<\/a><\/noindex>Sot informacioni mbi programimin ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr sistematizim edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb se elementet kimike 150 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nevoja e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebsimdh\u00ebnia. Mendeleev filloi krijimin e sistemit t\u00eb tij kur u p\u00ebrball me pyetjen - nga cili element t\u00eb fillonte t\u00eb jepte leksione: O, H, N, He, Au... N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ishte m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb - ai kishte student\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer t\u00eb universitetit t\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Petersburgut. Tani, programimi m\u00ebsohet n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb dhe s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7erdhet. <\/p>\n
Nevoja e dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb qasja shkencore. Me ndihm\u00ebn e Sistemit Periodik u zbuluan elemente t\u00eb reja dhe u korrigjua informacioni mbi t\u00eb vjetrat. Ajo ndihmoi n\u00eb krijimin e modelit t\u00eb atomit (1911). Dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nevoja e tret\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sakt\u00ebsimi i konceptit t\u00eb programit. <\/p>\n
Programimi modern \u00ebsht\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruar me nj\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb n\u00eb vitet 50 t\u00eb shekullit XX. At\u00ebher\u00eb programet ishin t\u00eb thjeshta, nd\u00ebrsa makinat dhe gjuh\u00ebt makinerike ishin t\u00eb komplikuara, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebrqendrohej rreth makinave dhe gjuh\u00ebve. <\/p>\n
Tani \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht e kund\u00ebrt: programet jan\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara dhe fillestare, gjuh\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta dhe dyt\u00ebsore. Kjo quhet qasje praktike, e njohur p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb. Por student\u00ebt dhe zhvilluesit vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb bindin se gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb ende si m\u00eb par\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Kjo na kthen n\u00eb leksionin e par\u00eb t\u00eb privat-docentit Mendeleev. \u00c7far\u00eb t\u00eb thot\u00eb student\u00ebve t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb par\u00eb? Ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta? Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtja. <\/p>\n
Libri \"Matryoshka C. Sistemi i Shtresuar i Gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb Programit\" ofron p\u00ebrgjigjen e tij. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb drejtuar jo vet\u00ebm student\u00ebve, por edhe programuesve t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur, pasi jan\u00eb ata q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb ndryshojn\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e t\u00eb menduarit, pra ne. <\/p>\n
M\u00eb pas, vijon nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e shkurt\u00ebr e librit. <\/p>\n
1. Hyrje<\/h2>\n \nN\u00eb vitin 1969 u krijua gjuha C, e cila u b\u00eb gjuha themelore e programimit dhe vazhdon t\u00eb jet\u00eb e till\u00eb p\u00ebr 50 vjet. Pse ndodh k\u00ebshtu? N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, sepse C \u00ebsht\u00eb praktike<\/i> gjuha q\u00eb i dha programit nj\u00eb pamje njer\u00ebzore n\u00eb vend t\u00eb<\/i> asaj makinerike. Ky arritje u konsolidua nga gjuh\u00ebt e familjes C: C++, JavaScript, PHP, Java, C# dhe t\u00eb tjera. N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e shkurt\u00ebr dhe e bukur.<\/i>Megjithat\u00eb, gjuha C shpesh ngat\u00ebrrohet me assemblerin e makin\u00ebs, duke e komplikuar dhe deformuar perceptimin e saj. Nj\u00eb ekstrem tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb imponimi i nj\u00eb \"filozofie\" si ngarkes\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb: procedurale, objektive, funksionale, t\u00eb kompilueshme, t\u00eb interpretuara, t\u00eb tipizuara dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Kjo shton emocione, por nuk ndihmon p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrshkruar m\u00eb mir\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn. <\/p>\n
E v\u00ebrteta ndodhet n\u00eb mes, sidomos p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebn C - pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb mes t\u00eb perceptimit filozofik dhe atij makinerik. <\/p>\n
Gjuha C nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb autonome, ajo i p\u00ebrmbahet gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb zakonshme, dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht - e menaxhon gjuh\u00ebn assembler. Kjo pozit\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruan <\/p>\n
Modelin e Fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb Programit , sipas t\u00eb cilit programi ndahet n\u00eb tri lloje n\u00ebnshtruese: fjal\u00eb, kod, komand\u00eb. Gjuha C \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr llojin e dyt\u00eb, llojin e kodit.<\/i>Duke p\u00ebrcaktuar vendin e gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb program, mund t\u00eb renditen informacionet mbi t\u00eb, q\u00eb i jep <\/p>\n
Sistemi Shtresuar i Gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb Programit , q\u00eb paraqet gjuh\u00ebn C n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e sistemit t\u00eb Mendeleevit - n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe.<\/i>Sistemi \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar me parimin e <\/p>\n
p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve praktike , q\u00eb rrjedh nga n\u00ebnshtrimi i tyre n\u00eb fjal\u00eb. Nj\u00eb grup i nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb Matryoshka C lejon p\u00ebrshkrimin dhe krahasimin e gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb ndryshme, duke krijuar nj\u00eb grup Matryoshka: C++, PHP, JavaScript, C#, MySQL, Python dhe t\u00eb tjera. \u00cbsht\u00eb e arsyeshme dhe e drejt\u00eb q\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt e ndryshme p\u00ebrshkruhen nga nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs themelore.<\/i>2. KAPITULLI 1. Modeli i Fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb Programit. C e Kuptueshme <\/p>\nN\u00eb kapitullin e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paraqitur<\/h2>\n
\nmodeli i fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb programit , i cili reflekton qasjen praktike. Sipas tij, programi ka tri lloje t\u00eb dukshme:<\/i>fjal\u00eb - fjala e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb e programuesit q\u00eb zgjidh problemin, <\/p>\n\ni kodit - kodimi i zgjidhjes n\u00eb nj\u00eb format matematikor n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C (ose n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb tjet\u00ebr) <\/li>\n dhe komand\u00eb - komandat e drejtp\u00ebrdrejta t\u00eb makin\u00ebs.<\/li>\n Modeli i fjal\u00ebs shpjegon pse C \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb dhe e kuptueshme. C \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar sipas shembullit dhe ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs njer\u00ebzore q\u00eb na \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb e zakonshme. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nModeli i t\u00eb folurit shpjegon pse C \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb dhe e kuptueshme. C \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar pas imazhit dhe ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs son\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme njer\u00ebzore. <\/p>\n
Lloji i par\u00eb i programit \u00ebsht\u00eb fjalimi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i programuesit. Fjalimi p\u00ebrputhet me mendimin njer\u00ebzor. Me an\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs shkruajn\u00eb programe programuesit e rinj - fillimisht n\u00eb rusisht, e pastaj hapat duke e p\u00ebrkthyer n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn koduese. Dhe pik\u00ebrisht sipas nj\u00eb k\u00ebshille t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar gjuha C. <\/p>\n
Arsyetimet e programuesit, t\u00eb shprehura me fjal\u00eb, transformohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb format numerik kodik. Ky transformim duhet t\u00eb quhet reflektim<\/i>, p\u00ebr shkak se fjala dhe kodi kan\u00eb nj\u00eb natyr\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt (reflektim - lindje - prind). Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e dukshme, n\u00ebse krahasojm\u00eb format e fjal\u00ebs (majtas) dhe t\u00eb kodit (djathtas) t\u00eb programit. <\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrshkrimi modern i gjuh\u00ebs C (nga viti 1978) nuk p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb mjaftueshme emrash as p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, as p\u00ebr detyr\u00ebn e reflektimit n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti. Prandaj, jemi t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb angazhohemi n\u00eb krijimtarin\u00eb dhe t\u00eb introduktojm\u00eb k\u00ebto emra.<\/p>\n
Zgjedhja e fjal\u00ebve duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e sakt\u00eb dhe e qart\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nevojitur nj\u00eb qasje e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, e cila shprehet shkurtimisht - p\u00ebrdorim rigoroz t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs amtare. P\u00ebr anglez\u00ebt kjo do t\u00eb ishte anglishtja, por ne nuk jemi anglez\u00eb. Prandaj, p\u00ebrdorim at\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb kemi dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb flasim rusisht. <\/p>\n
Reflektimi realizohet nga dy lloje shprehjesh: <\/p>\n
\nllogaritje <\/i>(Vl) - reflekton ndryshimin e vetive t\u00eb subjektit. Veti e subjektit shprehet me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr, at\u00ebher\u00eb veprimi mbi vetin\u00eb - \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb veprim mbi numrin - operacion. <\/li>\nn\u00ebnshtrim <\/i>(N) - reflekton ndryshimin e rendit t\u00eb veprimeve. Paraqitja e N \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb propozuar komplekse fjal\u00ebsh, prandaj shumica e llojeve t\u00eb N fillojn\u00eb me lidhet e n\u00ebnshtrimit \"n\u00ebse\", \"ndryshe\", \"p\u00ebrsa koh\u00eb\", \"p\u00ebr\". Lloje t\u00eb tjera N i shtojn\u00eb ato. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n \nP\u00ebrndryshe, a mund t\u00eb besoni q\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e C nuk ka nj\u00eb em\u00ebr p\u00ebr shprehjet e llogaritjes - ato quhen thjesht \"shprehje\"? Pas k\u00ebsaj, nuk do t\u00eb habiste mungesa e emrit dhe bashkimit p\u00ebr llojin n\u00ebnshtrim, dhe t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht skarciteti n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e emrave, definicion\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsimeve. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak se e njohura K\/R (\"Gjuha C\", Kernighan\/Ritchie, 1978) \u00ebsht\u00eb jo nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim, por udh\u00ebzues p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e gjuh\u00ebs. <\/p>\n
Megjithat\u00eb, do t\u00eb d\u00ebshiroja t\u00eb kisha nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. Prandaj, ajo ofrohet , q\u00eb paraqet gjuh\u00ebn C n\u00eb frym\u00ebn e sistemit t\u00eb Mendeleevit - n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe.<\/i>. <\/p>\n3. KAPITULLI 2. Sistemi me Shtresa. Nj\u00eb C e Shkurtuar<\/h2>\n
\n\u00c7do p\u00ebrshkrim duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i sakt\u00eb dhe ekstremisht i shkurt\u00ebr. N\u00eb rastin e gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb programit, nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i hapur \u00ebsht\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Ja se kemi nj\u00eb program. Ai p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga module. Modul\u00ebt p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen prej n\u00ebnprogramesh dhe kompozitash (structure). N\u00ebnprogramet p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga shprehje t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta: shpallje, llogaritje, n\u00ebnshtrime. N\u00ebnshtrimet jan\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb dhjet\u00eb lloje. N\u00ebnshtrimet lidhin n\u00ebn-nivelet dhe n\u00ebnprogramet. Shpalljet gjithashtu jan\u00eb disa. Megjithat\u00eb, shpalljet p\u00ebrfshihen jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb n\u00ebnprogramet dhe n\u00ebn-nivelet, por edhe n\u00eb module dhe kompozita. Dhe shumica e shprehjeve p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga fjal\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb kaq t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrshkruar, sa q\u00eb zakonisht ato jepen vet\u00ebm me dy lista - fjal\u00ebt origjinale dhe ato t\u00eb deriva, me t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb njohim gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb studimit dhe p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs. Shtojm\u00eb k\u00ebtu shenjat e pik\u00ebsimit dhe nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb shprehjesh t\u00eb tjera. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohet se kush ishte mbi k\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Qasja e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb dhe hierarkike n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebs do t\u00eb ishte tep\u00ebr e komplikuar. K\u00ebrkimi i rrug\u00ebve t\u00eb shkuara \u00e7on n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb saj fjalore dhe an\u00ebs komandimore. K\u00ebshtu lindi Sistemi me Shtresa, i cili p\u00ebrputhet pjes\u00ebrisht me Sistemin Periodik t\u00eb Mendelievit, i cili gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb i shtresuar<\/i>. Si\u00e7 u zbulua 42 vjet pas publikimit t\u00eb tij (1869), periodikja e sistemit \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me elektronet (1911, modeli i atomit Bohr-Rutherford). Gjithashtu, Sistemi me Shtresa dhe Sistemi Periodik ndajn\u00eb vendosjen tabelar t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nj\u00ebsive n\u00eb nj\u00eb faqe. <\/i>P\u00ebrshkrimi i nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs del t\u00eb jet\u00eb i shkurt\u00ebr - gjithsej 10 lloje shprehjesh dhe 8 lloje nj\u00ebsish t\u00eb tjera, si dhe i pasur dhe i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e zakonshme p\u00ebr njohjen e par\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e gjuh\u00ebs jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndara n\u00eb 6 nivele: <\/p>\n
grupet - rreshtat e tabel\u00ebs<\/p>\n
\nndarjet - grupe t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta llojesh (pjes\u00ebt e rreshtit t\u00eb par\u00eb)<\/li>\n llojt\u00eb - kutit\u00eb (nivele kryesore t\u00eb ndarjes)<\/li>\n tipet - ndar\u00ebsit e llojeve (nivele t\u00eb rralla)<\/li>\n shtypet - formula e nj\u00ebsive n\u00eb fund t\u00eb kutis\u00eb ose ve\u00e7mas<\/li>\n modelet - vet\u00eb nj\u00ebsit\u00eb (vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb)<\/li>\n Modelet e fjal\u00ebve p\u00ebrshkruhen<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nfjalori \u2014 nj\u00eb n\u00ebn-sistem i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat gjasht\u00eb nivele.<\/i> Pjesa fjalore e gjuh\u00ebs C \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e dukshme, edhe pse megjithat\u00eb meriton p\u00ebrshkrim. Nd\u00ebrsa pjesa komandore e gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ajo q\u00eb lidhet me menaxhimin e kompilimit, gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb cilit krijohet nj\u00eb lloj i tret\u00eb programi - programi komandor. K\u00ebtu arrijm\u00eb n\u00eb an\u00ebn m\u00eb magjeps\u00ebse t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs C - bukurin\u00eb. <\/p>\n
4. KAPITULLAT E TREGUARA. Bukuria e C <\/p>\n
4. KAPITUJ TJET\u00cbR. C e bukur<\/h2>\n \nGjuha C \u00ebsht\u00eb themeli i programimit modern. Pse? S\u00eb pari, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb korrekt\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb saj me gjuh\u00ebn e natyrshme. S\u00eb dyti, sepse shmangu bukur kufizimet n\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e numrave nga makinat.<\/p>\n
\u00c7far\u00eb ofron sakt\u00ebsisht C? Imazh dhe nivel. <\/p>\n
Fjala \"imazh\" \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkthim i anglishtes \"type\", e cila vjen nga greqishtja \"prototypo\" \u2014 \"modeli origjinal\". N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn ruse, fjala \"tip\" nuk p\u00ebrcjell sakt\u00ebsisht kuptimin e konceptit, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se p\u00ebrzihet me kuptimin e proporcionit \"lloj\". <\/p>\n
Fillimisht, imazhi zgjidhte nj\u00eb problem t\u00eb past\u00ebr makinerik t\u00eb llogaritjes, dhe m\u00eb pas u b\u00eb nj\u00eb pist\u00eb p\u00ebr lindjen e gjuh\u00ebve objekt. <\/p>\n
Niveli menj\u00ebher\u00eb zgjidhte disa probleme \u2014 si makinerike ashtu edhe aplikative. Prandaj shqyrtimi do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb me imazhin me nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb dhe do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin me shum\u00eb detyra. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb nga karakteristikat e pak\u00ebndshme t\u00eb programimit historik \u00ebsht\u00eb se shumica e koncepteve, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb ato themelore, jepen pa p\u00ebrkufizim. \"Gjuha e programimit (emri i rekordeve) ka nj\u00eb tip t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe t\u00eb l\u00ebvizsh\u00ebm t\u00eb numrave...\" \u2014 dhe k\u00ebta kalonin m\u00eb tej. \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \"tipi\" (imazhi) \u2014 p\u00ebrkufizimi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i domosdosh\u00ebm, sepse autor\u00ebt n\u00eb vet\u00eb e ndiejn\u00eb se nuk e kuptojn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht dhe e p\u00ebrmbytin \"n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb qart\u00ebsis\u00eb\". N\u00ebse i shtyjn\u00eb n\u00eb mur, do t\u00eb japin nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim t\u00eb paqart\u00eb e t\u00eb pavler\u00eb. Kjo ndihmon shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb u fshehur pas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb huaja: p\u00ebr autor\u00ebt rus\u00eb \u2014 pas anglishtes (tip), p\u00ebr anglez\u00ebt \u2014 pas fr\u00ebngjishtes (subroutine), greqishtes (polymorphism), latinishtes (encapsulation) ose kombinimeve t\u00eb tyre (polymorphism ad-hoc). <\/p>\n
Por ajo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fati yn\u00eb. Zgjedhja jon\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebrkufizime me nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn rus\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Imazhi<\/h3>\n \nImazhi<\/i> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb emri protogjenik i sasis\u00eb, i cili p\u00ebrcakton 1) vetit\u00eb e saj dhe 2) p\u00ebrzgjedhjen e operacioneve p\u00ebr sasin\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Fjal\u00ebs \"tip\" (lloj) i korrespondon pjesa e par\u00eb e p\u00ebrkufizimit: \"vetit\u00eb e sasis\u00eb\". Por kuptimi kryesor i imazhit \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb: \"p\u00ebrzgjedhja e operacioneve p\u00ebr sasi\".<\/p>\n
Pika e nisjes p\u00ebr ta futur imazhin n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C \u00ebsht\u00eb llogaritja normale, p.sh., operacioni i mbledhjes. <\/p>\n
Matematika<\/i> n\u00eb let\u00ebr, e regjistruar me dor\u00eb ose e printuar, nuk b\u00ebn ndonj\u00eb dallim t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb midis llojeve t\u00eb numrave, zakonisht duke i supozuar ato si t\u00eb qendrueshme. Prandaj, operacionet e p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb tyre jan\u00eb t\u00eb qarta.<\/p>\n
Matematika<\/i> makinerike e ndan numrat n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb dhe thyesa. Lloje t\u00eb ndryshme numrash ruajn\u00eb informacionin ndryshe n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrpunohen nga komanda t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb procesorit. P\u00ebr shembull, komandat e mbledhjes p\u00ebr numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe me thyesa \u2014 jan\u00eb dy komanda t\u00eb ndryshme, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrkojn\u00eb me dy nyje t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb procesorit. Nd\u00ebrsa, komanda p\u00ebr mbledhjen e argumenteve t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe me thyesa mungon. <\/p>\n
Matematika aplikative, pra, gjuha C, e ndan llojet e numrave, por i bashkon operacionet: mbledhja p\u00ebr numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe\/ose me thyesa sh\u00ebnohet me nj\u00eb simbol veprimi.<\/i> Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim i sakt\u00eb i konceptit t\u00eb imazhit lejon t\u00eb flas\u00eb me sakt\u00ebsi p\u00ebr dy koncepte t\u00eb tjera:<\/p>\n
sasi operacion <\/i>dhe Sasia dhe operacioni<\/i>. <\/p>\nSasia<\/h3>\n
\n\u2014 numri q\u00eb p\u00ebrpunon. <\/i> \u2014 p\u00ebrpunimi i vlerave t\u00eb sasis\u00eb fillestare (argumenteve) p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb numrin p\u00ebrfundimtar (rezultatin).<\/p>\n
Operacioni<\/i> Sasia dhe operacioni jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura ngusht\u00eb. \u00c7do operacion \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi, sepse ka nj\u00eb rezultat numerik. Dhe \u00e7do sasi \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultat i d\u00ebrgimit t\u00eb vler\u00ebs n\u00eb regjistrin e procesorit\/dhe nga procesori, pra \u2014 rezultat i operacionit. Megjithat\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht k\u00ebsaj lidhjeje, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t'i p\u00ebrshkruar ata ve\u00e7mas \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi kryesore, ndon\u00ebse me p\u00ebrs\u00ebritjen e nj\u00eb fjale n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb fjalorit, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndodh gjithashtu n\u00eb ma3. <\/p>\n
Prandaj, qasja makinerike e ndante t\u00eb gjitha numrat q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor programuesi n\u00eb <\/p>\n
Qasja makinerike ndan t\u00eb gjitha numrat e p\u00ebrdorur nga programuesi n\u00eb komandat <\/i>dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebna<\/i>. M\u00eb par\u00eb, t\u00eb dy ishin pik\u00ebrisht numra, p\u00ebr shembull, komandat u shkruanin n\u00eb kode numerike. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt aplikative komandat u ndaluan t\u00eb ishin numra dhe u b\u00ebn\u00eb fjal\u00eb <\/i>dhe simboli i veprimeve<\/i>. Numrat mbet\u00ebn vet\u00ebm si \"t\u00eb dh\u00ebna\", por vazhdimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb i quajtur k\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb absurd, sepse n\u00eb kalimin nga perspektiva makinerike n\u00eb at\u00eb matematikore, numrat jan\u00eb sasi q\u00eb ndahen n\u00eb ato fillestare (t\u00eb dh\u00ebna<\/i>) dhe p\u00ebrfundimtare (t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuara<\/i>). \"Nj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb panjohur\" \u2014 do t\u00eb ting\u00ebllonte absurd. <\/p>\n
Komandat gjithashtu u ndan\u00eb n\u00eb dy lloje veprimesh: veprime matematikore dhe sh\u00ebrbimi. Veprimet matematikore \u2014 operacionet. P\u00ebr veprimet sh\u00ebrbimit do t\u00eb kthehemi m\u00eb von\u00eb. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt C, operacionet matematikore t\u00eb zakonshme n\u00eb let\u00ebr dhe makineri, t\u00eb qarta, ose t\u00eb vetme, pothuajse e gjith\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia b\u00ebhen t\u00eb shumta. <\/p>\n
Operacione t\u00eb shumta \u2014 disa operacione me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat emra me argumente t\u00eb ndryshme dhe veprime q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme n\u00eb kuptim. <\/p>\n
Argumentet e plot\u00eb i p\u00ebrgjigjen operacioneve t\u00eb plota, nd\u00ebrsa ato fraksionale operacioneve fraksionale. Kjo diferenc\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e dukshme gjat\u00eb operacionit t\u00eb ndarjes, ku shprehja 1\/2 jep rezultatin 0, e jo 0,5. Ky shkrim nuk i p\u00ebrmbush rregullat e matematik\u00ebs p\u00ebr let\u00ebr, por gjuha C nuk p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb respektoj\u00eb ato (ndryshe nga Fortrans) \u2014 ajo luan sipas rregullave t\u00eb saja. aplikativ<\/i> rregullave.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb rastin e p\u00ebrzierjes s\u00eb numrave t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe fraksional\u00eb, aktivizohet vet\u00ebm e drejta e vetme konvertimit t\u00eb vlerave t\u00eb argumenteve<\/i> \u2014 konvertimi p\u00ebrzgjedh\u00ebs i vler\u00ebs nga nj\u00eb form\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, kur shtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb fraksional, rezultati \u00ebsht\u00eb fraksional, prandaj forma e operacionit p\u00ebrshtatet <\/i>operacionit t\u00eb konvertimit t\u00eb argumentit t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb fraksionale. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb operacionesh mbetet nj\u00ebvje\u00e7are<\/i>, dhe . K\u00ebto operacione jan\u00eb definuar vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb lloj argumentesh: mbetje e ndarjes \u2014 argumente t\u00eb plota, vendosje (operacione bit p\u00ebr bit) \u2014 numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb natyror\u00eb. Ma3 tregon shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e operacioneve me shenjat (#^) duke treguar format p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat \u00ebsht\u00eb e definuar operacioni. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb atribut i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, por shpesh injorohet.<\/i>T\u00eb gjitha funksionet jan\u00eb operacione t\u00eb rastit t\u00eb vetme. P\u00ebrjashtim p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb operator\u00ebt \u2014 <\/p>\n
funksionet pa shkronja , t\u00eb integruara n\u00eb gjuh\u00eb (operacionet e burimit).<\/i>Kontributi <\/p>\n\u2014 veprimi shoq\u00ebrues i operacionit.<\/h3>\n
\n\u2014 veprimi shoq\u00ebrues i operacionit. <\/i> N\u00ebse e shikojm\u00eb operacionin si veprimin kryesor, mund t\u00eb ve\u00e7ojm\u00eb dy veprime shoq\u00ebruese, t\u00eb cilat e mb\u00ebshtesin operacionin dhe ndryshojn\u00eb nga ai. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb 1) menaxhimi i variabl\u00ebs dhe 2) n\u00ebnshtrimi. Ky veprim \u00ebsht\u00eb quajtur<\/p>\n
kontribut Duhet t\u00eb shk\u00ebputemi pak dhe t\u00eb flasim ve\u00e7mas p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkthimet ruse t\u00eb librave t\u00eb programmimit. N\u00eb tekstin C\/K \u00ebsht\u00eb futur nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb e re<\/i>.<\/p>\n
statement (shprehje), e cila b\u00ebri p\u00ebrpjekjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb konceptet e komand\u00ebs s\u00eb makin\u00ebs n\u00eb veprime t\u00eb ndryshme: 1) operacion, 2) shpallje dhe 3) n\u00ebnshtrim (i quajtur \"konstrukte udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse\"). Kjo p\u00ebrpjekje \u00ebsht\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar nga p\u00ebrkthyesit rus\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan \"shprehjen\" me fjal\u00ebn \"operator\", e cila: <\/i>u b\u00eb sinonim p\u00ebr fjal\u00ebn makinerike \"komand\u00eb\",<\/p>\n\nu b\u00eb sinonim p\u00ebr fraz\u00ebn \"shenja veprimi\", <\/li>\n si dhe mori nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb pakufizuar kuptimesh t\u00eb tjera. Pra, u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme me artikullin anglez \"uhhh...\".<\/li>\n T\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb veprimet shoq\u00ebruese, ose <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nkontributet Menaxhimi i variabl\u00ebs<\/i>.<\/p>\n(MV) \u2014 krijimi \/ fshirja e qelizave t\u00eb variabl\u00ebs.<\/i> <\/h4>\n
\n(MV) \u2014 krijimi \/ fshirja e qelizave t\u00eb variabl\u00ebs.<\/i> MV ndodh n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb papritur gjat\u00eb shpalljes s\u00eb variabl\u00ebs, e cila gjithashtu shkruhet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye tjet\u00ebr \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar form\u00ebn e madh\u00ebsis\u00eb. Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb lloj menaxhohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebrmes funksioneve malloc() dhe free().<\/i> Duhet t\u00eb theksohet se veprimet e paprekura jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lehta p\u00ebr t'u shkruar, pasi nuk k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u shkruar, por jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb marr\u00ebsh parasysh dhe interpretohesh ato. <\/p>\n
N\u00ebnshtrimi <\/p>\n
\u2014 lidhja \/ shk\u00ebputja e pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb nivelit.<\/i><\/h4>\n \n\u2014 lidhja \/ shk\u00ebputja e pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb nivelit. <\/i> Gjuha C propozoi nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ndihmuar p\u00ebr menaxhimin e rendit t\u00eb veprimeve \u2014 n\u00ebnshtrimin. Ai pasqyron dhe zhvillon nj\u00eb fraz\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar t\u00eb folur me ndarje t\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn kryesore (propozimi i n\u00ebnshtrimit) dhe pjes\u00ebn an\u00ebsore (seksionet n\u00ebnnivel \/ n\u00ebnprogram). <\/p>\n
Si shpallja, ashtu edhe n\u00ebnshtrimi jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar plot\u00ebsisht mbi konceptin e <\/p>\n
nivelit Niveli<\/i>. <\/p>\n\u2014 nj\u00eb grup i kufizuar i shprehjeve nj\u00ebniveli p\u00ebrzgjedh\u00ebse.<\/h3>\n
\n\u2014 nj\u00eb grup i kufizuar i shprehjeve nj\u00ebniveli p\u00ebrzgjedh\u00ebse. <\/i> Niveli e ka marr\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb dhe t\u00eb papretenduar mbajtjen e menj\u00ebhershme t\u00eb disa detyrave: <\/p>\n
renditjen e programit, <\/p>\n
\nkufizimin e dukshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb emrave (n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb paprekur),<\/li>\n menaxhimin e variablave (qelizave t\u00eb memories) (n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb paprekur),<\/li>\n definimin e seksioneve an\u00ebsore p\u00ebr n\u00ebnshtrim,<\/li>\n definimin e funksioneve dhe seleksioneve dhe t\u00eb tjera.<\/li>\n N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebt makinerike nuk kishte koncepti i nivelit, prandaj ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shfaqur as n\u00eb C\/K, dhe n\u00ebse nj\u00eb gj\u00eb nuk ishte aty \u2014 t\u00eb futet n\u00eb librat e m\u00ebvonsh\u00ebm do t\u00eb ishte herezi dhe gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebs. Prandaj, koncepti i nivelit nuk ka ekzistuar fare, pavar\u00ebsisht se \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm dhe e qart\u00eb. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\nPa nivelin, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb shpjegohet shkurt dhe qart\u00eb shum\u00eb veprime dhe rregulla t\u00eb programit. P\u00ebr shembull, pse goto \u2014 nj\u00eb veprim i thjesht\u00eb si tre qindarka \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb i keq, nd\u00ebrsa while \u2014 i zgjuar \u00ebsht\u00eb i mir\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundohet vet\u00ebm me shprehje t\u00eb paefektshme, si\u00e7 b\u00ebri Dijkstra, \"kualifikimi i programuesve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb funksion q\u00eb varet mbrapsht nga frekuenca e shfaqjes s\u00eb operator\u00ebve goto n\u00eb programet e tyre\". N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, vet\u00ebm idiot\u00ebt p\u00ebrdorin goto. Niveli i argumentimit \u2014 Zoti.) Megjithat\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e frikshme, n\u00ebse librat tuaj nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb shpjegojn\u00eb asgj\u00eb, por, si\u00e7 e tham\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fati yn\u00eb. <\/p>\n
Pa nj\u00eb nivel, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb shpjegohet shkurt dhe qart\u00eb shum\u00eb veprime dhe rregulla t\u00eb programit. P\u00ebr shembull, pse nj\u00eb operator i thjesht\u00eb si goto \u00ebsht\u00eb i keq, nd\u00ebrsa while \u00ebsht\u00eb i mir\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb shprehni vet\u00ebm pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb, si\u00e7 b\u00ebnte Dijkstra (\"kualifikimi i programuesve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb funksion, q\u00eb varet mbrapsht nga frekuenca e operator\u00ebve goto n\u00eb programet e tyre\". N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, vet\u00ebm dele p\u00ebrdorin goto. Niveli i arsyes \u00ebsht\u00eb Zot.) Megjithat\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq e frikshme n\u00ebse librat tuaj nuk kan\u00eb obligime p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpjeguar asgj\u00eb, por, si\u00e7 e tham\u00eb, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fati yn\u00eb. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb fakt, mund t\u00eb supozohet se Den Ritchie e la goto pik\u00ebrisht si \u00e7el\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb koncept t\u00eb paem\u00ebruar, sepse nuk kishte asnj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb apo bukuri n\u00eb shprehjen goto. Megjithat\u00eb, kishte nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb shpjegim t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb kuptuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb parimeve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebs, t\u00eb cilat vet\u00eb Ritchie nuk d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb jap\u00eb, dhe q\u00eb bazohen pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb konceptin Niveli<\/i>. <\/p>\nDevijimi<\/h3>\n
\nDevijimi <\/i> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb ndryshimi i vetive t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb emrit t\u00eb ri. <\/p>\n
Devijimi m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht ai q\u00eb lidhet me vetit\u00eb e shtresave t\u00eb programit, dhe p\u00ebrshkruhet me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb \"static\", q\u00eb ka kuptime t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb secil\u00ebn nga llojet e shtresave. <\/p>\n
5. KREU I FUNDIT. Bashk\u00ebsia e gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb aplikacioneve<\/h2>\n \nGjuha t\u00eb aplikacioneve jan\u00eb gjuha figurative <\/i>t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb form\u00eb, \"t\u00eb tipizuara\". Ato bazohen n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e qart\u00eb ose t\u00eb paqart\u00eb t\u00eb figur\u00ebs. K\u00ebtu p\u00ebrs\u00ebri shfaqet nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb: figura e qart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e kuptueshme, por m\u00eb pak e p\u00ebrshtatshme, dhe anasjelltas. <\/p>\n
(Tabela ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb tabela \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb si imazh.)<\/i><\/p>\n
Pas C, zhvillimi i gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb aplikacioneve ndoqi rrug\u00ebn e rritjes s\u00eb figurativitetit t\u00eb tyre. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar figurativitetin e lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb pasardh\u00ebsi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i C \u2014 gjuha C++. Ajo zhvillon iden\u00eb e lidhjes s\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme t\u00eb operacioneve me sasi dhe e implementon at\u00eb mbi shprehjen e C-t\u00eb, e cila merr emrin e ri \u2014 objekt. Megjithat\u00eb, C++ nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e shkurt\u00ebr dhe e shprehshme sa C, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mbingarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb llojeve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb lidhjes dhe rregullave t\u00eb lidhura me to. Po t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr \"mbingarkes\u00ebn\". <\/p>\n
Mbingarkesa dhe polimorfizmi <\/h3>\n \nFjala \"mbingarkes\u00eb\" (overload) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term i vjet\u00ebr i qasjes makinerike, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson krijimin e operacioneve t\u00eb shumta<\/i>. <\/p>\n
Programuesit e makinave (sistemit) shum\u00ebsia <\/i>e operacioneve mund t\u00eb irritonte: \"\u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb ky shenj\u00eb (+): mbledhja e numrave t\u00eb plot\u00eb, mbledhja e numrave t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb apo ndonj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje tjet\u00ebr?! N\u00eb koh\u00ebn ton\u00eb nuk shkruhej k\u00ebshtu!\" Nga kjo vjen nj\u00eb nuanc\u00eb negative p\u00ebr fjal\u00ebn e zgjedhur (\"nd\u00ebrhyrje\", \"u lodha\"). P\u00ebr programuesin e aplikacioneve, operacione multiple jan\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore, arritja kryesore dhe trash\u00ebgimia e gjuh\u00ebs C, aq natyrale sa shpesh nuk kuptohen. <\/p>\n
N\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn C++ shum\u00ebsia<\/i> ka shkuar jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb operacionet e burimit, por edhe n\u00eb funksione \u2014 si t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, ashtu edhe t\u00eb bashkuara n\u00eb klasa \u2014 metoda. N\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me metodat e shumta erdhi mund\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb klasat e zgjeruara, e cila u quajt ngat\u00ebrruar \"polimorfiz\u00ebm\". Kombinimi i polimorfizmit dhe mbingarkes\u00ebs krijoi nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje eksplozive, e cila u ndar\u00eb n\u00eb dy polimorfizma: \"t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb\" dhe \"ad-hoc\". T\u00eb kuptosh k\u00ebt\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrball\u00eb emrave t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb. Emrat e huaj e kan\u00eb shtruar rrug\u00ebn n\u00eb ad. <\/p>\n
Deklarata e llojit \"mbingarkes\u00eb\" \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb shprehet me fjal\u00ebn t\u00eb shpalljes s\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme <\/i> \u2014 e cila shton nj\u00eb shpallje t\u00eb funksionit t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me argumento t\u00eb nj\u00eb forme tjet\u00ebr. <\/p>\n
Deklarata e llojit \"polimorfiz\u00ebm\" \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb quhet me fjal\u00ebn rishpallje<\/i> \u2014 shpallje q\u00eb mbulon n\u00eb nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb t\u00eb re zgjeruese t\u00eb funksionit t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me argumento t\u00eb s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs form\u00eb. <\/p>\n
At\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohet se metodat e nj\u00ebjta t\u00eb formave t\u00eb ndryshme (argumenteve) \u2014 shpallen p\u00ebrs\u00ebri<\/i>, nd\u00ebrsa e nj\u00ebjta form\u00eb \u2014 shpallet p\u00ebrs\u00ebri<\/i>. <\/p>\n
Fjal\u00ebt ruse zgjidhin. <\/p>\n
Pista e fluturimit<\/h3>\n \nK\u00ebrkimi i koncepteve t\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve me figuracion t\u00eb lart\u00eb e konfirmon r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e parametrizimit t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb koncepteve themelore. Me nj\u00eb C t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, studimi i gjuh\u00ebve me figuracion t\u00eb lart\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i leht\u00eb dhe i k\u00ebndsh\u00ebm. <\/p>\n
Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr gjuh\u00ebt e figuracionit t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb paqarta<\/i> (PHP, JavaScript). P\u00ebr to, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e objekteve (formave t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebra) b\u00ebhet edhe m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se n\u00eb C++, por vet\u00eb koncepti i figur\u00ebs b\u00ebhet i paqart\u00eb dhe i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u kapur. Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebris\u00eb ato jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta, por nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i kuptimit \u2014 m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara. <\/p>\n
Prandaj, duhet t\u00eb filloni studimin e gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb programimit me gjuh\u00ebn C dhe t\u00eb shkoni p\u00ebrpara n\u00eb rendin e shfaqjes s\u00eb gjuh\u00ebve t\u00eb familjes C. <\/p>\n
E nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb vlen p\u00ebr p\u00ebrshkrimin e gjuh\u00ebve. Gjuh\u00ebt e ndryshme kan\u00eb nj\u00eb grup t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt, ose nj\u00eb grup m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl nj\u00ebsish se gjuha C. Numri i llojeve dhe formave mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb dy drejtimet: n\u00eb C++ ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb lloje sesa n\u00eb C, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb JavaScript \u2014 m\u00eb pak. <\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb, MySQL, meriton ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht v\u00ebmendje. Mund t\u00eb duket se nuk ka asnj\u00eb lidhje, por ajo p\u00ebrshkruhet shk\u00eblqyer nga Matryoshka, dhe njohja me t\u00eb b\u00ebhet m\u00eb e shpejt\u00eb dhe m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb. \u00c7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, duke marr\u00eb parasysh r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj p\u00ebr web-in \u2014 autostrad\u00ebn e sotme t\u00eb programimit. Dhe ku ka MySQL, atje jan\u00eb edhe SQL t\u00eb tjera. Po ashtu, gjuh\u00ebt e tjera si Fortran, Pascal, Python gjithashtu p\u00ebrshkruhen nga Matryoshka, sapo t\u2019u vij\u00eb radh\u00ebs. <\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb na presin vepra t\u00eb m\u00ebdha \u2014 nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim praktik i gjuh\u00ebs C dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i vet\u00ebnjohur i gjuh\u00ebve q\u00eb pasojn\u00eb. \u00abQ\u00ebllimet tona jan\u00eb t\u00eb qarta, detyrat jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara. T\u00eb punojm\u00eb, shok\u00eb! (Duartrokitje t\u00eb ashpra, q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb ovacione. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb.)\u00bb <\/p>\n
Mendimet tuaja do t\u00eb d\u00ebgjohen me shum\u00eb v\u00ebmendje, ndihma juaj n\u00eb krijimin e faqes s\u00eb matryoshkave do t\u00eb pranohen me shum\u00eb mir\u00ebnjohje. M\u00eb shum\u00eb informacion n\u00eb lidhje me librin gjendet n\u00eb faqen e internetit, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb fshehur mjesht\u00ebrisht n\u00eb Matryoshka C.habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u041f\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u041c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0430 (1869). \u0421\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0451\u043c \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435\u2026 (\u0422\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u2014 60.) \u0414\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0422\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a. \u0410 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0443\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 XIX \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":25550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33886","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
![\"Matryoshka](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/15ce1538e152aad5fcd683fe7fcd96c0.jpeg\")