{"id":33495,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","slug":"seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/seti-kabelnogo-televideniya-dlya-samyh-malenkih-chast-4-tsifrovaya-sostavlyayushhaya-signala","title":{"rendered":"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9d5b75de9baed1844b204cbc3e4b653a.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nT\u00eb gjith\u00eb ne e dim\u00eb se bota e teknologjis\u00eb p\u00ebrreth nesh \u00ebsht\u00eb digjitale, ose po synon t\u00eb b\u00ebhet e till\u00eb. Transmetimi digjital i televizionit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka e re, megjithat\u00eb n\u00ebse nuk keni qen\u00eb t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, teknologjit\u00eb q\u00eb e karakterizojn\u00eb at\u00eb mund t'ju duken t\u00eb papritura.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">P\u00ebrmbajtja e seris\u00eb s\u00eb artikujve<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449322\/\">Pjesa 1: Arkitektura e p\u00ebrgjithshme e rrjetit KTV<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449902\/\">Pjesa 2: Struktur\u00eb dhe forma e sinjalit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450256\/\">Pjesa 3: Komponenti analog i sinjalit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 4: Komponenti digjital i sinjalit<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 5: Rrjeti koaksial shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebs<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 6: Amplifikator\u00ebt e sinjalit RF<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 7: Marr\u00ebsit optik\u00eb<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 8: Rrjeti magistral optik<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 9: Stacioni kryesor<\/li>\n<li>Pjesa 10: Gjetja dhe ndreqja e defekteve n\u00eb rrjetin KTV<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>P\u00ebrb\u00ebrja e sinjalit digjital t\u00eb televizionit<\/h1>\n<p>\nSinjali digjital i televizionit p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb transporti e versioneve t\u00eb ndryshme MPEG (ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe kodek\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb), e transmetuar p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb sinjali radio me modulatorin e rrafshit t\u00eb katror\u00ebve QAM n\u00eb nivele t\u00eb ndryshme. \u00c7do specialist i lidhjeve duhet ta kuptoj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb si n\u00eb dit\u00eb, ndaj do t\u00eb jap vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb gif nga <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:QAM16_Demonstration.gif\">wiki<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili, shpresoj, do t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb ata q\u00eb akoma nuk jan\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/283d4b7a8b196962c4cceb63489a2b10.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNj\u00eb modulator i till\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb ose tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoret jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr \"teleanahroniz\u00ebm\", por edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha sistemet e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb pikun e teknologjis\u00eb. Shpejt\u00ebsia e rrjedh\u00ebs digjitale n\u00eb kabllon \"anten\u00eb\" arrin qindra megabit!<\/p>\n<h1>Parametrat e sinjalit digjital<\/h1>\n<p>\nDuke p\u00ebrdorur pajisjen Deviser DS2400T n\u00eb modin e shfaqjes s\u00eb parametrave t\u00eb sinjalit digjital, ne do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb shohim se si ndodh n\u00eb realitet:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/68b91d37fad05b2ed6e3bc707fa26113.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb rrjetin ton\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb pranish\u00ebm sinjale t\u00eb tre standardeve: DVB-T, DVB-T2 dhe DVB-C. Le t'i shqyrtojm\u00eb ato nj\u00eb nga nj\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-T<\/h2>\n<p>\nKy standard nuk u b\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb, duke iu l\u00ebn\u00eb vendin versionit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim nga operatori sepse marr\u00ebsit DVB-T2 jan\u00eb t\u00eb prapambetur kompatibil\u00eb me standardin e brezit t\u00eb par\u00eb, \u00e7ka do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi mund ta marr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sinjal n\u00eb pothuajse \u00e7do televizor digjital pa pajisje shtes\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, standardi i destinuar p\u00ebr transmetim ajror (letra T do t\u00eb thot\u00eb Terrestrial, ajrore) ka nj\u00eb mbrojtje ndaj pengesave dhe tepric\u00ebs aq t\u00eb mir\u00eb, saq\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb funksionon atje ku sinjali analog nuk arrin p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb caktuara.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/d2e68060fe9e9d7220fcbda65a8d76ac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u00eb ekranin e pajisjes, ne mund t\u00eb shohim si formohet konstelacioni 64QAM (standardit i mb\u00ebshtet QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM). \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se n\u00eb kushte reale pikat nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruara n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend, por vijn\u00eb me nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb caktuar. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb normale p\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa dekoduesi mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb se n\u00eb cilin katror i p\u00ebrket pika e ardhur, por madje edhe n\u00eb imazhin e dh\u00ebn\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme zona ku ato jan\u00eb af\u00ebr kufijve. Nga kjo pamje, \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb vler\u00ebsosh shpejt cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e sinjalit: kur amplifikatori nuk punon si duhet, pikat shp\u00ebrndahen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kaotike, dhe televizori nuk mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoj\u00eb imazhin nga t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e marra: \"pixelohet\", ose ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndalesa p\u00ebr t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht. Ka raste kur procesori i amplifikatorit \"harrojn\u00eb\" t\u00eb shtojn\u00eb n\u00eb sinjal nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit (amplitud\u00ebn ose faz\u00ebn). N\u00eb k\u00ebto raste, n\u00eb ekranin e pajisjes mund t\u00eb shihni nj\u00eb rreth ose nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb q\u00eb z\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fush\u00ebn. Dy pika p\u00ebrtej fush\u00ebs kryesore jan\u00eb referenca p\u00ebr marr\u00ebsin dhe nuk sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr informacion.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb ekranit n\u00ebn numrin e kanalit ne shohim parametrat kuantitative:<\/p>\n<p>Niveli i sinjalit (<b>P<\/b>) n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn dB\u03bcV si p\u00ebr analogun, megjithat\u00eb p\u00ebr sinjalin digjital, GOST-i rregullon tashm\u00eb vet\u00ebm 50dB\u03bcV n\u00eb hyrje t\u00eb marr\u00ebsit. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb zona me m\u00eb shum\u00eb zbehje \"digjitali\" do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb se analog.<\/p>\n<p>Vlera e gabimeve t\u00eb moduli (<b>MER<\/b>) tregon se sa e deformuar \u00ebsht\u00eb sinjali q\u00eb ne marrim, pra sa larg mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb pika e ardhur nga qendra e katrorit. Ky parametr \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me raportin \"sinjal\/zhurm\u00eb\" nga sistemi analog, vlera normale p\u00ebr 64QAM \u00ebsht\u00eb nga 28dB. K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se devijimet e m\u00ebdha n\u00eb imazhin e dh\u00ebn\u00eb p\u00ebrkojn\u00eb me cil\u00ebsin\u00eb mbi norm\u00eb: kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mbrojtja ndaj pengesave t\u00eb sinjalit digjital.<\/p>\n<p>Numri i gabimeve n\u00eb sinjalin e pranuar (<b>CBER<\/b>) \u2014 numri i gabimeve n\u00eb sinjal para p\u00ebrpunimit me ndonj\u00eb algorit\u00ebm ndihm\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>Numri i gabimeve pas pun\u00ebs s\u00eb dekoduesit Viterbi (<b>VBER<\/b>) \u2014 rezultati i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb dekoduesit, i cili p\u00ebrdor informacionin e tepruar p\u00ebr t\u00eb rivendosur gabimet n\u00eb sinjal. T\u00eb dy k\u00ebta parametra maten n\u00eb \"cop\u00ebza p\u00ebr \u00e7do sasi t\u00eb marr\u00eb\". P\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar nj\u00eb num\u00ebr gabimesh m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl se nj\u00eb n\u00eb qind mij\u00eb ose dhjet\u00eb milion (si n\u00eb imazhin e dh\u00ebn\u00eb) pajisja duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb k\u00ebto dhjet\u00eb milion bit\u00eb, \u00e7ka n\u00eb nj\u00eb kanal z\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb koh\u00eb, ndaj rezultati i matjes nuk shfaqet menj\u00ebher\u00eb, madje mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb fillimisht i keq (E-03, p\u00ebr shembull), por pas disa sekondash mund t\u00eb arrij\u00eb nj\u00eb parametr t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-T2<\/h2>\n<p>\nStandardi i pranuar n\u00eb Rusi p\u00ebr transmetimin digjital ajror gjithashtu mund t\u00eb transmitohet p\u00ebrmes kabllit. Forma e konstelacionit n\u00eb pamjen e par\u00eb mund t\u00eb befasoj\u00eb disi:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3122eede760f4aaa34b924f34fdcd4b4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nKy ky\u00e7je e re shton mbrojtjen nga nd\u00ebrhyrjet, sepse marr\u00ebsi e di se konstelacioni duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i orientuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd t\u00eb caktuar, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb mund t\u00eb filtrohet ajo q\u00eb arrin pa nd\u00ebrrimet e p\u00ebrfshira. K\u00ebtu shihet se p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb standard normat e gabimeve t\u00eb bitit jan\u00eb nj\u00eb rend m\u00eb t\u00eb larta dhe gabimet n\u00eb sinjal p\u00ebrpara p\u00ebrpunimit tashm\u00eb nuk kalojn\u00eb kufijt\u00eb e matjes, por p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht reale 8.6 n\u00eb milion. P\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar ato, p\u00ebrdoret dekoderi <b>LDPC<\/b>, prandaj parameteri quhet LBER.<br \/>\nFal\u00eb mbrojtjes t\u00eb rritur ndaj nd\u00ebrhyrjeve, ky standard mb\u00ebshtet nivelin e modulimit 256QAM, por aktualisht n\u00eb transmetimin ajror p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm 64QAM.<\/p>\n<h2>DVB-C<\/h2>\n<p>\nKy standard \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar fillimisht p\u00ebr transmetim p\u00ebrmes kabllit (C - Cable) - nj\u00eb mjedis shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm se ajri, prandaj lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb shkalle m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb modulimi se DVB-T, duke transmituar m\u00eb shum\u00eb informacion pa p\u00ebrdorur kodim t\u00eb komplikuar.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kanalet e televizionit kabllor p\u00ebr t\u00eb vegjlit. Pjesa 4: Komponenti dixhital i sinjalit\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/33c27eed12c0c66e35eae343710039f2.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nK\u00ebtu shohim konstelacionin 256QAM. Katror\u00ebt jan\u00eb rritur, madh\u00ebsia e tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb zvog\u00ebluar. Probabiliteti i gabimit \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur, prandaj p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb till\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet nj\u00eb mjedis m\u00eb t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm (ose kodim m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuar, si n\u00eb DVB-T2). Ky sinjal mund t\u00eb \"shp\u00ebrb\u00ebhet\" aty ku funksionojn\u00eb analog dhe DVB-T\/T2, megjithat\u00eb ai gjithashtu ka nj\u00eb rezerv\u00eb mbrojtjeje n\u00eb raport me nd\u00ebrhyrjet dhe algoritme p\u00ebr korrigjimin e gabimeve.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb probabilitetit m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb gabimeve, parametri MER p\u00ebr 256-QAM \u00ebsht\u00eb normuar tashm\u00eb n\u00eb 32dB.<\/p>\n<p>Numri i bit\u00ebve t\u00eb gabuar \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur edhe nj\u00eb rend dhe tani llogarit nj\u00eb bit t\u00eb gabuar n\u00eb miliard, por edhe n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kishte qindra miliona (PRE-BER ~E-07-8), dekoderi i p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb standard, Reed-Solomon, do t\u00eb eliminoj\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha gabimet.<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450258\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412\u0441\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u2014 \u0446\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439, \u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443. \u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c 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