{"id":35024,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","slug":"gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","title":{"rendered":"Homer ose i pari n\u00eb histori Opensource. ch.1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Duket se Homer me poemat e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka e larg\u00ebt, arkaike, e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u lexuar dhe naive. Por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ne jemi t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtuar nga Homer, kultura e lasht\u00eb greke nga e cila doli e gjith\u00eb Evropa: gjuha jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb plot me fjal\u00eb dhe citate nga literatura e lasht\u00eb greke: mjafton t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim shprehjet si \"qeshja homerike\", \"beteja e bog\u00ebve\", \"pika e Akilit\", \"molla e trazir\u00ebs\" dhe tonin ton\u00eb: \"kali i Troj\u00ebs\". Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb ose n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr nga Homer. Dhe mbi ndikimin e kultur\u00ebs helenistike, gjuh\u00ebs s\u00eb helen\u00ebve (grek\u00ebt nuk e dinin fjal\u00ebn \"Greqi\" dhe nuk e quanin veten k\u00ebshtu, ky etnonim na erdhi nga romak\u00ebt) nuk ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb flasim. Shkolla, akademia, gimnasia, filozofia, fizika (metafizika) dhe matematika, teknika\u2026 kori, skena, gitara, mediatori \u2014 nuk dihet se sa jan\u00eb gjithsej \u2014 t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb lashta greke. Dhe nuk e dinit k\u00ebt\u00eb?
\n\"Homer
\n\u2026
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u0410 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0442\u2026 \u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0437\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440 (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e). \u0410\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0436\u0435 \u0441 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442.\u043e. \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u2014 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0438\u043c\u0447\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439\u0446\u0435\u0432 (\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434, \u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0421\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0418\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0438\u043b\u044f), \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0438\u0437 \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439. \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u043b\u0444\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e-\u0435\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u2026 \u0410 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0435, \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435? \u042f\u043c\u0431, \u0445\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0439, \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0445\u0438, \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430, \u041f\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0441 \u0441 \u041f\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0430\u043c\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u00bb, \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u044d\u0437\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u2014 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c! \u041d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0444\u043e\u0441 (\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e) \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u00ab\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f\u00bb. \u0418 \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0443 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0434\u0443 \u043a \u0410 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u044f \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 opensource (\u0442\u0430\u043a \u0443\u0436 \u0438 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044e) \u0441 git’\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u043c: \u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0413\u0440\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0438) \u0438 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u044f\u0440\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440. <\/p>\n

Ja, si, introduksioni \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb, tani p\u00ebr \u00e7do gj\u00eb sipas rendit. Diskleimer: vlerat fillestare t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve greke t\u00eb m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme do t\u2019i jap n\u00eb fund t\u00eb tekstit (ato jan\u00eb disi t\u00eb papritura) \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb do ta lexojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tekst deri n\u00eb fund. Pra, le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb!<\/p>\n

Homeri.
\nPoemat e Homerit t\u00eb madh pritet t\u00eb datohen n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit IX deri n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit VIII para er\u00ebs son\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebto tekste duksh\u00ebm filluan t\u00eb lindin menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas ngjarjeve q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhen n\u00eb to, pra diku n\u00eb shekullin XIII para er\u00ebs son\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, ato jan\u00eb rreth 3 mij\u00eb vje\u00e7are. Homerit i atribuohen 'Iliada' dhe 'Odisea', 'Himnet homerike' dhe nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb veprash t\u00eb tjera si poezit\u00eb 'Margit' dhe 'Batrachomiomachia' (nj\u00eb satir\u00eb p\u00ebr 'Iliad\u00ebn', e cila p\u00ebrkthehet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb si 'Lufta e miqve dhe k\u00ebrcinjve' (mahia \u2014 luft\u00eb, goditje, mis \u2014 mi)). Sipas studiuesve, vet\u00ebm dy veprat e para i p\u00ebrkasin Homerit, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tjerat, si shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, i jan\u00eb atribuara atij (pse do ta tregoj m\u00eb posht\u00eb); sipas disa, vet\u00ebm 'Iliada' i p\u00ebrket Homerit... n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, debatet vazhdojn\u00eb, por nj\u00eb gj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e sigurt \u2014 Homeri sigurisht q\u00eb ka ekzistuar dhe ngjarjet q\u00eb ai p\u00ebrshkruan p\u00ebrpara murit t\u00eb Troj\u00ebs (emri i dyt\u00eb i qytetit Ilion, nga k\u00ebtu 'Iliada').<\/p>\n

Nga e dim\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb? N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XIX, Heinrich Schliemann, nj\u00eb gjerman q\u00eb b\u00ebri nj\u00eb pasuri t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb Rusi, realizoi \u00ebndrr\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebris\u00eb: gjeti dhe ekshumoi Troj\u00ebn n\u00eb territorin e Turqis\u00eb moderne, duke p\u00ebrmbysur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrfytyrimet e m\u00ebparshme rreth atyre koh\u00ebrave dhe teksteve mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb. N\u00eb fillim, besohej se ngjarjet trojane, q\u00eb filluan me arratisjen e bukuroshes Helena me princin trojan Paris (Aleksandri) n\u00eb Troj\u00eb, ishin thjesht mite, pasi madje edhe p\u00ebr grek\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb, ngjarjet e p\u00ebrshkruara n\u00eb poema ishin konsideruar si nj\u00eb antiquitet i thell\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, jo vet\u00ebm se muret e Troj\u00ebs u gjet\u00ebn dhe u gjet\u00ebn zbukurime ari t\u00eb lashta t\u00eb atij koh\u00eb (t\u00eb cilat gjenden n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb hapur n\u00eb Galerin\u00eb Tretyakov), m\u00eb von\u00eb u zbuluan pllakat argjili t\u00eb shtetit m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb hitit \u2014 fqinj me Troj\u00ebn, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat u zbuluan emra t\u00eb njohur: Agamemnoni, Menelaji, Aleksandri... K\u00ebshtu, personazhet letrare u b\u00ebn\u00eb historik\u00eb, pasi k\u00ebto pllaka pasqyronin realitetet diplomatike dhe fiskale t\u00eb dikurshme t\u00eb shtetit t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm hitit. E \u00e7uditshme, as n\u00eb Troad\u00eb, as n\u00eb Ellad\u00eb (e \u00e7uditshme, por kjo fjal\u00eb nuk ekzistonte as n\u00eb ato koh\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta) nuk kishte asnj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb shkruar deri n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. Kjo ishte pik\u00ebrisht ajo q\u00eb i dha nj\u00eb shtys\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb tem\u00ebs ton\u00eb, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme.
\n\"Homer
\n
\nPra, Homeri. Homer ishte nj\u00eb aed \u2014 dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, nj\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebtar sh\u00ebtit\u00ebs i k\u00ebng\u00ebve t\u00eb tij (aed \u2014 k\u00ebng\u00ebtar). Nuk dihet sakt\u00ebsisht ku ka lindur dhe si ka vdekur. Kjo ndodhi sepse p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e t\u00eb quajturit vendlindje t\u00eb Homerit, si dhe vendi i vdekjes s\u00eb tij, q\u00eb nga antikiteti jan\u00eb p\u00ebrballur jo m\u00eb pak se shtat\u00eb qytete nga t\u00eb dy an\u00ebt e detit Egje: Smyrna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, Athina dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Homer n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb em\u00ebr i zakonsh\u00ebm, por nj\u00eb epitet. Ai do t\u00eb thot\u00eb di\u00e7ka si \u201cgarant\u201d nga p\u00ebrrallat e lashta. Supozohet se emri i dh\u00ebn\u00eb atij n\u00eb lindje ishte: Melesigen, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb i lindur nga Melesisi, por kjo gjithashtu nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb. N\u00eb antikitet, Homerin shpesh e quanin k\u00ebshtu: Poet (Poetesh\u00eb). Me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb me shkronj\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, e cila shprehej me artikullin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs. Dhe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb e dinin p\u00ebr k\u00eb kishte fjal\u00eb. Poetesh\u00eb \u2014 do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201ckrijues\u201d \u2014 nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr fjal\u00eb e lasht\u00eb greke n\u00eb arkiv\u00ebn ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pranohet se Homeri (Odissei sipas rusisht) ishte i verb\u00ebr dhe i moshuar, por nuk ka asnj\u00eb konfirmim p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb. Vet\u00eb Homeri nuk e p\u00ebrshkruan veten n\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij, ashtu si\u00e7 nuk e p\u00ebrshkruan as ngjash\u00ebm bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit (p\u00ebr shembull, poetin Hesiod). Shumica e k\u00ebtij p\u00ebrfundimi bazohet n\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrimin e aed\u00ebve n\u00eb \"Odisen\u00eb\" e tij: t\u00eb moshuar, t\u00eb verb\u00ebr, me flok\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb prag t\u00eb vdekjes, si dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjen e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb verb\u00ebr e q\u00eb shkonin n\u00eb rrug\u00eb si k\u00ebng\u00ebtar\u00eb, sepse nj\u00eb njeri i verb\u00ebr nuk mund t\u00eb punonte praktikisht, dhe pensionet at\u00ebher\u00eb akoma nuk ishin shpikur.<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 u p\u00ebrmend tashm\u00eb, grek\u00ebt n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nuk kishin shkruan, dhe n\u00ebse supozojm\u00eb se shumica e aed\u00ebve ishin t\u00eb verb\u00ebr ose me pamje t\u00eb dob\u00ebt (sepse edhe syzet nuk ishin shpikur), atyre nuk do t'u nevojitej aspak, p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb, aed-i e k\u00ebndonte k\u00ebng\u00ebn e tij ekskluzivisht nga mem\u00f3ria. <\/p>\n

Kjo duket k\u00ebshtu. Nj\u00eb plaku i nomad\u00ebve, me ose pa nj\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebs (udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs), kalonte nga nj\u00eb qytet n\u00eb tjetrin, ku e priste me mikpritje populli vendas: shpesh vet\u00eb mbreti (bazeil) ose nj\u00eb aristokrat i pasur n\u00eb sht\u00ebpit\u00eb e tyre. N\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje, gjat\u00eb dark\u00ebs s\u00eb zakonshme apo ndonj\u00eb eventi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb simpozium (simposi \u2014 nj\u00eb fest\u00eb, nj\u00eb pr\u00ebv\u00eb, nj\u00eb party), aedi fillonte t\u00eb k\u00ebndonte k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tij dhe e b\u00ebnte k\u00ebt\u00eb deri n\u00eb or\u00ebt e vona t\u00eb nat\u00ebs. Ai k\u00ebndonte n\u00ebn shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb e nj\u00eb instrumenti me kat\u00ebr tela, formingo (paraardh\u00ebs i lir\u00ebs dhe kifar\u00ebs s\u00eb vonshme), p\u00ebr gjith\u00eb per\u00ebndit\u00eb dhe jet\u00ebn e tyre, p\u00ebr heronjt\u00eb dhe veprat e tyre, p\u00ebr mbret\u00ebrit e lasht\u00eb dhe ngjarje q\u00eb i preknin drejtp\u00ebrdrejt d\u00ebgjuesit, pasi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata pat\u00ebn sigurisht se ndiheshin pasardh\u00ebs t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb p\u00ebrmendeshin n\u00eb k\u00ebto k\u00ebng\u00eb. Dhe kishte shum\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb t\u00eb tilla. Na kan\u00eb mb\u00ebrritur plot\u00ebsisht \u201cIliada\u201d dhe \u201cOdisea\u201d, por dihet se vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr ngjarjet n\u00eb Troj\u00eb egzistonte nj\u00eb cik\u00ebl epik t\u00ebr\u00ebsor (cik\u00ebl, p\u00ebr grek\u00ebt nuk kishte shkronj\u00ebn \u201c\u0446\u201d; p\u00ebr ne, shum\u00eb fjal\u00eb greke si cik\u00ebl, ciklop, kinik na mb\u00ebrrit\u00ebn n\u00eb form\u00ebn e latinizuar: cik\u00ebl, ciklop, kinik), me m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 12 poema. Mund t\u00eb jesh i habitur, lexues, por \u201cIliada\u201d nuk p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb \u201ckalit t\u00eb Troj\u00ebs\u201d, poema p\u00ebrfundon disa m\u00eb her\u00ebt se r\u00ebnia e Ilionit. M\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb kal\u00eb e m\u00ebsojm\u00eb nga \u201cOdisea\u201d dhe poema t\u00eb tjera nga cikli i cik\u00ebl, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht nga poema \u00abShkat\u00ebrrimi i Ilionit\u00bb e Arktinit. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb interesante, por nuk ka lidhje me tem\u00ebn dhe m\u00eb largon nga tema, prandaj po flas p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb vet\u00ebm me shkurt.<\/p>\n

Po, ne e b\u00ebn\u00eb me quajtur \"Iliada\" nj\u00eb poem\u00eb, por ishte nj\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb (pjes\u00ebt e saj ende quhen k\u00ebng\u00eb). Aedi nuk e lexonte, por e k\u00ebndonte me nj\u00eb z\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb n\u00ebn tingujt e telave t\u00eb zorr\u00ebve t\u00eb kishave, duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb kock\u00eb t\u00eb mpreht\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb plektron si nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebs (nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje nga antikiteti), dhe d\u00ebgjuesit e magjepsur, duke e ditur mir\u00eb ngjarjet q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruheshin, shijonin detaje. <\/p>\n

\"Iliada\" dhe \"Odisea\" jan\u00eb poema shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 15,000 dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 12,000 rreshta p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. Dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye k\u00ebndoheshin p\u00ebr shum\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje. Ishte shum\u00eb e ngjashme me serialet moderne. Mbr\u00ebmjeve, d\u00ebgjuesit mblidheshin p\u00ebrs\u00ebri rreth aedit dhe me nj\u00eb zem\u00ebr q\u00eb ndalej, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb me lot dhe t\u00eb qeshura, d\u00ebgjonin vazhdimin e historive q\u00eb ishin k\u00ebnduar nj\u00eb dit\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. Sa m\u00eb t\u00eb gjata dhe m\u00eb interesante t\u00eb ishin serialet, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb mbesnin lidhur me ta njer\u00ebzit. K\u00ebshtu aed\u00ebt: jetonin dhe ushqeheshin nga d\u00ebgjuesit e tyre, derisa ata d\u00ebgjonin k\u00ebng\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb gjata. <\/p>\n

» \u0422\u0443\u0447 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044e \u0417\u0435\u0432\u0441\u0443 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0434\u0443, \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0436\u0433\u043b\u0438,
\nE pastaj u ul\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb fest\u00eb t\u00eb pasur\u2026 dhe u g\u00ebzuan.
\n\u041f\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0446 \u0436\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443, \u2014 \u0447\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0414\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a. «<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomeri. \u201cOdisea\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Homer<\/p>\n

Pra mbarimin e koh\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur n\u00eb esenc\u00eb. Ne kemi nj\u00eb art t\u00eb aed\u00ebve, vet\u00eb aed\u00ebt, poezi shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjata dhe munges\u00ebn e shkrimit. Si arrit\u00ebn k\u00ebto poezi deri te ne q\u00eb nga shekulli XIII para er\u00ebs son\u00eb?<\/p>\n

Por para se gjithash, ka nj\u00eb detaj t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm tjet\u00ebr. Ne flasim \"poezi\" sepse teksti i tyre ishte poetik, n\u00eb vargje (varg \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb e lasht\u00eb greke q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \"struktur\u00eb\")<\/p>\n

Sipas historianit t\u00eb antikitetit, akademikut t\u00eb RAN, Igor Evgenjevi\u00e7 Surikov: poezia mbahet shum\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe transmetohet nga nj\u00eb brez n\u00eb tjetrin. \"Provoni t\u00eb mbani mend proz\u00ebn, sidomos nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, nd\u00ebrsa poezia \u2013 un\u00eb mund ta risjell nj\u00eb varg poezish q\u00eb kam m\u00ebsuar n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb\" \u2013 na tha ai. Dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. \u00c7do nj\u00ebri prej nesh mban mend t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn disa vargje (n\u00eb disa raste edhe poezi) dhe pak kush mban mend t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn nj\u00eb paragraf t\u00eb plot\u00eb nga proza.<\/p>\n

Greket e lasht\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrdornin rimat, edhe pse e dinin at\u00eb. Baza e poezis\u00eb ishte ritmi, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin nj\u00eb shk\u00ebmbim i caktuar i rrezeve t\u00eb gjata dhe t\u00eb shkurtra krijonte metrat poetik\u00eb: jambe, horei, dakt\u00edli, amfibrahi dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (ky \u00ebsht\u00eb thuajse lista e plot\u00eb e metrave poetik\u00eb t\u00eb poezis\u00eb moderne). Tek grek\u00ebt, k\u00ebto metra ishin t\u00eb shumt\u00eb. Ata i dinin rimat, por nuk i p\u00ebrdornin ato. Nj\u00eb diversitet ritmik ofronte gjithashtu shum\u00ebllojshm\u00ebri stilesh: troh\u00ebt, spond\u00eb, stihu sapf\u00edk, strofa alkeike dhe sigurisht metri i famsh\u00ebm hexametrik. M\u00ebnyra ime e preferuar \u00ebsht\u00eb trimetri jambik. (shaka) Metrik\u00eb \u2014 do t\u00eb thot\u00eb mas\u00eb. Nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr koleksionin ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Hexametri ishte nj\u00eb met\u00ebr poetik p\u00ebr himnet (hymno \u2014 lutje p\u00ebr per\u00ebndit\u00eb) dhe poemat epike, si ato t\u00eb Homerit. Mund t\u00eb flas shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb, do t\u00eb them vet\u00ebm se shum\u00eb, p\u00ebr shum\u00eb koh\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb poet\u00ebt romak\u00eb, shkruanin me hexametr, si p.sh. Vergili n\u00eb \u00abEneid\u00ebn\u00bb e tij \u2014 nj\u00eb poem\u00eb p\u00ebrllogaritet n\u00eb \u00abOdissen\u00bb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn heroi kryesor Enea, ik\u00ebn nga Troja e shkat\u00ebrruar n\u00eb atdheun e tij t\u00eb ri \u2014 Italin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Ai tha \u2014 dhe e b\u00ebri t\u00eb hidhur Pelidun: zemra e fuqishme
\nN\u00eb mendjet e heroit l\u00ebviznin dy mendime:
\nOse, duke nxjerr\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb shpaten nga mburoja e saj,
\nt\u00eb shp\u00ebrfillte ata dhe t\u00eb vriste zotin e Atid\u00ebve;
\nOse ta qet\u00ebsonte eg\u00ebrsin\u00eb, duke shtypur shpirtin e shqet\u00ebsuar\u2026<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomeri. \u201cIliada\u201d (p\u00ebrkthimi i Gnedich)<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 duket tashm\u00eb e kam th\u00ebn\u00eb, menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Troj\u00ebs, aed\u00ebt filluan t\u00eb k\u00ebndonin p\u00ebr ngjarjet e saj. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb \u201cOdisea\u201d, heroi kryesor, duke qen\u00eb larg nga sht\u00ebpia, n\u00eb vitin e dhjet\u00eb t\u00eb wanderimeve t\u00eb tij, d\u00ebgjon nj\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb p\u00ebr vetveten nga nj\u00eb aed dhe fillon t\u00eb qaj\u00eb, duke fshehur lot\u00ebt nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00ebn mantelin e tij.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, rezulton se k\u00ebng\u00ebt u shfaq\u00ebn n\u00eb shekullin XIII, Homeri k\u00ebndoi \"Iliad\u00ebn\" e tij n\u00eb shekullin VIII. Teksti i saj kanonik u regjistrua pas 200 vjet\u00ebsh, n\u00eb shekullin VI p.e.s., n\u00eb Athin\u00eb n\u00ebn tiranin Pisitrat. Si arrit\u00ebn k\u00ebto tekste deri te ne? Dhe p\u00ebrgjigjja \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo: \u00c7do aed i m\u00ebpassh\u00ebm modifikonte kodin origjinal t\u00eb autor\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm dhe shpesh \"krijonte\" k\u00ebng\u00ebt e huaja, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb si\u00e7 mund t\u00eb dukej e natyrshme, pasi konsiderohej si norm\u00eb. T\u00eb drejtat e autorit n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk ekzistonin, por shum\u00eb shpesh dhe shum\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb, me shfaqjen e shkrimit, vepronte \"e drejta e autorit e p\u00ebrmbysur\": kur nj\u00eb autor i panjohur n\u00ebnshkruante veprat e tij me emra t\u00eb njohur, pasi e kishte t\u00eb arsyeshme se k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb garantonte suksesin e krijimit t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Git’\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0430\u044d\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0432\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u044b \u0430\u044d\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0413\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043e\u0434 \u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0413\u0435\u0441\u0438\u043e\u0434. (\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u044f \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0443 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c)<\/p>\n

\u00c7do interpretim i aedarit t\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebs s\u00eb tij ishte nj\u00eb akt jo vet\u00ebm interpretues, por edhe krijues: \u00e7do her\u00eb ai e krijonte k\u00ebng\u00ebn e tij si t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb nj\u00eb proces t\u00eb ri, duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb bllokesh dhe frazash \u2014 formule, me nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb improvizimit dhe borrowing, duke e poluar dhe ndryshuar cop\u00ebza \"kodi\" \"n\u00eb flak\u00eb\". Duke pasur parasysh se ngjarjet dhe personazhet ishin t\u00eb njohur mir\u00eb p\u00ebr d\u00ebgjuesit, ai e b\u00ebnte k\u00ebt\u00eb duke u bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb \"n\u00ebnd\u00ebrr\" dhe, q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e vog\u00ebl, n\u00eb nj\u00eb dialekt poetik t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi, si\u00e7 do t\u00eb thonim tani. Vet\u00ebm imagjinoni se si kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me kodin modern: variablat hyr\u00ebse, blloket e kushteve dhe ciklet, ngjarjet, formulat dhe gjith\u00e7ka kjo n\u00eb nj\u00eb dialekt t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm nga gjuha e zakonshme! Ndjekja e dialektit ishte shum\u00eb strikte dhe gjat\u00eb shekujve, vepra t\u00eb ndryshme poetike u shkruan n\u00eb dialekte t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta (ioniak, eolian, doryan), pa marr\u00eb parasysh se nga ishte autori! Thjesht duke respektuar k\u00ebrkesat p\u00ebr \"kodin\"!<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrmes huazimeve nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri, lindi teksti kanonik. Me sa duket, edhe Homeri ka huazuar, por ndryshe nga ato q\u00eb ran\u00eb n\u00eb harres\u00eb (Leta \u2014 nj\u00eb nga lumenjt\u00eb e mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb n\u00ebndheshme t\u00eb Hadesit, q\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnonte harres\u00ebn), ai e b\u00ebri k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb gjeniale, duke kompiluar nga shum\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb vetme, duke krijuar nj\u00eb variant t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb, t\u00eb ndritsh\u00ebm, figurativ dhe t\u00eb pa krahasuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb form\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrmbajtje. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, emri i tij gjithashtu do t\u00eb mbetej i panjohur dhe do t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohej nga autor\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Pik\u00ebrisht gjenialiteti i \u201ctekstit\u201d t\u00eb tij, i m\u00ebsuar nga brezat e k\u00ebng\u00ebtar\u00ebve pas tij (pa dyshim, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuar, por n\u00eb nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl), i siguroi atij nj\u00eb vend n\u00eb histori. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, Homeri u b\u00eb nj\u00eb maj\u00eb aq e pakapshme, nj\u00eb standard, figura e nj\u00eb \u201cthemel\u201d t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ekosistem\u00ebs s\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00ebve, sa q\u00eb, sipas shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, arriti n\u00eb kanonizimin e tij t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb variantin m\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me origjinalin. Dhe duket si e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Mahnit\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb sa e bukur \u00ebsht\u00eb teksti i tij! Dhe si perceptohet nga lexuesi i p\u00ebrgatitur. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb rast\u00ebsi q\u00eb Homeri u admirua nga Pushkini dhe Tolstoi, \u00e7far\u00eb t\u00eb thoshim p\u00ebr Tolstoin, vet\u00eb Aleksandri i Madh nuk u nda kurr\u00eb nga pergamena e \u00abIliad\u00ebs\u00bb \u2014 nj\u00eb akt historikisht i regjistruar.<\/p>\n

E p\u00ebrmenda m\u00eb lart ciklin trojan, i p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb veprash q\u00eb reflektuan episodet e ndryshme t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs Trojan. Pjes\u00ebrisht, ato ishin nj\u00eb lloj \"forkash\" t\u00eb \"Iliad\u00ebs\" s\u00eb Homerit, t\u00eb shkruara n\u00eb hexameter dhe q\u00eb plot\u00ebsuan episodet q\u00eb nuk u reflektuan n\u00eb \"Iliad\u00eb\". Pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha ato ose nuk na kan\u00eb arritur, ose na kan\u00eb arritur vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fragmente. K\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb historia \u2014 p\u00ebr sa duket, ato ishin shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebta se Homeri dhe nuk u p\u00ebrhap\u00ebn aq shum\u00eb mes popullsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim. Nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e caktuar strikte k\u00ebng\u00ebsh, formulat nga t\u00eb cilat ato p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen, liria e shp\u00ebrndarjes dhe, mbi t\u00eb gjitha, hap\u00ebsira p\u00ebr modifikime t\u00eb vazhdueshme nga t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt \u2014 k\u00ebto jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb tani ne i quajm\u00eb opensource \u2014 lind\u00ebn n\u00eb agun e kultur\u00ebs son\u00eb. N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e krijimtaris\u00eb autorale dhe kolektive. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fakt. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, shum\u00eb nga ato q\u00eb ne i konsiderojm\u00eb ultra-moderne mund t\u00eb gjenden n\u00eb shekujt e kaluar. Dhe ajo q\u00eb ne e quajm\u00eb t\u00eb re, ndoshta ka ekzistuar m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, m\u00eb kujtohen fjal\u00ebt nga Bibla, nga \"Eklesiasti\" (t\u00eb cilat i atribuohen mbretit Salomon): <\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0411\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043e \u0447\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0442: \u201e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438, \u0432\u043e\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435\u201c, \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0445, \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441. \u041d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c; \u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0443 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435…\u00bb <\/i><\/p>\n

fund i K.1<\/p>\n

Shkolla (schola) \u2014 arsimim, koh\u00eb e lir\u00eb.
\nAkademia \u2014 nj\u00eb pyll af\u00ebr Athin\u00ebs, vendi i shkoll\u00ebs filozofike t\u00eb Platoni.
\nGjimnazi (gimnos \u2014 i zhveshur) \u2014 dhe gjimnaz i quajtura sallat sportive p\u00ebr st\u00ebrvitjen e trupit. Atje djemt\u00eb ushtroheshin t\u00eb zhveshur. K\u00ebtu jan\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura: gimnastik\u00eb, gjimnast.
\nFilozofia (fil \u2014 dashuria, sofia \u2014 men\u00e7uri) \u2014 mbret\u00ebresha e shkencave.
\nFizika (fizis \u2014 natyra) \u2014 m\u00ebsimi mbi bot\u00ebn materiale, natyr\u00ebn.
\nMetafizika \u2014 dosllovish \u00abP\u00ebrtej natyr\u00ebs\u00bb. Aristoteli nuk dinte ku ta kategorizonte t\u00eb hyjshmen dhe e quajti punimin k\u00ebshtu: \u00abJo natyr\u00eb\u00bb.
\nMatematika (matema \u2014 m\u00ebsim) \u2014 m\u00ebsimet.
\nTeknika (t\u00e9cn\u00ea \u2014 zanat) n\u00eb Greqi \u2014 artist\u00ebt dhe skulptor\u00ebt, si dhe prodhuesit e en\u00ebve t\u00eb qeramikes, ishin teknik\u00eb, zej\u00ebtar\u00eb. K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00abzanati i artistit\u00bb.
\nKori \u2014 fillimisht k\u00ebrcime. (k\u00ebshtu ehu koreografia). M\u00eb von\u00eb, pasi k\u00ebrcimet u realizuan n\u00ebn k\u00ebng\u00ebn e shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve, kori \u2014 k\u00ebng\u00eb me shum\u00eb z\u00ebra.
\nSkena \u2014 nj\u00eb \u00e7ad\u00ebr p\u00ebr kalimin e artist\u00ebve. Ajo ishte e vendosur n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb amfiteatrit.
\nGitar\u00eb \u2014 nga greqishtja e lasht\u00eb \u00abkifara\u00bb, nj\u00eb instrument muzikor me tela.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0441 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u044d\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u2014 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e-\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0435, \u0430\u0440\u0445\u0430\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0435. \u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a. \u041c\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0413\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430: \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b: \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0431\u044b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0433\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u00bb, \u00ab\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u00ab\u0430\u0445\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0430\u00bb, \u00ab\u044f\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u00bb \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435: […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26355,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Homeri ose i pari n\u00eb histori Opensource. pjesa e par\u00eb | ProHoster","description":"Duket se Homeri me poemat e tij \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka e larg\u00ebt, arkaike, e nd\u00ebrlikuar p\u00ebr t'u lexuar dhe naive. Por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu. 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