{"id":35583,"date":"2019-10-31T22:05:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kakimi-mogut-byt-vychislitelnye-sistemy-budushhego\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:05:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:11","slug":"kakimi-mogut-byt-vychislitelnye-sistemy-budushhego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/kakimi-mogut-byt-vychislitelnye-sistemy-budushhego","title":{"rendered":"Si mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb sistemet kompjuterike t\u00eb s\u00eb ardhmes","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ne tregojm\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb dal\u00eb e re n\u00eb qendrat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe jo vet\u00ebm.<\/h4>\n

\n\"Si<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e jesse orrico<\/a><\/noindex> Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Mendohet se transistor\u00ebt e silikonit po i afrohen kufirit t\u00eb tyre teknologjik. Her\u00ebn e fundit ne treguam<\/a><\/noindex> flasim p\u00ebr materialet q\u00eb mund t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb silikonin dhe diskutuam<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr qasje alternative n\u00eb zhvillimin e transistor\u00ebve. Sot flasim p\u00ebr koncepte q\u00eb mund t\u00eb transformojn\u00eb parimet e funksionimit t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve: makinat kuantike, \u00e7ipat neuromorfik\u00eb dhe kompjuter\u00ebt t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrdorin ADN-n\u00eb<\/b>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Kompjuter\u00ebt ADN<\/h2>\n

\nKjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor kapacitetet llogarit\u00ebse t\u00eb molekulave t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Fibrat e ADN-s\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga kat\u00ebr baze azotike: citosina, adenina, guanina dhe timina. Duke i lidhur ato n\u00eb nj\u00eb rendije t\u00eb caktuar, mund t\u00eb kodoni informacione. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebrdoren enzima speciale, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrmes reaksioneve kimike ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb dhe gjithashtu i presin dhe i shkurtojn\u00eb ata. K\u00ebto reaksione mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebriten n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb molekules n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, duke lejuar kryerjen e llogaritjeve paralele.<\/p>\n

Kompjuteri i par\u00eb i bazuar n\u00eb ADN u prezantua n\u00eb vitin 1994. Profesori i biologjis\u00eb molekulare dhe shkencave kompjuterike Leonard Adleman<\/a><\/noindex> (Leonard Adleman) p\u00ebrdori disa prov\u00ebza me miliarda molekula ADN-je p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb zgjidhte problemin e udh\u00ebtarit t\u00eb tregtarit<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr nj\u00eb grafik me shtat\u00eb maj\u00eb. Majat dhe skellet e tij Adleman i em\u00ebrtoi si fragmente ADN-je me nj\u00ebzet baza azotike dhe m\u00eb pas aplikoi metod\u00ebn reaksionit t\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb polimeraz\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex> (PCR).<\/p>\n

Disavantazhi i kompjuterit t\u00eb Adleman ishte \"ngusht\u00ebsia\" e tij. Ai ishte i dizajnuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur nj\u00eb problem dhe nuk mund t\u00eb kryente t\u00eb tjera. Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, situata ka ndryshuar - n\u00eb fund t\u00eb marsit shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nga Universiteti i Maynutt dhe Instituti Teknologjik i Kalifornis\u00eb prezantuan<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb cilin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ngarkohen n\u00eb form\u00eb sekuencash ADN-je dhe mund t\u00eb riprogramohen.<\/p>\n

Sistemi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb hap\u00eb rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tip t\u00eb ri t\u00eb sistemeve llogarit\u00ebse, mbetet p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur problematik\u00ebn e ngadal\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb hyrje dhe dalje t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (procesi sekuencimit<\/a><\/noindex> \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i kushtuesh\u00ebm dhe zgjat nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nMegjithat\u00eb, ekspert\u00ebt thon\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen kompjuter\u00ebt me ADN, t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb desktop\u00ebve modern\u00eb, do ta kalojn\u00eb superkompjuter\u00ebt n\u00eb performanc\u00eb. Ata do t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb qendrat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb merren me p\u00ebrpunimin e grupeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

Procesor\u00ebt neuromorfik\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nTermi \"neuromorfik\" tregon se arkitektura e \u00e7ipit bazohet n\u00eb parimet e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb trurit njer\u00ebzor. K\u00ebta procesor\u00eb simulojn\u00eb aktivitetin e miliona neuron\u00ebve me deg\u00ebzim, t\u00eb quajtur aksone dhe dendrite. Aksone i japin informacionin, nd\u00ebrsa dendritet jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr perceptimin e tij. Neuron\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin me sinapse \u2014 kontakte t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilave kalojn\u00eb sinjalet elektrike (impulset nervore).<\/p>\n

Ideja e krijimit t\u00eb sistemeve neuromorfike u shfaq p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb vitet 1990<\/a><\/noindex>. Por zhvillimet serioze n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb filluan pas viteve 2000. Specialist\u00ebt nga IBM Research e ekzekutuan<\/a><\/noindex> projekti SyNAPSE, me q\u00ebllim zhvillimin e nj\u00eb kompjuteri me nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme nga ajo e Von Neumann. N\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebtij projekti, kompania projektoi nj\u00eb \u00e7ip TrueNorth<\/a><\/noindex>. Ai simulohet aktivitetin e nj\u00eb milioni neuron\u00ebve dhe 256 milion sinapseve.<\/p>\n

Punon p\u00ebr procesor\u00ebt neuromorfik\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm IBM. Kompania Intel q\u00eb nga viti 2017 po zhvillon<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e7ipi Loihi. N\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen e tij ka 130 mij\u00eb neuron\u00eb artificial\u00eb dhe 130 milion sinapse. Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb kompania p\u00ebrfundoi<\/a><\/noindex> zhvilloi prototipin sipas procesit teknologjik 14-nm.<\/p>\n

Dispozitat neuromorfike lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtojn\u00eb m\u00ebsimin e rrjeteve neuronale. K\u00ebto \u00e7ipa, ndryshe nga procesor\u00ebt klasik\u00eb, nuk kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb kthehen rregullisht te regjistrat apo memorja p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. T\u00eb gjitha informacionet ruhen vazhdimisht n\u00eb neuron\u00ebt artificial\u00eb. Kjo ve\u00e7ori do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb m\u00ebsimin e rrjeteve neuronale n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb lokale (pa u lidhur me nj\u00eb depoje t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb testuara).<\/p>\n

Pritet q\u00eb procesor\u00ebt neuromorfik\u00eb t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb smartphone dhe pajisje t\u00eb Internetit t\u00eb Gj\u00ebrave. Por p\u00ebr momentin, nuk mund t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb implementim masiv t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb n\u00eb pajisjet p\u00ebrdoruese.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Makinerit\u00eb kuantike<\/h2>\n

\nBaza e kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik jan\u00eb kubitet. Puna e tyre bazohet n\u00eb parimet e fizik\u00ebs kuantike - nd\u00ebrlidhjes dhe superpozit\u00ebs. Superpozita lejon q\u00eb kubitet t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendjen zero dhe nj\u00eb her\u00ebsh. Nd\u00ebrlidhja \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fenomen ku gjendjet e disa kubiteve lidhen ngusht\u00ebsisht. Ky qasje lejon kryerjen e operacioneve me zero dhe nj\u00eb her\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e IBM Research<\/a><\/noindex> CC BY-NA<\/i><\/p>\n

Si rezultat, kompjuter\u00ebt kuantik zgjidhin nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb problemesh shum\u00eb m\u00eb shpejt se sistemet tradicionale. Disa shembuj mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> nd\u00ebrtimi i modeleve matematikore n\u00eb fushat financiare, kimike dhe mjek\u00ebsore, si dhe operacionet kriptografike.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nSot, zhvillimi i llogaritjeve kuantike po merret nga nj\u00eb num\u00ebr relativisht i vog\u00ebl kompanish. Nd\u00ebr to mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim IBM me kompjuterin e tyre 50-kubit<\/a><\/noindex> kuantik, Intel me 49-kubit<\/a><\/noindex> dhe InoQ, e cila po teston nj\u00eb pajisje 79-kubit<\/a><\/noindex>. Po ashtu, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb punojn\u00eb Google<\/a><\/noindex>, Rigetti<\/a><\/noindex> dhe D-Wave<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket zbatimit masiv t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve kuantik, \u00ebsht\u00eb ende her\u00ebt t\u00eb flasim. Edhe n\u00ebse nuk merret parasysh kostoja e lart\u00eb e pajisjeve, ato kan\u00eb kufizime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha teknologjike.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, makinat kuantike punojn\u00eb n\u00eb temperatura t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me zero absolute<\/a><\/noindex>. Prandaj, k\u00ebto pajisje vendosen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb laboratore t\u00eb specializuara. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e detyrueshme p\u00ebr mbrojtjen e kubiteve delikate, q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb superpozit\u00ebn p\u00ebr disa sekonda (\u00e7do ndryshim temperaturor \u00e7on n\u00eb dekoherenc\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit, IBM prezantuan<\/a><\/noindex> prezantoi nj\u00eb kompjuter kuantik, i cili mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb jasht\u00eb laboratoreve me nj\u00eb mjedis t\u00eb kontrolluar rrept\u00ebsisht - p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb qendrat lokale t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kompanive. Por pajisjen nuk mund ta blini ende, mund vet\u00ebm ta qironi fuqit\u00eb e saj p\u00ebrmes platform\u00ebs cloud. Kompania premton se n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen ky kompjuter do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr \u00e7do d\u00ebshmitar, por kur do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb kjo - nuk dihet akoma.<\/p>\n

\nMaterialet nga kanali yn\u00eb n\u00eb Telegram:<\/p>\n