{"id":34795,"date":"2019-10-31T22:00:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shiny-i-protokoly-v-promyshlennoj-avtomatike-kak-vsyo-eto-rabotaet\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:00:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:00:25","slug":"shiny-i-protokoly-v-promyshlennoj-avtomatike-kak-vsyo-eto-rabotaet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/shiny-i-protokoly-v-promyshlennoj-avtomatike-kak-vsyo-eto-rabotaet","title":{"rendered":"Autobas dhe protokollet n\u00eb automatizimin industrial: si funksionon gjith\u00e7ka","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Autobas
\n
\nMe sigurt\u00eb, shum\u00eb prej jush e din\u00eb ose madje kan\u00eb par\u00eb se si menaxhohen objektet e m\u00ebdha automatizuar, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb central b\u00ebrthamor ose nj\u00eb fabrik\u00eb me shum\u00eb linja teknologjike: veprimi kryesor shpesh ndodh n\u00eb nj\u00eb dhom\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, me shum\u00eb ekrane, llambat dhe pultet. Ky kompleksi i menaxhimit zakonisht quhet GShU - shpina kryesore e menaxhimit p\u00ebr kontrollin e objektit t\u00eb prodhimit. <\/p>\n

Me sigurt\u00eb ju ka interesuar si funksionon gjith\u00e7ka nga perspektiva e harduerit dhe softuerit, se si k\u00ebto sisteme dallohen nga kompjuter\u00ebt personal\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb se si t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e ndryshme arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb GShU, si jepen komandat p\u00ebr pajisjet dhe \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar nj\u00eb stacion kompresor, nj\u00eb instalacion t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb propanit, nj\u00eb linj\u00eb montimi t\u00eb automjeteve ose madje edhe nj\u00eb stacion pompimi t\u00eb kanalizimeve.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Niveli i posht\u00ebm ose autobusi i fush\u00ebs - aty ku gjith\u00e7ka fillon <\/h2>\n

\nKy grup i paqart\u00eb fjal\u00ebsh p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohur, p\u00ebrdoret kur \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen mjetet e komunikimit t\u00eb mikrocontroller\u00ebve me pajisjet n\u00ebnshkruese, si moduli input-output ose pajisjet mat\u00ebse. Zakonisht ky kanal komunikimi quhet \"autobusi i fush\u00ebs\", sepse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb kontrollues, t\u00eb cilat vijn\u00eb nga \"fusha\". <\/p>\n

\"Fusha\" \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb term profesional i thell\u00eb, q\u00eb tregon se nj\u00eb pajisje (p\u00ebr shembull, ndjesit\u00eb ose mekanizmat ekzekutiv\u00eb), me t\u00eb cilat kontrolluesi nd interacts, jan\u00eb diku shum\u00eb larg, n\u00eb natyr\u00eb, n\u00eb fusha, n\u00ebn mbulimin e nat\u00ebs. Dhe nuk ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi q\u00eb ndjesi mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e vendosur n\u00eb gjysm\u00eb metri nga kontrolluesi dhe t\u00eb mas\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, temperatur\u00ebn n\u00eb kabinetin e automatik\u00ebs, mbetet p\u00ebr t'u konsideruar se ndodhet \"n\u00eb fush\u00eb\". M\u00eb shpesh, sinjalet me ndjesi, q\u00eb arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb modulet input-output, kalojn\u00eb distanca nga dhjet\u00ebra n\u00eb qindra metra (dhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb), duke mbledhur informacion nga vende t\u00eb larg\u00ebta ose pajisje. Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye autobusi i shk\u00ebmbimit, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit kontrolluesi merr vlerat nga k\u00ebto ndjesi, zakonisht quhet autobusi i fush\u00ebs ose m\u00eb rrall\u00eb autobusi i nivelit t\u00eb posht\u00ebm ose autobusi industrial.<\/p>\n

\"Autobas
\nSkema e p\u00ebrgjithshme e automatizimit t\u00eb objektit industrial<\/i> <\/p>\n

Pra, sinjali elektrik nga sensori kalon nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb p\u00ebrmes linjave kabllore (m\u00eb shpesh p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kablli t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm bakri me disa fije), t\u00eb cilat lidhen me disa sensore. M\u00eb pas sinjali hyn n\u00eb modulin e p\u00ebrpunimit (modulin e hyrjes-daljes), ku ai transformohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb digjitale t\u00eb kuptueshme p\u00ebr kontrollorin. M\u00eb pas, ky sinjal arrin direkt n\u00eb kontrollorin p\u00ebrmes autobusit t\u00eb fush\u00ebs, ku p\u00ebrpunimi b\u00ebhet p\u00ebrfundimisht. Logjika e funksionimit t\u00eb vet\u00eb mikroprocesorit nd\u00ebrtuese \u00ebsht\u00eb e bazuar n\u00eb k\u00ebto sinjale.<\/p>\n

Niveli i lart\u00eb: nga dritat deri te nj\u00eb stacion i plot\u00eb pune<\/h2>\n

\nNiveli i lart\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb mund t\u00eb prek\u00eb nj\u00eb operator i zakonsh\u00ebm, i cili udh\u00ebheq procesin teknologjik. N\u00eb rastin m\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, niveli i lart\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb grup dritash dhe butonash. Dritat sinjalizojn\u00eb operatorin p\u00ebr ndodhit\u00eb q\u00eb ndodhin n\u00eb sistem, nd\u00ebrsa butonat sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb komandat n\u00eb kontrollor. Kjo sistem shpesh quhet \"garland\u00eb\" ose \"nd\u00ebrlikues\", sepse duket shum\u00eb e ngjashme (si\u00e7 mund t\u00eb konstatoni nga fotografia n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb artikullit).<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse operatori ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb fat, si nivel i lart\u00eb, ai merr nj\u00eb panel operatori - nj\u00eb kompjuter me ekran t\u00eb shesht\u00eb, i cili n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb ose tjet\u00ebr merr t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr t'u shfaqur nga kontrollori dhe i shfaq ato n\u00eb ekran. Ky panel zakonisht montohet n\u00eb vetshtimin e automatik\u00ebs, prandaj interaksioni me t\u00eb zakonisht b\u00ebhet duke q\u00ebndruar, q\u00eb shkakton shqetje, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, cila \u00ebsht\u00eb cil\u00ebsia dhe madh\u00ebsia e imazhit n\u00eb panele me format t\u00eb vog\u00ebl l\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar.<\/p>\n

\"Autobas
\n
\nDhe, p\u00ebr fund, atrakcioni i paan\u00eb i bujshm\u00ebris\u00eb - stacioni i pun\u00ebs (madje disa kopje t\u00eb tij), i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter personal i zakonsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Pajisjet e nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb duhet t\u00eb interaktojn\u00eb ndonj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb me mikroprocesorin (ndryshe p\u00ebrse \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme?). P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprim p\u00ebrdoren protokollet e nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb mjedis transmetimi, p\u00ebr shembull, Ethernet ose UART. N\u00eb rastin e \"nd\u00ebrlikuesit\", sigurisht, nuk nevojiten k\u00ebto finte, dritat ndizet duke p\u00ebrdorur linja fizike t\u00eb zakonshme, nuk ka nd\u00ebrfaqe apo protokolle t\u00eb komplikuara aty.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ky nivel i sip\u00ebrm \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak interesant se autobusi fushor, pasi ky nivel i sip\u00ebrm mund t\u00eb mos ekzistoj\u00eb fare (nga seria nuk ka asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb operatorin, kontrollori vet\u00eb do t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb dhe si duhet b\u00ebr\u00eb).<\/p>\n

Protokolllet e 'lashta' t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave: Modbus dhe HART<\/h2>\n

\nPak kush e di, por n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e shtat\u00eb t\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, Per\u00ebndia nuk pushonte, por krijonte Modbus. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin nivel me protokollin HART, Modbus \u00ebsht\u00eb ndoshta protokolli m\u00eb i vjet\u00ebr i transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave industriale, ai u shfaq q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1979.<\/p>\n

Fillimisht, si medium p\u00ebr transmetim \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur nd\u00ebrfaqja seriale, pastaj Modbus u implementua mbi TCP\/IP. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll sinkron sipas skem\u00ebs 'master-slave' (kryesor-n\u00ebnshtrues), n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin p\u00ebrdoret parimi 'k\u00ebrkes\u00eb-p\u00ebrgjigje'. Protokolli \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i r\u00ebnd\u00eb dhe i ngadalt\u00eb, shpejt\u00ebsia e shk\u00ebmbimit varet nga karakteristikat e marr\u00ebsit dhe d\u00ebrguesit, por zakonisht llogaritja b\u00ebhet pothuajse n\u00eb qindra milisekonda, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb implementimin p\u00ebrmes nd\u00ebrfaqes seriale. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, regjistri i transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave Modbus \u00ebsht\u00eb 16-bit, q\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb vendos kufizime p\u00ebr transmetimin e tipave real dhe double. Ato transmetohen ose n\u00eb pjes\u00eb, ose me humbje sakt\u00ebsie. Megjithat\u00eb, Modbus ende p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00ebsisht n\u00eb rastet kur nuk k\u00ebrkohet nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi e lart\u00eb e shk\u00ebmbimit dhe humbja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb transmetuara nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kritike. Shum\u00eb prodhues t\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00eblqejn\u00eb t\u00eb zgjasin protokollin Modbus n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta dhe shum\u00eb origjinale, duke shtuar funksione jo standarde. Prandaj, ky protokoll ka shum\u00eb mutacione dhe devijime nga norma, por gjithsesi vazhdon t\u00eb jetoj\u00eb me sukses n\u00eb bot\u00ebn moderne.
\nProtokolli HART gjithashtu ekziston q\u00eb nga vitet '80, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb protokoll industrial shk\u00ebmbimi mbi nj\u00eb linj\u00eb dyfilar t\u00eb rrjetit t\u00eb rrym\u00ebs, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin lidhen direkt sensor\u00eb 4-20 mA dhe pajisje t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin protokollin HART. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr nd\u00ebrlidhjen e linjave HART p\u00ebrdoren pajisje t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, t\u00eb ashtuquajturat HART-modem\u00eb. Gjithashtu ekzistojn\u00eb konvertor\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt n\u00eb dalje i japin p\u00ebrdoruesit tashm\u00eb, supozoni, protokollin Modbus. <\/p>\n

HART \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e njohur p\u00ebr faktin se, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 sinjaleve analoge t\u00eb sensor\u00ebve 4-20 mA, n\u00eb linj\u00ebn e transmetimit d\u00ebrgohet gjithashtu nj\u00eb sinjal digjital i protokollit, duke lejuar bashkimin e pjes\u00ebs digjitale dhe asaj analoge n\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb kabllore. Modem\u00ebt modern\u00eb HART mund t\u00eb lidhen me portin USB t\u00eb kontrollorit, t\u00eb lidhen p\u00ebrmes Bluetooth, ose n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tradicionale p\u00ebrmes portit serial. Disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me Wi-Fi, u shfaq edhe standardi pa kab\u00eb WirelessHART, q\u00eb punon n\u00eb intervalin ISM.<\/p>\n

Brezi i dyt\u00eb i protokolleve ose autobuz\u00ebt q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht industrial\u00eb si ISA, PCI(e) dhe VME <\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vend t\u00eb protokolleve Modbus dhe HART jan\u00eb shfaqur autobuz\u00eb jo plot\u00ebsisht industrial\u00eb, si ISA (MicroPC, PC\/104) ose PCI\/PCIe (CompactPCI, CompactPCI Serial, StacPC), si dhe VME. <\/p>\n

Ka ardhur epoka e kalkuluesve q\u00eb kan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozit\u00eb nj\u00eb autobus universal p\u00ebr transfert\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn mund t\u00eb lidhin karta (modulet) t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin e nj\u00eb sinjali t\u00eb unifikuar. Zakonisht, n\u00eb k\u00ebto raste, moduli procesor (kalkuluesi) futet n\u00eb nj\u00eb korniz\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur, e cila siguron nd\u00ebrveprimin p\u00ebrmes autobusit me pajisje t\u00eb tjera. Korniza, ose si\u00e7 e quajn\u00eb automatizator\u00ebt e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, 'kreit', plot\u00ebsohet me kartat e nevojshme t\u00eb hyrjeve\/daljeve: analoge, diskrete, nd\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore etj., ose t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto bashkohen n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb sandui\u00e7i pa korniz\u00eb - nj\u00eb kart\u00eb mbi nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr. Pas k\u00ebsaj, kjo shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebri n\u00eb autobus (ISA, PCI, etj.) shk\u00ebmben t\u00eb dh\u00ebna me modulin procesor, i cili n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb merr informacion nga sensor\u00ebt dhe realizon nj\u00eb logjik\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar.<\/p>\n

\"Autobas
\nKontrollori dhe modulet e hyrjes\/daljeve n\u00eb korniz\u00ebn PXI n\u00eb autobusin PCI. Burimi: National Instruments Corporation<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb me k\u00ebto autobuz\u00eb ISA, PCI(e) dhe VME, sidomos p\u00ebr at\u00eb koh\u00eb: si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsia e shk\u00ebmbimit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuese, as komponent\u00ebt e sistemit nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb korniz\u00eb kompakte dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme, nd\u00ebrrimi n\u00eb ngroht\u00eb i kartave t\u00eb hyrjes\/daljeve mund mos t\u00eb ndodhi, por ende nuk duket shum\u00eb d\u00ebshir\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Porosija e ka nj\u00eb lug\u00eb katran, dhe jo nj\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrtimi i nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb konfiguracion t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i komplikuar, autobusi i shk\u00ebmbimit \u00ebsht\u00eb lokal, duhet t\u00eb mendohet p\u00ebr di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me n\u00ebnstacionet e tjera ose me nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e barabarta, Modbus po ashtu mbi TCP\/IP ose ndonj\u00eb protokoll tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, komoditetet jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakta. Dhe gj\u00ebja e dyt\u00eb e pak\u00ebndshme: karta e hyrjes dhe daljes zakonisht pret nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb unifikuar n\u00eb hyrje, dhe ato nuk kan\u00eb izolim galvanik me pajisjet fushore, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohet nj\u00eb sistem nga module t\u00eb ndryshme konvertimi dhe elektronik\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsore, e cila e komplikon ndjesh\u00ebm baz\u00ebn elementare.<\/p>\n

\"Autobas
\nModule nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsore p\u00ebr konvertimin e sinjalit me izolim galvanik. Burimi: DataForth Corporation<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

\"Dhe \u00e7far\u00eb ndodh me protokollin e shk\u00ebmbimit mbi autobusin industrial?\" \u2013 do t\u00eb pyesni ju. Dhe asgj\u00eb. Nuk ekziston n\u00eb nj\u00eb realizim t\u00eb till\u00eb. Sinyalet p\u00ebrmes linjave kabllore arrijn\u00eb nga sensor\u00ebt n\u00eb konvertor\u00ebt e sinjalit, konvertor\u00ebt japin tension n\u00eb kartat e hyrjes\/daljes diskrete ose analoge, dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga karta lexohen tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrmes porteve t\u00eb hyrjes\/daljes, me an\u00eb t\u00eb mjeteve t\u00eb OS. Dhe asnj\u00eb protokoll i specializuar.<\/p>\n

Si funksionojn\u00eb autobusat dhe protokollet moderne industriale<\/h2>\n

\nDhe tani \u00e7far\u00eb? Deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e sotme, ideologjia klasike e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb automatizuar ka ndryshuar pak. Ka luajtur nj\u00eb rol shum\u00eb faktor\u00ebve, duke filluar nga ajo q\u00eb automatizimi gjithashtu duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm, dhe duke p\u00ebrfunduar me tendenc\u00ebn p\u00ebr sisteme t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara t\u00eb automatizuara me nj\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta nga nj\u00ebra-tjetra.<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb thuhet se konceptet kryesore t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb automatizimit sot jan\u00eb dy: sistemet e automatizuara t\u00eb lokalizuara dhe ato t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rastin e sistemeve t\u00eb lokalizuara, ku mbledhja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe menaxhimi jan\u00eb t\u00eb centralizuara n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar, koncepti i nj\u00eb grupi modulash hyrjeje-daljeje, t\u00eb lidhur nd\u00ebrmjet tyre me nj\u00eb autobus t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb nj\u00eb kontrollues me protokollin e tij t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit, \u00ebsht\u00eb i k\u00ebrkuar. Zakonisht, modul\u00ebt e hyrje-daljes p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb konvertues sinjali dhe izolim galvanik (edhe pse, natyrisht, jo gjithmon\u00eb). K\u00ebshtu, konsumatori p\u00ebrfundimtar ka nevoj\u00eb vet\u00ebm t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb se cilat lloje sensor\u00ebsh dhe mekanizmash do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb sistemin e automatizuar, t'i num\u00ebroj\u00eb modul\u00ebt e nevojsh\u00ebm t\u00eb hyrje-daljes p\u00ebr llojet e ndryshme t\u00eb sinjaleve dhe t'i lidh\u00eb ato n\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebm me kontrolluesin. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, zakonisht \u00e7do prodhues p\u00ebrdor protokollin e tij t\u00eb preferuar t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit midis modul\u00ebve t\u00eb hyrje-daljes dhe kontrolluesit, dhe ka shum\u00eb varianta k\u00ebtu.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb rastin e sistemeve t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara, gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me sistemet e lokalizuara \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb komponent\u00ebt e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb grup modulash hyrjeje-daljeje plus nj\u00eb pajisje mbledhjeje dhe transmetimi t\u00eb informacionit - nj\u00eb mikrokontroller jo shum\u00eb inteligjent q\u00eb ndodhet diku n\u00eb nj\u00eb kabin\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00eb, pran\u00eb nj\u00eb ventili q\u00eb ndalon naft\u00ebn - t\u00eb mund t\u00eb interaktojn\u00eb me nj\u00ebsit\u00eb e ngjashme dhe me kontrolluesin kryesor n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb madhe me nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi efektive shk\u00ebmbimi. <\/p>\n

Si i zgjedhin zhvilluesit protokollin p\u00ebr projektin e tyre? T\u00eb gjitha protokollet moderne t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb performanc\u00eb relativisht t\u00eb lart\u00eb, prandaj shpeshher\u00eb zgjedhja e nj\u00eb prodhuesi t\u00eb caktuar \u00ebsht\u00eb e kusht\u00ebzuar nga jo shpejt\u00ebsia e shk\u00ebmbimit mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb autobus industrial. As realizimi i protokollit vet\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm, sepse, nga perspektiva e zhvilluesit t\u00eb sistemit, kjo do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb kuti e zez\u00eb q\u00eb siguron nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb t\u00eb brendshme shk\u00ebmbimi dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e projektuar p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrhyrje nga jasht\u00eb. Shpesh, v\u00ebmendja p\u00ebrqendrohet te karakteristikat praktike: performanca e procesorit, leht\u00ebsia e aplikimit t\u00eb konceptit t\u00eb prodhuesit p\u00ebr detyr\u00ebn e caktuar, disponueshm\u00ebria e llojeve t\u00eb nevojshme t\u00eb modul\u00ebve t\u00eb hyrje-daljes, mund\u00ebsia e nd\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb nxeht\u00eb t\u00eb modul\u00ebve pa nd\u00ebrprerjen e autobusit, etj.<\/p>\n

Furnizuesit e njohur t\u00eb pajisjeve ofrojn\u00eb zbatime t\u00eb veta t\u00eb protokolleve industriale: p\u00ebr shembull, kompania e njohur Siemens zhvillon serin\u00eb e saj t\u00eb protokolleve Profinet dhe Profibus, kompanit\u00eb B&R \u2014 protokollin Powerlink, Rockwell Automation \u2014 protokollin EtherNet\/IP. Nj\u00eb zgjidhje vendase n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb list\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb versioni i protokollit FBUS nga kompania ruse Fastwel. <\/p>\n

Ka edhe zgjidhje m\u00eb universale, t\u00eb cilat nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me prodhues t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, si EtherCAT dhe CAN. Ne do t'i shqyrtojm\u00eb k\u00ebto protokolle n\u00eb vazhdim t\u00eb artikullit dhe do t\u00eb zbulojm\u00eb se cilat prej tyre jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr aplikacione t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta: industria automobilistike dhe ajrore, prodhimi i elektronik\u00ebs, sistemet e pozicionimit dhe robotika. Q\u00ebndroni t\u00eb lidhur!
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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