{"id":33972,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:41","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nehvatka-geliya-mozhet-zamedlit-razvitie-kvantovyh-kompyuterov-obsuzhdaem-situatsiyu\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:41","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:41","slug":"nehvatka-geliya-mozhet-zamedlit-razvitie-kvantovyh-kompyuterov-obsuzhdaem-situatsiyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nehvatka-geliya-mozhet-zamedlit-razvitie-kvantovyh-kompyuterov-obsuzhdaem-situatsiyu","title":{"rendered":"Mungesa e heliumit mund t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsoj\u00eb zhvillimin e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb - po analizojm\u00eb situat\u00ebn","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"
Po flasim p\u00ebr arsye dhe japim mendimet e ekspert\u00ebve.<\/h5>\n

\n\"Mungesa<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e IBM Research<\/a><\/noindex> CC BY-ND<\/i><\/p>\n

Pse nevojitet helli n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nPara se t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb tregimin e situat\u00ebs me munges\u00ebn e hellit, le t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr at\u00eb se pse kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr hell.<\/p>\n

Makinat kuantike operojn\u00eb me kubit\u00eb. Ata, ndryshe nga bit\u00ebt klasik\u00eb, mund t\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb gjendje 0 dhe 1 nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht - n\u00eb superpozit\u00eb. N\u00eb sistemin e computing ka nj\u00eb fenomen t\u00eb paralelizmit kuantik, kur operacionet kryhen nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me zero dhe nj\u00eb. Kjo ve\u00e7ori u mund\u00ebson makinave q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb baz\u00eb n\u00eb kubit\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhin disa probleme m\u00eb shpejt se kompjuter\u00ebt klasik\u00eb - p\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb modelojn\u00eb reaksionet molekulare dhe kimike.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Por k\u00ebtu ka nj\u00eb problem: kubit\u00ebt jan\u00eb objekte t\u00eb brishta dhe mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr superpozit\u00ebn ata mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb vet\u00ebm disa nanosekonda. Nj\u00eb dridhje e vog\u00ebl temperature e nd\u00ebrpret at\u00eb, ndodh ajo q\u00eb quhet\u00a0dekoherenc\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur shkat\u00ebrrimin e kubit\u00ebve, kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb duhen t\u00eb punojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb kushtet e temperaturave t\u00eb ul\u00ebta - 10 mK (\u2013273,14\u00b0C). P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur temperatura t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me zero absolut, kompanit\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin hell t\u00eb l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm, ose m\u00eb sakt\u00eb, izotopin helium-3<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili nuk ngjitet n\u00eb k\u00ebto kushte ekstreme.<\/p>\n

Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb problemi<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen e af\u00ebrt, industria IT mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballet me munges\u00ebn e helium-3 p\u00ebr zhvillimin e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb. N\u00eb Tok\u00eb, kjo substanc\u00eb gati se nuk ndodhet n\u00eb gjendje natyrale - sasia e saj n\u00eb atmosfer\u00ebn e planetit p\u00ebrb\u00ebn vet\u00ebm 0,000137%<\/a><\/noindex> (1,37 pjes\u00eb p\u00ebr milion n\u00eb raport me helium-4). Helium-3 \u00ebsht\u00eb produkt i \u00e7rregullimit t\u00eb tritiumit, prodhimi i t\u00eb cilit u ndal n\u00eb vitin 1988<\/noindex> (SHBA mbylli reaktorin e fundit b\u00ebrthamor t\u00eb ujit t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb). Pas tritiumit, ai filloi t\u00eb nxirret nga komponentet e arm\u00ebve b\u00ebrthamore t\u00eb hequra, por sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex> Sh\u00ebrbimit K\u00ebrkimor t\u00eb Kongresit amerikan, kjo iniciativ\u00eb nuk lejoi q\u00eb t\u00eb rriteshin ndjesh\u00ebm rezervat e substanc\u00ebs strategjike. Rusia dhe SHBA kan\u00eb disa rezerva t\u00eb tij, por ato po shkojn\u00eb drejt fundit<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Situata p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet nga fakti se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e helium-3 po p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr prodhimin e skaner\u00ebve me neutron\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb pikat kufitare p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar materiale radioaktive. Skeneri me neutron\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet i domosdosh\u00ebm n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha doganat amerikane q\u00eb nga viti 2000. Si pasoj\u00eb e disa faktor\u00ebve t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb, n\u00eb SHBA furnizimet me helium-3 tani kontrollohen nga organet qeveritare, t\u00eb cilat japin kuota p\u00ebr organizatat shtet\u00ebrore dhe private, dhe ekspert\u00ebt IT shqet\u00ebsohen se shum\u00eb shpejt do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb mungesa e helium-3 p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb e k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sa t\u00eb keq \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka<\/h2>\n

\nKa mendime se mungesa e helium-3 do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb ndikim negativ n\u00eb zhvillimet kuantike. Blake Johnson, zv.president i kompanis\u00eb prodhuese t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb Rigetti Computing n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb p\u00ebr MIT Tech Review narrativ<\/a><\/noindex>, thot\u00eb se refrigeranti \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb sigurohet. Problemet p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohen nga kostoja e tij e lart\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr mbushjen e nj\u00eb instalacioni frigorifik po shpenzohen 40 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Por p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e D-Wave, nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr start-up kuantik, nuk bien dakord me mendimin e Blake. Sipas fjal\u00ebve<\/a><\/noindex> zv.presidentit t\u00eb organizat\u00ebs, p\u00ebr prodhimin e nj\u00eb kompjuteri kuantik nevojitet vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb sasi e vog\u00ebl helium-3, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb quhet e pap\u00ebrfillshme n\u00eb krahasim me sasin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb disponueshme t\u00eb substanc\u00ebs. Prandaj, deficiti i refrigerantit do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb pa u v\u00ebn\u00eb re p\u00ebr industrin\u00eb kuantike.<\/p>\n

Plus, tani po shqyrtohen metoda t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr nxjerrjen e helium-3, t\u00eb pa lidhura me tritiumin. Nj\u00ebra prej tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerrja e izotopit nga gazi natyror. Fillimisht ai i n\u00ebnshtrohet nj\u00eb kondensimi t\u00eb thell\u00eb n\u00eb temperatura t\u00eb ulta, dhe m\u00eb pas kalon n\u00ebp\u00ebr procese ndarjeje dhe rektifikimi (ndarja e pangaz\u00ebve). Kjo qasje m\u00eb par\u00eb ishte e konsideruar ekonomikisht e pap\u00ebrshtatshme, por me zhvillimin e teknologjive, situata ka ndryshuar. Vitin e kaluar, plani p\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar nxjerrjen e helium-3 u shpall nga \"Gazprom\"<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Disa vende po hartojn\u00eb plane p\u00ebr nxjerrjen e helium-3 n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb. N\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb sip\u00ebrme ndodhet deri n\u00eb 2,5 milion ton<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj substance. Sipas vler\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, resursi do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr pes\u00eb mij\u00eb vjet. NASA ka filluar tashm\u00eb hartimin e projekteve t\u00eb instalacioneve<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrpunojn\u00eb regolit<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb helium-3. Nd\u00ebrsa zhvillimi i infrastruktur\u00ebs p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse tok\u00ebsore dhe lunare po realizohet nga India.<\/a><\/noindex> dhe Kina<\/a><\/noindex>Por zbatimi i saj n\u00eb praktik\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb para vitit 2030.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nNj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar munges\u00ebn e heliumit-3 \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsues p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00eb prodhimin e skaner\u00ebve me neutrone. P\u00ebr ta th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur tashm\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb vitin 2018 \u2014 ato jan\u00eb kristalet e sulfideve t\u00eb \u00e7inkut dhe fluoridit t\u00eb litiumit-6. Ato lejojn\u00eb regjistrimin e materialeve radioaktive me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi q\u00eb tejkalon 90%.<\/p>\n

\"Mungesa
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e IBM Research<\/a><\/noindex> CC BY-ND<\/i><\/p>\n

Problemet e tjera \"kuantike\"<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebrve\u00e7 munges\u00ebs s\u00eb heliumit, ekzistojn\u00eb dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb pengojn\u00eb zhvillimin e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantike. E para \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e komponent\u00ebve hardware. N\u00eb bot\u00eb akoma ka pak kompani t\u00eb m\u00ebdha q\u00eb merren me zhvillimin e \"pjes\u00ebve\" p\u00ebr makinat kuantike. Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb kompanit\u00eb duhet t\u00eb presin derisa t\u00eb prodhohet sistemi i ftohjes, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb vit<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Disa vende po p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb zgjidhin k\u00ebt\u00eb problem p\u00ebrmes programeve shtet\u00ebrore. Iniciativa t\u00eb tilla jan\u00eb nisur tashm\u00eb n\u00eb SHBA dhe Evrop\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, koh\u00ebt e fundit n\u00eb Holand\u00eb, me mb\u00ebshtetje nga Ministria e Ekonomis\u00eb, u krijua kompania Delft Circuits. Ajo merret me prodhimin e komponent\u00ebve p\u00ebr sistemet e llogaritjeve kuantike.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e specialist\u00ebve. K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr ta po rritet, por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e leht\u00eb t\u00eb gjenden. Sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex> NYT, nuk ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb mij\u00eb \"inxhinier\u00eb kuantik\u00eb\" n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Problemi po zgjidhet nga universitetet teknike t\u00eb njohura. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb MIT t\u00eb jan\u00eb duke krijuar<\/a><\/noindex> programet e para p\u00ebr trajnim specialist\u00ebsh p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn me makinat kuantike. Zhvillimi i programeve akademike p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse merren<\/a><\/noindex> po b\u00ebhet gjithashtu n\u00eb Iniciativ\u00ebn Komb\u00ebtare Kuantike n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ekspert\u00ebt IT jan\u00eb t\u00eb bindur se problemet q\u00eb hasin krijuesit e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantike jan\u00eb t\u00eb tejkalueshme. Dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, mund t\u00eb priten avancime t\u00eb reja teknologjike n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\nP\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb shkruajm\u00eb n\u00eb blogun ton\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr IaaS-in korporativ:<\/p>\n