{"id":35443,"date":"2019-10-31T22:04:23","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-glava-1-malchiki-iz-missuri\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:04:23","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:04:23","slug":"the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-glava-1-malchiki-iz-missuri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/the-dream-machine-istoriya-kompyuternoj-revolyutsii-glava-1-malchiki-iz-missuri","title":{"rendered":"Makina e \u00cbndrrave: Historia e revolucioni informatik. Kapy 1. Djemt\u00eb nga Missouri","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Makina<\/p>\n

Prologu<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Djemt\u00eb nga Missouri<\/h3>\n

\nJoseph Carl Robert Licklider kishte nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb fort\u00eb te njer\u00ebzit. Edhe n\u00eb vitet e tij t\u00eb hershme, para se t\u00eb merrej me kompjuter\u00ebt, ai kishte nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb \u00e7do gj\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit.<\/p>\n

\u00abLika ishte ndoshta gjenit m\u00eb i talentuar intuitiv q\u00eb kam njohur ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb\u00bb \u2014 deklaroi m\u00eb von\u00eb William McGill n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb, e cila u regjistrua pak koh\u00eb pas vdekjes s\u00eb Liklider n\u00eb 1997. McGill shpjegoi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb intervist\u00eb se u takua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb me Likun kur u regjistrua n\u00eb Universitetin Harvard si nj\u00eb student i diplomuar n\u00eb psikologji n\u00eb 1948: \u00abKahdo q\u00eb shkoja tek Liku me prova p\u00ebr disa marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie matematike, zbulova se ai tashm\u00eb e dinte p\u00ebr k\u00ebto marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie. Por nuk i kishte punuar ato n\u00eb detaje, ai thjesht... e dinte. Ai mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb informacioni dhe t\u00eb shihte marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit e tjer\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt thjesht manipulonin simbolet matematikore, nuk mund t'i shihnin. Kjo ishte kaq mahnit\u00ebse sa q\u00eb ai u b\u00eb nj\u00eb mistik i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb p\u00ebr ne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb: Si, mor \u00e7far\u00eb, e b\u00ebnte Liku k\u00ebt\u00eb? Si i shihte k\u00ebto gj\u00ebra?\"<\/p>\n

\u00abBiseda me Likun p\u00ebr problemin\u00bb \u2014 shtoi McGill, i cili m\u00eb von\u00eb punoi si president i Universitetit Kolumbia, \u2014 \u00abe forconte inteligjenc\u00ebn time rreth tridhjet\u00eb pik\u00ebsh IQ.\u00bb<\/p>\n

(Faleminderit p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkthimin Stanislav Sukhanitsky, ata q\u00eb d\u00ebshirojn\u00eb t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb me p\u00ebrkthimin \u2014 shkruani n\u00eb inbox ose n\u00eb email alexey.stacenko@gmail.com)<\/i>
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nLiki b\u00ebri nj\u00eb ndikim t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm t\u00eb thell\u00eb n\u00eb George A. Miller, i cili filloi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb punonte me t\u00eb n\u00eb Laboratorin e Psiko-Akuistik t\u00eb Harvardit gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore. \"Liki ishte nj\u00eb \"djal\u00eb amerikan\" i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u2014 i gjat\u00eb, i bukur me flok\u00eb bjonde, i cili ishte i mir\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fillimet.\" Miller do ta shkruaj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pas shum\u00eb vitesh. \"Injoruesh\u00ebm i men\u00e7ur dhe krijues, si dhe pa shpres\u00eb i dashur \u2014 kur b\u00ebnit nj\u00eb gabim, Liki e bindte \u00e7do njeri se keni th\u00ebn\u00eb shakan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb qeshur. Ai e donte humorin. Shum\u00eb kujtime t\u00eb mia lidhen me t\u00eb, duke treguar ndonj\u00eb absurd t\u00ebrheq\u00ebs, zakonisht nga p\u00ebrvoja e tij, duke gestikuluar me nj\u00eb shishe Koka-Kol\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn dor\u00eb.\"<\/p>\n

Nuk ka pasur nj\u00eb rast kur ai ndante njer\u00ebzit. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, kur Liki p\u00ebrmbledhte n\u00eb p\u00ebrkujtim karakteristikat e banor\u00ebve t\u00eb Misurit, askush nuk mund t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte p\u00ebrball\u00eb buz\u00ebqeshjes s\u00eb tij t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb biseduesit buz\u00ebqeshnin n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje. Ai e shihte bot\u00ebn me diell dhe miq\u00ebsi, duke e par\u00eb secilin kalimtar si nj\u00eb person t\u00eb mir\u00eb. Dhe kjo zakonisht funksiononte.<\/p>\n

Ai ishte nj\u00eb djal\u00eb nga Missouri, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit. Emri vet\u00eb ka origjin\u00eb disa breza m\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Alsace-Lorraine, nj\u00eb qytet q\u00eb ndodhej n\u00eb kufirin francezo-gjerman, por familja e tij nga t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt kishte jetuar n\u00eb Missouri edhe para fillimit t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs Civile. Babai i tij, Joseph Lixlider, ishte nj\u00eb djal\u00eb nga fshati i ardhur nga qendra e shtetit, duke jetuar af\u00ebr qytetit Sedalia. Joseph gjithashtu dukej se ishte nj\u00eb njeri i talentuar dhe plot energji. N\u00eb vitin 1885, pas vdekjes s\u00eb babait t\u00eb tij n\u00eb nj\u00eb aksident me kal\u00eb, dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vje\u00e7ari Joseph mori p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr familjen e tij. Duke e kuptuar se ai, n\u00ebna e tij dhe motra e tij nuk mund t\u00eb menaxhonin ferm\u00ebn vet\u00eb, ai i pastroi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00eb Saint Louis dhe filloi t\u00eb punonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb stacion lokal hekurudhor, derisa d\u00ebrgoi motr\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb t\u00eb mesme dhe kolegj. Pas k\u00ebsaj, Joseph u shkollua n\u00eb nj\u00eb firm\u00eb reklamash p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar shkrimin dhe dizajnin. Dhe kur ai p\u00ebrsosi k\u00ebto aft\u00ebsi, ai kaloi n\u00eb siguracion, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb fund nj\u00eb shit\u00ebs i shp\u00ebrblyer dhe kreu i Dhom\u00ebs s\u00eb Tregtis\u00eb n\u00eb Saint Louis.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb takimi t\u00eb rinis\u00eb baptiste t\u00eb rigjall\u00ebrimit, Joseph Liklider kapti pamjen e Zonj\u00ebs Margaret Robnett. \"E pash\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00ebher\u00eb\" \u2014 tha ai m\u00eb von\u00eb, \u2014 \"dhe d\u00ebgjova z\u00ebrin e saj t\u00eb \u00ebmb\u00ebl, q\u00eb k\u00ebndonte n\u00eb kor, dhe kuptova se e kisha gjetur gruan q\u00eb dua.\" Ai filloi menj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb merte trenin p\u00ebr n\u00eb ferm\u00ebn e prind\u00ebrve t\u00eb saj \u00e7do fundjav\u00eb, me q\u00ebllim p\u00ebr t'u martuar me t\u00eb. Ai arriti sukses. F\u00ebmija i tyre i vet\u00ebm lindi n\u00eb Saint Louis m\u00eb 11 mars 1915. E quajt\u00ebn Joseph, n\u00eb nder t\u00eb t\u00eb atit, dhe Karl Robnett, n\u00eb nder t\u00eb v\u00ebllait m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb n\u00ebn\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Pamja diellore e f\u00ebmij\u00ebs ishte e qart\u00eb. Jozeph dhe Margareth ishin mjaft t\u00eb moshuar p\u00ebr prind\u00ebr t\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb; at\u00ebher\u00eb ai ishte dyzet e dy dhe ajo tri d\u00ebshmitar\u00eb, dhe ata ishin mjaft t\u00eb rrept\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e fes\u00eb dhe sjelljes s\u00eb mir\u00eb. Por ata ishin gjithashtu nj\u00eb \u00e7ift i ngroht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb dashur q\u00eb adhuronin f\u00ebmij\u00ebn e tyre dhe e vler\u00ebsonin at\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm. T\u00eb tjer\u00ebt gjithashtu b\u00ebnin t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gj\u00eb: i riu Robnett, si\u00e7 e quanin ata n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, nuk ishte vet\u00ebm djali i vet\u00ebm, por edhe nipi i vet\u00ebm nga t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt e familjes. Kur ai u rrit, prind\u00ebrit e tij e inkurajuan t\u00eb merrte m\u00ebsime piani, tenisi, dhe \u00e7far\u00ebdo q\u00eb ai merrej me t\u00eb, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb fush\u00ebn intelektuale. Dhe Robnett nuk i zhg\u00ebnjeu ata, duke u rritur n\u00eb nj\u00eb djal\u00eb t\u00eb ndritsh\u00ebm, energjik me nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb t\u00eb gjall\u00eb humori, nj\u00eb kuriozitet t\u00eb pangopur, dhe nj\u00eb dashuri t\u00eb pal\u00ebkundur p\u00ebr gj\u00ebrat teknike.<\/p>\n

Kur ai ishte dymb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vje\u00e7, p\u00ebr shembull, ai, si \u00e7do djal\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Luisa, nxori nj\u00eb pasion p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e modeleve t\u00eb avion\u00ebve. Ndoshta kjo ishte p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb industri t\u00eb aviacionit q\u00eb po zhvillohej n\u00eb qytetin e tij. Ndoshta ishte p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb Lindbergh, i cili sapo kishte kryer nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim rreth bot\u00ebs me avionin e tij, i quajtur \"Duh Sh\u00ebn Luisa\". Ose ndoshta p\u00ebr shkak se avion\u00ebt ishin mrekulli teknologjike t\u00eb brezit. Nuk ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi \u2014 djemt\u00eb e Sh\u00ebn Luisit ishin t\u00eb \u00e7mendur pas krijimit t\u00eb modeleve t\u00eb avion\u00ebve. Dhe askush nuk mund ta b\u00ebnte m\u00eb mir\u00eb se Robnett Liklider. Me lejen e prind\u00ebrve t\u00eb tij, ai e shnd\u00ebrroi dhom\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb i ngjante nj\u00eb pyll\u00ebsie p\u00ebr dru korku. Ai blinte fotografi dhe plane avion\u00ebsh, dhe vizatonte skema t\u00eb detajuara t\u00eb avion\u00ebve vet\u00eb. Ai priste skicat nga druri balsamik me nj\u00eb kujdes t\u00eb dhimbsh\u00ebm. Dhe ai nuk flinte gjith\u00eb nat\u00ebn duke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb vinte pjes\u00ebt s\u00eb bashku, duke mbuluar krah\u00ebt dhe trupin me celofan, duke ngjyrosur detajet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb autentike, dhe pa dyshim pak e tepronte me ngjit\u00ebsin p\u00ebr modelet e avion\u00ebve. Ai ishte aq i mir\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, sa nj\u00eb kompani q\u00eb prodhonte grupe p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e modeleve i pagoi udh\u00ebtimin n\u00eb nj\u00eb shfaqje ajrore n\u00eb Indianapolis, dhe ai mundi t\u00eb tregonte atyre prind\u00ebrve dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebve se si ishin b\u00ebr\u00eb modelet.<\/p>\n

Dhe pastaj, kur koha iu afrua nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvjetori t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb, interesat e tij kaluan n\u00eb makinat. Nuk ishte d\u00ebshira p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtuar makina, ai donte t\u00eb kuptonte plot\u00ebsisht nd\u00ebrtimin dhe funksionimin e tyre. Prandaj, prind\u00ebrit e tij e lejuan t\u00eb blinte nj\u00eb cop\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, me kushtin q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ngiste m\u00eb tej se rruga e tyre e gjat\u00eb dhe e kthyer. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb rinjt\u00eb Robnett g\u00ebzoheshin duke e \u00e7montuar dhe riparuar k\u00ebt\u00eb makin\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri e p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, duke filluar nga motori dhe \u00e7do her\u00eb duke shtuar nj\u00eb detaj t\u00eb ri p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhte: \"Epo, ja si funksionon n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb.\" Margaret Licklider, e fascinua nga ky talent n\u00eb rritje n\u00eb teknologji, q\u00ebndronte pran\u00eb tij kur ai punonte n\u00ebn makin\u00eb dhe i jepte \u00e7el\u00ebsat q\u00eb i duhej. Ajo fitoi patent\u00ebn e drejtimit m\u00eb 11 mars 1931, n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e gjasht\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb t\u00eb tij. Dhe n\u00eb vitet n\u00eb vazhdim, ai refuzonte t\u00eb paguante m\u00eb shum\u00eb se pes\u00ebdhjet\u00eb dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb makin\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht nga \u00e7far\u00eb forme ishte, ai e riparonte at\u00eb dhe e b\u00ebnte t\u00eb funksiononte. (T\u00eb p\u00ebrballur me zem\u00ebrimin e inflacionit, ai ishte i detyruar ta rris\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb limit n\u00eb 150 $.)<\/p>\n

Rob, i cili tani ishte i njohur midis bashk\u00ebmoshatar\u00ebve t\u00eb tij, u rrit i gjat\u00eb, i bukur, me nj\u00eb pamje atletike dhe mikprit\u00ebs, me flok\u00eb t\u00eb djegur nga dielli dhe sy blu, gj\u00eb q\u00eb i dha atij nj\u00eb ngjashm\u00ebri t\u00eb dukshme me Lindbergun vet\u00eb. Ai luante me pasion tenis konkurrues (dhe vazhdoi ta b\u00ebnte at\u00eb deri n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 20 vje\u00e7are, deri n\u00eb momentin kur mori nj\u00eb l\u00ebndim q\u00eb e pengoi t\u00eb luante). Dhe, natyrisht, ai kishte manire t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyera jugore. Ai ishte i detyruar t'i kishte: gjithmon\u00eb ishte rrethuar nga gra t\u00eb p\u00ebrkryera jugore. Sht\u00ebpia e vjet\u00ebr dhe e madhe, e cila ndodhej n\u00eb University City, nj\u00eb paraqytet i Universitetit t\u00eb Washingtonit, ishte ndar\u00eb nga Licklider\u00ebt me n\u00ebn\u00ebn e Joseph-it, gruan e motr\u00ebs Margaret dhe baban\u00eb e saj, dhe me nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mot\u00ebr t\u00eb pa martuar t\u00eb Margaret. \u00c7do mbr\u00ebmje, q\u00eb nga koha kur Robnetti kishte mbushur pes\u00eb vje\u00e7, ai kishte detyr\u00ebn dhe nderin t\u00eb ofronte dor\u00ebn e tij p\u00ebr t'i hapur rrug\u00ebn te tavolina e dark\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebr ta shoq\u00ebruar si\u00e7 b\u00ebn\u00eb zot\u00ebrinjt\u00eb. Edhe si i rritur, Lick ishte i njohur si nj\u00eb njeri jasht\u00ebzakonisht i sjellsh\u00ebm dhe taktik, i cili rrall\u00eb e ngrinte z\u00ebrin e tij n\u00eb zem\u00ebrim, gjithmon\u00eb kishte veshur nj\u00eb xhaket\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb kravat\u00eb flutur, madje edhe n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, dhe e kishte gjetur fizikisht t\u00eb pamundur t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte ulur kur nj\u00eb grua hynte n\u00eb dhom\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, Rob Liklider gjithashtu u rrit n\u00eb nj\u00eb djal\u00eb t\u00eb ri q\u00eb kishte mendimin e tij. Kur ai ishte nj\u00eb djal\u00eb shum\u00eb i vog\u00ebl, sipas historis\u00eb q\u00eb ai e tregonte vazhdimisht m\u00eb von\u00eb, babai i tij punonte si minist\u00ebr n\u00eb kish\u00ebn e tyre baptiste lokale. Kur Joseph lutej, detyra e djaloshit ishte t\u00eb ngjitej n\u00ebn tastier\u00ebn e organit dhe t\u00eb ndihmonte organisten e moshuar q\u00eb nuk mund ta b\u00ebnte k\u00ebt\u00eb vet\u00eb. Nj\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje t\u00eb qet\u00eb t\u00eb shtun\u00ebs, kur Robnett ishte gati t\u00eb flinte posht\u00eb organit, ai d\u00ebgjoi thirrjen e besimtar\u00ebve nga babai i tij: \u00abAta q\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb shp\u00ebtim, ngrihuni!\u00bb, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye ai e vuri intuitivisht veten n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb dhe goditi kok\u00ebn e tij n\u00ebn tastier\u00ebn e organit. N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb gjej\u00eb shp\u00ebtim, ai pa yjet.<\/p>\n

Ky eksperienc\u00eb, si\u00e7 thoshte Lik, i dha atij nj\u00eb insight t\u00eb menj\u00ebhersh\u00ebm rreth metod\u00ebs shkencore: Gjithmon\u00eb b\u00ebhu sa m\u00eb i kujdessh\u00ebm n\u00eb pun\u00ebn t\u00ebnde dhe shpalljen e besimit t\u00ebnd.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb tretin shekull pas k\u00ebtij rasti, natyrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur t\u00eb kuptohet n\u00ebse i ri Robnett e m\u00ebsoi v\u00ebrtet k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebsim duke u goditur n\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsa. Por, n\u00ebse vler\u00ebsojm\u00eb arritjet e tij gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij t\u00eb m\u00ebvonshme, mund t\u00eb themi se ai patjet\u00ebr e mori k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebsim diku. Pas d\u00ebshires s\u00eb tij t\u00eb skajshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb gj\u00ebrat dhe kuriozitetit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb pakontrolluar, kishte nj\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb durimit p\u00ebr pun\u00eb t\u00eb pakujdesshme, rrug\u00eb t\u00eb lehta zgjidhjesh, ose p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara. Ai refuzonte t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqej me zakonshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. Nj\u00eb i ri, i cili m\u00eb pas do t\u00eb flas\u00eb p\u00ebr \"Sistemin Kompjuterik Ndergalaktik\" dhe do t\u00eb publikoj\u00eb dokumente profesionale me tituj si \"Sistemi i sistemeve\" dhe \"Shokues pa korniz\u00eb dhe pa kabllo p\u00ebr miu\", tregonte nj\u00eb mendje q\u00eb ishte gjithmon\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave t\u00eb reja dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb loj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhershme.<\/p>\n

Ai pasur gjithashtu nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl kaosi lozonjar. P\u00ebr shembull, kur p\u00ebrplasej me mendimin zyrtar, ai kurr\u00eb nuk e kund\u00ebrshtonte drejtp\u00ebrdrejt, besimi q\u00eb nj\u00eb zot\u00ebri nuk b\u00ebn skena ishte n\u00eb gjak t\u00eb tij. I p\u00eblqente ta hedhte at\u00eb posht\u00eb. Kur u b\u00eb an\u00ebtar i Fraternitetit Sigma Chi n\u00eb vitin e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Washington-it, ai u informua se \u00e7do an\u00ebtar i frateritetit duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb me vete dy lloje cigare, p\u00ebr rastin kur nj\u00eb an\u00ebtar m\u00eb i moshuar i frateritetit k\u00ebrkonte t\u00eb tymoste n\u00eb \u00e7do koh\u00eb t\u00eb dit\u00ebs apo nat\u00ebs. Duke mos qen\u00eb pir\u00ebs, ai shpejt doli dhe bleu cigaret m\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebqija egjiptiane q\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjente n\u00eb Saint Louis. Askush tjet\u00ebr nuk i k\u00ebrkoi m\u00eb cigare pas k\u00ebsaj.<\/p>\n

Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, p\u00ebrjashtimi i tij i p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm nga k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsit\u00eb e zakonshme e \u00e7oi at\u00eb n\u00eb pyetje t\u00eb pafundme p\u00ebr kuptimin e jet\u00ebs. Ai gjithashtu ndryshoi identitetin e tij. Ai ishte \"Robnet\" n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi dhe \"Rob\" p\u00ebr shok\u00ebt e tij t\u00eb klas\u00ebs, por tani, duket se p\u00ebr t\u00eb theksuar statusin e tij t\u00eb ri si student i universitetit, ai filloi t\u00eb quhet me emrin e tij t\u00eb dyt\u00eb: \"M\u00eb quani Lik\". Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, vet\u00ebm miqt\u00eb e tij m\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr kishin ndonj\u00eb ide t\u00eb vog\u00ebl se kush ishte \"Rob Liklaider\". <\/p>\n

Mes shum\u00eb t\u00eb tjerave q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebnte n\u00eb kolegj, t\u00eb riut Lik iu mbush mendja p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar \u2014 ai u rrit me k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi si specialist n\u00eb \u00e7do fush\u00eb dijesh dhe \u00e7do her\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebgjonte dik\u00eb duke u frym\u00ebzuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb fush\u00eb t\u00eb re studimi, ai gjithashtu donte t\u00eb provonte ta studioj\u00eb at\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb studimeve, ai u b\u00ebr\u00eb specialist n\u00eb art, pastaj kaloi n\u00eb inxhinieri. M\u00eb pas, ai u fokusua n\u00eb fizik\u00eb dhe matematik\u00eb. Dhe ajo q\u00eb e ka shp\u00ebrqendruar m\u00eb shum\u00eb, ai gjithashtu u b\u00eb specialist n\u00eb bot\u00ebn reale: n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, hajdut\u00ebt e shkretuan firm\u00ebn e sigurimeve t\u00eb babait t\u00eb tij dhe k\u00ebshtu ajo u mbyll, duke e l\u00ebn\u00eb Dhojefin pa pun\u00eb dhe djalin e tij pa mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb paguar studimet. Lik u detyrua t\u00eb nd\u00ebrpres\u00eb studimet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb vit dhe t\u00eb punoj\u00eb si kamarier n\u00eb nj\u00eb restaurant p\u00ebr shofer\u00eb. Kjo ishte nj\u00eb nga pak pun\u00ebt q\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjente gjat\u00eb Koh\u00ebs s\u00eb Madhe t\u00eb Depresionit. (Joseph Liklider, po \u00e7mendej duke q\u00ebndruar n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi p\u00ebrreth grave nga jugu, dhe nj\u00eb her\u00eb gjeti nj\u00eb mbledhje baptist\u00ebsh n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb rurale q\u00eb kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb minist\u00ebr; ai dhe Margaret, n\u00eb fund, kaluan pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb dit\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre duke sh\u00ebrbyer nj\u00eb kish\u00eb pas tjet\u00ebr, duke u ndjer\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lumturit n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tyre.) Kur Lik p\u00ebrfundimisht u rikthye n\u00eb m\u00ebsim, duke sjell\u00eb me vete nj\u00eb entuziaz\u00ebm t\u00eb pakufizuar t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr arsimin e lart\u00eb, nj\u00eb nga pun\u00ebt e tij me koh\u00eb t\u00eb pjesshme ishte t\u00eb kujdesej p\u00ebr kafsh\u00ebt eksperimentale n\u00eb departamentin e psikologjis\u00eb. Dhe kur filloi t\u00eb kuptonte \u00e7far\u00eb lloj k\u00ebrkimesh po b\u00ebnin professor\u00ebt, ai e kuptoi se k\u00ebrkimi i tij ishte p\u00ebrfunduar.<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb e p\u00ebrballi ai ishte psikologjia \"fiziologjike\"\u2014ky fush\u00eb dijesh n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte n\u00eb kulmin e rritjes s\u00eb saj. Sot, kjo fush\u00eb e dijes ka fituar emrin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm neuroshkenc\u00eb: ata merren me studimin e sakt\u00eb dhe t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb trurit dhe funksionimit t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

Ishte nj\u00eb disiplin\u00eb me rr\u00ebnj\u00eb n\u00eb shekullin e 19, kur shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb si Thomas Huxley, mbrojt\u00ebsi m\u00eb i ashp\u00ebr i Darwin, filluan t\u00eb provojn\u00eb se sjellja, p\u00ebrvoja, mendimet dhe madje vet\u00ebdija kan\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb materiale, e cila ndodhet n\u00eb tru. Kjo ishte nj\u00eb pozit\u00eb mjaft radikale p\u00ebr at\u00eb koh\u00eb, sepse prekte jo vet\u00ebm shkenc\u00ebn, por edhe fen\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, shum\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb dhe filozof\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb pohonin se truri jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb ishte b\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb materie e pazakont\u00eb, por p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrim t\u00eb mendjes dhe ishte depoja e shpirtit, duke shkelur t\u00eb gjitha ligjet e fizik\u00ebs. Sidoqoft\u00eb, v\u00ebzhgimet shp\u00ebrfaq\u00ebn shpejt t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt\u00ebn. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1861, nj\u00eb studim sistematik mbi pacient\u00ebt me d\u00ebmtime n\u00eb tru, i kryer nga fiziologu francez Paul Broca, krijoi lidhjet e para mes nj\u00eb funksioni t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb mendjes \u2014 gjuh\u00ebs \u2014 dhe nj\u00eb rajoni specifik t\u00eb trurit: zona e hemisfer\u00ebs s\u00eb majt\u00eb tani njihet si zona e Broca-s. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 20, dihej q\u00eb truri p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb organ elektrik, me impulset q\u00eb transmetoheshin p\u00ebrmes miliardave qelizave t\u00eb holla, t\u00eb ngjashme me kabujt, t\u00eb quajtura neurona. N\u00eb vitin 1920, u p\u00ebrcaktua se rajonet e trurit q\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjen p\u00ebr l\u00ebvizjen dhe prekjen ndodhen n\u00eb dy shina paralele t\u00eb indit neuronal, q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00eb an\u00ebt e trurit. Ishte gjithashtu e njohur se qendrat q\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjen p\u00ebr shikimin ndodhen pas trurit \u2014 ironikisht, kjo zon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e larg\u00ebt nga syt\u00eb \u2014 nd\u00ebrsa qendrat e d\u00ebgjimit ndodhen aty ku mund t\u00eb supozohej sipas logjik\u00ebs: n\u00eb lobin temporal, menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas vesh\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Porosit\u00eb e k\u00ebsaj pune ishin relativisht t\u00eb thjeshta. Q\u00eb nga momenti kur Lik u p\u00ebrball me k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb t\u00eb njohurive n\u00eb vitet 1930, studiuesit filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin pajisjet elektronike q\u00eb po b\u00ebheshin gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura nga kompanit\u00eb e radios dhe telefonis\u00eb. Me an\u00eb t\u00eb elektroencefalografis\u00eb, ose EEG, ata mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcjellnin aktivitetin elektrik t\u00eb trurit, duke marr\u00eb vlera t\u00eb sakta nga detektor\u00ebt e vendosur n\u00eb kok\u00eb. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt gjithashtu ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtonin brenda kafk\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb aplikonin nj\u00eb impuls shum\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb n\u00eb vet\u00eb tru, dhe m\u00eb pas t\u00eb vler\u00ebsonin si p\u00ebrgjigjja nervore p\u00ebrhapet n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb sistemit nervor. (Deri n\u00eb vitin 1950, ata n\u00eb fakt mund t\u00eb stimulonin dhe t\u00eb lexonin aktivitetin e neuroneve individuale.) N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proces, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb identifikonin rrjetet neuronale t\u00eb trurit me sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb pabesueshme. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, fiziolog\u00ebt psikolog\u00eb kaluan nga vizioni i fillimit t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb \u2014 q\u00eb truri ishte di\u00e7ka mistike, dhe arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb nj\u00eb vizion t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb, ku truri ishte di\u00e7ka e njohur. Ishte nj\u00eb sistem i mrekulluesh\u00ebm n\u00eb kompleksitet, p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb m\u00eb i sakt\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, kjo ishte nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb nuk dallonte shum\u00eb nga sistemet gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara elektronike q\u00eb fizikant\u00ebt dhe inxhinier\u00ebt nd\u00ebrtuan n\u00eb laborator\u00ebt e tyre.<\/p>\n

Liku ishte n\u00eb parajs\u00eb. Psikologjia fiziologjike kishte gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ai donte: matematik\u00ebn, elektronik\u00ebn, dhe sfid\u00ebn e dekodimit t\u00eb aparat\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar \u2014 trurit. Ai e nisi k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, dhe gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb m\u00ebsimit, i cili sigurisht q\u00eb ai nuk mund ta parashikonte, ai b\u00ebri hapin e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb gjigand drejt atij zyrae n\u00eb Pentagone. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ndodhi m\u00eb par\u00eb, pasioni i hersh\u00ebm i Likut p\u00ebr psikologjin\u00eb mund t\u00eb dukej si nj\u00eb aberacion, nj\u00eb devijim nga zhvillimi, nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrqendrim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb burr\u00eb nj\u00ebzet e pes\u00ebvje\u00e7ar nga zgjedhja e tij p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb karrier\u00ebs n\u00eb shkencat kompjuterike. Por n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, baza e tij n\u00eb psikologji ishte shtylla e konceptit t\u00eb tij t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pionier\u00ebt e shkencave kompjuterike t\u00eb brezit t\u00eb tij filluan karrier\u00ebn e tyre n\u00eb vitet 1940 dhe 1950, me njohuri n\u00eb matematik\u00eb, fizik\u00eb, ose inxhinieri elektrike, orientimi tehnologjik i t\u00eb cil\u00ebve i b\u00ebri ata t\u00eb fokusohem n\u00eb krijimin dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e pajisjeve \u2014 duke b\u00ebr\u00eb makinat m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb besueshme. Liku ishte unik sepse solli n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb nj\u00eb respekt t\u00eb thell\u00eb p\u00ebr aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e njer\u00ebzve: aft\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb perceptuar, p\u00ebr t'u adaptuar, p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb zgjedhje dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur rrug\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb reja p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur probleme q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb ishin t\u00eb pazgjidhshme. Si psikolog eksperimentues, ai e gjeti k\u00ebto aft\u00ebsi po aq t\u00eb rafinuara dhe t\u00eb respektuara sa dhe aft\u00ebsin\u00eb e kompjuter\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb ekzekutuar algoritme. Dhe pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, sfida e tij e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ishte t\u00eb krijonte lidhjen mes kompjuter\u00ebve dhe njer\u00ebzve q\u00eb i p\u00ebrdornin, p\u00ebr t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzuar fuqin\u00eb e t\u00eb dyve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb \u00e7do rast, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb, drejtimi i rritjes s\u00eb Lik\u00ebs ishte i qart\u00eb. N\u00eb vitin 1937, ai p\u00ebrfundoi Universitetin e Washingtonit me tri diploma n\u00eb fizik\u00eb, matematik\u00eb dhe psikologji. Ai q\u00ebndroi nj\u00eb vit tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb master n\u00eb psikologji. (Sh\u00ebnimi p\u00ebr marrjen e diplom\u00ebs s\u00eb master's q\u00eb iu dha \u00abRobert Lickliderit\u00bb, ishte ndoshta sh\u00ebnimi i fundit p\u00ebr t\u00eb q\u00eb doli n\u00eb shtyp.) Dhe n\u00eb vitin 1938, ai u regjistrua n\u00eb programin p\u00ebr doktoratur\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Rochesterit n\u00eb New York \u2014 nj\u00eb nga qendrat kryesore komb\u00ebtare p\u00ebr studimin e fush\u00ebs auditive t\u00eb trurit, nj\u00eb zon\u00eb q\u00eb na tregon si duhet t\u00eb d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Largimi i Lik\u00ebs nga Missouri nuk ndikoi vet\u00ebm n\u00eb ndryshimin e adres\u00ebs. Gjat\u00eb dy dekadave t\u00eb para t\u00eb jet\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, Lika ishte nj\u00eb djal\u00eb model p\u00ebr prind\u00ebrit e tij, duke frekuentuar me p\u00ebrkushtim mbledhjet e Baptist\u00ebve dhe takimet lut\u00ebse tri apo kat\u00ebr her\u00eb n\u00eb jav\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, pas largimit nga sht\u00ebpia, k\u00ebmb\u00ebn e tij nuk e pa m\u00eb kurr\u00eb n\u00eb prag t\u00eb kish\u00ebs. Ai nuk mundi t'i tregonte prind\u00ebrve t\u00eb tij, duke kuptuar se ata do t\u00eb p\u00ebsonin nj\u00eb goditje t\u00eb madhe, sapo t\u00eb merrnin vesh se ai kishte braktisur besimin q\u00eb ata e donin. Por ai e gjeti shtr\u00ebngimin e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb Baptist\u00ebve t\u00eb Jugut jasht\u00ebzakonisht shqet\u00ebsues. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, ai nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizonte nj\u00eb besim q\u00eb nuk e ndiente. Si\u00e7 theksoi m\u00eb von\u00eb, kur e pyet\u00ebn p\u00ebr ndjenjat q\u00eb kishte fituar n\u00eb takimet lut\u00ebse, ai p\u00ebrgjigjej: \u00abnuk ndieja asgj\u00eb\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra kan\u00eb ndryshuar, megjithat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gj\u00eb q\u00eb ka mbetur e pandryshuar: Lik ishte nj\u00eb yll n\u00eb departamentin e psikologjis\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Washington-it, dhe ai ishte nj\u00eb yll n\u00eb Rochester. P\u00ebr disertacionin e tij p\u00ebr titullin doktor, ai krijoi hart\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb aktivitetit neural n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e d\u00ebgjimit. Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, ai sh\u00ebnoi rajonet, prania e t\u00eb cilave ishte kritikisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr diferencimin e frekuencave t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb tingujve \u2014 aft\u00ebsia kryesore q\u00eb lejon t\u00eb dallosh ritmin e muzik\u00ebs. Dhe n\u00eb fund, ai u b\u00eb nj\u00eb ekspert i till\u00eb n\u00eb elektronik\u00ebn e bazuar n\u00eb tubat katodike \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrmendur se u b\u00eb nj\u00eb magjistar i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb n\u00eb organizimin e eksperimenteve \u2013 sa q\u00eb edhe profesori i tij e vizitonte p\u00ebr k\u00ebshilla.<\/p>\n

Lika u dallua n\u00eb Kolegjin Svartmor (Swarthmore College), q\u00eb ndodhet p\u00ebrtej Filadelfias, ku ai mbajti pozitat si student i postdoktorat\u00ebs pas fitimit t\u00eb doktorat\u00ebs s\u00eb tij filozofike n\u00eb vitin 1942. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtij kohe t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kolegj, ai d\u00ebshmoi se, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr teoris\u00eb Gestalt t\u00eb perceptimit t\u00eb informacionit, bobinat magnetike t\u00eb vendosura rreth qaf\u00ebs s\u00eb subjektit nuk shkaktojn\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtime t\u00eb perceptimit \u2014 megjithat\u00eb, ato b\u00ebjn\u00eb q\u00eb flok\u00ebt e subjektit t\u00eb ngriten.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, viti 1942 nuk ishte nj\u00eb vit i mir\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb jet\u00eb pa brenga. Karriera e Lik\u00ebs, si dhe karriera e nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh k\u00ebrkuesish t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, ishte gati t\u00eb b\u00ebnte nj\u00eb kthes\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb serioze.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrkthime t\u00eb gatshme<\/h3>\n

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