{"id":35174,"date":"2019-10-31T22:02:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zimbra-i-zashhita-ot-mejl-bombinga\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:02:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:02:43","slug":"zimbra-i-zashhita-ot-mejl-bombinga","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/zimbra-i-zashhita-ot-mejl-bombinga","title":{"rendered":"Zimbra dhe mbrojtja nga bombardimi i post\u00ebs","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Mail bombing \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga format m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra t\u00eb sulmeve kibernetike. Nga natyra, ajo ngjan me nj\u00eb sulm t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm DoS, vet\u00ebm se n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb vale k\u00ebrkesash nga adresa t\u00eb ndryshme IP, n\u00eb server d\u00ebrgohet nj\u00eb fluks e-mailesh, t\u00eb cilat arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb vetme, duke shkaktuar k\u00ebshtu nj\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Ky sulm mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb pamund\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kutis\u00eb postare dhe ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb madje mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb d\u00ebshtimin e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb serverit. Historia shum\u00ebvje\u00e7are e k\u00ebtij lloji sulmi kibernetik ka sjell\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb pasojash pozitive dhe negative p\u00ebr administrator\u00ebt e sistemeve. Faktor\u00ebt pozitiv\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb studimin e mir\u00eb t\u00eb mail bombing dhe ekzistenc\u00ebn e m\u00ebnyrave t\u00eb thjeshta p\u00ebr t'u mbrojtur nga ky sulm. Nd\u00ebrsa faktor\u00ebt negativ\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb numrin e madh t\u00eb zgjidhjeve softuerike publike p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer k\u00ebto lloje sulmesh dhe mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sulmues q\u00eb t\u00eb mbrohet nga nxjerrja n\u00eb pah.<\/p>\n

\"Zimbra<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme e k\u00ebtij sulmi kibernetik \u00ebsht\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb praktikisht e pamundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxjerr\u00eb fitim. Pra, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb sulmues d\u00ebrgon nj\u00eb fluks e-mailesh n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga kutit\u00eb postare, ai vet\u00ebm e pengon p\u00ebrdoruesin t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb normalisht e-mailin, ose n\u00ebse sulmuesi hackon ndonj\u00eb email korporate dhe fillon t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb mij\u00ebra mesazhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb GAL, duke shkaktuar q\u00eb serveri t\u00eb bjer\u00eb ose t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsohet aq shum\u00eb sa t\u00eb b\u00ebhet i pamundur p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur, \u00e7far\u00eb ndodh m\u00eb pas? T\u00eb konvertohet nj\u00eb krim kibernetik i till\u00eb n\u00eb para t\u00eb gjalla \u00ebsht\u00eb pothuajse e pamundur, prandaj mail bombing n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fenomen mjaft i rrall\u00eb dhe administrator\u00ebt e sistemeve, kur projektuan infrastruktur\u00ebn, mund ta harrojn\u00eb nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr mbrojtje nga k\u00ebt\u00eb lloj sulmi kibernetik.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr faktit se bombardimi i post\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet relativisht i paarsyesh\u00ebm nga pik\u00ebpamja komerciale, ai shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebse e sulmeve m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara dhe shum\u00ebfaza t\u00eb kibernetik\u00ebs. P\u00ebr shembull, kur nj\u00eb llogari e post\u00ebs vidhet dhe p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb n\u00eb kontroll nj\u00eb llogari n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim publik, sulmuesit shpesh \"bombardojn\u00eb\" kutin\u00eb postare t\u00eb viktim\u00ebs me letra pa kuptim, q\u00eb letra e konfirmimit t\u00eb humbas\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fluks dhe t\u00eb mbetet e pa v\u00ebn\u00eb re. Gjithashtu, bombardimi i post\u00ebs mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb mjet presioni ekonomik ndaj nj\u00eb kompanie. K\u00ebshtu, bombardimi aktiv i nj\u00eb kuti postare publike t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn mb\u00ebrrijn\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat nga klient\u00ebt, mund t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsoj\u00eb seriozisht pun\u00ebn me ta dhe, si pasoj\u00eb, t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb ndalimin e pajisjeve, porosira t\u00eb pa realizuara, si dhe humbje reputacioni dhe fitim t\u00eb humbur.<\/p>\n

Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, nj\u00eb administrator sistemi nuk duhet ta harroj\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb bombardimi t\u00eb post\u00ebs dhe gjithmon\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarr\u00eb masat e nevojshme p\u00ebr t'u mbrojtur nga kjo k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim. N\u00ebse merret parasysh se kjo mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet q\u00eb n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs s\u00eb post\u00ebs, si dhe se kjo merr shum\u00eb pak koh\u00eb dhe mundim nga administratori i sistemit, nuk mbeten arsye objektive p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos e siguruar infrastruktur\u00ebn e tij nga bombardimi i post\u00ebs. Le t\u00eb shohim se si realizohet mbrojtja nga ky sulm kibernetik n\u00eb Zimbra Collaboration Suite Open-Source Edition.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb themel t\u00eb Zimbra q\u00ebndron Postfix - nj\u00eb nga Agjent\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm dhe funksional\u00eb t\u00eb Transferimit t\u00eb Post\u00ebs me burim t\u00eb hapur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment. Nj\u00eb nga avantazhet kryesore t\u00eb hapjes s\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ai mb\u00ebshtet nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme zgjidhjesh t\u00eb jashtme p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjeruar funksionalitetin. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, Postfix mb\u00ebshtet plot\u00ebsisht cbpolicyd - nj\u00eb utilitar t\u00eb avancuar p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb kibernetike t\u00eb serverit t\u00eb post\u00ebs. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 mbrojtjes nga spam dhe krijimit t\u00eb listave t\u00eb bardha, t\u00eb zeza dhe gri, cbpolicyd lejon administratorin e Zimbra t\u00eb konfiguroj\u00eb verifikimin e n\u00ebnshkrimit SPF, si dhe t\u00eb vendos\u00eb kufizime p\u00ebr pranimin dhe d\u00ebrgimin e mesazheve elektronike ose t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Ato mund t\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb besueshme nga spam dhe mesazhe t\u00eb phishing, si dhe t\u00eb mbrojn\u00eb serverin nga bombardimi i post\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

E para, q\u00eb nj\u00eb administrator sistemi duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aktivizimi i modulit cbpolicyd, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb i paravendosur n\u00eb Zimbra Collaboration Suite OSE n\u00eb serverin MTA t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs. Kjo b\u00ebhet me komand\u00ebn zmprov ms `zmhostname` +zimbraServiceEnabled cbpolicyd. Pas k\u00ebsaj, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb aktivizohet nd\u00ebrfaqja web, p\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb menaxhohet mir\u00eb cbpolicyd. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb lejohet lidhja n\u00eb portin web num\u00ebr 7780, t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb lidhje simbolike me komand\u00ebn ln -s \/opt\/zimbra\/common\/share\/webui \/opt\/zimbra\/data\/httpd\/htdocs\/webui<\/b>, dhe pastaj t\u00eb redaktohet skedari i konfigurimeve me komand\u00ebn nano \/opt\/zimbra\/data\/httpd\/htdocs\/webui\/includes\/config.php<\/b>, ku \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb shkruhen rreshtat e m\u00ebposht\u00ebm:<\/p>\n

$DB_DSN='sqlite:\/opt\/zimbra\/data\/cbpolicyd\/db\/cbpolicyd.sqlitedb';
\n$DB_USER='root';
\n$DB_TABLE_PREFIX=»»;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nPas k\u00ebsaj, mbetet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb rinisen sh\u00ebrbimet Zimbra dhe Zimbra Apache me komandat zmcontrol restart dhe zmapachectl restart. Pas k\u00ebsaj, do t\u00eb keni qasje n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web n\u00eb adres\u00ebn example.com<\/a><\/noindex>:7780\/webui\/index.php<\/b>. Nj\u00eb detaj i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb se hyrja n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe web p\u00ebr momentin nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbrojtur dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur hyrjen e personave t\u00eb paautorizuar, mund t\u00eb mbyllet lidhja n\u00eb portin 7780 pas \u00e7do sesioni n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb mbrohemi nga fluksi i email-eve q\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga rrjeti i brendsh\u00ebm ndihmojn\u00eb kuotat p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e email-eve, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb vendosen fal\u00eb cbpolicyd. T\u00eb tilla kuota lejojn\u00eb caktimin e nj\u00eb kufiri p\u00ebr numrin maksimal t\u00eb email-eve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen nga nj\u00eb kuti postare n\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi kohe. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00ebse menaxher\u00ebt e kompanis\u00eb tuaj d\u00ebrgojn\u00eb mesatarisht 60-80 email-e n\u00eb or\u00eb, mund t\u00eb caktoni nj\u00eb kuot\u00eb prej 100 email-eve n\u00eb or\u00eb, duke marr\u00eb parasysh nj\u00eb rezerv\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shpenzuar nj\u00eb kuot\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, menaxher\u00ebt do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonin nj\u00eb email \u00e7do 36 sekonda. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar plot\u00ebsisht, nd\u00ebrsa nga ana tjet\u00ebr, me nj\u00eb kuot\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb sulmuesit, n\u00ebse arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb post\u00ebn e nj\u00eb prej menaxher\u00ebve tuaj, nuk do t\u00eb realizojn\u00eb mail-bombing ose nj\u00eb sulm masiv me spam n\u00eb kompani.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur nj\u00eb kuot\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb politik\u00eb t\u00eb re kufizuese p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e email-eve dhe t\u00eb specifikoni q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb veproj\u00eb si p\u00ebr email-et e d\u00ebrguara brenda domenit ashtu edhe p\u00ebr email-et q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb adresa t\u00eb jashtme. Kjo b\u00ebhet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\"Zimbra
\n
\nPas k\u00ebsaj, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb specifikoni n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb detajuar kufizimet lidhur me d\u00ebrgimin e email-eve, konkretisht t\u00eb vendosni nj\u00eb interval kohor, pas t\u00eb cilit kufizimet do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsohen, si dhe mesazhin q\u00eb do t\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi, n\u00eb rast se kalon limitin e tij. M\u00eb pas, mund t\u00eb vendosni dhe kufizimin p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e email-eve. Ky kufizim mund t\u00eb vendoset si n\u00eb form\u00ebn e numrit t\u00eb email-eve t\u00eb d\u00ebrguara, ashtu edhe n\u00eb form\u00ebn e sasis\u00eb s\u00eb byte-ve t\u00eb informacionit t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, me email-et q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen p\u00ebrtej limitit t\u00eb caktuar, mund t\u00eb trajtohet ndryshe. P\u00ebr shembull, mund t'i fshini menj\u00ebher\u00eb, ose mund t'i ruani q\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimit t\u00eb limitit p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e mesazheve. Opsioni i dyt\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret gjat\u00eb identifikimit t\u00eb vler\u00ebs optimale t\u00eb kufirit p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e email-eve nga punonj\u00ebsit.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 kufizimeve p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e email-eve, cbpolicyd lejon t\u00eb konfigurohet nj\u00eb kufizim p\u00ebr pranimin e email-eve. Ky kufizim, n\u00eb pamje t\u00eb par\u00eb, duket si nj\u00eb zgjidhje e shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur nga bombardimi me email-e, megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb fakt, vendosja e nj\u00eb kufizimi t\u00eb till\u00eb, edhe n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb i madh, mund t\u00eb sjell\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb disa kushte t\u00eb mos arrijn\u00eb email-e t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Prandaj, t\u00eb aktivizoni ndonj\u00eb kufizim p\u00ebr post\u00ebn e ardhshme nuk rekomandohet aspak. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse keni vendosur t\u00eb merrni k\u00ebt\u00eb rrezik, duhet qasur me kujdes ndaj konfigurimit t\u00eb kufizimit t\u00eb mesazheve t\u00eb ardhshme. P\u00ebr shembull, mund t\u00eb kufizoni numrin e email-eve t\u00eb ardhshme nga kontraktor\u00ebt e besuar, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb, n\u00eb rast se serveri i tyre i post\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb kompromentuar, t\u00eb mos kryhet nj\u00eb sulm spam ndaj kompanis\u00eb suaj.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur veten nga fluksi i email-eve t\u00eb ardhshme n\u00eb rast bombardimi me email-e, administratori i sistemit duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb masa m\u00eb t\u00eb zgjuara sesa thjesht kufizimi i post\u00ebs s\u00eb ardhshme. Nj\u00eb zgjidhje e till\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i listave t\u00eb mjegullta. Parimi i veprimit t\u00eb tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb se me p\u00ebrpjekjen e par\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar nj\u00eb mesazh nga nj\u00eb d\u00ebrgues t\u00eb pabesuesh\u00ebm, lidhja me serverin nd\u00ebrpritet papritur, duke shkaktuar q\u00eb d\u00ebrgimi i email-it t\u00eb d\u00ebshtoj\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00ebse brenda nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb caktuar serveri i pabesuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebrs\u00ebri p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin email, serveri nuk nd\u00ebrpret lidhjen dhe d\u00ebrgimi kalon me sukses. <\/p>\n

Q\u00ebllimi i t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebtyre veprimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb se programet p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin automatik t\u00eb mas\u00ebs s\u00eb email-eve zakonisht nuk kontrollojn\u00eb suksesin e dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb mesazhit t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar dhe nuk nd\u00ebrmarrin p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr ta d\u00ebrguar at\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, nd\u00ebrsa nj\u00eb njeri me siguri do t\u00eb sigurohet n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb d\u00ebrguar emaili i tij n\u00eb adres\u00ebn e duhur apo jo. <\/p>\n

Mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb aktivizuar listat e gjysm\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimit \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu n\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqen web t\u00eb cbpolicyd. P\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb politik\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshiheshin t\u00eb gjitha email-et hyr\u00ebse t\u00eb d\u00ebrguara p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb serverin ton\u00eb, dhe pastaj, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj politike, t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb rregull t\u00eb Greylisting, ku mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoni intervalin gjat\u00eb t\u00eb cilit cbpolicyd do t\u00eb pres\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritur nga d\u00ebrguesi i panjohur. Zakonisht, ky interval \u00ebsht\u00eb 4-5 minuta. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, listat e gjysm\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimit mund t\u00eb konfigurohen q\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrpjekjet e suksesshme dhe t\u00eb pasuksesshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb dor\u00ebzuar email-e nga d\u00ebrgues t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, dhe n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb numrit t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb merret nj\u00eb vendim p\u00ebr automatikisht t\u00eb shtohet d\u00ebrguesi n\u00eb listat e bardha ose t\u00eb zeza.<\/p>\n

V\u00ebmendje, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb se p\u00ebrdorimi i listave t\u00eb gjysm\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtimit duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet me p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi maksimale. M\u00eb s\u00eb miri do t\u00eb ishte n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebsaj teknologjie do t\u00eb shoq\u00ebrohej nga mbajtja e vazhdueshme e listave t\u00eb bardha dhe t\u00eb zeza, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e humbjes s\u00eb email-eve q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrmarrjen. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, mbrojtja nga bombardimi i email-eve mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb shtimin e kontroll\u00ebve SPF, DMARC dhe DKIM. Shpesh, email-et q\u00eb vijn\u00eb gjat\u00eb bombardimit t\u00eb email-eve nuk kalojn\u00eb k\u00ebto kontrolla. Si ta b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb trajtuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga artikujt tan\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, mbrojtja nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim si bombardimi i email-eve \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e leht\u00eb dhe mund t\u00eb realizohet q\u00eb n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs Zimbra p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrmarrjen tuaj. Megjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb monitoroni vazhdimisht q\u00eb rreziqet nga p\u00ebrdorimi i k\u00ebsaj mbrojtjeje t\u00eb mos kalojn\u00eb kurr\u00eb p\u00ebrfitimet q\u00eb merrni.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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