{"id":33495,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","slug":"seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala","title":{"rendered":"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9d5b75de9baed1844b204cbc3e4b653a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nT\u00eb gjith\u00eb e dim\u00eb shum\u00eb mir\u00eb se bota e teknologjis\u00eb p\u00ebrreth nesh \u00ebsht\u00eb dixhitale ose po shkon me shpejt\u00ebsi n\u00eb at\u00eb drejtim. Transmetimi televiziv dixhital nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aspak di\u00e7ka e re, por n\u00ebse nuk jeni interesuar posa\u00e7\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb, teknologjit\u00eb mbi t\u00eb cilat ai bazohet mund t\u2019ju duken t\u00eb papritura.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00ebrmbajtja e seris\u00eb s\u00eb artikujve<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449322\/\">Pjesa 1: Arkitektura e p\u00ebrgjithshme e rrjetit KTV<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449902\/\">Pjesa 2: P\u00ebrb\u00ebrja dhe forma e sinjalit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450256\/\">Pjesa 3: P\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsi analog i sinjalit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 4: P\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsi digjital i sinjalit<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 5: Rrjeti shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebs koaksial<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 6: Forcues t\u00eb sinjalit RF<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 7: Pranuesit optik\u00eb<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 8: Rrjeti optik i magjistral\u00ebs<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 9: Stacioni kryesor<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 10: Identifikimi dhe zgjidhja e shkakut t\u00eb defekteve n\u00eb rrjetin KTV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>P\u00ebrb\u00ebrja e sinjalit televiziv dixhital<\/h1>\n<p>\nSinjali televiziv dixhital \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb transporti e versioneve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb MPEG (dhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe kodek\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb), e transmetuar me sinjal radio duke p\u00ebrdorur modulimin kuadraturor t\u00eb amplitud\u00ebs QAM me nivele t\u00eb ndryshme. P\u00ebr \u00e7do specialist telekomunikacioni k\u00ebto terma jan\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb qarta, ndaj po sjell vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb GIF nga <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:QAM16_Demonstration.gif\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>, e cila, shpresoj, do t\u2019u jap\u00eb nj\u00eb ide m\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb atyre q\u00eb thjesht nuk jan\u00eb interesuar ende p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/283d4b7a8b196962c4cceb63489a2b10.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKy lloj modulimi, n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb apo tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebrdoret jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr \u201canakronizmin televiziv\u201d, por edhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha sistemet e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb kulmin e teknologjis\u00eb. Shpejt\u00ebsia e rrjedh\u00ebs dixhitale n\u00eb kabllon \u201ce anten\u00ebs\u201d arrin n\u00eb qindra megabit\u00eb!<\/p>\n<h1>Parametrat e sinjalit dixhital<\/h1>\n<p>\nDuke p\u00ebrdorur pajisjen Deviser DS2400T n\u00eb modalitetin e shfaqjes s\u00eb parametrave t\u00eb sinjalit dixhital, mund t\u00eb shohim se si duket kjo n\u00eb praktik\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/68b91d37fad05b2ed6e3bc707fa26113.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb rrjetin ton\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht sinjale t\u00eb tre standardeve: DVB-T, DVB-T2 dhe DVB-C. Le t\u2019i shqyrtojm\u00eb me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-T<\/h2>\n<p>\nKy standard nuk u b\u00eb kryesori n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb, duke ia l\u00ebn\u00eb vendin versionit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim nga operatori, sepse marr\u00ebsit DVB-T2 jan\u00eb kompatib\u00ebl me standardin e gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se abonenti mund ta marr\u00eb nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb till\u00eb pothuajse n\u00eb \u00e7do televizor dixhital pa dekodues shtes\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ky standard i projektuar p\u00ebr transmetim n\u00eb aj\u00ebr (shkronja T do t\u00eb thot\u00eb Terrestrial, tok\u00ebsor) ka mbrojtje shum\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjeve dhe tepric\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme, aq sa ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb funksionon edhe aty ku, p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye, sinjali analog nuk arrin t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/d2e68060fe9e9d7220fcbda65a8d76ac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb ekranin e pajisjes mund t\u00eb shohim si formohet konstelacioni 64QAM (standardi mb\u00ebshtet QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). V\u00ebrehet se n\u00eb kushte reale pikat nuk bashkohen aspak n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb vetme, por vijn\u00eb me nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb caktuar. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb normale p\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb dekoderi mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb se cilit katror i p\u00ebrket pika e marr\u00eb, por edhe n\u00eb figur\u00ebn e paraqitur duken zona ku ato ndodhen n\u00eb kufi ose pran\u00eb tij. Nga kjo pamje mund t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet shpejt \u201cme sy\u201d cil\u00ebsia e sinjalit: p\u00ebr shembull, kur amplifikatori punon keq, pikat vendosen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kaotike dhe televizori nuk arrin t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb figur\u00ebn nga t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e marra: shfaqen \u201cpiksele\u201d, madje ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb figura ngrin plot\u00ebsisht. Ka edhe raste kur procesori i amplifikatorit \u201charron\u201d t\u2019i shtoj\u00eb sinjalit nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit (amplitud\u00ebn ose faz\u00ebn). N\u00eb raste t\u00eb tilla, n\u00eb ekranin e pajisjes mund t\u00eb shihet nj\u00eb rreth ose unaz\u00eb sa gjith\u00eb fusha. Dy pikat jasht\u00eb fush\u00ebs kryesore jan\u00eb pika referente p\u00ebr marr\u00ebsin dhe nuk mbartin informacion.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb ekranit, posht\u00eb numrit t\u00eb kanalit, shohim parametrat sasior\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p>Niveli i sinjalit (<b>P<\/b>) n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat dB\u03bcV si p\u00ebr sinjalin analog, por p\u00ebr sinjalin dixhital standardi GOST p\u00ebrcakton tashm\u00eb vet\u00ebm 50 dB\u03bcV n\u00eb hyrje t\u00eb marr\u00ebsit. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00eb seksionet me zbehje m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, \u201cdixhitali\u201d do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb se analogu.<\/p>\n<p>Vlera e gabimeve t\u00eb modulimit (<b>MER<\/b>) tregon sa i shtremb\u00ebruar \u00ebsht\u00eb sinjali q\u00eb marrim, pra sa larg nga qendra e katrorit mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb pika e marr\u00eb. Ky paramet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me raportin \u201csinjal\/zhurm\u00eb\u201d n\u00eb sistemin analog; vlera normale p\u00ebr 64QAM \u00ebsht\u00eb nga 28 dB. K\u00ebtu shihet qart\u00eb se devijimet e konsiderueshme n\u00eb figur\u00ebn e paraqitur i korrespondojn\u00eb nj\u00eb cil\u00ebsie mbi norm\u00eb: k\u00ebtu q\u00ebndron rezistenca ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjeve e sinjalit dixhital.<\/p>\n<p>Numri i gabimeve n\u00eb sinjalin e marr\u00eb (<b>CBER<\/b>) \u2014 numri i gabimeve n\u00eb sinjal p\u00ebrpara p\u00ebrpunimit me \u00e7far\u00ebdo algoritmesh korrigjimi.<\/p>\n<p>Numri i gabimeve pas pun\u00ebs s\u00eb dekoderit Viterbi (<b>VBER<\/b>) \u2014 rezultati i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb dekoderit, i cili p\u00ebrdor informacion t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikuperuar gabimet n\u00eb sinjal. T\u00eb dy k\u00ebta parametra maten si \u00abnum\u00ebr gabimesh ndaj sasis\u00eb s\u00eb marr\u00eb\u00bb. Q\u00eb pajisja t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr gabimesh m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl se nj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00ebqind mij\u00eb ose n\u00eb dhjet\u00eb milion\u00eb (si n\u00eb figur\u00ebn e paraqitur), ajo duhet t\u2019i marr\u00eb k\u00ebto dhjet\u00eb milion\u00eb bit; n\u00eb nj\u00eb kanal kjo k\u00ebrkon pak koh\u00eb, prandaj rezultati i matjes nuk shfaqet menj\u00ebher\u00eb dhe madje n\u00eb fillim mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb i dob\u00ebt (p\u00ebr shembull E-03), por pas disa sekondash t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-T2<\/h2>\n<p>\nStandardi i transmetimit dixhital tok\u00ebsor i miratuar n\u00eb Rusi mund t\u00eb transmetohet edhe n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet kabllit. Forma e konstelacionit, n\u00eb shikim t\u00eb par\u00eb, mund t\u00eb duket disi e pazakont\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3122eede760f4aaa34b924f34fdcd4b4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKy rrotullim rrit m\u00eb tej imunitetin ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjeve, sepse marr\u00ebsi e di q\u00eb konstelacioni duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i rrotulluar me nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd t\u00eb caktuar, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t\u00eb filtrohet ajo q\u00eb vjen pa zhvendosjen e parashikuar. K\u00ebtu shihet se p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb standard normat e gabimeve t\u00eb biteve jan\u00eb nj\u00eb rend madh\u00ebsie m\u00eb t\u00eb larta dhe gabimet n\u00eb sinjal para p\u00ebrpunimit nuk dalin m\u00eb jasht\u00eb kufirit t\u00eb matjes, por p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb krejt reale prej 8,6 p\u00ebr milion. P\u00ebr korrigjimin e tyre p\u00ebrdoret dekoderi <b>LDPC<\/b>, prandaj parametri quhet LBER.<br \/>\nFal\u00eb imunitetit m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjeve, ky standard mb\u00ebshtet nivelin e modulimit 256QAM, por aktualisht n\u00eb transmetimin tok\u00ebsor p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm 64QAM.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-C<\/h2>\n<p>\nKy standard \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar fillimisht p\u00ebr transmetim me kabllo (C \u2014 Cable), nj\u00eb mjedis shum\u00eb m\u00eb i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm se ajri, prandaj lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb niveli m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb modulimi se DVB-T dhe, rrjedhimisht, transmetimin e nj\u00eb sasie m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe informacioni pa p\u00ebrdorur kodim t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Rrjetet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/33c27eed12c0c66e35eae343710039f2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nK\u00ebtu shohim konstelacionin 256QAM. Katror\u00ebt jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shumt\u00eb dhe madh\u00ebsia e tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar. Probabiliteti i gabimit \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se p\u00ebr transmetimin e nj\u00eb sinjali t\u00eb till\u00eb nevojitet nj\u00eb mjedis m\u00eb i besuesh\u00ebm (ose kodim m\u00eb i nd\u00ebrlikuar, si te DVB-T2). Nj\u00eb sinjal i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb \u00abshp\u00ebrb\u00ebhet\u00bb aty ku funksionojn\u00eb analogu dhe DVB-T\/T2, megjithat\u00eb ai gjithashtu ka rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb imunitetit ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjeve dhe algoritme p\u00ebr korrigjimin e gabimeve.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb probabilitetit m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb gabimit, parametri MER p\u00ebr 256-QAM standardizohet tashm\u00eb n\u00eb 32 dB.<\/p>\n<p>Numri i biteve t\u00eb gabuara \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur edhe me nj\u00eb rend madh\u00ebsie dhe tashm\u00eb llogarit nj\u00eb bit t\u00eb gabuar p\u00ebr miliard, por edhe n\u00ebse ato do t\u00eb jen\u00eb qindra milion\u00eb (PRE-BER ~E-07-8), dekoderi Reed-Solomon i p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb standard do t\u2019i eliminoj\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gabimet.<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450258\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u2014 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 1: \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u041a\u0422\u0412 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 2: \u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u0438 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 3: \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25196,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33495","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.2 - 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