{"id":35374,"date":"2019-10-31T22:03:56","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:03:56","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:03:56","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-2-2001-hakerskaya-odisseya","title":{"rendered":"Lir\u00eb si n\u00eb Liri n\u00eb shqip: Kapitulli 2. 2001: Odiseja e Haker\u00ebve","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

2001: Odiseja e Haker\u00ebve<\/h1>\n

Dy dy katra n\u00eb lindje t\u00eb parkut Washington Square ndodhet nd\u00ebrtesa e Warren Weaver-it \u2013 e fort\u00eb dhe mbres\u00ebl\u00ebn\u00ebse, si nj\u00eb fortes\u00eb. K\u00ebtu ndodhet Fakulteti i Informatik\u00ebs n\u00eb Universitetin e New Yorkut. Sistemi i ventilimit, i realizuar n\u00eb stilin industrial, krijon rreth nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebs nj\u00eb perden t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb ajrit t\u00eb nxeht\u00eb, duke penguar gjithashtu tregtar\u00ebt dhe kalimtar\u00ebt e rastit. N\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb vizitor arrin ta kaloj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vij\u00eb mbrojtjeje, ai ndodhet p\u00ebrball\u00eb nj\u00eb pengese tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb frikshme \u2013 recepsioni n\u00eb hyrjen e vetme.<\/p>\n

Pas regjistrimit, intensiteti i atmosfer\u00ebs paksa zbutet. Por edhe k\u00ebtu, vizitori vazhdon t\u00eb has\u00eb shenja q\u00eb paralajm\u00ebrojn\u00eb p\u00ebr rrezikun e dyerve t\u00eb pap\u00ebrgatitura dhe daljeve t\u00eb emergjenc\u00ebs t\u00eb bllokuara. Ato duket se kujtojn\u00eb se siguria dhe kujdestaria nuk jan\u00eb asnj\u00ebher\u00eb shum\u00eb, edhe n\u00eb at\u00eb epok\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoi m\u00eb 11 Shtator 2001.<\/p>\n

Dhe k\u00ebto shenja kontrastojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebndshme me publikun q\u00eb mbush sall\u00ebn e brendshme. Disa nga k\u00ebta njer\u00ebz v\u00ebrtet duken si student\u00eb t\u00eb prestigjiozit Universitet t\u00eb New Yorkut. Por shumica duken m\u00eb shum\u00eb si t\u00eb m\u00ebrzitsh\u00ebm q\u00eb shkojn\u00eb n\u00eb koncerte dhe paraqitje n\u00eb klub, sikur dalin n\u00eb drit\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrprerje mes aktesh. Ky publik i shum\u00ebngjyrsh\u00ebm e mbushi nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebn kjo m\u00ebngjesin e sot\u00ebm, saq\u00eb roje lokale vet\u00ebm b\u00ebri nj\u00eb gjest dhe u ul p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb show-n e Riki Lake-it n\u00eb televizor, duke b\u00ebrtitur \u00e7do her\u00eb q\u00eb vizitor\u00eb t\u00eb papritur i drejtoheshin me pyetje rreth nj\u00eb 'fjalimi'.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kur hyn n\u00eb auditor, vizitori sheh at\u00eb njeri, q\u00eb aksidentalisht d\u00ebrgoi n\u00eb rr\u00ebnim sistemin e fuqish\u00ebm t\u00eb siguris\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebs. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb Richard Matthew Stallman, themelues i projektit GNU, krijues i fondit t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb, fitues i burs\u00ebs MacArthur p\u00ebr vitin 1990, fitues i \u00e7mimit Grace Murray Hopper p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, bashk\u00ebfitues i \u00e7mimit Takeda p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e jet\u00ebs ekonomike dhe sociale, dhe thjesht nj\u00eb haker i Laboratorit t\u00eb AI. Si\u00e7 e tha njoftimi i d\u00ebrguar n\u00eb shum\u00eb site haker\u00ebsh, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb t\u00eb ashtquajturin portal i projektit GNU<\/a>Stallman arriti n\u00eb Manhattan, n\u00eb vendin e tij t\u00eb lindjes, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur nj\u00eb fjalim t\u00eb shum\u00ebpritur si kund\u00ebrpesh\u00eb ndaj fushat\u00ebs q\u00eb Microsoft kishte zhvilluar kund\u00ebr licenc\u00ebs GNU GPL.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Fjalimi i Stallmanit ishte p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn dhe t\u00eb ardhmen e l\u00ebvizjes p\u00ebr softuer t\u00eb lir\u00eb. Vendi ishte zgjedhur pa rast\u00ebsi. Nj\u00eb muaj m\u00eb par\u00eb, zv\/ presidenti i kompanis\u00eb Microsoft, Craig Mundie, kishte dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb fjalim aty pran\u00eb, n\u00eb Shkoll\u00ebn e Biznesit t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit universitet. Ai u shqua me nj\u00eb fjalim q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante sulme dhe akuzat ndaj licenc\u00ebs GNU GPL. K\u00ebt\u00eb licenc\u00eb, Richard Stallman e krijoi pas historis\u00eb me printerin lazer Xerox 16 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, si nj\u00eb mjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar licencat dhe kontratat q\u00eb kishin mbuluar industrin\u00eb e kompjuter\u00ebve me perde t\u00eb pakalueshme t\u00eb sekreteve dhe pron\u00ebsis\u00eb. Essenca e GNU GPL \u00ebsht\u00eb se ajo krijon nj\u00eb form\u00eb pron\u00ebsie publike \u2013 ajo q\u00eb tani quhet \"pasuri digjitale e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb\" \u2013 duke p\u00ebrdorur fuqin\u00eb ligjore t\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb autorit, pik\u00ebrisht kund\u00ebr asaj q\u00eb ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb drejtuar. GPL e b\u00ebn k\u00ebt\u00eb form\u00eb pron\u00ebsie t\u00eb pakthyeshme dhe t\u00eb pamundshme p\u00ebr t'u transferuar \u2013 nj\u00eb her\u00eb kodi i dh\u00ebn\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb merret p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Veprat derivative, n\u00ebse ato p\u00ebrdorin kodin GPL, duhet t\u00eb trash\u00ebgojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb licenc\u00eb. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj karakteristike, kritik\u00ebt e GNU GPL e quajn\u00eb at\u00eb \"virale\", si\u00e7 do t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapet n\u00eb \u00e7do program q\u00eb ajo preket.<\/p>\n

\"Krahasoni me nj\u00eb virus \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e ashp\u00ebr, - thot\u00eb Stallman, - \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb ta krahasosh me lule: ato p\u00ebrhapen, n\u00ebse i transplantoni aktivisht.\"<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb dini m\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth licenc\u00ebs GPL, vizitoni faqen e projektit GNU<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr nj\u00eb ekonomi me teknologji t\u00eb lart\u00eb, e cila po b\u00ebhet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb e varur nga softueri dhe po lidhet e po fuqizohet me standardet software, GPL \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb \"shkop i madh\". Madje edhe ato kompani q\u00eb fillimisht e p\u00ebrqeshnin at\u00eb, duke e quajtur \"socializ\u00ebm p\u00ebr programet\", filluan t\u00eb pranojn\u00eb avantazhet e k\u00ebsaj licenc\u00eb. B\u00ebrthama e Linux-it, e zhvilluar nga studentin finlandez Linus Torvalds n\u00eb vitin 1991, \u00ebsht\u00eb licencuar n\u00ebn GPL, ashtu si shumica e komponent\u00ebve t\u00eb sistemit: GNU Emacs, GNU Debugger, GNU GCC, dhe t\u00eb tjera. T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto komponent\u00eb s\u00eb bashku p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb lir\u00eb GNU\/Linux, i cili zhvillohet dhe i p\u00ebrket komunitetit bot\u00ebror. Gigant\u00ebt e teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb si IBM, Hewlett-Packard dhe Oracle, n\u00eb vend q\u00eb ta shohin n\u00eb rritje softuerin e lir\u00eb si nj\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim, e p\u00ebrdorin at\u00eb si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr aplikacionet dhe sh\u00ebrbimet e tyre tregtare.<\/p>\n

Software i lir\u00eb ka filluar t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb instrument strategjik p\u00ebr ta n\u00eb luft\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb me korporat\u00ebn Microsoft, e cila dominon tregun e softuer\u00ebve p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00eb personal\u00eb q\u00eb nga fundi i viteve '80. Duke pasur sistemin operativ m\u00eb t\u00eb njohur p\u00ebr desktop, Windows, Microsoft mund t\u00eb p\u00ebsoj\u00eb humbjet m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha nga p\u00ebrhapja e GPL-s\u00eb n\u00eb industri. \u00c7do program brenda Windows \u00ebsht\u00eb i mbrojtur nga t\u00eb drejtat e autorit dhe marr\u00ebveshje licencash t\u00eb tipit EULA, duke e b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb skedar\u00ebt ekzekutiv\u00eb dhe kodet burimore t\u00eb b\u00ebhen pronar, duke e mohuar p\u00ebrdoruesve mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar dhe modifikuar kodin. N\u00ebse Microsoft d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb kodin GPL n\u00eb sistemin e saj, do t'i duhet t\u00eb ri-licencoj\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sistemin n\u00ebn GPL. Kjo do t'i jap\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb konkurrent\u00ebve t\u00eb Microsoft q\u00eb t\u00eb kopjojn\u00eb produktet e saj, t'i p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsojn\u00eb dhe t'i shesin, duke minuar k\u00ebshtu themelin e biznesit t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb \u2013 lidhjen e p\u00ebrdoruesve me produktet e saj.<\/p>\n

Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse Microsoft \u00ebsht\u00eb e shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr pranimin e gjer\u00eb t\u00eb GPL-s\u00eb nga industria. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse s\u00eb fundmi Mundi sulmoi GPL-n\u00eb dhe kodin e hapur n\u00eb nj\u00eb fjalim. (Microsoft madje nuk e pranon termin \"software i lir\u00eb\", duke preferuar t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb n\u00eb sulmet e saj shprehjen \"kod i hapur\", p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn flitet n\u00eb . Kjo b\u00ebhet p\u00ebr t\u00eb zhvendosur v\u00ebmendjen e publikut nga l\u00ebvizja p\u00ebr softuer t\u00eb lir\u00eb drejt nj\u00eb neutraliteti m\u00eb t\u00eb madh). Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse Richard Stallman vendosi t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtoj\u00eb publikisht k\u00ebt\u00eb fjalim n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kampus sot.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00ebzet vjet jan\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr industrin\u00eb e softuer\u00ebve. Mendojeni: n\u00eb vitin 1980, kur Richard Stallman mallkonte printerin lazer Xerox n\u00eb laboratorin e AI, Microsoft nuk ishte nj\u00eb gjigand global n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e kompjuter\u00ebve; ajo ishte nj\u00eb fillim privat i vog\u00ebl. IBM ende nuk kishte paraqitur kompjuterin e saj t\u00eb par\u00eb personal dhe nuk kishte shp\u00ebrthyer tregun e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuesh\u00ebm. As nuk kishte shum\u00eb teknologji q\u00eb sot i marrim si t\u00eb natyrshme \u2013 internetin, televizionin me satelit, konsolat 32-bit. T\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gj\u00eb vlen p\u00ebr shum\u00eb kompani q\u00eb tani \"luajn\u00eb n\u00eb lig\u00ebn e lart\u00eb korporative\" si Apple, Amazon, Dell \u2013 ato ose nuk ekzistonin, ose kalonin koh\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira. Ekzistojn\u00eb shum\u00eb shembuj q\u00eb mund t\u00eb japim.<\/p>\n

Mes atyre q\u00eb e vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb zhvillimin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se lirin\u00eb, progresi i shpejt\u00eb brenda nj\u00eb kohe kaq t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoret si argument p\u00ebr dhe kund\u00ebr GNU GPL. Mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit e GPL tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr afatshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e vog\u00ebl t\u00eb pajisjeve kompjuterike. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur rrezikun e blerjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb produkti t\u00eb vjetruar, konsumator\u00ebt p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb zgjedhin kompanit\u00eb m\u00eb premtuese. Si rezultat, tregu b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb aren\u00eb ku fituesi merr gjith\u00e7ka. Ambienti pronar i softuerit, sipas tyre, \u00e7on n\u00eb nj\u00eb diktatur\u00eb monopolesh dhe stagnim t\u00eb tregut. Kompanit\u00eb e pasura dhe me ndikim i mbytin konkurrenc\u00ebn e vog\u00ebl dhe startup-et novatore.<\/p>\n

Oponent\u00ebt e tyre e mohojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb. Sipas fjal\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre, shitja e softuerit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aktivitet po kaq i rreziksh\u00ebm sa prodhimi i tij, ndoshta edhe m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Pa garancit\u00eb ligjore q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb licencat pron\u00ebsore, kompanit\u00eb nuk do t\u00eb ken\u00eb motive p\u00ebr t\u00eb zhvilluar. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr 'programet vras\u00ebse' q\u00eb krijojn\u00eb tregje t\u00eb reja t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht. Dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, tregu mbetet n\u00eb ng\u00ebr\u00e7, inovacionet po bien. Si\u00e7 e vuri n\u00eb dukje vet\u00eb Mundi n\u00eb fjalimin e tij, karakteri 'virus' i GPL 'paraqet nj\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnim' p\u00ebr \u00e7do kompani q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor unikates\u00ebn e produktit t\u00eb saj softuerik si avantazh konkurrues.<\/p>\n

\n

Kjo gjithashtu minon vet\u00eb bazat e sektori t\u00eb pavarur t\u00eb softuerit komercial,
\nsepse n\u00eb fakt e b\u00ebn t\u00eb pamundur shp\u00ebrndarjen e softuerit sipas modelit
\nt\u00eb blerjes s\u00eb produktit, dhe jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb pages\u00ebs p\u00ebr kopjimin.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Suksesi i GNU\/Linux dhe Windows n\u00eb 10 vitet e fundit tregon se t\u00eb dy pal\u00ebt kan\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb n\u00eb di\u00e7ka. Por, Stallman dhe ndjek\u00ebsit e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb besojn\u00eb se ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje dyt\u00ebsore. Ata thon\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme etika e programeve, qoft\u00eb ato t\u00eb lira apo pron\u00ebsore.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit n\u00eb industrin\u00eb e softuerit, \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kapin val\u00ebn. Edhe prodhuesit e fuqish\u00ebm si Microsoft po i kushtojn\u00eb shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb zhvilluesve t\u00eb tret\u00eb, aplikacionet, paketat profesionale dhe loj\u00ebrat e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve e b\u00ebjn\u00eb platform\u00ebn Windows t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse p\u00ebr konsumator\u00ebt. Duke iu referuar zhvillimit t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb tregut t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb gjat\u00eb 20 viteve t\u00eb fundit, pa p\u00ebrmendur sukseset impresionuese t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb s\u00eb tij gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe, Mundi u k\u00ebshilloi d\u00ebgjuesve q\u00eb t\u00eb mos impresionohen shum\u00eb nga moda e re p\u00ebr softuerin e lir\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\n

P\u00ebrvoja nj\u00ebzetvje\u00e7are ka treguar se modeli ekonomik q\u00eb
\nmbron pron\u00ebsin\u00eb intelektuale, dhe modeli i biznesit q\u00eb
\nkompenzon shpenzimet p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkimin dhe zhvillimin, mund t\u00eb krijojn\u00eb
\nmir\u00ebqenie ekonomike komprometuese dhe ta shp\u00ebrndajn\u00eb at\u00eb gjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb sfondin e t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebtyre fjal\u00ebve, t\u00eb th\u00ebna nj\u00eb muaj m\u00eb par\u00eb, Stallman po p\u00ebrgatitet p\u00ebr fjalimin e tij, duke q\u00ebndruar n\u00eb sken\u00eb n\u00eb audienc\u00eb.<\/p>\n

20 vitet e fundit kan\u00eb ndryshuar krejt\u00ebsisht bot\u00ebn e teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb p\u00ebr mir\u00eb. Richard Stallman ka ndryshuar po aq gjat\u00eb k\u00ebsaj periudhe, por \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr mir\u00eb? Nuk ka m\u00eb at\u00eb hakerin e duksh\u00ebm, plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rruajtur, i cili dikur kalonte gjithnj\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij para PDP-10 t\u00eb tij t\u00eb dashur. Tani n\u00eb vend t\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb burr\u00eb i mes\u00ebm, me pesh\u00eb, me flok\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe mjek\u00ebr si nj\u00eb rabin, nj\u00eb person q\u00eb kalon t\u00ebr\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb shk\u00ebmbim e-maileve, udh\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpun\u00ebtor\u00ebve dhe fjalimeve si kjo e sotmja. I veshur me nj\u00eb bluz\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb deti dhe pantalona poliesteri, Richard duket si nj\u00eb eremit i shkret\u00ebtir\u00ebs q\u00eb sapo ka dal\u00eb nga nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr e Ushtris\u00eb s\u00eb Shp\u00ebtimit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb turm\u00eb ka shum\u00eb ndjek\u00ebs t\u00eb ideve dhe shijeve t\u00eb Stallmanit. Shum\u00eb kan\u00eb ardhur me laptop\u00eb dhe modeme mobile p\u00ebr t\u00eb regjistruar dhe transmetuar sa m\u00eb mir\u00eb fjal\u00ebt e Stallmanit p\u00ebr publikun q\u00eb pret n\u00eb internet. Gjini e vizitor\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e pabarabart\u00eb, p\u00ebr \u00e7do fem\u00ebr ka 15 mashkuj, dhe femrat mbajn\u00eb n\u00eb duar lodra t\u00eb buta \u2013 pingvin\u00eb, maskotat zyrtare t\u00eb Linux-it, dhe arinj t\u00eb but\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Me nervozizuar, Richard zbrit nga skena, u ul te nj\u00eb karrige n\u00eb rreshtin e par\u00eb dhe filloi t\u00eb shkruaj\u00eb komandat n\u00eb laptop. K\u00ebshtu kaluan 10 minuta, dhe Stallman madje nuk e vuri re grumbullin n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb student\u00ebve, profesor\u00ebve dhe adhuruesve q\u00eb l\u00ebviznin para tij mes sall\u00ebs dhe sken\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Nuk mund t\u00eb fillosh t\u00eb flas\u00ebsh pa kryer rituale dekorative t\u00eb formaliteteve akademike, si p\u00ebr shembull nj\u00eb prezantim t\u00eb holl\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb fol\u00ebsit p\u00ebr audienc\u00ebn. Por Stallman duket se meritojn\u00eb jo nj\u00eb, por t\u00eb dyja prezantimet. Mike Yuretsky, bashk\u00ebdrejtori i Qendr\u00ebs s\u00eb Teknologjive t\u00eb Avancuara t\u00eb Shkoll\u00ebs s\u00eb Biznesit, mori p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr t\u00eb parin.<\/p>\n

\u2018Nj\u00eb nga detyrat e universitetit \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb organizoj\u00eb debate dhe t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb n\u00eb krijimin e diskutimeve interesante,\u2019 fillon Juretski, \u2018dhe seminari yn\u00eb i sot\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb plot\u00eb me k\u00ebt\u00eb mision. Sipas mendimit tim, diskutimi mbi kodin e hapur \u00ebsht\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht interesant.\u2019<\/p>\n

Para se Yuretsky t\u00eb ket\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb thot\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, Stallman e ngre veten n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet si nj\u00eb shofer an\u00ebs rrug\u00ebs q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ndaluar p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nj\u00eb defekti.<\/p>\n

\u2018Un\u00eb merrem me programe t\u00eb lira,\u2019 thot\u00eb Richard n\u00eb mes t\u00eb qeshjeve n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb publikut, \u2018kodi i hapur \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim tjet\u00ebr.\u2019<\/p>\n

Duartrokitet e mbushin qeshjet. Audienca \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbushur me militant\u00ebt stallmanian\u00eb q\u00eb e din\u00eb reputat\u00ebn e tij si luft\u00ebtar p\u00ebr formulime t\u00eb sakta, ashtu si\u00e7 e din\u00eb edhe p\u00ebr p\u00ebrplasjen e njohur t\u00eb Richardit me mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsit e kodit t\u00eb hapur n\u00eb vitin 1998. Shum\u00eb prej tyre prisnin di\u00e7ka t\u00eb till\u00eb, ashtu si adhuruesit e yjeve provokuese presin nga idhujt e tyre veprat e tyre m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura.<\/p>\n

Juretsky mbyll shpejt prezantimin e tij dhe i l\u00eb vend Edmond Shonbergut, profesor n\u00eb Fakultetin e Informatik\u00ebs t\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb New Yorkut. Shonberg - programues dhe pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs n\u00eb projektin GNU, \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i njohur me hart\u00ebn e vendndodhjes s\u00eb minave terminologjike. Ai p\u00ebrmbledh me mjesht\u00ebri rrug\u00ebn e Stallman nga perspektiva e nj\u00eb programuesi modern.<\/p>\n

\u00abRichard \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i shk\u00eblqyer i njeriut q\u00eb, duke punuar mbi probleme t\u00eb vogla, filloi t\u00eb mendoj\u00eb p\u00ebr problemin global - problemin e aksesit n\u00eb kodin burimor, - thot\u00eb Shonberg, - ai ka zhvilluar nj\u00eb filozofi t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, sipas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ne kemi rishikuar p\u00ebrceptimet tona mbi prodhimin e softuerit, mbi pron\u00ebsin\u00eb intelektuale, mbi komunitetin e zhvilluesve t\u00eb softuerit\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Schoenberg, n\u00ebn duar clapash, p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet Stallman-in. Ai shpejt fik laptopin, ngjitet n\u00eb sken\u00eb dhe paraqitet p\u00ebrpara audienc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim, fjalimi i Richardit ngjan m\u00eb shum\u00eb me nj\u00eb num\u00ebr stand-up sesa me nj\u00eb fjalim politik. \u00abDua t\u00eb fal\u00ebnderoj Microsoft p\u00ebr nj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb folur k\u00ebtu, - b\u00ebn shaka ai, - n\u00eb jav\u00ebt e fundit ndjehem si autori i nj\u00eb libri, t\u00eb cilin diku e ndaluan n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb arbitraritetit\u00bb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb futur t\u00eb paedukuarit n\u00eb situat\u00eb, Stallman organizon nj\u00eb ligj\u00ebrat\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb analogji. Ai e krahason programin kompjuterik me nj\u00eb recet\u00eb kulinarike. T\u00eb dy p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb udh\u00ebzime t\u00eb dobishme hap pas hapi se si t\u00eb arrish q\u00ebllimin e d\u00ebshiruar. T\u00eb dyja mund t\u00eb ndryshohen leht\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhur rrethanat ose preferencat personale. \u00abNuk je i detyruar t\u00eb ndjek\u00ebsh sakt\u00ebsisht recet\u00ebn, - shpjegon Stallman, - mund t'i heq\u00ebsh disa p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs ose t\u00eb shtosh k\u00ebrpudha, thjesht sepse t\u00eb p\u00eblqejn\u00eb k\u00ebrpudhat. T\u00eb vendos\u00ebsh m\u00eb pak krip\u00eb, sepse t\u00eb tha mjeku - po, gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur\u00bb.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, sipas Stallman, \u00ebsht\u00eb se programet dhe recetat shp\u00ebrndahen shum\u00eb leht\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb me nj\u00eb mik recet\u00ebn e dark\u00ebs, mjafton nj\u00eb cop\u00eb let\u00ebr dhe pak minuta koh\u00eb. Kopjimi i programeve kompjuterike k\u00ebrkon edhe m\u00eb pak - vet\u00ebm disa klikime miu dhe pak energji elektrike. N\u00eb t\u00eb dy rastet, njeriu q\u00eb dhuron merr dyfish\u00eb: forcon miq\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe rrit shanset q\u00eb ata t\u00eb ndajn\u00eb gjithashtu me t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

«Tani imagjinoni se t\u00eb gjitha recetat jan\u00eb si nj\u00eb kuti e zez\u00eb, – vazhdon Richard, – nuk e dini se cilat p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebs p\u00ebrdoren, nuk mund ta ndryshoni recet\u00ebn dhe ta ndani me nj\u00eb mik. N\u00ebse e b\u00ebni k\u00ebt\u00eb, do t\u00eb quheni pirate dhe do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoheni n\u00eb burg p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite. Nj\u00eb bot\u00eb e till\u00eb do t\u00eb shkaktonte nj\u00eb revolt\u00eb dhe refuzim t\u00eb madh te ata q\u00eb e duan gatimin dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm n\u00eb ndarjen e recetave. Por ky \u00ebsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht shkaku i bot\u00ebs s\u00eb programeve pron\u00ebsore. Nj\u00eb bot\u00eb ku morali publik \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndaluar dhe i nd\u00ebshkuar».<\/p>\n

Pas k\u00ebsaj analogjie hyr\u00ebse, Stallman tregon historin\u00eb e printerit laser Xerox. Nj\u00eblloj si analogjia kulinare, historia me printerin – \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet efektiv oratorik. E ngjashme me nj\u00eb tregim, historia e printerit fatkeq tregon se sa shpejt mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e software-it. Duke kthyer d\u00ebgjuesit n\u00eb koh\u00ebt q\u00eb ishin shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebrpara blerjeve me nj\u00eb klik n\u00eb Amazon, sistemeve Microsoft dhe bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave Oracle, Richard p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb arrij\u00eb te publiku – si ishte t\u00eb merreshin me programe q\u00eb ende nuk ishin t\u00eb mbyllura n\u00ebn logot korporative.<\/p>\n

Tregon Stallman \u00ebsht\u00eb e kujdesshme dhe e l\u00ebmuar, si fjalimi p\u00ebrfundimtar i prokurorit t\u00eb rrethit n\u00eb gjyq. Kur arrin te incidenti n\u00eb Carnegie-Mellon, ku nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkues refuzoi t\u00eb ndaj\u00eb kodin burimor t\u00eb driverit t\u00eb printerit, Richard b\u00ebn nj\u00eb pauz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

«Na tradhtoi, – shpall Stallman, – por jo vet\u00ebm ne. Ndoshta na tradhtoi edhe ty».<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fjal\u00ebn «ty» Stallman e drejton gishtin nga nj\u00eb d\u00ebgjues q\u00eb nuk e dyshonte n\u00eb audienc\u00eb. Ai ngrit vetullat, tronditet nga befasia, por Richard tashm\u00eb po k\u00ebrkon me sy nj\u00eb viktim\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb mesin e turm\u00ebs q\u00eb qesh nervozisht, k\u00ebrkon ngadal\u00eb dhe me kujdes. «Dhe, sipas mendimit tim, ai ka b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb me ty», – thot\u00eb ai, duke treguar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb person n\u00eb rreshtin e tret\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Tani audienca nuk po qesh m\u00eb, por po qesh dy her\u00eb. Sigurisht, ky veprim i Richard-it duket pak teatrale. Megjithat\u00eb, historia e printerit laser Xerox Stallman e p\u00ebrfundon me pasionin e nj\u00eb artisti t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. «N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ai tradhtoi shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr njer\u00ebz sesa jan\u00eb k\u00ebtu n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb audienc\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 atyre q\u00eb lind\u00ebn pas vitit 1980, – p\u00ebrfundon Richard, duke shkaktuar akoma m\u00eb shum\u00eb qeshje, – thjesht sepse ai tradhtoi gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzimin».<\/p>\n

M\u00eb pas ai zvog\u00eblon shkall\u00ebn e dram\u00ebs, duke njoftuar: «Ai e b\u00ebri k\u00ebt\u00eb, duke n\u00ebnshkruar nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje p\u00ebr moszbardhjen».<\/p>\n

Evolucioni i Richard Matthew Stallman nga nj\u00eb hulumtues i zhg\u00ebnjyer n\u00eb nj\u00eb lider politik flet shum\u00eb. P\u00ebr karakterin e tij t\u00eb vendosur dhe vullnetin e tij t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebr bot\u00ebkuptimin e tij t\u00eb qart\u00eb dhe vlerat e tij t\u00eb shquara, q\u00eb e ndihmuan t\u00eb themelonte l\u00ebvizjen p\u00ebr softin e lir\u00eb. P\u00ebr kualifikimin e tij t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb programim \u2013 kjo i dha mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb aplikacionesh t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe t\u00eb b\u00ebhej nj\u00eb figur\u00eb legjendare p\u00ebr shum\u00eb programues. Fal\u00eb k\u00ebsaj evolucioni, popullariteti dhe ndikimi i GPL po rritet pa nd\u00ebrprerje, dhe ky novacion ligjor shum\u00eb e quajn\u00eb arritjen m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb Stallman.<\/p>\n

E gjith\u00eb kjo tregon se karakteri i ndikimit politik po ndryshon \u2013 ai po lidhet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb me teknologjit\u00eb informative dhe programet q\u00eb i materializojn\u00eb ato.<\/p>\n

Me sa duket, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse ylli i Stallman po b\u00ebhet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb i ndritsh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa yjet e shum\u00eb gjigant\u00ebve tehnologjik\u00eb jan\u00eb shuar dhe jan\u00eb per\u00ebnduar. Q\u00eb nga fillimi i projektit GNU n\u00eb vitin 1984, Stallman dhe l\u00ebvizja e tij p\u00ebr softuer t\u00eb lir\u00eb fillimisht u injoruan, pastaj u p\u00ebrbuz\u00ebn, e m\u00eb pas filluan t\u00eb poshtrohen dhe t\u00eb goditen me val\u00eb kritike. Por projekti GNU arriti ta kaloj\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, edhe pse jo pa probleme dhe stagnime t\u00eb rregullta, dhe vazhdon t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb programe relevante n\u00eb tregun e softuerit, i cili, me kalimin e viteve, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb kompleks. Filozofia e shkruar nga Stallman n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb GNU \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu n\u00eb zhvillim e sip\u00ebr. N\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb tij n\u00eb New York t\u00eb mbajtur m\u00eb 29 maj 2001, Stallman shkurtimisht tregoi p\u00ebr origjin\u00ebn e akronimit:<\/p>\n

\n

Ne, haker\u00ebt, shpesh zgjedhim emra arg\u00ebtues dhe madje edhe t\u00eb rebeluar p\u00ebr
\nprogramave t\u00eb tij, sepse em\u00ebrtimi i programeve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga komponent\u00ebt
\ne k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb nga shkrimi i tyre. Gjithashtu, kemi nj\u00eb tradit\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluar
\np\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb akronimeve rekursive, q\u00eb tregojn\u00eb se
\nnj\u00eb program \u00ebsht\u00eb disi i ngjash\u00ebm me aplikacionet ekzistuese\u2026 Un\u00eb
\npo k\u00ebrkoja nj\u00eb akronim recursiv n\u00eb form\u00ebn \"Nd\u00ebrsa-di\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb Jo
\nUnix\". I kalova t\u00eb gjitha shkronjat e alfabetit, dhe asnj\u00eb nga to nuk krijonte
\nnj\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme. Un\u00eb vendosa ta shkurtoj fraz\u00ebn n\u00eb tre fjal\u00eb, duke krijuar k\u00ebshtu
\nnj\u00eb akronim prej tre shkronjash si \"Nd\u00ebrsa-di\u00e7ka \u2013 Jo Unix\".
\nFillova t\u00eb kaloj shkronjat dhe e gjet\u00ebm fjal\u00ebn \"GNU\". Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e gjith\u00eb historia.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse Richard \u00ebsht\u00eb adhurues i loj\u00ebra fjal\u00ebsh, ai sugjeron q\u00eb akronimin t\u00eb
\nt\u00eb shqiptohet n\u00eb anglisht me nj\u00eb \"g\" t\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb fillim, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur jo vet\u00ebm
\nngat\u00ebrrimin me emrin e antilop\u00ebs afrikan, gnus, por edhe ngjashm\u00ebrin\u00eb me
\np\u00ebr adjectivin anglez \"new\", dmth \"i ri\". \"Ne po punojm\u00eb p\u00ebr
\nprojektin q\u00eb prej disa dekadash, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb fare nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i ri\", \u2013 shakan\u00eb
\nStallman.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Burimi: sh\u00ebnimet autoritative p\u00ebr transkriptin e fjalimit t\u00eb Stallmanit n\u00eb New York \"Softi i Lir\u00eb: Liria dhe Bashk\u00ebpunimi\" m\u00eb 29 maj 2001<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kuptimi i arsyeve t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj k\u00ebrkese dhe suksesi ndihmohet shum\u00eb nga studimi i fjalimeve dhe deklaratave si t\u00eb Richardit, ashtu edhe t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb e rrethojn\u00eb, q\u00eb e ndihmojn\u00eb ose i hedhin pengesa. Persona e Stallmanit nuk duhet t\u00eb komplikohet tep\u00ebr. N\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb gjall\u00eb t\u00eb th\u00ebnies s\u00eb vjet\u00ebr \"realiteti \u00ebsht\u00eb ashtu si duket\", at\u00ebher\u00eb ky \u00ebsht\u00eb Stallman.<\/p>\n

«Mendoj, n\u00ebse doni ta kuptoni Richard Stallman si njeri, duhet t\u00eb mos e analizoni at\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00eb, por ta shihni at\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi, – thot\u00eb Eben Moglen, avokati i fondacionit t\u00eb softuerit t\u00eb lir\u00eb dhe profesor ligji n\u00eb Universitetin Kolumbian, – t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto momente ekcentrike, q\u00eb shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz i konsiderojn\u00eb si di\u00e7ka artificiale, t\u00eb inskenuar – n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, jan\u00eb shfaqje t\u00eb sinqerta t\u00eb personalitetit t\u00eb Richardit. Ai v\u00ebrtet u zhg\u00ebnjye shum\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht i vendosur n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet etike dhe p\u00ebrjashton \u00e7do kompromis n\u00eb problemet m\u00eb kryesore, themelore. Pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye Richard b\u00ebri gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb b\u00ebri»<\/p>\n

Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb shpjegohet se si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrballje me nj\u00eb printer lazer \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrplasje me korporatat m\u00eb t\u00eb pasura t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb studiohet me kujdes arsyet pse \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e pron\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb software-it papritur u b\u00ebn\u00eb kaq t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Duhet t\u00eb njihesh m\u00eb af\u00ebr me njeriun q\u00eb, si shum\u00eb lider\u00eb politik\u00eb t\u00eb koh\u00ebrave t\u00eb kaluara, kupton sa e ndjeshme dhe e formueshme \u00ebsht\u00eb kujtesa e njer\u00ebzve. Duhet t\u00eb kuptosh kuptimin e miteve dhe klisheve ideologjike q\u00eb me kalimin e koh\u00ebs e rrethojn\u00eb figur\u00ebn e Stallmanit. S\u00eb fundi, duhet t\u00eb kuptosh nivelin e gjenialitetit t\u00eb Richardit si programues dhe pse ky gjenialitet ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb d\u00ebshton n\u00eb fusha t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse i k\u00ebrkoni vet\u00eb Stallmanit t\u00eb rendis\u00eb arsyet e evolucionit t\u00eb tij nga haker n\u00eb lider dhe evangjelist, ai do t\u00eb pajtohej me at\u00eb q\u00eb u tha. «Marrja me k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulje – \u00ebsht\u00eb pika ime e fort\u00eb, – thot\u00eb ai, – shumica e njer\u00ebzve d\u00ebshtojn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrballjen me v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha thjesht sepse dor\u00ebzohen. Un\u00eb nuk dor\u00ebzohem kurr\u00eb».<\/p>\n

Ai gjithashtu i jep meritat rast\u00ebsis\u00eb. N\u00ebse nuk do t\u00eb ishte historia me printerin lazer nga Xerox, po ashtu si\u00e7 nuk do t\u00eb ishin nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb p\u00ebrplasjeve personale dhe ideologjike q\u00eb e shuanin karrier\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb MIT, po ashtu si\u00e7 nuk do t\u00eb ishin disa rrethana t\u00eb tjera, jeta e Stallmanit, sipas pohimeve t\u00eb tij, do t\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb krejt tjet\u00ebr. Prandaj, Stallmani e falenderon fatin q\u00eb e drejtoi n\u00eb at\u00eb rrug\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ai po ec\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

«Thjesht un\u00eb kisha aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e nevojshme, – thot\u00eb Richard n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, duke p\u00ebrmbledhur tregimin rreth nisjes s\u00eb projektit GNU, – askush tjet\u00ebr nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebnte nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, vet\u00ebm un\u00eb. Prandaj ndihesha i zgjedhur p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb mision. Thjesht duhej ta b\u00ebja k\u00ebt\u00eb. Sepse n\u00ebse jo un\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb kush?»<\/p>\n

Burimi: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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