{"id":35583,"date":"2019-10-31T22:05:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/kakimi-mogut-byt-vychislitelnye-sistemy-budushhego\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:05:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:05:11","slug":"kakimi-mogut-byt-vychislitelnye-sistemy-budushhego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/kakimi-mogut-byt-vychislitelnye-sistemy-budushhego","title":{"rendered":"Si t\u00eb duken sistemet kompjuterike t\u00eb s\u00eb ardhmes","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ne po flasim rreth noviteteve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb shfaqen n\u00eb qendrat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe jo vet\u00ebm aty.<\/h4>\n

\n\"Si<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e jesse orrico<\/a><\/noindex> Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Konsiderohet se tranzistor\u00ebt e silikonit po afrohen n\u00eb kufirin e tyre teknologjik. Her\u00ebn e fundit ne fol\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr materialet q\u00eb mund t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb silikonin dhe diskutuam<\/a><\/noindex> qasje alternative p\u00ebr zhvillimin e tranzistor\u00ebve. Sot po flasim rreth koncepteve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb transformojn\u00eb principet e funksionimit t\u00eb sistemeve tradicionale t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve: makinave kuantike, \u00e7ipave neuromorfik\u00eb dhe kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb ADN<\/b>.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Komputer\u00ebt ADN<\/h2>\n

\nKjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor kapacitetet llogarit\u00ebse t\u00eb molekulave t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Fije t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga kat\u00ebr baza azotike: citozina, adenina, guanina dhe timina. Duke i lidhur ato n\u00eb nj\u00eb renditje t\u00eb caktuar, mund t\u00eb kodifikojm\u00eb informacionin. P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndryshuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat, p\u00ebrdoren enzima speciale q\u00eb, me an\u00eb t\u00eb reaksioneve kimike, p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb zinxhir\u00ebt e ADN-s\u00eb dhe gjithashtu i premtojn\u00eb dhe shkurtojn\u00eb ata. T\u00eb tilla reaksione mund t\u00eb kryhen n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb molekul\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, \u00e7ka lejon kryerjen e llogaritjeve paralele.<\/p>\n

Computeri i par\u00eb baze mbi ADN-n\u00eb u prezantua n\u00eb vitin 1994. Profesori i bioteknologjis\u00eb dhe shkencave kompjuterike Leonard Adleman<\/a><\/noindex> (Leonard Adleman) p\u00ebrdori disa tub\u00eb me miliarda molekula ADN-je p\u00ebr t\u00eb provuar zgjidhjen e problemit t\u00eb shit\u00ebsit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr nj\u00eb graf me shtat\u00eb kreut. Kreu dhe skajet Adleman i em\u00ebrtoi me fragmente ADN-je me nj\u00ebzet baza azotike, dhe m\u00eb pas aplikoi metod\u00ebn reaksionit t\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb polimeraz\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex> (PZR).<\/p>\n

Dob\u00ebsia e kompjuterit t\u00eb Adleman ishte \"ngusht\u00ebsia\" e tij. Ai ishte projektuar p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e nj\u00eb problemi dhe nuk mund t\u00eb kryente t\u00eb tjera. Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, situata \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrruar \u2014 n\u00eb fund t\u00eb marsit, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e universitetit t\u00eb Meynout dhe Institutit Teknologjik t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb paraqit\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> prezantuan<\/p>\n

nj\u00eb kompjuter, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin ngarkohet si sekuenca ADN-je dhe mund t\u00eb riprogramohet. Shkalla \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb hap\u00eb rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr nj\u00eb tip t\u00eb ri t\u00eb sistemeve kompjuterike, duhet t\u00eb zgjidhet problemi me futjen dhe daljen e ngadalshme t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (procesi i<\/a><\/noindex> sekuencimit<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n\u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i kushtuesh\u00ebm dhe zgjasin nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb). ekspert\u00ebt<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen kompjuter\u00ebt me ADN t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb desktop\u00ebve modern\u00eb do t\u00eb tejkalojn\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e superkompjuter\u00ebve. Ato do t\u00eb ken\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb qendrat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, q\u00eb merren me p\u00ebrpunimin e sasive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

Procesor\u00ebt neuromorfik\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nTermi \u00abneuromorfik\u00bb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se arkitektura e \u00e7ipit bazohet n\u00eb parimet e funksionimit t\u00eb trurit njer\u00ebzor. K\u00ebta procesor\u00eb simulojn\u00eb funksionimin e miliona neuroneve me deg\u00ebzime, t\u00eb cilat quhen aksona dhe dendrite. Aksonet jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr transmetimin e informacionit, nd\u00ebrsa dendritet p\u00ebr e perceptimin e tij. Neuronet jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn p\u00ebrmes sinapseve \u2013 kontakteve speciale, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cilave kalojn\u00eb sinjalet elektrike (impulset nervore).<\/p>\n

Iden\u00eb p\u00ebr krijimin e sistemeve neuromorfike e nisi p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb vitet 1990<\/a><\/noindex>. Por p\u00ebr zhvillimet serioze n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb u morr\u00ebn pas viteve 2000. Specialist\u00ebt nga IBM Research nisi<\/a><\/noindex> projektin SyNAPSE, q\u00eb kishte si q\u00ebllim zhvillimin e nj\u00eb kompjuteri me nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb q\u00eb ndryshon nga ajo e Von Neumann. N\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebtij projekti, kompania projektoi \u00e7ipin TrueNorth<\/a><\/noindex>. Ai simulojn\u00eb funksionimin e nj\u00eb milioni neuroneve dhe 256 miliona sinapseve.<\/p>\n

Jo nuk jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb IBM q\u00eb punojn\u00eb me procesor\u00ebt neuromorfik\u00eb. Kompania Intel q\u00eb nga viti 2017 po zhvillon<\/a><\/noindex> \u00e7ipin Loihi. Ai p\u00ebrmban 130 mij\u00eb neurone artificiale dhe 130 milion sinapse. Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb par\u00eb, kompania perfekted<\/a><\/noindex> prototipin me procesin teknologjik 14-nanometrik.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto pajisje neuromorfike lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb shpejtojn\u00eb m\u00ebsimin e rrjeteve nervore. K\u00ebtyre \u00e7ipave, ndryshe nga procesor\u00ebt klasik\u00eb, nuk u nevojitet t\u00eb ken\u00eb vazhdimisht qasje n\u00eb regjistra ose memorie p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat. T\u00eb gjitha informacionet ruhen vazhdimisht n\u00eb neuronet artificiale. Kjo ve\u00e7ori do t\u00eb mund\u00ebsoj\u00eb m\u00ebsimin e rrjeteve nervore lokal (pa u lidhur me nj\u00eb depo me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna testuese).<\/p>\n

Pritet q\u00eb procesor\u00ebt neuromorfik\u00eb t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb aplikim n\u00eb smartphone dhe pajisje t\u00eb internetit t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave. Por p\u00ebr momentin, nuk mund t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb zbatim masiv t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb n\u00eb pajisjet p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Makinat kuantike<\/h2>\n

\nThe foundation of quantum computers consists of qubits. Their operation is based on the principles of quantum physics \u2014 entanglement and superposition. Superposition allows a qubit to exist in a state of both zero and one simultaneously. Entanglement is a phenomenon where the states of multiple qubits become interrelated. This approach allows operations with zero and one to be performed at the same time.<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n\/ \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e IBM Research<\/a><\/noindex> CC BY-NA<\/i><\/p>\n

As a result, quantum computers solve a number of problems much faster than traditional systems. Examples can include<\/a><\/noindex> building mathematical models in finance, chemistry, and medicine, as well as cryptographic operations.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nTo date, a relatively small number of companies are engaged in the development of quantum computing. Among them, IBM is notable with their 50-qubit<\/a><\/noindex> quantum computer, Intel with their 49-qubit<\/a><\/noindex> and InoQ, which is testing a 79-qubit device.<\/a><\/noindex>There are also Google<\/a><\/noindex>, Rigetti<\/a><\/noindex> dhe D-Wave<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

It is still too early to talk about the widespread adoption of quantum computers. Even without considering the high cost of the devices, they have serious technological limitations.<\/p>\n

Specifikisht, makinat kuantike punojn\u00eb n\u00eb temperatura t\u00eb af\u00ebrta me zero absolut<\/a><\/noindex>. Prandaj, k\u00ebto pajisje vendosen vet\u00ebm n\u00eb laborator\u00eb t\u00eb specializuar. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb e detyrueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbrojtur kubitet e brisht\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt mund t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesin superpozit\u00ebn p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm disa sekonda (\u00e7do l\u00ebvizje termike \u00e7on n\u00eb dekoherec\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n

. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit IBM paraqit\u00ebn<\/a><\/noindex> ka zhvilluar nj\u00eb kompjuter kuantik q\u00eb mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb jasht\u00eb laboratorit me nj\u00eb ambient t\u00eb kontrolluar rrept\u00ebsisht \u2014 p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb qendrat lokale t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kompanive. Por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ende e mundur t\u00eb blini pajisjen, mund t\u00eb merrni p\u00ebr qira kapacitetet e saj p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb platforme cloud. Kompania premton se n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, \u00e7do d\u00ebshiroj do t\u00eb mund ta blej\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kompjuter, por ende nuk dihet se kur do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\nMaterialet nga kanali yn\u00eb n\u00eb Telegram:<\/p>\n