00ebr nxjerrjen e arit tregoi shpenzimet e tij, ky metal merret n\u00eb fabrikat e rafinimit. Monedhat krijohen n\u00eb mints. Si nj\u00eb person q\u00eb kam qen\u00eb aty, mund t\u00eb them: punonj\u00ebsit e k\u00ebtyre sip\u00ebrmarrjeve, kur vizitojn\u00eb zon\u00ebn ku ka metal t\u00eb \u00e7muar, ose kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb rroba t\u00eb tjera \u2014 dhe nuk ka asnj\u00eb shpull\u00eb ose clips n\u00eb rrobat e pun\u00ebs \u2014 kontrollet p\u00ebr kalim nuk jan\u00eb si n\u00eb aeroport, aty gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e fort\u00eb. Ose funksionon e ashtuquajtura \"re n\u00eb t\u00eb zhveshur\" \u2014 po, po, e kuptove sakt\u00eb: kalimi p\u00ebr djem dhe kalimi p\u00ebr vajza \u2014 do t\u00eb vishesh brenda. N\u00ebse ke nj\u00eb implant metalik \u2014 nj\u00eb mal me dokumente, nj\u00eb mal me leje, \u00e7dokush kontrollohet individualisht \u00e7do her\u00eb q\u00eb implant \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb vendin e duhur.<\/p>\n

Me sa duket, si mendon \u2014 si organizohen kontrollet n\u00eb bank\u00ebn e monedhave? Parat\u00eb nuk telefonojn\u00eb, apo jo!
\nP\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebtu, por mendo pak vet.<\/b>Pas pun\u00ebs asnj\u00eb nuk lirohet, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb drejtuesit, derisa t\u00eb num\u00ebrohet gjith\u00eb produkti. Po \u2014 gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e rrept\u00eb. Sidoqoft\u00eb, askush nuk kund\u00ebrshton kur n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira pagat jepen me produkt.<\/p>\n

\n8. Litiumi<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nN\u00eb krahasim me osmet\u00eb dhe iridiet e r\u00ebnda, litiumi \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb i leht\u00eb, me nj\u00eb dend\u00ebsi prej vet\u00ebm 0,534 g\/cm\u00b3. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metal alkalin, por m\u00eb pasiv nga e gjith\u00eb grupi: n\u00eb uj\u00eb nuk shp\u00ebrthen, por nd\u00ebrvepron qet\u00ebsisht, n\u00eb aj\u00ebr gjithashtu nuk oksidohet shum\u00eb, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ta ndizni: pas 100 \u00b0C, ai mbulohet aq mir\u00eb me oksid, saq\u00eb m\u00eb pas nuk oksidohet m\u00eb. Pra, litiumi \u00ebsht\u00eb metali i vet\u00ebm alkalin q\u00eb nuk ruhet n\u00eb naft\u00eb, sepse p\u00ebrse, kur \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft inert? Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb fatmir\u00ebsisht e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb: p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb dend\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb tij t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, litiumi do t\u00eb notonte n\u00eb naft\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Litiumi natyror p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga dy izotop\u00eb: Li-6 dhe Li-7. Pasi vet\u00eb atomi \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq i vog\u00ebl, neutroni shtes\u00eb ndikon n\u00eb rrezen e orbit\u00ebs dhe energjin\u00eb e eksitacionit t\u00eb Elektronit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb spektri atomik i zakonsh\u00ebm i k\u00ebtyre dy izotop\u00ebve ndryshon - si pasoj\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t'i identifikoni pa ndihm\u00ebn e spektrometrave t\u00eb mas\u00ebs - dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim i vet\u00ebm n\u00eb natyr\u00eb! T\u00eb dy izotop\u00ebt jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb energjin\u00eb b\u00ebrthamore, p\u00ebr shembull, deuteridi Li-6 p\u00ebrdoret si pluhur termonetik n\u00eb arm\u00ebt b\u00ebrthamore - dhe nuk do t\u00eb flas m\u00eb asnj\u00eb fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb!<\/p>\n

Litiumin e p\u00ebrdorin psikiatrit si normomet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb trajtuar dhe parandaluar manit\u00eb. Kur isha student, punoja n\u00eb kated\u00ebr dhe na vinte nj\u00eb zonj\u00eb me plazm\u00eb gjaku, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin duhej t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktonim litiumin. Nga nj\u00eb her\u00eb e mora dhe hulumtova n\u00eb literatur\u00eb (internet nuk kishte ende), p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar pse duhej t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktonim litiumin atje? Dhe m\u00ebsova... Nga vizita tjet\u00ebr e pyeta me rast\u00ebsi zonj\u00ebn, se kujt ishte gjaku. Kur ajo u p\u00ebrgjigj se ishte i saj, p\u00ebrpiqesha t\u00eb mos e takoj personalisht m\u00eb shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Epo, litiumi \u00ebsht\u00eb litium, madje ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet edhe n\u00eb uj\u00eb. Padyshim, n\u00eb Lvov, ka shum\u00eb nga ai n\u00eb uj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

9. Francium<\/b>\"Metalet
\n
\nFrancia ka nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb titujsh. S\u00eb pari, franciumi \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb i rrall\u00eb. I gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtja e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht radioaktive: ai ekziston si nj\u00eb produkt nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebs i \u00e7lirimit t\u00eb uraniumit-235 dhe toriumit-232. P\u00ebrmbajtja e p\u00ebrgjithshme e franciumit n\u00eb litosfer\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet n\u00eb 340 gram\u00eb. Prandaj, njolla n\u00eb imazhin e sip\u00ebrm nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb foto e nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb zez\u00eb nga p\u00ebrpara, por rreth 200,000 atome franciumi n\u00eb nj\u00eb kapje magnetiko-optoike. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb izotop\u00ebt e franciumit jan\u00eb radioaktiv\u00eb, izotopi m\u00eb jet\u00ebgjat\u00eb, Fr-223, ka nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb gjysm\u00eb-jete prej 22.3 minutash. Prandaj, franciumi \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq i rrall\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, franciumi ka elektronegativitetin m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt nga t\u00eb gjitha elementet e njohura deri tani \u2013 0.7 n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e Pauling. P\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, franciumi \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe metali m\u00eb kimikisht aktiv alkalik dhe formon alkalin m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb \u2013 hidroksidin e franciumit FrOH. Dhe mos pyet, %username%, se si e t\u00ebrheq\u00ebn gjith\u00e7ka me nj\u00eb element, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pak \u2013 po, pak, dhe cilin \u00e7do 22,3 minuta b\u00ebhet dyfish m\u00eb pak, nd\u00ebrsa k\u00ebrkuesi ndri\u00e7ohet \u00e7do her\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb. Prandaj, e gjitha kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb interesante dhe arg\u00ebtuese, por franciumi as q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret gjetiu.<\/p>\n

10. Kaliforni<\/b>\"Metalet\/><\/p>\n

Kaliforni n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb bot\u00eb nuk ekziston fare, dhe prodhohet n\u00eb dy vende: Dimitrovgrad n\u00eb RF dhe Laboratori Komb\u00ebtar Oak Ridge n\u00eb SHBA. P\u00ebr prodhimin e nj\u00eb gram kaliforni, plutoni ose kuriumi i n\u00ebnshtrohen nj\u00eb rrezatimi t\u00eb gjat\u00eb me neutron n\u00eb nj\u00eb reaktor b\u00ebrthamor \u2014 nga 8 muaj deri n\u00eb 1.5 vite. E gjith\u00eb gama e shp\u00ebrthimeve duket k\u00ebshtu: Plutoni-Americiumi-Kuriumi-Berkli-Kaliforni. Kaliforni-252 \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati p\u00ebrfundimtar i zinxhirit \u2014 ky element nuk mund t\u00eb shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb izotop m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb, pasi b\u00ebrthama e tij si\u00e7 duket thot\u00eb 'faleminderit, jam ngopur' dhe p\u00ebrgjigjet dob\u00ebt ndaj ndikimeve me neutrone. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e transformimit t\u00eb plutonit n\u00eb kaliforni, 99.7% e b\u00ebrthamave \u00e7ahen. Vet\u00ebm 0.3% e b\u00ebrthamave mbahen nga \u00e7arja dhe kalojn\u00eb deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb gjith\u00eb faz\u00ebn. Po ashtu, produkti duhet t\u00eb ndahet! Ekstraksioni i izotopit ndodh p\u00ebrmes metod\u00ebs s\u00eb ekstraktimit, kromatografis\u00eb s\u00eb ekstraktimit ose p\u00ebrmes k\u00ebmbimit jonik. P\u00ebr t'i dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb pamje metalike, kryhet nj\u00eb reaksion rikuperimi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb gram kaliforni-252 nevojiten 10 kilogram\u00eb plutoni-239. <\/p>\n

Sasia vjetore t\u00eb kaliforniumit-252 arrin 40-80 mikrogram, nd\u00ebrsa specialist\u00ebt vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb se rezerva global e kaliforniumit nuk kalon 8 gram. Prandaj, kaliforniumi, m\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht kaliforniumi-252, \u00ebsht\u00eb metali m\u00eb i shtrenjt\u00eb ne bot\u00eb, me \u00e7mimin p\u00ebr gram n\u00eb vitet e ndryshme duke variuar nga 6.5 n\u00eb 27 milion dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb pyetje logjike: p\u00ebr k\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm? Nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebsh nj\u00eb zinxhir p\u00ebr qaf\u00eb me t\u00eb, nuk mund t\u2019i blesh nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb t\u00eb dashur\u00ebs. Ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb interesante \u00ebsht\u00eb se Cf-252 ka nj\u00eb koeficient t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb riprodhimit t\u00eb neutroneve (m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 3). Nj\u00eb gram Cf-252 emeton rreth 3\u22c510\u00b9\u00b2 neutrone n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Po, potencialisht mund t\u00eb b\u00ebsh nj\u00eb bomb\u00eb atomike, por \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e lir\u00eb me uran dhe pluton t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb kaliforniumi p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb burim neutronesh n\u00eb k\u00ebrkime t\u00eb ndryshme, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb analizat e aktivizimit t\u00eb neutroneve n\u00eb analizator\u00ebt industrial\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e prodhimit. Megjithat\u00eb, %username%, un\u00eb personalisht kam par\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kaliforni n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb ampule t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, e cila u nxor nga nj\u00eb barre mbrojtjeje radiative t\u00eb madhe dhe u fut shpejt n\u00eb vendin e duhur t\u00eb analizatorit.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se p\u00ebr kaq para, kaliforni duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb helm, ndon\u00ebse jo kaq i fort\u00eb, si poloni, i cili godet me pjes\u00ebza alfa,<\/a><\/noindex>, por neutron\u00ebt \u2014 gjithashtu jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Por \u00e7mimi duket disi i lart\u00eb, sigurisht.<\/p>\n

Duket se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjitha \u2014 mbetet t\u00eb fle rreth kat\u00ebr or\u00eb para udh\u00ebtimit. Shpresoj se ishte interesante dhe se e shkruajta k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb uroj, %username%, t\u00eb jesh i fort\u00eb si titani, i leht\u00eb si litiumi, i pal\u00ebkundur si iridiumi dhe i \u00e7muar si kaliforni! Po ashtu, shpresoj t\u00eb kesh shum\u00eb ar n\u00eb xhep.<\/b>
\n(mund ta p\u00ebrdor\u00ebsh k\u00ebt\u00eb toni n\u00eb fest\u00ebn e ardhshme \u2014 mos e falendero)<\/i>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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