{"id":35992,"date":"2019-10-31T22:09:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/likbez-po-pamyati-kakoj-ona-byvaet-i-chto-nam-eto-daet\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:09:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:01","slug":"likbez-po-pamyati-kakoj-ona-byvaet-i-chto-nam-eto-daet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/likbez-po-pamyati-kakoj-ona-byvaet-i-chto-nam-eto-daet","title":{"rendered":"Njohuri mbi memorien: \u00e7far\u00eb llojesh ekzistojn\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb na ofron kjo","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Memoria e mir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb avantazh i padiskutuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr student\u00ebt dhe nj\u00eb aft\u00ebsi q\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb me siguri e dobishme n\u00eb jet\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht se \u00e7far\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb disiplinat tuaja t\u00eb studimit.<\/p>\n

Sot kemi vendosur t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb nj\u00eb seri materialesh rreth m\u00ebnyrave p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar memorjen - do t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me nj\u00eb informacion t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr: \u00e7far\u00eb llojesh memorjeje ekzistojn\u00eb dhe cilat metoda t\u00eb mbajtjes n\u00eb mend funksionojn\u00eb me siguri.<\/p>\n

\"Njohuri
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>Foto jesse orrico<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Memoria 101: nga nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e sekond\u00ebs deri n\u00eb pafund\u00ebsi<\/h2>\n

\nM\u00eb s\u00eb lehti p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar memorjen \u00ebsht\u00eb si aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb akumuluar, ruajtur dhe rikrijuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna dhe aft\u00ebsi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar kohe. \"Periudha e caktuar\" mund t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb nga sekonda deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb. N\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj (si dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me at\u00eb se cilat pjes\u00eb t\u00eb trurit jan\u00eb aktive momentalisht), memoria ndahet n\u00eb memoria sensore, memorie afatshkurt\u00ebr dhe memorie afatgjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Memoria sensorike<\/b> \u00ebsht\u00eb memoria q\u00eb aktivizohet vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr disa pjes\u00eb sekonde, ndodhet jasht\u00eb kontrollit ton\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm dhe n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje automatike ndaj ndryshimeve n\u00eb ambient: ne shohim, d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb, ndiejm\u00eb nj\u00eb objekt, e njohim at\u00eb dhe \"ndihmojm\u00eb\" p\u00ebr t\u00eb plot\u00ebsuar mjedisin p\u00ebrreth nesh duke marr\u00eb parasysh informacionin e ri. N\u00eb thelb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb na lejon t\u00eb regjistrojm\u00eb pamjen q\u00eb perceptojn\u00eb organet tona t\u00eb b\u00ebj.<\/p>\n

Memoria afatshkurt\u00ebr<\/b> punon brenda disa dhjet\u00ebra sekondash (20-40 sekonda). Ne jemi n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb riprodhojm\u00eb informacionin e marr\u00eb brenda k\u00ebsaj periudhe kohore pa pasur nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb referohemi me burimin e par\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb: sasia e informacionit q\u00eb mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb memoria afatshkurt\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar - p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb menduar se ajo p\u00ebrfshin \"shtat\u00eb plus minus dy objekte\".<\/p>\n

Kjo ndarje u bazua n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb psikologut kognitiv Harvard, George Miller, \"Numri magjik 7\u00b12\", i publikuar n\u00eb revist\u00ebn Psychological Review n\u00eb vitin 1956. Ai p\u00ebrshkroi rezultatet e eksperimenteve gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tij n\u00eb Bell Laboratories: p\u00ebr v\u00ebzhgimet e tij, njeriu mund t\u00eb mbante n\u00eb memorien afatshkurt\u00ebr nga pes\u00eb deri n\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb objekte - qofshin k\u00ebto sekuenca shkronjash, numrash, fjal\u00ebsh ose imazhe.<\/p>\n

Sekuenca m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara, pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit i kujtonin duke grupuar element\u00ebt k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb numri i grupeve gjithashtu t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb kufirin nga 5 deri n\u00eb 9. Megjithat\u00eb, studimet moderne japin rezultate m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtura - \"numri magjik\" konsiderohet 4\u00b11. K\u00ebto vler\u00ebsime, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, b\u00ebri profesori i psikologjis\u00eb Nelson Cowan n\u00eb artikullin e tij t\u00eb vitit 2001. \u00e7on<\/a><\/noindex>, n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, profesori i psikologjis\u00eb Nelson Cowan n\u00eb artikullin e tij t\u00eb vitit 2001.<\/p>\n

\"Njohuri
\nFoto Fredy Jacob<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Memoria afatgjat\u00eb<\/b> \u00ebsht\u00eb ndryshe - durata e ruajtjes s\u00eb informacionit n\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pakufizuar, kapaciteti tejkalon shum\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb memories afatshkurt\u00ebr. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, n\u00ebse n\u00eb funksionimin e memoris\u00eb afatshkurt\u00ebr angazhohen lidhjet neurale t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme n\u00eb zonat frontale dhe parietale t\u00eb trurit, memoria afatgjat\u00eb ekziston fal\u00eb lidhjeve neurale t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha departamentet e trurit.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto lloje memorje nuk ekzistojn\u00eb ve\u00e7 e ve\u00e7 - nj\u00eb nga modelet m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies nd\u00ebrmjet tyre u propozua nga psikolog\u00ebt Richard Atkinson dhe Richard Shiffrin n\u00eb vitin 1968. Sipas supozimit t\u00eb tyre, fillimisht informacioni p\u00ebrpunoheshet nga memoria sensore. \"Bufferat\" e memories sensore ofrojn\u00eb informacion p\u00ebr memorien afatshkurt\u00ebr. M\u00eb pas, n\u00ebse informacioni p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet shum\u00eb her\u00eb, ai kalon \"n\u00eb depot e memories afatgjat\u00eb\".<\/p>\n

Rikujtimi (me q\u00ebllim ose spontan) n\u00eb nj\u00eb model t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kalimi mbrapsht i informacionit nga memoria afatgjat\u00eb n\u00eb memorien afatshkurt\u00ebr.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nNj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr model pas kat\u00ebr vjet\u00ebsh u propozua nga psikolog\u00ebt kognitiv\u00eb Fergus Craik dhe Robert Lockhart. Ky model bazohet n\u00eb iden\u00eb se \u00e7do sa m\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb zgjatet ruajtja e informacionit dhe n\u00ebse do t\u00eb mbetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb memorien sensore ose do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb memorien afatgjat\u00eb, varet nga \"thell\u00ebsia\" e p\u00ebrpunimit. Sa m\u00eb e komplikuar t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00ebnyra e p\u00ebrpunimit dhe aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb investuar, aq m\u00eb e lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb informacioni t\u00eb jet\u00eb i mbajtur mend p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Memoria eksplicite, implicite, dhe e pun\u00ebs - gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhur me memorjen<\/h2>\n

\nStudimet e marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve nd\u00ebrmjet llojeve t\u00eb memorjes \u00e7uan n\u00eb krijimin e klasifikimeve dhe modeleve m\u00eb komplekse. Pra, p\u00ebr shembull, memoria afatgjat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb memorien eksplicite (e njohur gjithashtu si e vet\u00ebdijshme) dhe memorien implicite (e pavet\u00ebdijshme ose t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb). <\/p>\n

Memoria eksplicite<\/b> \u2014 ajo q\u00eb zakonisht n\u00ebnkuptojm\u00eb kur flasim p\u00ebr kujtimin. Kjo ndahen gjithashtu n\u00eb episodike (kujtime p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e vet\u00eb individit) dhe semantike (kujtesa p\u00ebr fakte, koncepte dhe fenomene) \u2014 nj\u00eb ndarje e till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sugjeruar p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1972 nga psikologu kanadez me origjin\u00eb estoneze Endel Tulving.<\/p>\n

\"Njohuri
\nFoto studio tdes<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Flickr CC BY<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Kujtesa Implicite<\/b> zakonisht ndahen<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb priming dhe kujtes\u00ebn procedurale. Priming ose vendosja e nj\u00eb modeli ndodh kur nj\u00eb stimulas i caktuar ndikon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn si e perceptojm\u00eb stimulin q\u00eb e ndjek at\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb priming-ut<\/a><\/noindex> fenomeni i teksteve t\u00eb kuptuara gabim (kur n\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb d\u00ebgjohet di\u00e7ka tjet\u00ebr<\/a><\/noindex>) \u2014 duke m\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb variant t\u00eb ri, absurd<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb nj\u00eb vargu nga nj\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb, ne fillojm\u00eb ta d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb at\u00eb. Dhe anasjelltas \u2014 nj\u00eb regjistrim q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb ishte i paqart\u00eb b\u00ebhet i qart\u00eb, n\u00ebse shikojm\u00eb transkriptin e tekstit.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nSa i p\u00ebrket kujtes\u00ebs procedurale, nj\u00eb shembull i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb kujtesa motorike. Trupi juaj \"e di vet\u00eb\" se si t\u00eb ngas\u00eb nj\u00eb bi\u00e7iklet\u00eb, t\u00eb drejtoj\u00eb nj\u00eb makin\u00eb ose t\u00eb luaj\u00eb tenisin, po ashtu si muzikanti luan nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur, pa u kthyer n\u00eb nota dhe pa menduar se si duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb takti tjet\u00ebr. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb larg nga modelet e vetme t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Variantet origjinale jan\u00eb propozuar p\u00ebrve\u00e7 bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsve t\u00eb Miller, Atkinson dhe Shiffrin, edhe nga brezat e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb studiuesve. Klasifikimet e llojeve t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs jan\u00eb gjithashtu shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shumta: p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb klas\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb z\u00eb kujtesa autobiografike (di\u00e7ka e ndar\u00eb midis episodike dhe semantike), nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebrve\u00e7 kujtes\u00ebs s\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb flitet edhe p\u00ebr kujtes\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs (pavar\u00ebsisht se disa shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull Cowan, mendon<\/a><\/noindex>, thon\u00eb se kujtesa e pun\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb n\u00ebnndarje e vog\u00ebl e kujtes\u00ebs afatgjat\u00eb, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn individi operon n\u00eb momentin aktual).<\/p>\n

E thjesht\u00eb, por e besueshme: teknikat bazike p\u00ebr trajtimin e kujtes\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebrfitimi i kujtes\u00ebs s\u00eb mir\u00eb, natyrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm. Jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr student\u00ebt para provimeve \u2014 sipas nj\u00eb studimi t\u00eb fundit kinez, trajnimi i kujtes\u00ebs p\u00ebrve\u00e7 q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb tij kryesor gjithashtu ndihmon<\/a><\/noindex> rregullon emocionet. P\u00ebr ruajtjen m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb objekteve n\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn e shkurt\u00ebr zakonisht p\u00ebrdoret metoda e grupimit<\/b> (angl. chunking) \u2014 kur objektet n\u00eb nj\u00eb rend zgjidhen sipas kuptimit. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb ai metod\u00eb q\u00eb q\u00ebndron n\u00eb themel t\u00eb \u201cnumrave magjik\u00eb\u201d (duke marr\u00eb parasysh eksperimentet moderne, preferohet q\u00eb numri i objekteve p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb mos e kaloj\u00eb 4-5). K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebr shembull, numri i telefonit 9899802801 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr tu mbajtur mend, kur e ndajm\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb blloqe 98-99-802-801.<\/p>\n

Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, kujtesa e shkurt\u00ebr nuk duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e mpreht\u00eb, duke d\u00ebrguar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha informacionet e marra \"n\u00eb arkiv\". K\u00ebto kujtime jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme pik\u00ebrisht sepse shumica e fenomeneve p\u00ebrreth nesh nuk kan\u00eb asgj\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore: menuja n\u00eb restorant, lista e blerjeve dhe \u00e7far\u00eb keni qen\u00eb veshur sot \u2014 k\u00ebto me siguri nuk jan\u00eb ato t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb ruhen n\u00eb kujtes\u00eb p\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket kujtes\u00ebs afatgjat\u00eb, parimet dhe metodat bazike p\u00ebr trajtimin e saj \u2014 jan\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuarat dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb punueshmet. Dhe mjaft t\u00eb dukshme.<\/p>\n

\"Njohuri
\nFoto Tim Gouw<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Rikujtimi i p\u00ebrs\u00ebritur<\/b>. K\u00ebshilla e thjesht\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb e besueshme: pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrpjekjet e p\u00ebrs\u00ebritura p\u00ebr t\u00eb kujtuar di\u00e7ka i japin mund\u00ebsi me nj\u00eb probabilitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb q\u00eb \"t\u00eb vendosin\" objektin n\u00eb ruajtjen afatgjat\u00eb. K\u00ebtu ka disa nuanca. S\u00eb pari, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb zgjidhni sakt\u00eb intervalin e koh\u00ebs, pas t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb kujtoni informacionin (as shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, as shum\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtra \u2014 varet nga sa mir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e zhvilluar kujtesa juaj).<\/p>\n

Supozoni se keni analizuar bilet\u00ebn p\u00ebr provimin dhe keni p\u00ebrpjekur ta memorizoni at\u00eb. Provoni ta p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisni bilet\u00ebn pas disa minutash, pas gjysm\u00eb ore, pas nj\u00eb ore, dy, dit\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr. Kjo do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bilet\u00eb, por p\u00ebrs\u00ebritja relativisht e shpesht\u00eb pas intervaleve jo shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjata do t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb t\u00eb konsolidoni m\u00eb mir\u00eb materialin.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb rikujtoni materialin si t\u00ebr\u00ebsi, pa u kthyer n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje n\u00eb rast t\u00eb \u00e7do v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsie \u2014 madje edhe n\u00ebse ju duket se nuk e mbani mend asgj\u00eb. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb arrini t\u00eb \"nxirrni\" nga memoria juaj n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjen e par\u00eb, aq m\u00eb mir\u00eb do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb e ardhmja.<\/p>\n

Simulimi n\u00eb kushte q\u00eb jan\u00eb af\u00ebr realitetit<\/b>. N\u00eb shikim t\u00eb par\u00eb, kjo ndihmon vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuar stresin e mundsh\u00ebm (n\u00eb provim ose n\u00eb momentin kur duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni njohurit\u00eb). Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb qasje e till\u00eb lejon jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb p\u00ebrballoni nervat, por gjithashtu t\u00eb kujtoni m\u00eb mir\u00eb di\u00e7ka \u2014 kjo ndodh jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr kujtes\u00ebn semantike, por edhe p\u00ebr at\u00eb motorike.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, sipas studimit<\/a><\/noindex>, aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb goditur topat ishte m\u00eb e zhvilluar te ata bejzbollist\u00eb q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb merrnin goditje t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb nj\u00eb rend t\u00eb papritur (ashtu si n\u00eb nj\u00eb loj\u00eb reale), n\u00eb krahasim me ata q\u00eb kishin st\u00ebrvitur n\u00eb rend sistematik me nj\u00eb lloj t\u00eb caktuar goditjeje.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nR\u00ebfimi \/ regjistrimi me fjal\u00ebt tuaja<\/b>. Ky qasje ofron nj\u00eb thell\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit (n\u00ebse mb\u00ebshtetemi n\u00eb modelin Craik dhe Lockhart). N\u00eb thelb, ai detyron p\u00ebrpunimin e informacionit jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb semantike (vler\u00ebsoni lidhjet nd\u00ebrmjet fenomeneve dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e tyre), por edhe \u201eme referim tek vetja\u201c (si do ta quanit k\u00ebt\u00eb fenomen? Si mund ta shpjegonit at\u00eb vet\u00eb \u2014 pa u rishkruar fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtja e artikullit ose sh\u00ebnimeve?). T\u00eb dyja k\u00ebto, sipas k\u00ebsaj hipoteze, jan\u00eb nivele t\u00eb thell\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rikujtim m\u00eb efektiv.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb teknika mjaft t\u00eb lodhshme, pavar\u00ebsisht se jan\u00eb efektive. N\u00eb materialin tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb seri do t\u00eb shohim se cilat qasje t\u00eb tjera funksionojn\u00eb p\u00ebr zhvillimin e kujtes\u00ebs, dhe a ka mes tyre k\u00ebshilla q\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kursyer koh\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpenzuar pak m\u00eb pak energji n\u00eb t\u00eb mbajtur mend.<\/i><\/p>\n

\nMateriale t\u00eb tjera nga blogu yn\u00eb n\u00eb Habra:<\/b><\/p>\n