<\/a><\/noindex>Sot informacioni p\u00ebr programimin ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr sistematizim edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb se elementet kimike 150 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nevoja e par\u00eb \u2014 m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnia. Mendeleev filloi krijimin e sistemit t\u00eb tij kur u p\u00ebrball me pyetjen \u2014 nga cili element t\u00eb fillonte t\u00eb jepte leksione: O, H, N, He, Au\u2026 N\u00eb k\u00ebto kushte, i ishte m\u00eb e leht\u00eb \u2014 ai m\u00ebsonte kimin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebve \u2014 student\u00ebve t\u00eb universitetit t\u00eb SPb. Nd\u00ebrsa programimi tashm\u00eb m\u00ebsohet n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb dhe s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb n\u00eb kopshte. <\/p>\n
Nevoja e dyt\u00eb \u2014 qasja shkencore. Me ndihm\u00ebn e sistemit periodik u zbuluan elemente t\u00eb reja dhe u korrigjua informacioni p\u00ebr ato t\u00eb vjetra. Ai ndihmoi n\u00eb krijimin e modelit t\u00eb atomit (1911). Dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nevoja e tret\u00eb \u2014 sakt\u00ebsimi i konceptit t\u00eb programit. <\/p>\n
Programimi modern me nj\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb bllokuar n\u00eb vitet '50 t\u00eb shekullit XX. At\u00ebher\u00eb programet ishin t\u00eb thjeshta, nd\u00ebrsa makinat dhe gjuh\u00ebt makina ishin t\u00eb komplikuara, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka rrotullohej p\u00ebrreth mjeteve dhe gjuh\u00ebve. <\/p>\n
Tani \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt e kund\u00ebrta: programet jan\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara dhe primare, gjuh\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta dhe dyt\u00ebsore. Kjo quhet qasje aplikative, e cila duket se \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb. Por student\u00ebt dhe zhvilluesit vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb bindin se gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00ebsoj si m\u00eb par\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Kjo na rikthen n\u00eb leksionin e par\u00eb t\u00eb privat-docentit Mendeleev. \u00c7far\u00eb t\u00eb themi student\u00ebve t\u00eb par\u00eb? Ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta? Ja n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb q\u00ebndron pyetja. <\/p>\n
P\u00ebrgjigjen p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb e ofron libri \"Matrjoshka C. Sistemi i Shtresuar i Gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb Programit\". Ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb drejtuar jo vet\u00ebm student\u00ebve, por edhe programuesve t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur, pasi ata duhet t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb rishikojn\u00eb bot\u00ebkuptimin \u2014 n\u00eb fakt, ne. <\/p>\n
M\u00eb posht\u00eb ndodhet nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e shkurt\u00ebr e librit. <\/p>\n
1. Hyrje<\/h2>\n \nN\u00eb vitin 1969 u krijua gjuha C, e cila u b\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb themelore programimi dhe mbetet e till\u00eb tashm\u00eb p\u00ebr 50 vjet. Pse \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu? Para s\u00eb gjithash, sepse C \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuha aplikative<\/i> , e cila i jep programit pamje njer\u00ebzore<\/i> n\u00eb vend t\u00eb atij mekanik.<\/i>. Ky arritje u forcuan nga gjuh\u00ebt e familjes C: C++, JavaScript, PHP, Java, C# dhe t\u00eb tjera. S\u00eb dyti, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e shkurt\u00ebr dhe e bukur. <\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, vet\u00eb gjuha C zakonisht ngat\u00ebrrohet me assemblerin makinerik, duke e komplikuar dhe deformuar k\u00ebshtu perceptimin e saj. Nj\u00eb ekstrem tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb imponimi i ndonj\u00eb \u00abfilozofie\u00bb mbi gjuh\u00ebn: procedurale, objektive, funksionale, t\u00eb kompiluara, t\u00eb interpretuara, t\u00eb tipizuara dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Kjo shton emocione, por nuk ndihmon p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrshkruar m\u00eb mir\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn. <\/p>\n
E v\u00ebrteta ndodhet n\u00eb mes, dhe p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn C \u2014 sakt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb mes mes perceptimit filozofik dhe atij mekanik. <\/p>\n
Gjuha C \u2014 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb autonome, ajo i n\u00ebnshtrohet gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb shkruar, dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb \u2014 vet\u00eb kontrollon gjuh\u00ebn assembler. Kjo pozicion p\u00ebrshkruan Modelin e t\u00eb folurit t\u00eb programit<\/i>, sipas t\u00eb cilit programi ndahet n\u00eb tri lloje n\u00ebnshtruese: t\u00eb folurit, kodin, komand\u00ebn. Gjuha C \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr llojin e dyt\u00eb, at\u00eb t\u00eb kodit. <\/p>\n
Duke p\u00ebrcaktuar vendin e gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb program, mund t\u00eb renditen informacionet p\u00ebr t\u00eb, \u00e7ka b\u00ebn Sistemi n\u00eb nivele i gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb programit<\/i>, q\u00eb paraqet gjuh\u00ebn C n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e sistemit t\u00eb Mendeljev \u2014 n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe. <\/p>\n
Sistemi \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar duke marr\u00eb parasysh shkall\u00ebn e gjuh\u00ebve aplikative<\/i>, q\u00eb rrjedh nga n\u00ebnshtrimi i tyre t\u00eb folur. Nj\u00eb grup nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb Matrjosk\u00ebs C lejon p\u00ebrshkrimin dhe krahasimin e gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb ndryshme, duke krijuar nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb Matrjoskash: C++, PHP, JavaScript, C#, MySQL, Python dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e merituar dhe e drejt\u00eb q\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebrshkruhen me nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs themelore. <\/p>\n2. KREU 1. Modeli i t\u00eb folurit t\u00eb programit. Gjuha C e kuptueshme<\/h2>\n
\nN\u00eb kreun e par\u00eb paraqitet modeli i t\u00eb folurit t\u00eb programit<\/i>, q\u00eb pasqyron qasjen aplikative. Sipas tij, programi ka tri lloje t\u00eb dukshme secila pasuese: <\/p>\n\nt\u00eb folurit \u2014 fjal\u00ebt e drejtp\u00ebrdrejta t\u00eb programuesit, i cili zgjidh problemin, <\/li>\n kodi \u2014 kodifikimi i zgjidhjes n\u00eb form\u00eb matematikore n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C (apo ndonj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb tjet\u00ebr)<\/li>\n dhe komanda \u2014 urdhrat e drejtp\u00ebrdrejta makinerik. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nModeli i t\u00eb folurit shpjegon pse C \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb dhe e kuptueshme. C \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar sipas modelit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs son\u00eb njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb zakonshme. <\/p>\n
Lloji i par\u00eb i programit \u00ebsht\u00eb fjalimi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i programuesit. Fjalimi p\u00ebrputhet me m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e t\u00eb menduarit njer\u00ebzor. Me an\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs shkruajn\u00eb programet programuesit fillestar\u00eb \u2014 fillimisht n\u00eb rusisht, pastaj duke kaluar hap pas hapi veprimet n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e kodit. Dhe pik\u00ebrisht sipas k\u00ebtij modeli u krijua gjuha C. <\/p>\n
Arsyetimet e programuesit, t\u00eb shprehura me fjal\u00eb, shnd\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb format numerik t\u00eb kodit. Ky shnd\u00ebrrim duhet t\u00eb quhet reflektim<\/i>, pasi fjalimi dhe kodi kan\u00eb nj\u00eb natyr\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb (reflektim \u2014 lindje \u2014 gjini). Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt e qart\u00eb, n\u00ebse e p\u00ebrputhim format e fjal\u00ebs (majtas) dhe ato t\u00eb kodit (djathtas). <\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrshkrimi modern i gjuh\u00ebs C (nga viti 1978) nuk p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme em\u00ebrtimesh as p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, as p\u00ebr detyr\u00ebn e reflektimit n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti. Prandaj ne jemi t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb merremi me krijimtari dhe t\u00eb futim k\u00ebto em\u00ebrtesa.<\/p>\n
Zgjedhja e fjal\u00ebve duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e sakt\u00eb dhe e qart\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb nevojitej nj\u00eb qasje e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, e shprehur shkurtimisht k\u00ebshtu \u2014 p\u00ebrdorimi rigoroz i gjuh\u00ebs amtare. P\u00ebr anglez\u00ebt do t\u00eb ishte anglishtja, por ne nuk jemi anglez\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim at\u00eb q\u00eb kemi dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb flasim rusisht. <\/p>\n
Reflektimi kryhet nga dy lloje shprehjesh: <\/p>\n
\nllogaritja <\/i>(L) \u2014 reflekton ndryshimin e pronave t\u00eb objektit. Prona e objektit shprehet me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr, at\u00ebher\u00eb veprimi mbi pron\u00ebn \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb veprimi mbi numrin \u2014 operacioni. <\/li>\nn\u00ebnshtrimi <\/i>(N) \u2014 reflekton ndryshimin e rendit t\u00eb veprimeve. Modeli i N \u00ebsht\u00eb fjalimi i nd\u00ebrlikuar, prandaj shumica e llojeve t\u00eb N fillojn\u00eb me lidh\u00ebsin n\u00ebnshtrues \u00abn\u00ebse\u00bb, \u00abndryshe\u00bb, \u00abderisa\u00bb, \u00abp\u00ebr\u00bb. Lloje t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb N i plot\u00ebsojn\u00eb ato. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n \nDhe, p\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, mund t\u00eb besoni se n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e C nuk ekziston emri p\u00ebr shprehjet llogarit\u00ebse \u2014 ato quhen thjesht \u00abshprehje\u00bb? Pas k\u00ebsaj nuk do t\u00eb \u00e7uditemi m\u00eb p\u00ebr munges\u00ebn e em\u00ebrtimit dhe bashkimit p\u00ebr llojin n\u00ebnshtrim, dhe p\u00ebr gjith\u00eb varf\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb em\u00ebrtime, p\u00ebrkufizime dhe p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsime. E gjith\u00eb kjo sepse libri i famsh\u00ebm K\/R (\"Gjuha C\", Kernighan\/Ritchie, 1978) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb manual p\u00ebrdorimi, jo nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i gjuh\u00ebs. <\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, do t\u00eb donim t\u00eb kishim nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. Prandaj ai ofrohet nga Sistemi n\u00eb nivele i gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb programit<\/i>. <\/p>\n3. KREU 2. Sistemi n\u00eb shtresa. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e shkurt\u00ebr e C<\/h2>\n
\n\u00c7do p\u00ebrshkrim duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i sakt\u00eb dhe t\u00eb mbahet n\u00eb minimum. N\u00eb rastin e gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb programit, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. <\/p>\n
K\u00ebtu kemi nj\u00eb program. Ai p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga module. Modulet p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga n\u00ebnprograme dhe grupe (structure). N\u00ebnprogramet p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga shprehje t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta: shpallje, llogaritje, var\u00ebsi. Ka gjithsej dhjet\u00eb lloje var\u00ebsish. Var\u00ebsit\u00eb lidhen me nivele dhe n\u00ebnprograme. Ka gjithashtu disa shpallje. Megjithat\u00eb, shpalljet p\u00ebrfshihen jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb n\u00ebnprograme dhe nivele, por edhe n\u00eb module dhe grupe. Dhe shumica e shprehjeve p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga fjal\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb aq t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrshkruar saq\u00eb zakonisht ato jepen vet\u00ebm me dy lista - fjal\u00ebt origjinale dhe ato t\u00eb nxjerra, me t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb njihemi gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb studimit dhe p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. T\u00eb shtojm\u00eb k\u00ebtu edhe shenjat e pik\u00ebsimit dhe nj\u00eb grup tjet\u00ebr shprehjesh. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohet kush q\u00ebndron n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb t\u00eb kujt. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb qasje e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebs do t\u00eb ishte tep\u00ebr e komplikuar. K\u00ebrkimi i rrug\u00ebve rrethore \u00e7on n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebs mbi baz\u00ebn e natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb saj fjalore dhe an\u00ebs komanduar. K\u00ebshtu lindi sistemi me Shtresa, i cili p\u00ebrputhet pjes\u00ebrisht me Sistemin Periodik t\u00eb Mendeleievit, i cili gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb shtresor.<\/i>Si\u00e7 u zbulua pas 42 vjet\u00ebsh nga botimi i tij (1869), periodiciteti i sistemit lidhet me kat\u00ebrshet elektronike (1911, modeli i atomit Bohr-Rutherford). Gjithashtu, sistemi me Shtresa dhe Sistemi Periodik ndajn\u00eb vendosjen tabelare t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nj\u00ebsive n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe. <\/i>P\u00ebrshkrimi i nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs del t\u00eb jet\u00eb i shkurt\u00ebr - vet\u00ebm 10 lloje shprehjesh dhe 8 lloje nj\u00ebsish t\u00eb tjera, si dhe informues dhe vizual. Megjithat\u00eb, edhe e pazakont\u00eb p\u00ebr takimin e par\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndara n\u00eb 6 nivele: <\/p>\n
grupet - rreshtat e tabel\u00ebs<\/p>\n
\ndepartamentet - grupe t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb llojeve (pjes\u00ebt e rreshtit t\u00eb par\u00eb)<\/li>\n llojt\u00eb - qelizat (niveli kryesor i ndarjes)<\/li>\n n\u00ebnllojt\u00eb - ndar\u00ebsit e llojeve (niveli i rrall\u00eb)<\/li>\n llojt\u00eb - formulat e nj\u00ebsive n\u00eb fund t\u00eb qeliz\u00ebs ose ve\u00e7mas<\/li>\n modelet - vet\u00eb nj\u00ebsit\u00eb (vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr fjal\u00ebt)<\/li>\n Modelet e fjal\u00ebve p\u00ebrshkruhen<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nnga fjalori \u2013 nj\u00eb n\u00ebnsiat\u00eb e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit gjasht\u00eb nivele.<\/i> Pjesa fjalore e gjuh\u00ebs C \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e dukshme, megjithat\u00eb ende meriton p\u00ebrshkrim. Nd\u00ebrsa pjesa komanduar e gjuh\u00ebs lidhet me menaxhimin e kompilimit, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin krijohet nj\u00eb lloj i tret\u00eb programi - komandues. K\u00ebtu ne arrijm\u00eb n\u00eb an\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs C - bukurin\u00eb. <\/p>\n
4. KAPITULLAT PASUES. Bukurish C <\/p>\n
4. KAPITULLT E NDRYSHME. Gjuha e bukur C<\/h2>\n \nGjuha C \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb thelb t\u00eb programimit modern. Pse? S\u00eb pari, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb saj m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe me gjuh\u00ebn. S\u00eb dyti, sepse bukur ka kaluar kufizimet e p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb numrave nga makina.<\/p>\n
\u00c7far\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht ofron C? Bashk\u00ebngjitje dhe shtres\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Fjala \"bashk\u00ebngjitje\" \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkthim i anglishtes \"type\", e cila rrjedh nga greqishtja \"prototyp\" \u2014 \"modeli i par\u00eb\". N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn ruse, fjala \"tip\" nuk p\u00ebrcjell sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb konceptit t\u00eb shprehur, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr duke u ngat\u00ebrruar me p\u00ebrdorimin sh\u00ebrbyes \"lloj\". <\/p>\n
Fillimisht, bashk\u00ebngjitja zgjidhte nj\u00eb problem t\u00eb past\u00ebr mekanik t\u00eb llogaritjes, dhe m\u00eb pas u b\u00eb piste p\u00ebr lindjen e gjuh\u00ebve objekt. <\/p>\n
Shtresa menj\u00ebher\u00eb zgjidhte disa probleme \u2014 si ato mekanike, ashtu edhe ato praktike. Prandaj, shqyrtimi do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb me bashk\u00ebngjitjen e nj\u00ebq\u00ebndrueshme dhe do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn shum\u00ebq\u00ebndrueshme. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb nga karakteristikat e pak\u00ebndshme t\u00eb programimit historik \u00ebsht\u00eb se shumica e koncepteve, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato kryesore, jepen pa definita. \"Gjuha e programimit (emri i lumenjve) ka tip t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm...\" \u2014 dhe vazhdoi. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \"tipi\" (bashk\u00ebngjitja) \u2014 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet, sepse autor\u00ebt vet\u00eb nuk e kuptojn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht dhe do ta kalojn\u00eb \"p\u00ebr qart\u00ebsi\". N\u00ebse i shtyjn\u00eb p\u00ebr muri, do t\u00eb japin nj\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktim t\u00eb paqart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb pavlefsh\u00ebm. E ndihmon shum\u00eb t\u00eb fshihesh pas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb huaja: p\u00ebr autor\u00ebt rus\u00eb \u2014 pas atyre angleze (tip), p\u00ebr anglez\u00ebt \u2014 pas atyre franceze (subroutine), greke (polimorfiz\u00ebm), latine (inkapsulim) ose kombinimeve t\u00eb tyre (polimorfiz\u00ebm ad-hoc). <\/p>\n
Por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fati yn\u00eb. Zgjedhja jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb definita me nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim t\u00eb hapur n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn ruse t\u00eb past\u00ebr. <\/p>\n
Imazh<\/h3>\n \nImazh<\/i> \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb em\u00ebr prototipik i madh\u00ebsis\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton 1) vetit\u00eb e veta t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe 2) zgjedhjen e operacioneve p\u00ebr madh\u00ebsin\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Fjal\u00ebs \"tip\" (lloj) i korrespondon pjesa e par\u00eb e definicioni: \"vetit\u00eb e veta t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb\". Por kuptimi kryesor i bashk\u00ebngjitjes \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb: \"zgjedhja e operacioneve p\u00ebr madh\u00ebsit\u00eb\".<\/p>\n
Pika fillestare p\u00ebr introdukimin e bashk\u00ebngjitjes n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C \u00ebsht\u00eb llogaritja e zakonshme, p\u00ebr shembull, operacioni i mbledhjes. <\/p>\n
Matematika<\/i> e shkruar me dor\u00eb ose e shtypur, nuk b\u00ebn dallime t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta midis llojeve t\u00eb numrave, duke i konsideruar zakonisht ato si reale. Prandaj, operacionet e procesimit t\u00eb tyre jan\u00eb nj\u00ebz\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n
Mekanik<\/i> Matematika ndan qart\u00eb numrat n\u00eb numra t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb dhe numra t\u00eb fraksionuar. Lloje t\u00eb ndryshme numrash ruhen ndryshe n\u00eb memorje dhe p\u00ebrpunohen nga komandat e ndryshme t\u00eb procesorit. P\u00ebr shembull, komandat e shtimit t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb dhe numrave t\u00eb fraksionuar \u2014 jan\u00eb dy komanda t\u00eb ndryshme, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin dy nyjave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb procesorit. Megjithat\u00eb, komanda p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtuar argumente t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequra dhe numra t\u00eb fraksionuar nuk ekziston. <\/p>\n
Aplikative<\/i> Matematika, pra gjuha C, ndan llojet e numrave, por bashkon operacionet: shtimi p\u00ebr numra t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb dhe\/o numra t\u00eb fraksionuar shkruhet me nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb veprimi.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebrkufizimi i qart\u00eb i konceptit t\u00eb figur\u00ebs lejon t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr dy koncepte t\u00eb tjera: shkalla <\/i>dhe operacioni<\/i>. <\/p>\nShkalla dhe operacioni<\/h3>\n
\nShkalla <\/i> \u2014 numri i p\u00ebrpunuar.<\/p>\n
Operaci\u00f3n<\/i> \u2014 p\u00ebrpunimi i vlerave t\u00eb figurave fillestare (argumenteve) p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb numrin p\u00ebrfundimtar (rezultatin). <\/p>\n
Shkalla dhe operacioni jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura. \u00c7do operacion \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb, pasi ka nj\u00eb rezultat numerik. Nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7do shkall\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati i d\u00ebrgimit t\u00eb vler\u00ebs n\u00eb regjistrin e procesorit\/daljes nga procesori, dmth \u2014 rezultati i operacionit. Pavar\u00ebsisht k\u00ebsaj lidhjeje, megjithat\u00eb kryesore \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrshkrimit t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb ndara, pavar\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrs\u00ebritjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb fjale n\u00eb seksione t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb fjalorit, si\u00e7 ndodh n\u00eb ma3. <\/p>\n
Prirja makinerike ndante t\u00eb gjitha numrat e p\u00ebrdorur nga programuesi n\u00eb komandave <\/i>dhe nga sonda kozmike WMAP lidhur me heterogjenitetet e temperatur\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezatimit reliktar, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga objektet kryesore t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgimit n\u00eb studimin e universit ton\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave u zbulua nj\u00eb anomali e madhe n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen k\u00ebndore t\u00eb fluktuacioneve t\u00eb rrezatimit reliktar n\u00eb harmonika t\u00eb ul\u00ebta. Nj\u00eb nga shpjegimet e k\u00ebtij fenomeni ishte teoria se topologjia e universit ton\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ndryshe nga nj\u00eb plane tre-dimensionale ose nga nj\u00eb sfer\u00eb. Kur shqyrtohet topologjia e universit ton\u00eb si nj\u00eb dodekaed\u00ebr, kalkulimet teorike p\u00ebrputhen ngusht\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat eksperimentale.<\/i>. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, t\u00eb dyja ishin pik\u00ebrisht numra, p\u00ebr shembull, komandat shkruheshin me kode numerike. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt aplikative, komandat ndal\u00ebn s\u00eb qeni numra dhe u b\u00ebn\u00eb fjal\u00eb <\/i>dhe shenja veprimi<\/i>. Numrat mbet\u00ebn vet\u00ebm 't\u00eb dh\u00ebna', por vazhdimi p\u00ebr t'i quajtur ashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb absurde, sepse kur kalojm\u00eb nga pik\u00ebpamja makinerike n\u00eb at\u00eb matematikore, numrat jan\u00eb figura q\u00eb ndahen si fillestare (nga sonda kozmike WMAP lidhur me heterogjenitetet e temperatur\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezatimit reliktar, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga objektet kryesore t\u00eb v\u00ebzhgimit n\u00eb studimin e universit ton\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebtyre t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave u zbulua nj\u00eb anomali e madhe n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen k\u00ebndore t\u00eb fluktuacioneve t\u00eb rrezatimit reliktar n\u00eb harmonika t\u00eb ul\u00ebta. Nj\u00eb nga shpjegimet e k\u00ebtij fenomeni ishte teoria se topologjia e universit ton\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ndryshe nga nj\u00eb plane tre-dimensionale ose nga nj\u00eb sfer\u00eb. Kur shqyrtohet topologjia e universit ton\u00eb si nj\u00eb dodekaed\u00ebr, kalkulimet teorike p\u00ebrputhen ngusht\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat eksperimentale.<\/i>) dhe p\u00ebrfundimtare (t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuara<\/i>). 'T\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb panjohura' do t\u00eb ting\u00ebllonte qesharake. <\/p>\n
Komandat gjithashtu u ndan\u00eb n\u00eb dy lloje veprimesh: matematikore dhe sh\u00ebrbyese. Veprimet matematikore \u2014 operacione. P\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbyeset do t\u00eb kthehemi m\u00eb von\u00eb. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt C, operacionet e zakonshme matematikore t\u00eb qarta dhe makinerike pothuajse b\u00ebhen shum\u00ebfishe. <\/p>\n
Operacionet e shum\u00ebfishta \u2013 disa operacione t\u00eb nj\u00eb emri me forma t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb argumenteve dhe veprime t\u00eb ndryshme, t\u00eb ngjashme n\u00eb kuptim. <\/p>\n
Argumentet e plota p\u00ebrputhen me operacionin e plot\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa ato t\u00eb thjeshta p\u00ebrputhen me ato t\u00eb thjeshta. Ky ndryshim \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht i duksh\u00ebm gjat\u00eb operacionit t\u00eb ndarjes, kur shprehja 1\/2 jep rezultatin 0, jo 0,5. Kjo shfaqje nuk i p\u00ebrmbush rregullat e matematik\u00ebs n\u00eb let\u00ebr, por gjuha C nuk synon t'i respektoj\u00eb ato (ndryshe nga Fortrani) \u2014 ajo luan sipas rregullave t\u00eb saj. aplikohet<\/i> rregullave.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb rastin e p\u00ebrzierjes s\u00eb numrave t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshihet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpunim i vlerave t\u00eb argumenteve<\/i> \u2014 nj\u00eb transformim selektiv i vler\u00ebs nga nj\u00eb form\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kur shtohet nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i plot\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i thjesht\u00eb, rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb, prandaj forma e operacionit p\u00ebrzgjedh <\/i>operacionin e transformimit t\u00eb argumentit t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Serit\u00eb e operacioneve mbeten jo shumore<\/i>, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00ebsore<\/i>. K\u00ebto operacione jan\u00eb t\u00eb caktuara p\u00ebr nj\u00eb lloj argumentesh: mbetja e ndarjes \u2014 argumente t\u00eb plota, mbledhja (operacionet bit p\u00ebr bit) \u2014 numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb natyror. Ma3 tregon shum\u00ebsin\u00eb e operacioneve me shenjat (#^) me p\u00ebrshkrimin e formave p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat operacioni \u00ebsht\u00eb i p\u00ebrcaktuar. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb atribut i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, por q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb anashkaluar m\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7do operacion. <\/p>\n
T\u00eb gjitha funksionet jan\u00eb operacione t\u00eb rastit t\u00eb nj\u00ebsive. P\u00ebrjashtim p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb operator\u00ebt \u2014 funksionet e pa kllapa<\/i>, t\u00eb integruara n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb (operacione t\u00eb burimit). <\/p>\nNdihma<\/h3>\n
\nNdihma <\/i> \u2014 veprim i shoq\u00ebruesh\u00ebm me operacionin.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse e konsiderojm\u00eb operacionin si veprimin kryesor, mund t\u00eb dallojm\u00eb dy veprime ndihm\u00ebse q\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb operacionin dhe dallohen nga ai. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb 1) menaxhimi i variabl\u00ebs dhe 2) n\u00ebnshtrimi. Ky veprim quhet ndihm\u00eb<\/i>.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebtu duhet t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb nj\u00eb moment dhe t\u00eb flasim ve\u00e7mas p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkthimet ruse t\u00eb teksteve m\u00ebsimore p\u00ebr programimin. N\u00eb tekstin K\/R p\u00ebr regjistrimin e veprimeve u fut nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb e re statement <\/i>(shprehje), e cila p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb ndante konceptet e komand\u00ebs makinerike n\u00eb veprime t\u00eb ndryshme: 1) operacione, 2) shpallje dhe 3) n\u00ebnshtrim (t\u00eb quajtur \"strukturat menaxhuese\"). K\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje e vran\u00eb p\u00ebrkthyesit rus\u00eb, duke e z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar \"shprehjen\" me fjal\u00ebn \"operator\", e cila:<\/p>\n\nu b\u00eb sinonim i fjal\u00ebs makinerike \"komand\u00eb\", <\/li>\n u b\u00eb sinonim i fraz\u00ebs \"shenja veprimi\",<\/li>\n dhe gjithashtu mori nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pakufizuar kuptimesh t\u00eb tjera. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb di\u00e7ka si artikulli anglez \"ehhh...\". <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nLe t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb veprimet shoq\u00ebruese, ose ndihmat<\/i>.<\/p>\nMenaxhimi i variabl\u00ebs<\/i> <\/h4>\n
\nMenaxhimi i variabl\u00ebs<\/i> (UP) \u2014 krijimi\/fshirja e qelizave t\u00eb ndryshueshme. variablave shtes\u00eb<\/i> n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet funksioneve malloc() dhe free(). <\/p>\n
Duhet t\u00eb theksohet se veprimet e pashpjeguara jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t'u shkruar, pasi nuk k\u00ebrkon asgj\u00eb t\u00eb shkruhet, por jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t'i llogarit\u00ebsh dhe t'i interpretohesh. <\/p>\n
N\u00ebnshtrimi<\/i><\/h4>\n \nN\u00ebnshtrimi <\/i> \u2014 aktivizimi\/\u00e7aktivizimi i pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb nivelit. <\/p>\n
Gjuha C ofron nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb praktike p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar rendin e veprimeve \u2014 n\u00ebnshtrimi. Ky koncept reflekton dhe zhvillon fjalin\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb me nj\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn kryesore (fjalin\u00eb n\u00ebnshtruese) dhe pjes\u00ebn an\u00ebsore (pjes\u00ebt n\u00ebnnivel\/nderprogram). <\/p>\n
Si shpallja ashtu edhe n\u00ebnshtrimi jan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuara mbi konceptin nivel<\/i>. <\/p>\nNiveli<\/h3>\n
\nNiveli <\/i> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup i kufizuar, nj\u00eb-nd\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor i shprehjeve selektive. <\/p>\n
Niveli mori p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr qart\u00eb dhe paqart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar menj\u00ebher\u00eb disa detyra: <\/p>\n
\nrenditja e programit,<\/li>\n kufizimi i dukshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb emrave (qart\u00ebsisht),<\/li>\n menaxhimi i ndryshueshmeve (qelizave t\u00eb memories) (qart\u00ebsisht),<\/li>\n p\u00ebrcaktimi i pjes\u00ebve an\u00ebsore p\u00ebr n\u00ebnshtrim,<\/li>\n p\u00ebrcaktimi i funksioneve dhe grupeve dhe t\u00eb tjera. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nN\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt e makin\u00ebs nuk kishte konceptin e nivelit, prandaj ajo nuk u shfaq as n\u00eb C\/R, dhe n\u00ebse di\u00e7ka nuk kishte atje \u2014 t\u00eb sjell\u00ebsh k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb librat e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm do t\u00eb ishte heretike dhe mendjengusht\u00eb. Prandaj, koncepti i nivelit nuk u shfaq fare, ndon\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e dobishme dhe e qart\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Pa nivelin, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb shpjegosh disa veprime dhe rregulla t\u00eb programit shkurt dhe qart\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, pse nj\u00eb goto i thjesht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i keq, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb while i nd\u00ebrlikuar \u00ebsht\u00eb i mir\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb protestosh vet\u00ebm pa asnj\u00eb fuqi, si\u00e7 b\u00ebnte Dijkstra (\u00abkualifikimi i programuesve \u2014 funksion q\u00eb varet invers nga frekuenca e operator\u00ebve goto n\u00eb programet e tyre\u00bb. N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim, vet\u00ebm dema p\u00ebrdorin goto. Niveli i arsyetimit \u2014 Zotit.) E v\u00ebrteta, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq e frikshme, n\u00ebse librat tuaj nuk kan\u00eb asnj\u00eb detyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar, por, si\u00e7 e tham\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fati yn\u00eb. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, mund t\u00eb supozohet se Den Ritchie la goto si nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb koncept t\u00eb paem\u00ebruar, sepse nuk kishte asnj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb apo bukuri n\u00eb shprehjen goto. Por kishte nj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shpjegim t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb principeve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, q\u00eb vet\u00eb Ritchie nuk donte t'i jepte, dhe q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb bazuara pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb konceptin nivel<\/i>. <\/p>\nShkallimi<\/h3>\n
\nShkallimi <\/i> \u2014 ndryshimi i vetive normale t\u00eb emrit t\u00eb ri. <\/p>\n
Shkallimi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm lidhet me vetit\u00eb e shtresave t\u00eb programit dhe p\u00ebrshkruhet me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb \"static\", e cila ka kuptime t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb secil\u00ebn nga llojet e shtresave. <\/p>\n
5. KREU I FUNDIT. P\u00ebrgjithshm\u00ebria e gjuh\u00ebve aplikative<\/h2>\n \nGjuha aplikative \u00ebsht\u00eb figurative <\/i>gjuh\u00eb (t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb figur\u00eb, \"t\u00eb tipizuara\"). Ato bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e qart\u00eb ose t\u00eb pacaktuar t\u00eb figur\u00ebs. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrs\u00ebri shfaqet nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb: figura e qart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e kuptueshme, por m\u00eb pak praktike, dhe e kund\u00ebrta. <\/p>\n
(Tabela e kodit ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb sjell\u00eb, prandaj tabela \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb si imazh.)<\/i><\/p>\n
Pas C-s\u00eb, zhvillimi i gjuh\u00ebve aplikative mori rrug\u00ebn e rritjes s\u00eb figurativitetit t\u00eb tyre. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar figurativitetin e lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pasardh\u00ebsi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i C-s\u00eb \u2014 gjuha C++. Ajo zhvillon iden\u00eb e p\u00ebrzgjedhjes s\u00eb operacioneve arbitrare p\u00ebr vlera dhe e realizon at\u00eb mbi baz\u00ebn e shprehjes s\u00eb C-s\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhje, e cila merr nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb ri \u2014 objekt. Megjithat\u00eb, C++ nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq i shkurt\u00ebr dhe i shprehsh\u00ebm sa C, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mbingarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb llojeve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb p\u00ebrzgjedhjes dhe rregullave t\u00eb lidhura me to. Le t\u00eb flasim, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, p\u00ebr \"mbingarkes\u00ebn\". <\/p>\n
Mbingarkesa dhe polimorfizmi <\/h3>\n \nFjala \"mbingarkes\u00eb\" (overload) \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term i vjetruar i qasjes makinerike, q\u00eb tregon krijimin e operacioneve t\u00eb shumta<\/i>. <\/p>\n
Programuesve (sistematik\u00eb) t\u00eb makinave shum\u00ebsia <\/i>e operacioneve mund t\u00eb irritonte: \"\u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb ky shenj\u00eb (+): shtimi i numrave t\u00eb plot\u00eb, shtimi i numrave t\u00eb thyesh\u00ebm apo ndonj\u00eb lloj ndihm\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr?! N\u00eb koh\u00ebn ton\u00eb nuk shkruhej k\u00ebshtu!\" Nga k\u00ebtu vjen nuanca negative e fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb zgjedhur (\u00abmbingarkes\u00eb\u00bb, \u00abkonsum\u00bb). P\u00ebr programuesin aplikativ, operacionet e shumta jan\u00eb themeli, arritja kryesore dhe trash\u00ebgimia e gjuh\u00ebs C, aq natyrale sa shpesh nuk njihen. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C++ shum\u00ebsia<\/i> kjo u p\u00ebrhap jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb operacionet fillestare, por edhe n\u00eb funksione - si t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta ashtu edhe t\u00eb grupuara n\u00eb klasa - metoda. S\u00eb bashku me metodat shum\u00ebfishe erdhi mund\u00ebsia e rimarrjes s\u00eb tyre n\u00eb klasa t\u00eb zgjeruara, e cila u quajt paqart\u00eb \u201epolimorfiz\u00ebm\u201c. Kombinimi i polimorfizmit dhe ngarkes\u00ebs krijoi nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje dinamike, e cila u shp\u00ebrnda n\u00eb dy polimorfizma: \u201et\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\u201c dhe \u201ead-hoc\u201c. T\u00eb kuptohet kjo mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet vet\u00ebm pavar\u00ebsisht emrave t\u00eb caktuar. Emrat e huaj kan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb n\u00eb ad. <\/p>\n
Deklarata e llojit \u201engarkes\u00eb\u201c \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb shprehet me fjal\u00ebn ri-deklarim <\/i> \u2014 duke shtuar nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb t\u00eb funksionit me em\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me argumente t\u00eb form\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr. <\/p>\n
Deklarata e llojit \u201epolimorfiz\u00ebm\u201c \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb quhet me fjal\u00ebn ri-deklarim<\/i> \u2014 nj\u00eb deklarat\u00eb mbuluese n\u00eb nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb zgjeruese t\u00eb funksionit me em\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me argumente t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs forme. <\/p>\n
At\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohet se metodat me em\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb t\u00eb formave t\u00eb ndryshme (argumenteve) \u2014 ri-deklara<\/i>, nd\u00ebrsa e nj\u00eb forme \u2014 ri-deklarohen<\/i>. <\/p>\n
Fjal\u00ebt shqipe gjejn\u00eb zgjidhje. <\/p>\n
Pista e fluturimit<\/h3>\n \nRishikimi i koncepteve t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb larta-t\u00eb formuara konfirmon r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb koncepteve themelore. Me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, C do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e leht\u00eb dhe e k\u00ebndshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar gjuh\u00ebt e larta-t\u00eb formuara. <\/p>\n
Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebt e larta-t\u00eb formuara t\u00eb papara<\/i> (PHP, JavaScript). P\u00ebr to, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e objekteve (formave t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebra) b\u00ebhet edhe m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se n\u00eb C++, por vet\u00eb nocioni i form\u00ebs b\u00ebhet i paqart\u00eb dhe i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u kapur. Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i leht\u00ebsis\u00eb, ato jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta, por nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i kuptimit \u2014 m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira. <\/p>\n
Prandaj, duhet t\u00eb filloni t\u00eb studioni gjuh\u00ebt e programimit nga gjuha C dhe t\u00eb l\u00ebvizni p\u00ebrpara n\u00eb rendin e shfaqjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb familjes C. <\/p>\n
E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb vlen edhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebve. Gjuha t\u00eb ndryshme kan\u00eb nj\u00eb set t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, ose m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, t\u00eb kategorive t\u00eb nj\u00ebsive se gjuha C. Numri i llojeve dhe formave mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb dyja drejtimet: C++ ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb lloje se C, JavaScript ka m\u00eb pak. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb meriton gjuha MySQL. Mund t\u00eb duket se nuk ka asgj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, por ajo p\u00ebrshkruhet shk\u00eblqyesh\u00ebm nga Matryoshka, dhe njohja me t\u00eb b\u00ebhet m\u00eb e shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e leht\u00eb. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, duke marr\u00eb parasysh r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj p\u00ebr webin - rruga e restoranteve t\u00eb programimit modern. Dhe ku \u00ebsht\u00eb MySQL, atje jan\u00eb dhe SQL t\u00eb tjera. Po ashtu, t\u00eb gjitha Fortran\u00ebt, Pascal\u00ebt, Python\u00ebt po ashtu p\u00ebrshkruhen nga Matryoshka, sapo t\u00eb arrihet deri te ato. <\/p>\n
P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, na presin pun\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha \u2014 nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim praktike i gjuh\u00ebs C dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebt q\u00eb e ndjekin. \"Q\u00ebllimet tona jan\u00eb t\u00eb qarta, detyrat e p\u00ebrcaktuara. N\u00eb pun\u00eb, shok\u00eb! (Duartrokitje t\u00eb gjalla, t\u00eb vazhdueshme q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb ovacione. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ngrihen.)\" <\/p>\n
Mendimet tuaja do t\u00eb d\u00ebgjohen me v\u00ebmendje t\u00eb madhe, ndihma juaj n\u00eb krijimin e faqes s\u00eb matryoshkave do t\u00eb pritet me mir\u00ebnjohje t\u00eb madhe. T\u00eb dh\u00ebna m\u00eb t\u00eb plota rreth librit ndodhen n\u00eb faqen, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb fshehur menj\u00ebher\u00eb brenda Matryoshk\u00ebs C.habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 (1869). \u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0451\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435\u2026 (\u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u2014 60.) \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a. \u0410 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
![\"Matrjoshka](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/15ce1538e152aad5fcd683fe7fcd96c0.jpeg\")