{"id":35921,"date":"2019-10-31T22:07:35","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nemnogo-o-standartah-kosmicheskoj-svyazi\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:07:35","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:07:35","slug":"nemnogo-o-standartah-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nemnogo-o-standartah-kosmicheskoj-svyazi","title":{"rendered":"Pak p\u00ebr standardet e lidhjes hap\u00ebsinore","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Pak
\nSatelliti Meteor M1
\nBurimi: vladtime.ru<\/i><\/p>\n

Hyrje<\/h2>\n

\nEksplorimi i teknologjis\u00eb kozmike nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur pa komunikim radio, dhe n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqem t\u00eb shpjegoj idet\u00eb kryesore q\u00eb q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb themel t\u00eb standardeve t\u00eb zhvilluara nga Komiteti Konsultativ p\u00ebr Sistemet e Transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave Kozmike (Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems \u2013 CCSDS. Kjo akronim do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret m\u00eb tej).<\/p>\n

Ky publikim do t\u00eb jet\u00eb kryesisht i dedikuar nivelit kanalisor, megjithat\u00eb konceptet kryesore p\u00ebr nivelet e tjera do t\u00eb prezantohen gjithashtu. Ky artikull nuk pretendon n\u00eb asnj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb plot\u00eb dhe t\u00eb detajuar t\u00eb standardeve. Mund t\u00eb njiheni me to n\u00eb website<\/a><\/noindex> CCSDS. Megjithat\u00eb, ato jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u kuptuar, dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar ato, kemi shpenzuar nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme, prandaj k\u00ebtu do t\u00eb jap informacionin baz\u00eb, q\u00eb do ta b\u00ebj\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb leht\u00eb kuptimin e t\u00eb tjerave. Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Misioni fisnik i CCSDS<\/h2>\n

\nNdoshta, dikujt mund t'i lind\u00eb pyetja: p\u00ebrse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb duhet t\u00eb respektojn\u00eb standardet, n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb zhvillohet nj\u00eb grup protokollesh pronar (ose nj\u00eb standard i vet\u00eb, me blackjack dhe ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb reja), duke rritur k\u00ebshtu sigurin\u00eb e sistemit?<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 tregon praktika, \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e dobishme t\u00eb respektohen standardet e CCSDS p\u00ebr nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb arsyeje:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. N\u00eb komitetin q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr publikimin e standardeve, marrin pjes\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e t\u00eb gjitha agjencive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha kozmike t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, duke sjell\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb \u00e7muar, t\u00eb fituar gjat\u00eb shum\u00eb vitesh t\u00eb projektimit dhe eksplorimit t\u00eb misioneve t\u00eb ndryshme. Do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme t\u00eb injorohej kjo p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritej gabimi i tyre.<\/li>\n
  2. K\u00ebto standarde mb\u00ebshteten nga pajisjet e tashme n\u00eb treg t\u00eb stacioneve tok\u00ebsore.<\/li>\n
  3. Gjat\u00eb zhdukjes s\u00eb ndonj\u00eb defekti, gjithmon\u00eb mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoni ndihm\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt e agjencive t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebr t'i b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb seanc\u00eb komunikimi aparatit nga stacioni i tyre tok\u00ebsor. Si\u00e7 e shihni, standardet jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb dobishme, prandaj le t\u00eb analizojm\u00eb momentet e tyre kryesore.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Arkitektura<\/h2>\n

    \nStandardet p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb grup dokumentesh q\u00eb pasqyrojn\u00eb modelin m\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm OSI (Open System Interconnection), p\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit se n\u00eb nivelin kanalisor, p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebsia kufizohet n\u00eb ndarjen e telemetris\u00eb (kanali 'posht\u00eb' \u2013 hap\u00ebsira \u2013 Toka) dhe telekomandave (kanali 'lart').<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nLe t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb disa nivele n\u00eb detaje, duke filluar me nivelin fizik dhe duke u ngjitur m\u00eb lart. P\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb qart\u00ebsi, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn e an\u00ebs marr\u00ebse. An\u00ebs d\u00ebrguese i p\u00ebrgjigjet pasqyrimi i saj.<\/p>\n

    Niveli fizik<\/h2>\n

    \nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel ndodh transformimi i sinjalit t\u00eb moduluar t\u00eb radios n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb bitore. Standardet k\u00ebtu jan\u00eb kryesisht rekomanduese, pasi n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb abstenohet nga zbatimi specifik i harduerit. Roli kryesor i CCSDS \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb modula t\u00eb pranueshme (BPSK, QPSK, 8-QAM etj.) dhe t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb disa rekomandime p\u00ebr realizimin e mekanizmave t\u00eb sinkronizimit simbolik, kompensimin e shiftit Doppler etj.<\/p>\n

    Niveli i sinkronizimit dhe kodimit<\/h2>\n

    \nFormalisht \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb n\u00ebn-nivel i nivelit kanalor, megjithat\u00eb shpesh nxirret si nj\u00eb nivel i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb tij n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb standardeve CCSDS. Ky nivel transformon rrjedh\u00ebn bitore n\u00eb ato q\u00eb quhen kadra (telemetri apo telekomanda), p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb flasim m\u00eb von\u00eb. N\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me sinkronizimin simbolik n\u00eb nivelin fizik, i cili lejon marrjen e nj\u00eb rrjedhe bitore t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, k\u00ebtu kryhet sinkronizimi i kadrave. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb rrug\u00ebn q\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb nivel (nga posht\u00eb lart):<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nMegjithat\u00eb, para se t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb themi disa fjal\u00eb mbi kodimin. Kjo procedur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur dhe \/ ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar gabimet bitore, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb pashmangshme gjat\u00eb d\u00ebrgimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmes kanalit t\u00eb radios. K\u00ebtu nuk do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb procedurat e dekodimit, vet\u00ebm do t\u00eb marrim informacionin e nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar logjik\u00ebn e m\u00ebtejshme t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb nivelit. <\/p>\n

    Kodet mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb bllok dhe t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm. Standardet nuk detyrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb caktuar kodimi, megjithat\u00eb, kjo procedur\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pranishme. Kodet e vazhdueshme jan\u00eb kodet konvolucionale. Me to kodifikohet nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb e vazhdueshme bitore. N\u00eb dallim nga kodet bllok, ku t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat ndahen n\u00eb blloqe kodimi (codeblock), dhe mund t\u00eb dekodifikohen vet\u00ebm brenda blloqeve t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Blloku kodifikues p\u00ebrb\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen dhe informacionin shtes\u00eb t\u00eb bashkangjitur, e nevojshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb e marrjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb korrigjuar gabimet e mundshme. Midis kod\u00ebve bllok p\u00ebrfshihen kodet e njohura t\u00eb Reed-Solomon.<\/p>\n

    N\u00ebse po p\u00ebrdoret kodimi konvolucional, rrjedha e bit\u00ebve nga fillimi shkon n\u00eb dekoder. Rezultati i k\u00ebsaj pune (gjith\u00e7ka ndodh natyrsh\u00ebm) jan\u00eb blloqet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave CADU (kanal akses nj\u00ebsia e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave). Kjo struktur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr sinkronizimin e kadrit. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb \u00e7do CADU shtohet nj\u00eb marcator sinkronizimi (ASM \u2013 attached synch maker). K\u00ebto jan\u00eb kat\u00ebr byte t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebrpara, sipas t\u00eb cilave sinkronizatori gjen fillimin dhe fundin e CADU. K\u00ebshtu arrihet sinkronizimi i kadrit.<\/p>\n

    Hapi tjet\u00ebr opsional i pun\u00ebs n\u00eb nivelin e sinkronizimit dhe kodimit \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me karakteristikat e funksionimit t\u00eb nivelit fizik. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb derandomizimi. Fakti \u00ebsht\u00eb se p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur sinkronizimin simbolik jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme kalime t\u00eb shpeshta midis simboleve. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb transferonim, le t\u00eb themi, nj\u00eb kilobajt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen ekskluzivisht nga nj\u00ebsit\u00eb, sinkronizimi do t\u00eb humbiste. Prandaj, gjat\u00eb transfert\u00ebs, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat hyr\u00ebse p\u00ebrzihen me nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb pseudolik\u00ebsore periodike, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb densiteti i zero dhe nj\u00ebsive t\u00eb jet\u00eb i barabart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    Nga k\u00ebtu, ndodh dekodimi i kodave bllok, dhe ajo q\u00eb mbetet do t\u00eb jet\u00eb produkti p\u00ebrfundimtar i nivelit t\u00eb sinkronizimit dhe kodimit \u2013 kadri.<\/p>\n

    Niveli i kanalit<\/h2>\n

    \nN\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn an\u00eb, procesori i nivelit t\u00eb kanalit merr kadro, dhe n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr jep paketa. N\u00ebse forma, madh\u00ebsia e pakove nuk kufizohet, p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e sigurt t\u00eb tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t'i ndajm\u00eb ato n\u00eb struktura m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla \u2013 kadra. K\u00ebtu do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb dy n\u00ebnnd\u00ebrndarje: ve\u00e7mas p\u00ebr telemetrin\u00eb (TM) dhe telekomandat (TC).<\/p>\n

    Telemetria<\/h3>\n

    \nThjesht, k\u00ebto jan\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb stacioni tok\u00ebsor merr nga sateliti. E gjith\u00eb informacioni i d\u00ebrguar ndahet n\u00eb fragmente t\u00eb vogla me gjat\u00ebsi fikse \u2013 kadra, t\u00eb cilat p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e d\u00ebrguara dhe fushat ndihm\u00ebse. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e kadres m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje:<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nDhe le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb thelb\u00ebsisht me titullin kryesor t\u00eb kadres s\u00eb telemetris\u00eb. Pastaj do t\u00eb lejoj veten t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthej standardet n\u00eb disa vende, duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb disa shpjegime t\u00eb kaluara.<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nFusha e identifikuesit t\u00eb kanalit kryesor (Master Channel ID) duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb numrin e versionit t\u00eb kadres dhe identifikuesin e aparatit.<\/p>\n

    \u00c7do KA, sipas standardeve CCSDS duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb identifikues unik, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cilit, duke pasur nj\u00eb kad\u00ebr, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet se kujt aparati i takon. Formalisht \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb dor\u00ebzohet nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb p\u00ebr regjistrimin e aparatit, dhe emri i tij, s\u00eb bashku me identifikuesin, do t\u00eb publikohet n\u00eb burime t\u00eb hapura. Megjithat\u00eb, shpesh prodhuesit rus\u00eb e injorojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb procedur\u00eb, duke i dh\u00ebn\u00eb aparatit nj\u00eb identifikues t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Numri i versionit t\u00eb kadrit ndihmon p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar se cili version standardesh po p\u00ebrdoret, p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar sakt\u00eb kadrin. K\u00ebtu do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm standardin m\u00eb konservator me versionin '0'.<\/i><\/p>\n

    N\u00eb fush\u00ebn e identifikuesit t\u00eb kanalit virtual (Virtual Channel ID) duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbahen VCID i atij kanali, nga i cili ka ardhur paketa. Nuk ka asnj\u00eb kufizim n\u00eb zgjedhjen e VCID, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti kanalet virtuale nuk jan\u00eb domosdoshm\u00ebrish t\u00eb num\u00ebrohen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme.<\/p>\n

    Shpesh ndodhet nevoja p\u00ebr t\u00eb shum\u00ebzuesuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e transmetuara. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb ekziston mekanizmi i kanaleve virtuale. P\u00ebr shembull, satelliti Meteor-M2 transmeton nj\u00eb imazh me ngjyra n\u00eb intervalin e duksh\u00ebm, duke e ndar\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb tre imazhe t\u00eb bardh\u00eb e zi - \u00e7do ngjyr\u00eb transmetohet n\u00eb kanalin e saj virtual n\u00eb nj\u00eb paket\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, ndon\u00ebse n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e kadrave t\u00eb tij ka disa devijime nga standardet.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Fusha e flamurit Operational Control duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues i pranish\u00ebm ose t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb fush\u00ebs Operational Control n\u00eb kadrin e telemetris\u00eb. K\u00ebto 4 byte n\u00eb fund t\u00eb kadrin sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur nj\u00eb feedback n\u00eb kontrollin e dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb kadrave t\u00eb telekomand\u00ebs. M\u00eb von\u00eb do t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr to.<\/p>\n

    Num\u00ebruesit e kadrave t\u00eb kanalit kryesor dhe atij virtual jan\u00eb fusha q\u00eb rriten me nj\u00ebra te \u00e7do d\u00ebrges\u00eb t\u00eb kadrin. Sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si indikator q\u00eb asnj\u00eb kad\u00ebr nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb humbur.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Statusi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kadrin t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu dy byte flamujsh dhe t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, nga t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm disa.<\/p>\n

    \"Pak
    \n
    \nFusha e flamurit t\u00eb titullit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb (Secondary Header) duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb tregues i pranish\u00ebm ose t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb titullit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb (Secondary Header) n\u00eb kadrin e telemetris\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    N\u00ebse d\u00ebshirohet, mund t\u00eb shtohet nj\u00eb titull i dyt\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do kad\u00ebr dhe t\u00eb vendosen aty t\u00eb dh\u00ebna sipas d\u00ebshir\u00ebs.<\/i><\/p>\n

    Fusha e treguesit p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb (First Header Pointer), kur vlera e flamurit t\u00eb sinkronizimit \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00ab1\u00bb, duhet t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin binar t\u00eb pozicionit t\u00eb oktetit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb Paketit n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (Data Field) t\u00eb kadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb. Pozita fillon nga 0 n\u00eb rend n\u00eb rritje nga fillimi i fush\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. N\u00ebse nuk ka fillim t\u00eb paketit n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb fusha e treguesit p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin binar \u00ab11111111111\u00bb (kjo mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb n\u00ebse nj\u00eb paket\u00eb e gjat\u00eb shtrihet m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb kad\u00ebr). <\/p>\n

    N\u00ebse fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb paket\u00eb t\u00eb zbraz\u00ebt (Idle Data), at\u00ebher\u00eb treguesi p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin binar \u00ab11111111110\u00bb. Sipas k\u00ebsaj fushe, marr\u00ebsi duhet t\u00eb realizoj\u00eb sinkronizimin e rrjedh\u00ebs. Kjo fush\u00eb garanton rikthimin e sinkronizimit edhe n\u00eb rast t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb kadrove.<\/p>\n

    Pra, paketa mund, t\u00eb themi, t\u00eb filloj\u00eb n\u00eb mes t\u00eb kadrit t\u00eb 4-t\u00eb dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb 20-t\u00ebs. Ky fush\u00eb sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur fillimin e saj. Paketat kan\u00eb gjithashtu nj\u00eb titull, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin shkruhet gjat\u00ebsia e saj, prandaj, kur gjendet treguesi p\u00ebr titullin e par\u00eb, procesori i nivelit kanal duhet ta lexoj\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrcaktuar k\u00ebshtu ku do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb paketa.<\/i>
    \nN\u00ebse fusha e kontrollit t\u00eb gabimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme, ajo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pranishme n\u00eb \u00e7do kad\u00ebr telemetrie p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kanal t\u00eb caktuar fizik gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb misionit.<\/p>\n

    Kjo fush\u00eb llogaritet duke p\u00ebrdorur metod\u00ebn CRC. Procedura duhet t\u00eb marr\u00eb n-16 bits t\u00eb kadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb dhe t\u00eb fut\u00eb rezultatin e llogaritjes n\u00eb 16 bits e fundit.<\/p>\n

    Telekomanda<\/h4>\n

    \nKadri i telekomand\u00ebs ka disa dallime thelb\u00ebsore. Midis tyre:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb tjet\u00ebr titujsh<\/li>\n
    2. Gjat\u00ebsia dinamikore. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se gjat\u00ebsia e kadrit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrcaktuar rigorozisht, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb telemetri, por mund t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb paketeve t\u00eb d\u00ebrguara.<\/li>\n
    3. Mekanizmi i garantimit t\u00eb dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb paketave. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb K\u0410 duhet pas marrjes t\u00eb konfirmoj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsin\u00eb e pranimit t\u00eb kadrove, ose t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb d\u00ebrgim p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nga kadri q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb pranuar me nj\u00eb gabim q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb korrigjohet.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \n\"Pak
      \n
      \n\"Pak
      \n
      \nShum\u00eb fusha jan\u00eb tashm\u00eb t\u00eb njohura p\u00ebr ne nga titulli i kadrit t\u00eb telemetris\u00eb. Ato kan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin q\u00ebllim, prandaj k\u00ebtu do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm fushat e reja.<\/p>\n

      Nj\u00eb bit i flamurit t\u00eb anashkalimit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar verifikimin e kadrove n\u00eb marr\u00ebs. Vlera \"0\" e k\u00ebtij flamuri duhet t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb se ky kad\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kad\u00ebr i tipit A dhe verifikimi i tij duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhet sipas FARM. Vlera \"1\" e k\u00ebtij flamuri duhet t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb marr\u00ebsit se ky kad\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kad\u00ebr i tipit B dhe duhet t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb anash verifikimin sipas FARM.<\/p>\n

      Ky flamur e informon marr\u00ebsin n\u00ebse duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret mekanizmi i konfirmimit t\u00eb dor\u00ebzimit t\u00eb kadrove, i quajtur FARM \u2014 Mekanizmi i Pranimit dhe Raportimit t\u00eb Kadreve.<\/i><\/p>\n

      Flamuri i komand\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar n\u00ebse fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave transporton nj\u00eb komand\u00eb apo t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. N\u00ebse flamuri \u00ebsht\u00eb \"0\", fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna. N\u00ebse flamuri \u00ebsht\u00eb \"1\", fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb informacion kontrolli p\u00ebr FARM.
      \nFARM p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb automat t\u00eb fund\u00ebm, parametrat e t\u00eb cilit mund t\u00eb konfigurohen.<\/i><\/p>\n

      RSVD. SPARE \u2013 biti t\u00eb rezervuar.<\/p>\n

      Duket se CCSDS ka plane p\u00ebr to n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, dhe p\u00ebr komoditetin e versioneve t\u00eb protokollit, ata i kan\u00eb rezervuar k\u00ebto bita tashm\u00eb n\u00eb versionet e tanishme t\u00eb standardit.<\/i><\/p>\n

      Fusha e gjat\u00eb e kadrove duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr n\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimin e bit\u00ebve, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb gjat\u00ebsia e kadrit n\u00eb oktete minus nj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

      Fusha e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kadrit duhet t\u00eb vij\u00eb pas kryefjal\u00ebs pa boshll\u00ebqe dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00eb oktetesh, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb me nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi maksimale prej 1019 oktetesh. Kjo fush\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb ose nj\u00eb bllok t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb kadrit, ose informacionin e komand\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit. Blloku i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb kadrit duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb:<\/p>\n