{"id":35024,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","slug":"gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","title":{"rendered":"Homer ose i pari n\u00eb historin\u00eb e Opensource. Pjesa 1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Duket se Homer me poemat e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka e larg\u00ebt, arkaike, e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u lexuar dhe naive. Por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Ne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jemi t\u00eb mbushur me Homerin, kultur\u00ebn e lasht\u00eb greke nga e cila doli e gjith\u00eb Evropa: gjuha jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbushur me fjal\u00eb dhe citate nga literatura e lasht\u00eb greke: mjafton t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim shprehjet si \"qeshja homerike\", \"beteja e zot\u00ebrve\", \"p\u00ebm\u00eb e Akilit\", \"molla e trazir\u00ebs\" dhe ton\u00ebn: \"kalor\u00ebsi trojan\". T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura, n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ose tjet\u00ebr, me Homerin. Po flasim p\u00ebr ndikimin e kultur\u00ebs helenistike, gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb helen\u00ebve (grek\u00ebt nuk e dinin fjal\u00ebn \"Greqi\" dhe nuk e quajt\u00ebn veten ashtu, ky etnonim na erdhi nga romak\u00ebt) dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e padiskutueshme. Shkolla, akademia, gimnaziumi, filosofia, fizika (metafizika) dhe matematika, teknika... kori, skena, gitara, mediatr \u2014 nuk mund t'i num\u00ebrojm\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha \u2014 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb lashta greke. Dhe a e dinit k\u00ebt\u00eb?
\n\"Homer
\n\u2026
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nDhe gjithashtu pohoi se grek\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb shpik\u00ebn monedhat n\u00eb form\u00ebn e\u5e01 q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb goditura... Abetarja, si\u00e7 e njohim ne. Monedhat e para ishin t\u00eb goditura nga nj\u00eb metal natyror aleat t\u00eb argjendit dhe arit, t\u00eb cilin ata e quajt\u00ebn elektr (p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje p\u00ebr monedhat elektronike nga e kaluara). Abetarja me zanore dhe transferimi i t\u00eb gjith\u00eb tingujve t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs gjat\u00eb shkrimit \u00ebsht\u00eb padyshim nj\u00eb shpikje greke, megjith\u00ebse shum\u00eb e konsiderojn\u00eb si origjin\u00ebn e tyre fenikasit e shkath\u00ebt (popujt simitik q\u00eb jetonin n\u00eb territorin e Siri-s\u00eb dhe Izraelit t\u00eb sot\u00ebm), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk kishin shkronja zanore. E \u00e7uditshme \u00ebsht\u00eb se abetarja latine doli direkt nga ajo greke, ashtu si edhe ajo sllave. Nd\u00ebrsa abetaret e vona t\u00eb vendeve t\u00eb Evrop\u00ebs Per\u00ebndimore jan\u00eb tashm\u00eb prodhime t\u00eb latines. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, cirilica jon\u00eb q\u00ebndron n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin niveli me latines\u2026 Po sa grek \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb shkenc\u00eb, let\u00ebrsi? Jamba, horeja, muza, lira, poezi, strofa, Pegasi me Parnasin. Vet\u00eb fjala \"poet\", \"poezia\", p\u00ebrfundimisht \u2013 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb, sigurisht, t\u00eb njohura nga ku vijn\u00eb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u2019i p\u00ebrmend\u00ebsh t\u00eb gjith\u00eb! Por titulli i tekstit tim zbulohet nga pathos (fjal\u00eb e lasht\u00eb greke) i \"zbules\u00ebs\" time. Dhe prandaj, un\u00eb do ta mbaj p\u00ebr pak \"eshte\" dhe do t\u00eb kaloj te, pik\u00ebrisht, pohoj se opensource-i i par\u00eb (n\u00ebse ia jap k\u00ebt\u00eb) me git' erdhi shum\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb: n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb e lasht\u00eb (duke specifikuar n\u00eb Greqin\u00eb arkaike) dhe p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i njohur i k\u00ebtij ngjarjeje \u00ebsht\u00eb poeti i madh Homer. <\/p>\n

Tani, hyjdhe, tani p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetja \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb, le t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb te gjith\u00e7ka sipas rendit. Disklejm\u00ebr: vlerat fillestare t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve greke t\u00eb listuara m\u00eb sip\u00ebr do t\u00eb jap n\u00eb fund t\u00eb tekstit (ato jan\u00eb paksa befasuese) \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb e lexojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tekst deri n\u00eb fund. Pra, le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb!<\/p>\n

Homeri.
\nPoemave t\u00eb madh\u00ebshtis\u00eb s\u00eb Homerit pritet t'u p\u00ebrkas\u00eb fundi i shekullit t\u00eb IX-t\u00eb dhe fillimi i shekullit t\u00eb VIII-t\u00eb para er\u00ebs son\u00eb, ndon\u00ebse k\u00ebto tekste, duket se kan\u00eb filluar menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas ngjarjeve q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen n\u00eb to, dmth diku n\u00eb shekullin e XIII-t\u00eb para er\u00ebs son\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb tjera, ato jan\u00eb rreth 3 mij\u00eb vje\u00e7are. T\u00eb Homerit i atribuohen \u201cIliada\u201d dhe \u201cOdisea\u201d, \u201cHimnet homereike\u201d dhe nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb veprash t\u00eb tjera, si poezit\u00eb \u201cMargit\u201d dhe \u201cBatrachomiomakhia\u201d (parodia satirike e \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d, q\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet dosido si \u201cLufta e miqve dhe bretkosave\u201d (mahja \u2014 luft\u00eb, goditje, mis \u2014 miu). Sipas shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, vet\u00ebm dy veprat e para i p\u00ebrkasin Homerit, t\u00eb tjerat, si shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, i jan\u00eb atribuar atij (pse do ta tregoj m\u00eb posht\u00eb), sipas mendimit t\u00eb disa t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve, vet\u00ebm \u201cIliada\u201d i p\u00ebrket Homerit\u2026 n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, polemikat vazhdojn\u00eb, por nj\u00eb gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt \u2014 Homeri padyshim ekzistoi dhe ngjarjet q\u00eb ai p\u00ebrshkruan p\u00ebrpara murit t\u00eb Troj\u00ebs (emri i dyt\u00eb i qytetit Ilion, nga ku vjen edhe \u201cIliada\u201d) ndodhi v\u00ebrtet.<\/p>\n

Si e dimito at\u00ebher\u00eb? N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XIX, Heinrich Schliemann, nj\u00eb gjerman q\u00eb fitoi nj\u00eb pasuri t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb Rusi, realizoi \u00ebndrr\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebris\u00eb: gjeti dhe zhvilloi Troj\u00ebn n\u00eb territorin e Turqis\u00eb moderne, duke p\u00ebrmbysur t\u00eb gjitha konceptet e m\u00ebparshme mbi ato koh\u00eb dhe tekstet lidhur me to. M\u00eb par\u00eb, ishte konsideruar q\u00eb ngjarjet trojane, t\u00eb cilat filluan me arratisjen e bukur\u00ebs Helena me princin trojan Paris (Alexandri) n\u00eb Troj\u00eb, ishin thjesht mit; pasi, madje edhe p\u00ebr grek\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb, ngjarjet e p\u00ebrshkruara n\u00eb poema ishin konsideruar si antikitet i thell\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, jo vet\u00ebm muret e Troj\u00ebs u zbuluan dhe u gjet\u00ebn dekorime t\u00eb lashta prej ari t\u00eb asaj kohe (q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb qasje t\u00eb hapur n\u00eb Galerin\u00eb Tretyakov), m\u00eb von\u00eb u zbuluan pllaka balte nga shteti m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb hikit, fqinj me Troj\u00ebn, ku u gjet\u00ebn emra t\u00eb njohur: Agamemnoni, Menelai, Aleksandri\u2026 K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb personazhet letrare u b\u00ebn\u00eb historike, pasi k\u00ebto pllaka reflektonin realitetet diplomatike dhe tatimore t\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb fuqishme hite. E habitshme, as n\u00eb Troad\u00eb, as n\u00eb Ellad\u00eb (\u00e7udit\u00ebrisht, por ky term as q\u00eb ekzistonte n\u00eb ato koh\u00eb) nuk kishte shkrim asnj\u00ebher\u00eb. Pik\u00ebrisht kjo i dha nj\u00eb nxitje zhvillimit t\u00eb tem\u00ebs son\u00eb, si\u00e7 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7udi.
\n\"Homer
\n
\nPra, Homer. Homer ishte nj\u00eb aed \u2014 q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebtar i wanderues mbi k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij (aed - k\u00ebng\u00ebtar). Nuk dihet me siguri se ku lindi dhe si vdiq. N\u00eb mesin e qyteteve q\u00eb konkurronin p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb atdheu i Homerit dhe vendi i vdekjes s\u00eb tij, ishin t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn shtat\u00eb qytete nga t\u00eb dy an\u00ebt e Detit Egje: Smirna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, Athina dhe t\u00eb tjera. Homeri n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb em\u00ebr i caktuar, por nj\u00eb nofk\u00eb. Do t\u00eb thot\u00eb di\u00e7ka si \u201ckapitull\u201d n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e lasht\u00eb. Supozohet se emri i lindjes ishte Mel\u00ebsigen, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb i lindur nga Mel\u00ebs, por as kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt. N\u00eb lasht\u00ebsin\u00eb, Homerin shpesh e quajt\u00ebn: Poeti (Poetesa). Fjal\u00eb me shkronj\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, q\u00eb tregonte se cila ishte personi p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin flitej. Poetesa \u2014 do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201ckrijues\u201d \u2014 nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr fjal\u00eb e lasht\u00eb greke n\u00eb koleksionin ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Mendohet se Homeri (Omer sipas gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb lasht\u00eb ruse) ka qen\u00eb i verb\u00ebr dhe i moshuar, por nuk ka asnj\u00eb d\u00ebshmi p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb. Vet\u00eb Homeri nuk e ka p\u00ebrshkruar veten n\u00eb asnj\u00eb nga k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij, ashtu si\u00e7 nuk p\u00ebrmendet as nga bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebs t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (si poeti Hesiodi, p\u00ebr shembull). N\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb m\u00ebnyre, ky p\u00ebrfundim bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e aed\u00ebve n\u00eb \"Odise\", ata jan\u00eb pleq, t\u00eb verb\u00ebr, me flok\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00eb n\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb shtyr\u00eb, si dhe n\u00eb zakonin e shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb verb\u00ebr q\u00eb shnd\u00ebrroheshin n\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebtar\u00eb endacak, pasi nj\u00eb person i verb\u00ebr nuk mund t\u00eb punonte praktikisht, dhe pensionet at\u00ebher\u00eb ishin ende nj\u00eb novitet.<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmendur m\u00eb par\u00eb, grek\u00ebt nuk kishin shkrim n\u00eb ato koh\u00ebra, dhe n\u00ebse supozohet se shumica e aed\u00ebve ishin t\u00eb verb\u00ebr ose pak t\u00eb verb\u00ebr (t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nuk ishin shpikur ende syzet), at\u00ebher\u00eb prania e shkrimit p\u00ebr ta do t\u00eb ishte e panevojshme; k\u00ebsisoj, aed-i k\u00ebndonte k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij ekskluzivisht nga memorie. <\/p>\n

Kjo dukej m\u00eb pak si k\u00ebshtu. Nj\u00eb pleq i endur, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb me nj\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs (udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs), kalonte nga nj\u00eb qytet n\u00eb tjetrin, ku pranoheshin me mikpritje nga vendasit: shpesh vet\u00eb mbreti (bazili) ose ndonj\u00eb aristokrat i pasur n\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb e tyre. N\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje, gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb dreke t\u00eb zakonshme apo n\u00eb nj\u00eb ngjarje speciale \u2014 simpozium (simposi \u2014 fest\u00eb, pi\u00e7\u00eb, party), aed-i fillonte t\u00eb k\u00ebndonte k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij dhe e b\u00ebnte k\u00ebt\u00eb deri n\u00eb or\u00ebt e vona t\u00eb nat\u00ebs. Ai k\u00ebndonte n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrimin e nj\u00eb instrumenti me kat\u00ebr tela, formingo (pararadh\u00ebsi e lir\u00ebs dhe kitar\u00ebs s\u00eb vonshme), k\u00ebndonte p\u00ebr per\u00ebndit\u00eb dhe jet\u00ebn e tyre, p\u00ebr heronjt\u00eb dhe veprat e tyre, p\u00ebr mbret\u00ebrit e lasht\u00eb dhe ngjarjet q\u00eb kishin lidhje t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb me d\u00ebgjuesit, pasi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata e konsideronin veten t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb p\u00ebrmendeshin n\u00eb k\u00ebto k\u00ebng\u00eb. Dhe ka pasur shum\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb t\u00eb tilla. Na kan\u00eb mb\u00ebrritur plot\u00ebsisht \"Iliada\" dhe \"Odise\", por dihet se p\u00ebr ngjarjet n\u00eb Troj\u00eb ekzistonte nj\u00eb cik\u00ebl epik (cikli, p\u00ebr ne, grek\u00ebt nuk kishin shkronj\u00ebn 'c', dhe shum\u00eb fjal\u00eb greke si cikli, ciklopi, kinizmi na erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb form\u00ebn e latinizuar: cikli, ciklop, cinik) me m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 12 poema. Mund t\u00eb jesh i habitur, lexues, por n\u00eb \"Iliad\u00eb\" s'ka p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb \"kalit t\u00eb Troj\u00ebs\"; poezia p\u00ebrfundon disa koh\u00eb para r\u00ebnies s\u00eb Ilionit. P\u00ebr kalin ne m\u00ebsojm\u00eb nga \"Odisea\" dhe poema t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb ciklit epik, sidomos nga poezia \"Shkat\u00ebrrimi i Ilionit\" e Arktinit. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse, por nuk kan\u00eb lidhje me tem\u00ebn, prandaj po flas p\u00ebr to vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kalim.<\/p>\n

Po, ne, ne e thjesht nj\u00eb poemi, por nj\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb (ende sot kapitujt e saj vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb quhen k\u00ebng\u00eb). Aedi nuk lexonte, por k\u00ebndonte ngadal\u00eb n\u00ebn tingujt e fort\u00eb t\u00eb instrumenteve t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nga zorr\u00ebt e derrit, duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb kock\u00eb t\u00eb mpreht\u00eb \u2014 plektrin si nj\u00eb mediator (nj\u00eb p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje tjet\u00ebr nga antikiteti), dhe d\u00ebgjuesit e hipnotizuar, duke e ditur mir\u00eb ngjarjen q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhej, shijonin detajet. <\/p>\n

\u00abIliada\u00bb dhe \u00abOdisea\u00bb jan\u00eb poema shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 15,000 e m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 12,000 vargje p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. Prandaj, ato k\u00ebndoheshin p\u00ebr shum\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje. Kjo ishte shum\u00eb e ngjashme me serialet moderne. N\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje, d\u00ebgjuesit mblidheshin p\u00ebrs\u00ebri rreth aedit dhe me nj\u00eb rrahje t\u00eb zemr\u00ebs, dhe n\u00eb disa raste me lot dhe qeshje, d\u00ebgjonin vazhdimet e historive t\u00eb k\u00ebnduara nj\u00eb dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. Sa m\u00eb e gjat\u00eb dhe interesante t\u00eb ishte seria, aq m\u00eb gjat\u00eb njer\u00ebzit mbeteshin t\u00eb lidhur me t\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu aed\u00ebt: jetonin dhe ushqeheshin nga d\u00ebgjuesit e tyre derisa ata d\u00ebgjonin k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb gjata. <\/p>\n

\u00bbT\u00eb pakt\u00eb poleni Zevsit Kronid, zotit t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha, i dogj\u00ebn belin,
\nDhe pastaj u ul\u00ebn p\u00ebr fest\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur... dhe shijonin.
\nPor k\u00ebng\u00ebtari hyjnor k\u00ebndonte n\u00ebn formim, \u2014 i nderuar nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit Demodok. \u00ab<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomer. \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Homer<\/p>\n

Tani, erdhi koha t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb thelb. Ne kemi zanatin e aed\u00ebve, vet\u00eb aed\u00ebt, k\u00ebng\u00eb-poema shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjata dhe munges\u00ebn e shkrimit. Si arrit\u00ebn k\u00ebto poema deri te ne q\u00eb nga shekulli XIII p.e.s.?<\/p>\n

Por para se gjith\u00e7kaje, nj\u00eb detaj tjet\u00ebr i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Ne flasim p\u00ebr \u00abpoema\u00bb, pasi teksti i tyre ishte poetik, n\u00eb varg (varg \u2014 nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb tjet\u00ebr greke e lasht\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u00abstruktur\u00eb\u00bb).<\/p>\n

Sipas historianit t\u00eb antikitetit, akademikut t\u00eb RAN, Igor Evgenievich Surikov: poezia \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u mbajtur mend dhe p\u00ebr t'u transmetuar nga brezi n\u00eb brez. \u00abProvoni t\u00eb mbani mend proz\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, nd\u00ebrsa poezia \u2014 ja un\u00eb mund t'i p\u00ebrmend disa vargje q\u00eb kam m\u00ebsuar q\u00eb n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb\u00bb \u2014 na thoshte ai. Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Secili nga ne mban mend t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn disa vargje poetike (madje edhe poezi) dhe pak kush mban mend t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb paragraf t\u00eb plot\u00eb nga proza.<\/p>\n

Grek\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrdornin rim\u00ebn, edhe pse e dinin at\u00eb. Baza e poezis\u00eb ishte ritmi, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin nj\u00eb alternim i caktuar i silabave t\u00eb gjata dhe t\u00eb shkurtra formonte metrike poetike: jamb, horej, daktile, amfibrahij dhe tjer\u00eb (kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb list\u00eb pothuajse e plot\u00eb e metrikave poetike t\u00eb poezis\u00eb moderne). Tek grek\u00ebt k\u00ebto metrika ishin t\u00eb shumta. Ata e dinin rimin\u00eb, por nuk e p\u00ebrdornin at\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa, larmia ritmike jepte gjithashtu larmi stilesh: trokeu, spondeu, strofa sapfike, strofa alkeike dhe sigurisht metri i famsh\u00ebm hexameter. Mjeti im i preferuar \u00ebsht\u00eb jambik trime; (n\u00eb shaka) Metri \u2014 do t\u00eb thot\u00eb mas\u00eb. Nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr koleksionin ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Hexametri ishte metri poetik p\u00ebr himnet (himnos \u2013 lutje p\u00ebr per\u00ebndit\u00eb) dhe poezit\u00eb epike, t\u00eb ngjashme me ato homerike. Mund t\u00eb flas shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb, thjesht do t\u00eb them se shum\u00eb, edhe m\u00eb von\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb poet\u00ebt romak\u00eb e shkruanin n\u00eb hexameter, p\u00ebr shembull Vergili n\u00eb \"Eneid\u00ebn\" e tij \u2014 nj\u00eb poezi imitin e \"Odiseas\", n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn protagonisti i saj, Enea, ik\u00ebn nga Troja e shkat\u00ebrruar n\u00eb atdhen\u00eb e tij t\u00eb ri \u2014 Italin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Ai tha \u2014 dhe p\u00ebr Pelid\u00ebn u b\u00eb e hidhur: zemra e fuqishme
\nN\u00eb gjoksin e heroit me flok\u00eb t\u00eb art\u00eb mes dy mendimeve po luftonte:
\nose, menj\u00ebher\u00eb duke hequr shpaten nga kudu p\u00ebrfundimisht,
\nt\u00eb shp\u00ebrndaj\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb vras\u00eb zotin e Atidave;
\nose t\u00eb qet\u00ebsoj\u00eb eg\u00ebrsin\u00eb, duke kufizuar shpirtin e shqet\u00ebsuar...<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomer. \"Iliada\" (p\u00ebrkthimi i Gnedich)<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 mendoj se e kam th\u00ebn\u00eb tashm\u00eb, menj\u00ebher\u00eb aed\u00ebt filluan t\u00eb k\u00ebndonin p\u00ebr ngjarjet e luft\u00ebs trojane pothuajse menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb saj. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb \"Odisea\", heroi kryesor, duke qen\u00eb larg nga sht\u00ebpia, pas 10 vjet\u00ebsh wandering d\u00ebgjon k\u00ebng\u00ebn p\u00ebr veten nga aedi dhe fillon t\u00eb qaj\u00eb, duke fshehur lot\u00ebt nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00ebn mantil.<\/p>\n

Pra k\u00ebsaj, k\u00ebng\u00ebt u shfaq\u00ebn n\u00eb shekullin XIII, nd\u00ebrsa Homeri k\u00ebndoi \"Iliad\u00ebn\" e tij n\u00eb shekullin VIII. Teksti i saj kanonik u regjistrua pas 200 vjet\u00ebsh, n\u00eb shekullin VI p.e.s. n\u00eb Athin\u00eb gjat\u00eb tiranis\u00eb s\u00eb Pisistratit. Si u krijuan dhe arrit\u00ebn deri te ne k\u00ebto tekste? P\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb si m\u00eb posht\u00eb: \u00c7do aed q\u00eb vinte pas modifikonte kodin fillestar t\u00eb autor\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, dhe shpesh \"rr\u00ebmbeu\" k\u00ebng\u00eb t\u00eb huaja, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb si di\u00e7ka t\u00eb natyrshme, pasi kjo konsiderohej nj\u00eb norm\u00eb. E drejta e autorit n\u00eb ato koh\u00ebra jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk ekzistonte, por shum\u00eb shpesh, edhe shum\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, me shpalljen e shkrimit vepronte \"e drejta e autorit e kund\u00ebrt\": kur nj\u00eb autor pak i njohur n\u00ebnshkruante veprat e tij me nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur, duke pasur arsye t\u00eb forta p\u00ebr t\u00eb besuar se k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb siguronte suksesin e krijimit t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Git'i sh\u00ebrbente p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e burimeve si student\u00ebt dhe d\u00ebgjuesit e aed\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt m\u00eb von\u00eb b\u00ebheshin k\u00ebng\u00ebtar\u00eb, si dhe konkurset e aed\u00ebve, t\u00eb cilat organizoheshin rregullisht dhe ku ata mund t\u00eb d\u00ebgjonin nj\u00ebri-tjetrin. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebr shembull, kishte nj\u00eb mendim se nj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb finale t\u00eb poet\u00ebve arrit\u00ebn Homeri dhe Hesiod dhe, \u00e7udit\u00ebrisht, vendin e par\u00eb sipas mendimit t\u00eb shum\u00eb gjyqtar\u00ebve e fitoi Hesiodi. (pse do ta l\u00eb pa th\u00ebn\u00eb k\u00ebtu)<\/p>\n

\u00c7do interpretim i aed-it t\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebs s\u00eb tij ishte nj\u00eb akt jo vet\u00ebm interpretues, por edhe krijues: ai \u00e7do her\u00eb krijonte k\u00ebng\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb m\u00ebnyre nga e para, nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb bllokesh dhe frazash - formulash, me nj\u00eb doz\u00eb improvizimi dhe huazimesh, duke e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar dhe ndryshuar copat e \"kodit\" \"n\u00eb flak\u00eb\". Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, pasi ngjarjet dhe personazhet ishin t\u00eb njohura mir\u00eb p\u00ebr d\u00ebgjuesit, ai e b\u00ebnte k\u00ebt\u00eb, duke u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb nj\u00eb \"b\u00ebrtham\u00eb\" t\u00eb caktuar dhe, \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, n\u00eb nj\u00eb dialekt poetik t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb - nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi, si\u00e7 do ta thoshim tani. Vet\u00ebm imagjinoni se si i ngjan kodit modern: variablat hyr\u00ebse, blloqet e kushteve dhe cikleve, ngjarjet, formulat dhe gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb nj\u00eb dialekt t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm nga gjuha e folur! Pasja e nj\u00eb dialekti ishte shum\u00eb e rrept\u00eb dhe pas shekujve vepra t\u00eb ndryshme poetike shkruheshin n\u00eb dialektet e tyre t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta (ioniak, eoliaj, dorik), pavar\u00ebsisht se nga ku ishte autori! Thjesht duke respektuar k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr \"kodin\"!<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu nga huazimet nj\u00ebri prej tjetrit lindi teksti kanonik. Sigurisht, Homer edhe vet\u00eb ka huazuar, por ndryshe nga ata q\u00eb humb\u00ebn n\u00eb harres\u00eb (Leta - nj\u00eb nga lumenjt\u00eb e mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb n\u00ebntok\u00ebs Aidi, q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte harres\u00ebn), ai e b\u00ebri k\u00ebt\u00eb gjenialisht, duke compiluar nga shum\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb vetme, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb variant t\u00eb plot\u00eb, t\u00eb ndritsh\u00ebm, t\u00eb pasur n\u00eb imazhe dhe t\u00eb pakrahasuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb form\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrmbajtje. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, emri i tij gjithashtu do t\u00eb mbetej i panjohur dhe do t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohej nga autor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Pik\u00ebrisht gjenialiteti i \u201ctekstit\u201d t\u00eb tij, q\u00eb u m\u00ebsua nga brezat e k\u00ebng\u00ebtar\u00ebve pas tij (pa dyshim u p\u00ebrpunua, por n\u00eb mas\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl), i siguroi atij nj\u00eb vend n\u00eb histori. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, Homer u b\u00eb nj\u00eb maj\u00eb aq e pakapsh\u00ebm, nj\u00eb standard, figurativisht e quajtur \u201cn\u00ebnda\u201d e gjith\u00eb ekosistem\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebve, q\u00eb, sipas shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, arriti deri n\u00eb kanonizimin e shkruar n\u00eb variantin m\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me origjinalin. Dhe kjo ting\u00ebllon si e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e mrekullueshme sa e bukur \u00ebsht\u00eb teksti i tij! Dhe si e percepton lexuesi i p\u00ebrgatitur. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u habitur q\u00eb Homer-in e admironin Pushkini dhe Tolstoi, madje, \u00e7far\u00eb Tolstoi, vet\u00eb Aleksandri i Madh nuk u nda asnj\u00eb dit\u00eb nga rrotulli i \u00abIliad\u00ebs\u00bb \u2014 thjesht nj\u00eb akt i historis\u00eb i regjistruar.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrmend\u00ebm m\u00eb lart ciklin trojan, i cili p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb veprash q\u00eb pasqyronin k\u00ebt\u00eb ose at\u00eb episod t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs Trojan. Pjes\u00ebrisht, ishin nj\u00eb lloj \u201cfortkash\u201d t\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00ebs\u201d s\u00eb Homerit, t\u00eb shkruara n\u00eb hexameter dhe q\u00eb plot\u00ebsonin episodet e pap\u00ebrshtatshme n\u00eb \u201cIliad\u00eb\u201d. Pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata ose nuk arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb ne, ose arrit\u00ebn vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fragmente. K\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb gjykimi i historis\u00eb \u2014 duket se ata ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt krahasuar me Homer dhe nuk u b\u00ebn\u00eb aq t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb mesin e popullsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhim. Nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e caktuar e fort\u00eb e k\u00ebng\u00ebve, formulat nga t\u00eb cilat ato p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen, liria e p\u00ebrhapjes dhe, m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, hap\u00ebsira e tyre p\u00ebr modifikime t\u00eb vazhdueshme nga t\u00eb tjer\u00eb \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb tani ne e quajm\u00eb opensource \u2014 ka lindur n\u00eb agun e kultur\u00ebs son\u00eb. N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e krijimtaris\u00eb autor\u00ebsore dhe kolektive. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fakt. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, shum\u00eb nga ato q\u00eb ne i mendojm\u00eb si ultra-moderne, mund t\u00eb gjenden n\u00eb shekujt q\u00eb kaluan. Dhe ajo q\u00eb ne e konsiderojm\u00eb t\u00eb re, ndoshta ka ekzistuar m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, kujtohen fjal\u00ebt nga Bibla, nga \u00abEkleziasti\u00bb (t\u00eb cilat i atribuohen mbretit Solomon): <\/p>\n

\u00abNdonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndodh di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn flasin: \"shiko, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e re\", por kjo ka qen\u00eb tashm\u00eb n\u00eb shekujt q\u00eb kan\u00eb kaluar para nesh. Nuk ka kujtes\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn; as p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb mbetet kujtes\u00eb p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb do t\u00eb vijn\u00eb pas\u2026\u00bb <\/i><\/p>\n

fund P.1<\/p>\n

Shkolla (shkola) \u2014 arg\u00ebtim, koh\u00eb e lir\u00eb.
\nAkademia \u2014 nj\u00eb l\u00ebndin\u00eb pran\u00eb Athin\u00ebs, vendi i shkoll\u00ebs filozofike t\u00eb Platoni
\nGjimnaz (gjimnos \u2014 i zhveshur) \u2014 gjimnazi quheshin sallat sportive p\u00ebr st\u00ebrvitjen e trupit. Aty djemt\u00eb st\u00ebrviteshin t\u00eb zhveshur. Nga k\u00ebtu fjal\u00ebt me rr\u00ebnj\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta: gimnasika, gjimnast.
\nFilozofia (fil \u2014 t\u00eb duash, sofia \u2014 men\u00e7uri) \u2014 mbret\u00ebresha e shkencave.
\nFizika (fizis \u2014 natyra) \u2014 m\u00ebsimi p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn materiale, natyr\u00ebn
\nMeta-fizika \u2014 p\u00ebrkthyer dosllat \u00abJasht\u00eb natyr\u00ebs\u00bb. Aristoteli nuk dinte si ta klasifikonte hyjnoren dhe e quajti vepr\u00ebn k\u00ebshtu: \u00abJo natyra\u00bb.
\nMatematika (matema \u2014 m\u00ebsim) \u2014 m\u00ebsimet
\nTeknika (t\u00e9cnhe \u2014 craft) n\u00eb Greqi \u2014 artist\u00ebt dhe skulptor\u00ebt, si prodhuesit e kazan\u00ebve prej argjile, ishin teknik\u00eb, zanat\u00e7inj. Nga k\u00ebtu \u00abzanati i artistit\u00bb
\nKori \u2014 fillimisht valle. (nga k\u00ebtu koreografia). M\u00eb von\u00eb, pasi vallet realizoheshin n\u00ebn k\u00ebng\u00ebn e shum\u00eb, kori \u2014 k\u00ebng\u00eb me shum\u00eb z\u00ebra.
\nSkena (skena) \u2014 \u00e7adra p\u00ebr ndryshimin e artist\u00ebve. Shfaqej n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb amfiteatrit.
\nGitar\u00eb \u2014 nga greqishtja e lasht\u00eb \u00abkifara\u00bb, instrument muzikor me tela.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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