{"id":35921,"date":"2019-10-31T22:07:35","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nemnogo-o-standartah-kosmicheskoj-svyazi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:07:35","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:35","slug":"nemnogo-o-standartah-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nemnogo-o-standartah-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","title":{"rendered":"Pak p\u00ebr standardet e komunikimit hap\u00ebsinor","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pak
\nSateliti Meteor M1
\nBurimi: vladtime.ru<\/i><\/p>\n

Hyrje<\/h2>\n

\nEksplorimi i teknologjis\u00eb hap\u00ebsinore \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundur pa komunikim radio, dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqem t\u00eb shpjegoj idet\u00eb kryesore q\u00eb jan\u00eb themeli i standarteve t\u00eb zhvilluara nga Komiteti K\u00ebshillues p\u00ebr Sistemet e Transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb Hap\u00ebsir\u00eb (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems \u2013 CCSDS. Kjo akronim do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret m\u00eb von\u00eb).<\/p>\n

Ky publikim do t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohet kryesisht n\u00eb nivelin e kanalit, megjithat\u00eb konceptet kryesore p\u00ebr nivelet e tjera gjithashtu do t\u00eb futen. Artikulli nuk pretendon t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb standarteve. Mund t\u00eb shiheni me to n\u00eb t\u00eb internetit<\/a><\/noindex> CCSDS. Megjithat\u00eb, ato jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar, dhe p\u00ebr t'i kuptuar ne kemi kaluar nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme, prandaj k\u00ebtu do t\u00eb paraqes informacione baz\u00eb, q\u00eb me t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb kuptohet gjith\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr. Pra, le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Misioni fisnik i CCSDS<\/h2>\n

\nMund t\u00eb lind\u00eb pyetja: pse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahen nga standardet, n\u00ebse mund t\u00eb zhvillojm\u00eb nj\u00eb zakon t\u00eb pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb protokolleve t\u00eb komunikimit radio (ose nj\u00eb standard t\u00eb ri, me blackjack dhe funksione t\u00eb reja), duke rritur k\u00ebshtu sigurin\u00eb e sistemit?<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 tregon praktika, \u00ebsht\u00eb me fitim t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahesh nga standardet CCSDS p\u00ebr nj\u00eb seri arsyesh:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. N\u00eb komitetin q\u00eb merret me publikimin e standardeve jan\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues nga t\u00eb gjitha agjencit\u00eb e m\u00ebdha hap\u00ebsinore n\u00eb bot\u00eb, duke sjell\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb \u00e7muar t\u00eb fituar gjat\u00eb shum\u00eb viteve t\u00eb projektimit dhe funksionimit t\u00eb misioneve t\u00eb ndryshme. Do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme t\u00eb injorohej kjo p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb dhe t\u00eb kalohej p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat gabime.<\/li>\n
  2. K\u00ebto standarde mb\u00ebshteten nga pajisjet ekzistuese n\u00eb treg p\u00ebr stacionet tok\u00ebsore.<\/li>\n
  3. Gjat\u00eb diagnoz\u00ebs s\u00eb ndonj\u00eb prapambetjeje, gjithmon\u00eb mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoni ndihm\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt nga agjencit\u00eb e tjera, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb ata t\u00eb kryejn\u00eb nj\u00eb seanc\u00eb komunikimi me aparatin nga stacioni i tyre tok\u00ebsor. Si\u00e7 e shihni, standardet jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb dobishme, prandaj le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb pikat e tyre kryesore.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Arkitektura<\/h2>\n

    \nStandardet jan\u00eb nj\u00eb grup dokumentesh q\u00eb pasqyrojn\u00eb modelin m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm OSI (Open System Interconnection), p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se n\u00eb nivelin e kanalit, ngjashm\u00ebria kufizohet n\u00eb ndarjen e telemetris\u00eb (kanali \"posht\u00eb\" \u2014 hap\u00ebsir\u00eb \u2013 Tok\u00eb) dhe telekomandave (kanali \"lart\u00eb\").<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nLe t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb disa nivele m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje, duke filluar nga niveli fizik dhe l\u00ebvizur lart. P\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb qart\u00ebsi, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn e an\u00ebs pranues. An\u00ebs transmetuese \u00ebsht\u00eb pasqyra e saj.<\/p>\n

    Niveli fizik<\/h2>\n

    \nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel, ndodhi konvertimi i sinjalit radio t\u00eb moduluer n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb bit\u00ebsh. Standardet k\u00ebtu kan\u00eb kryesisht natyr\u00eb rekomanduse, pasi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb abstretohet nga zbatimi specifik t\u00eb harduerit. Roli kryesor i CCSDS \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb modulimet e pranueshme (BPSK, QPSK, 8-QAM etj.) dhe t\u00eb jap\u00eb disa rekomandime p\u00ebr zbatimin e mekanizmave t\u00eb sinkronizimit simbol, kompensimit t\u00eb zhvendosjes Doppler etj.<\/p>\n

    Niveli i sinkronizimit dhe kodimit<\/h2>\n

    \nFormalisht \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb n\u00ebnnivel i nivelit t\u00eb kanalit, megjithat\u00eb shpesh ngjitet si nj\u00eb nivel i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb tij n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb standardeve CCSDS. Ky nivel transformon rrjedh\u00ebn bit\u00ebsh n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb quhet korniza (telemetrie ose telekomand\u00eb), p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb flasim m\u00eb von\u00eb. N\u00eb dallim nga sinkronizimi simbol n\u00eb nivelin fizik, i cili lejon t\u00eb mbushim nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb bit\u00ebsh, k\u00ebtu kryhet sinkronizimi i korniz\u00ebs. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb rrug\u00ebn q\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel (nga posht\u00eb lart):<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nMegjithat\u00eb, para se t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb themi disa fjal\u00eb mbi kodimin. Kjo procedur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur dhe\/ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar gabimet e bit\u00ebve, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb pashmangshme n\u00eb d\u00ebrgimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmes kanalit radio. K\u00ebtu nuk do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb procedurat e dekodimit, por vet\u00ebm do t\u00eb marrim informacionin e nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar logjik\u00ebn e m\u00ebtejshme t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb nivelit. <\/p>\n

    Kodet mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb bllok dhe t\u00eb vazhdueshme. Standardet nuk e detyrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb caktuar kodimi, megjithat\u00eb ai si nj\u00eb koncept duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i pranish\u00ebm. Kodet e vazhdueshme jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura si kodet konvencionale (convolutional). Me to kodifikohet nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb bit\u00ebsh t\u00eb vazhdueshme. N\u00eb dallim nga kodet bllok, ku t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ndahen n\u00eb blloqe kodimi (codeblock), dhe mund t\u00eb dekodifikohen vet\u00ebm brenda blloqeve t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Nj\u00eb bllok kodimi p\u00ebrfshin t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e d\u00ebrguara dhe informacionin e tep\u00ebrt t\u00eb bashkangjitur, i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb e marrjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar gabimet e mundshme. Kodet bllok p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb kodet e njohura t\u00eb Reed-Solomon.<\/p>\n

    N\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoret kodimi konvolucian, rrjedha e bit\u00ebve nga fillimi kalon n\u00eb dekoder. Rezultati i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tij (n\u00eb fakt, gjith\u00eb kjo ndodh vazhdimisht) jan\u00eb blloqet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave CADU (channel access data unit). Kjo struktur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr sinkronizimin e kadrove. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb \u00e7do CADU \u00ebsht\u00eb i bashkangjitur nj\u00eb markues sinkronizimi (ASM \u2013 attached synch maker). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb 4 byte t\u00eb njohura m\u00eb par\u00eb, me t\u00eb cilat sinkronizuesi gjen fillimin dhe fundin e CADU. K\u00ebshtu arrihet sinkronizimi i kadrove.<\/p>\n

    Hapi tjet\u00ebr opsional i funksionit t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb sinkronizimit dhe kodimit lidhet me ve\u00e7orit\u00eb e funksionimit t\u00eb nivelit fizik. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb de-randomizimi. Kjo sepse p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur sinkronizimin simbolik, jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme kalime t\u00eb shpeshta midis simboleve. Pra, n\u00ebse ne do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonim, p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb kilobajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen ekskluzivisht nga nj\u00ebsi, sinkronizimi do t\u00eb humbiste. Prandaj, gjat\u00eb transmetimit, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat hyr\u00ebse p\u00ebrzihen me nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb pseudoreale periodike, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb densiteti i zeros dhe nj\u00ebsa t\u00eb jet\u00eb i barabart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    M\u00eb pas ndodh dekodimi i kodit bllok, dhe ajo q\u00eb mbetet do t\u00eb jet\u00eb produkti p\u00ebrfundimtar i nivelit t\u00eb sinkronizimit dhe kodimit \u2013 kadri.<\/p>\n

    Niveli kanalor<\/h2>\n

    \nNga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, p\u00ebrpunuesi i nivelit kanalor merr kadro, dhe nga ana tjet\u00ebr l\u00ebshon paketa. Duke qen\u00eb se formalisht, madh\u00ebsia e pakove nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar, p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e tyre t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t'i ndajm\u00eb ato n\u00eb struktura m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla \u2013 kadro. K\u00ebtu do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb dy n\u00ebnndarje: nj\u00ebra p\u00ebr telemetrin\u00eb (TM) dhe tjetra p\u00ebr telekomandat (TC).<\/p>\n

    Telemetri<\/h3>\n

    \nThjesht, k\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb stacioni tok\u00ebsor merr nga K\u0410. T\u00eb gjitha informacionet e d\u00ebrguara ndahen n\u00eb fragmente t\u00eb vogla me gjat\u00ebsi fikse \u2013 kadro, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e d\u00ebrguara dhe fushat sh\u00ebrbyese. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e kadros m\u00eb holl\u00ebsisht:<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nDhe le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb shqyrtimin me titullin kryesor t\u00eb kadros s\u00eb telemetris\u00eb. M\u00eb pas do t\u00eb lejoj veten q\u00eb n\u00eb disa raste thjesht t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthej standardet, duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb disa shpjegime n\u00eb kalim.<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nFusha e identifikuesit t\u00eb kanalit kryesor (Master Channel ID) duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb numrin e versionit t\u00eb kadros dhe identifikuesin e aparatit.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7do K\u0410, sipas standardeve CCSDS, duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb identifikues unik, me t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet, duke pasur kadron, se cilit aparat i p\u00ebrket. Formalisht \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr regjistrimin e aparatit, dhe emri i tij, s\u00eb bashku me identifikuesin, do t\u00eb publikohet n\u00eb burime t\u00eb hapura. Megjithat\u00eb, shpesh prodhuesit rus\u00eb e injorojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb procedur\u00eb, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb aparatit nj\u00eb identifikues t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Numri i versionit t\u00eb kadros ndihmon n\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktimin e cilit version standardesh po p\u00ebrdoret, p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar sakt\u00ebsisht kadron. K\u00ebtu do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm standardin m\u00eb konservator me versionin '0'.<\/i><\/p>\n

    N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e identifikuesit t\u00eb kanaleve virtuale (Virtual Channel ID) duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahen VCID e kanalit nga i cili erdhi paketa. Nuk ka kufizime n\u00eb zgjedhjen e VCID, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht kanalet virtuale nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb num\u00ebrohen n\u00eb rend t\u00eb rregullt.<\/p>\n

    Shpesh ndodh nevoja p\u00ebr t\u00eb shum\u00ebfishuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e d\u00ebrguara. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ekziston mekanizmi i kanaleve virtuale. P\u00ebr shembull, sateliti Meteor-M2 transmeton nj\u00eb imazh ngjyr\u00eb n\u00eb diapazonin e duksh\u00ebm, duke e ndar\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb tre imazhe t\u00eb bardha e zi \u2013 secila ngjyr\u00eb transmetohet n\u00eb kanalin e saj virtual me nj\u00eb paket\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb strukturen e kadrove t\u00eb tij ka disa devijime nga standardet.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Fusha e flamurit t\u00eb Kontrollit Operacional duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues i pranis\u00eb ose munges\u00ebs s\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb Kontrollit Operacional n\u00eb kadron e telemetris\u00eb. K\u00ebto 4 byte n\u00eb fund t\u00eb kadros sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur komunikimin e pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb kthyer gjat\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb shp\u00ebtimit t\u00eb kadrove t\u00eb telekomandave. P\u00ebr to do t\u00eb flasim m\u00eb von\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    Num\u00ebruesit e kadrove t\u00eb kanalit kryesor dhe atij virtual jan\u00eb fusha q\u00eb rriten me nj\u00ebsi \u00e7do her\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet nj\u00eb kad\u00ebr. Sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si tregues se asnj\u00eb kad\u00ebr nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb humbur.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Statusi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kadros s\u00eb telemetris\u00eb \u2013 jan\u00eb dy byte t\u00eb flamujve dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, nga t\u00eb cilat ne do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm disa.<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nFusha e flamurit t\u00eb titullit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb (Secondary Header) duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues i pranis\u00eb ose munges\u00ebs s\u00eb titullit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb (Secondary Header) n\u00eb kadron e telemetris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    N\u00ebse d\u00ebshironi, mund t\u00eb shtoni nj\u00eb titull t\u00eb dyt\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do kad\u00ebr dhe t\u00eb vendosni aty \u00e7do informacion sipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs tuaj.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Fusha e treguesit p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb (First Header Pointer), kur vlera e flamurit t\u00eb sinkronizimit \u00ebsht\u00eb \"1\", duhet t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin binar t\u00eb pozicionit t\u00eb octetit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb Paket\u00ebs n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (Data Field) t\u00eb kuadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb. Pozita matet nga 0 n\u00eb rritje nga fillimi i fush\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. N\u00ebse nuk ka fillim pakete n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kuadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb fusha e treguesit p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb vler\u00ebn n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin binar \"11111111111\" (kjo mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00ebse nj\u00eb paket\u00eb e gjat\u00eb shtrihet m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb kuadrin). <\/p>\n

    N\u00ebse fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb paket\u00eb bosh (Idle Data), at\u00ebher\u00eb treguesi p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb vler\u00ebn n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin binar \"11111111110\". Me k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, marr\u00ebsi duhet t\u00eb realizoj\u00eb sinkronizimin e fluxit. Kjo fush\u00eb garanton rivendosjen e sinkronizimit madje edhe n\u00eb rastin e humbjes s\u00eb kuadrave.<\/p>\n

    Pra, paketa mund, t\u00eb themi, t\u00eb filloj\u00eb n\u00eb mes t\u00eb kuadrit t\u00eb 4-t\u00eb dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb kuadrit t\u00eb 20-t\u00eb. Ky tregues sh\u00ebrben pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur fillimin e saj. Paketat gjithashtu kan\u00eb nj\u00eb titull, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar gjat\u00ebsia e saj, prandaj, n\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebn e treguesit p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb, p\u00ebrpunuesi i nivelit t\u00eb kanalit duhet ta lexoj\u00eb at\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrcaktuar k\u00ebshtu se ku do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb paketa.<\/i>
    \nN\u00ebse fusha e kontrollit t\u00eb gabimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme, ajo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pranishme n\u00eb \u00e7do kuad\u00ebr telemetrie p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kanal fizik t\u00eb caktuar gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb misjonit.<\/p>\n

    Kjo fush\u00eb llogaritet duke p\u00ebrdorur metod\u00ebn CRC. Procesi duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb n-16 bit t\u00eb kuadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vendos\u00eb rezultatin e llogaritjes n\u00eb 16 bit\u00ebt e fundit.<\/p>\n

    Telekomandat<\/h4>\n

    \nKuadri i telekomandave ka disa dallime t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Mes tyre:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb e ndryshme titulli<\/li>\n
    2. Gjat\u00ebsi dinamike. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se gjat\u00ebsia e kuadrit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb telemetri, por mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb paketave q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen.<\/li>\n
    3. Mekanizmi i garanti t\u00eb dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb paketave. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se K\u0410 duhet, pas marrjes, t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb e pranimit t\u00eb kuadrave, ose t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb d\u00ebrgimin e ri nga kuadri q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb pranuar me nj\u00eb gabim t\u00eb paidentifikuesh\u00ebm.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\"Pak
      \n
      \n\"Pak
      \n
      \nMjaft fusha jan\u00eb tashm\u00eb t\u00eb njohura nga titulli i kuadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb. Ato kan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin q\u00ebllim, prandaj k\u00ebtu do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm fushat e reja.<\/p>\n

      Nj\u00eb bit flamuri duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr kontrollin e verifikimit t\u00eb kuadrave n\u00eb marr\u00ebs. Vlera \"0\" e k\u00ebtij flamuri duhet t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb se ky kuad\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb kuad\u00ebr i tipit A dhe verifikimi duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet sipas FARM. Vlera \"1\" e k\u00ebtij flamuri duhet ta informoj\u00eb marr\u00ebsin se ky kuad\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb kuad\u00ebr i tipit B dhe duhet t\u00eb shmangen verifikimi sipas FARM.<\/p>\n

      Ky flamur informon marr\u00ebsin n\u00ebse duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb mekanizmin e konfirmimit t\u00eb dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb kuadrave, i quajtur FARM \u2014 Mekanizmi i Pranimit dhe Reportimit t\u00eb Kuadrave.<\/i><\/p>\n

      Flamuri i komand\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar n\u00ebse fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave transporton nj\u00eb komand\u00eb ose t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. N\u00ebse flamuri \u00ebsht\u00eb \"0\", at\u00ebher\u00eb fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. N\u00ebse flamuri \u00ebsht\u00eb \"1\", at\u00ebher\u00eb fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb informacion kontrolli p\u00ebr FARM.
      \nFARM p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb automatik t\u00eb fundit, parametrat e t\u00eb cilit mund t\u00eb personalizohen.<\/i><\/p>\n

      RSVD. SPARE - bita t\u00eb rezervuar.<\/p>\n

      Duket se CCSDS ka plane p\u00ebr to n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar p\u00ebrputhshm\u00ebrin\u00eb mbrapa t\u00eb versioneve t\u00eb protokollit ata kan\u00eb rezervuar k\u00ebta bita q\u00eb tani n\u00eb versionet aktuale t\u00eb standartit.<\/i><\/p>\n

      Fusha e gjat\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb kuadrave duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsim binar, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjat\u00ebsia e kuadrit n\u00eb oktet minus nj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

      Fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kuadrave duhet t\u00eb vij\u00eb pas titullit pa ndarje dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00eb oktetesh, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi maksimale prej 1019 oktetesh. Kjo fush\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb ose bllok t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb kuadrit, ose informacionin e komand\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit. Blloku i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kuadrit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb:<\/p>\n