{"id":33972,"date":"2019-10-31T21:55:41","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nehvatka-geliya-mozhet-zamedlit-razvitie-kvantovyh-kompyuterov-obsuzhdaem-situatsiyu\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:55:41","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:55:41","slug":"nehvatka-geliya-mozhet-zamedlit-razvitie-kvantovyh-kompyuterov-obsuzhdaem-situatsiyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nehvatka-geliya-mozhet-zamedlit-razvitie-kvantovyh-kompyuterov-obsuzhdaem-situatsiyu","title":{"rendered":"Mungesa e heliumit mund t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsoj\u00eb zhvillimin e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb \u2014 diskutojm\u00eb situat\u00ebn.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"
Pohoq\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojm\u00eb arsyet dhe t\u00eb sjellim mendimet e ekspert\u00ebve.<\/h5>\n

\n\"Mungesa<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e IBM Research<\/a><\/noindex> CC BY-ND<\/i><\/p>\n

Pse \u00ebsht\u00eb heliumi i nevojsh\u00ebm n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nPara se t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb diskutimin e situat\u00ebs me munges\u00ebn e heliumit, le t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr arsyen pse kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr helium.<\/p>\n

Kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb operojn\u00eb me kubit\u00eb. T\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm nga bit\u00ebt klasik\u00eb, ata mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje 0 dhe 1 nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht \u2014 n\u00eb superpozit\u00eb. N\u00eb sistemin e llogaritjes ndodh fenomeni i paralelizm\u00ebs kuantik, kur operacionet kryhen nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me zero dhe nj\u00eb. Kjo ve\u00e7ori lejon makinat q\u00eb bazohen n\u00eb kubit\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhin disa probleme m\u00eb shpejt se kompjuter\u00ebt klasik\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb modelojn\u00eb reaksionet molekulare dhe kimike.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Por k\u00ebtu ka nj\u00eb problem: kubit\u00ebt jan\u00eb objekte t\u00eb brishta dhe mbajtjen e superpozit\u00ebs ata mund ta mbajn\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr pak nanosekonda. Nj\u00eb luhatje e vog\u00ebl e temperatur\u00ebs e prish at\u00eb, ndodh e ashtuquajtur\u00a0dekoherenc\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur shkat\u00ebrrimin e kubit\u00ebve, kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik\u00eb duhet t\u00eb punojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb ul\u00ebta temperaturash \u2014 10 mK (\u2013273.14\u00b0C). P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur temperatura t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me zero absolut, kompanit\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin helium t\u00eb l\u00ebngsh\u00ebm, sakt\u00ebsisht, izotopin heliumi-3<\/a><\/noindex>, i cili nuk ngurt\u00ebsohet n\u00eb k\u00ebto kushte ekstreme.<\/p>\n

Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb problemi<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen e af\u00ebrt, industria IT mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballet me munges\u00ebn e heliumit-3 p\u00ebr zhvillimin e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb. N\u00eb Tok\u00eb, ky substanc\u00eb pothuajse nuk gjendet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb natyrore \u2014 v\u00ebllimi i saj n\u00eb atmosfer\u00ebn e planetit \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm 0.000137%<\/a><\/noindex> (1.37 pjes\u00eb p\u00ebr milion n\u00eb raport me helium-4). Heliumi-3 \u00ebsht\u00eb produkt i \u00e7arjen e tritiumit, prodhimi i t\u00eb cilit u ndal n\u00eb vitin 1988<\/noindex> (SHBA mbylli reaktorin e fundit t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00eb b\u00ebrthamor). Pas tritiumit, filluan t\u00eb nxirren nga komponent\u00ebt e arm\u00ebve b\u00ebrthamore t\u00eb t\u00ebrhequra, por sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex> Sh\u00ebrbimit K\u00ebrkues t\u00eb Kongresit t\u00eb SHBA, kjo iniciativ\u00eb nuk arriti t\u00eb rris\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm rezervat e substanc\u00ebs strategjike. Rusia dhe SHBA kan\u00eb disa rezerva, por ato po p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Situata p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohet nga fakti se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e konsiderueshme e heliumit-3 shkon p\u00ebr prodhimin e skaner\u00ebve t\u00eb neutron\u00ebve, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb pik\u00ebkalimet kufitare p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur materiale radioaktive. Skeneri i neutron\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb instrument i obliguesh\u00ebm n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha doganat amerikane q\u00eb nga viti 2000. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb disa faktor\u00ebve, n\u00eb SHBA, furnizimet me helium-3 tashm\u00eb kontrollohen nga autoritetet qeveritare, t\u00eb cilat l\u00ebshojn\u00eb kuota p\u00ebr organizatat shtet\u00ebrore dhe private, dhe ekspert\u00ebt e IT shqet\u00ebsohen se s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb mungesa e heliumit-3 p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb e duan at\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sa keq \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka<\/h2>\n

\nEkziston mendimi se mungesa e heliumit-3 do t\u00eb ket\u00eb ndikim negativ n\u00eb zhvillimet kuantike. Blake Johnson, n\u00ebn presidente i kompanis\u00eb prodhuese t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb Rigetti Computing, n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb p\u00ebr MIT Tech Review tregoi<\/a><\/noindex>, tha se refrigeranti \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr tu siguruar. Problemet e p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsohen nga kostoja e tij e lart\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr ngarkimin e nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi frigoriferike shpenzohen 40,000 dollar\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Por p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e D-Wave, nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr startup kuantik, nuk bien dakord me mendimin e Blake. Sipas autoreve, sistemi do t\u00eb zvog\u00ebloj\u00eb shpenzimet p\u00ebr energjin\u00eb me dyfish.<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00ebn presidentit t\u00eb organizat\u00ebs, prodhimi i nj\u00eb kompjuteri kuantik k\u00ebrkon vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl heliumi-3, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb quhet e pap\u00ebrfillshme n\u00eb krahasim me v\u00ebllimin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb substanc\u00ebs n\u00eb dispozicion. Prandaj, mungesa e refrigerantit do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e padukshme p\u00ebr industrin\u00eb kuantike.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, sot jan\u00eb duke u zhvilluar metoda t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr nxjerrjen e heliumit-3, t\u00eb cilat nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me tritiumin. Nj\u00eb prej tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb nxjerrja e izotopit nga gazi natyror. S\u00eb pari, ai n\u00ebnshtrohet nj\u00eb kondensimi t\u00eb thell\u00eb n\u00eb temperatura t\u00eb ul\u00ebta, dhe m\u00eb pas kalon p\u00ebrmes proceseve t\u00eb ndarjes dhe rektifikimit (ndarjes s\u00eb impureve gazore). N\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn, ky qasje konsiderohej ekonomikisht e paefektshme, por me p\u00ebrparimin e teknologjis\u00eb situata u ndryshua. Vitin e kaluar, \"Gazpromi\" shpalli planet e tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb filluar nxjerrjen e heliumit-3 Nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb vendesh po b\u00ebjn\u00eb plane p\u00ebr nxjerrjen e heliumit-3 n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb. N\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e saj ka deri n\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

2.5 milion ton (tabela 2) t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj substanc\u00eb. Sipas vler\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, resurset mjaftojn\u00eb p\u00ebr pes\u00eb mij\u00eb vjet. NASA ka filluar tashm\u00eb t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> projekte instalimesh , t\u00eb cilat procesojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>regolit n\u00eb helium-3. Zhvillimi i infrastruktur\u00ebs p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse tok\u00ebsore dhe luftarake \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb duar t\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> Indis\u00eb India<\/a><\/noindex> dhe Kina<\/a><\/noindex>. Por zbatimi i saj n\u00eb praktik\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i mundur deri pas vitit 2030.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nNj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar munges\u00ebn e heliumit-3 \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb gjendet nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsues p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00eb prodhimin e skaner\u00ebve t\u00eb neutron\u00ebve. Meqen\u00ebse, nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsues i till\u00eb u zbulua<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb vitin 2018 \u2014 ishin kristalet e sulfidit t\u00eb zinkut dhe fluoridit t\u00eb litiumit-6. Ato lejojn\u00eb regjistrimin e materialeve radioaktive me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi q\u00eb e tejkalon 90%.<\/p>\n

\"Mungesa
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e IBM Research<\/a><\/noindex> CC BY-ND<\/i><\/p>\n

Problemet e tjera \"kuantike\"<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebrve\u00e7 munges\u00ebs s\u00eb heliumit, ka edhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb pengojn\u00eb zhvillimin e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb. E para \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e komponent\u00ebve hardware. N\u00eb bot\u00eb jan\u00eb ende pak kompani t\u00eb m\u00ebdha q\u00eb merren me zhvillimin e \"pjes\u00ebve\" p\u00ebr makinat kuantike. Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb kompanit\u00eb duhet t\u00eb presin derisa t\u00eb prodhohet sistemi i ftohjes, m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb vit<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Disa vende po p\u00ebrpiqen ta zgjidhin k\u00ebt\u00eb problem p\u00ebrmes programeve qeveritare. Iniciativa t\u00eb tilla jan\u00eb tashm\u00eb t\u00eb nisura n\u00eb SHBA dhe Evrop\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, koh\u00ebt e fundit n\u00eb Holand\u00eb, me mb\u00ebshtetje nga Ministria e Ekonomis\u00eb, ka filluar aktiviteti i kompanis\u00eb Delft Circuits. Ajo merret me prodhimin e komponent\u00ebve p\u00ebr sistemet kuantike t\u00eb llogaritjes.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb mungesa e specialist\u00ebve. K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr ta po rritet, megjithat\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb t'i gjesh ata. Sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex> NYT, nuk ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb mij\u00eb \"inxhinier\u00eb kuantik\u00eb\" n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Problemi po zgjidhet nga universitetet teknike kryesore. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb MIT tashm\u00eb po krijojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> programet e para p\u00ebr trajnim t\u00eb specialist\u00ebve n\u00eb pun\u00ebn me makinat kuantike. Zhvillimi i programeve akademike p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse jan\u00eb t\u00eb angazhuar<\/a><\/noindex> po b\u00ebhet edhe n\u00eb Iniciativ\u00ebn Komb\u00ebtare Kuantike t\u00eb SHBA.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ekspert\u00ebt e IT-s\u00eb besojn\u00eb se problemet q\u00eb p\u00ebrballen krijuesit e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb kap\u00ebrcyeshme. Dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, mund t\u00eb priten p\u00ebrparime t\u00eb reja teknologjike n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\nP\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb po shkruajm\u00eb n\u00eb blogun e par\u00eb mbi IaaS-in korporativ:<\/p>\n