{"id":35992,"date":"2019-10-31T22:09:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/likbez-po-pamyati-kakoj-ona-byvaet-i-chto-nam-eto-daet\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:09:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:09:01","slug":"likbez-po-pamyati-kakoj-ona-byvaet-i-chto-nam-eto-daet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/likbez-po-pamyati-kakoj-ona-byvaet-i-chto-nam-eto-daet","title":{"rendered":"Fillimi i m\u00ebsimit p\u00ebr kujtes\u00ebn: \u00e7far\u00eb llojesh ka, dhe \u00e7far\u00eb na ofron kjo","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Memoria e mir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb avantazh i padiskutuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr student\u00ebt dhe nje aft\u00ebsi q\u00eb patjet\u00ebr do t'u nevojitet n\u00eb jet\u00eb \u2014 pavar\u00ebsisht se cilat ishin disiplinat tuaja studimore.<\/p>\n

Sot vendos\u00ebm t\u00eb hapim nj\u00eb seri materialesh mbi m\u00ebnyrat se si t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsojm\u00eb memorien \u2014 do t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr: si ndahen llojet e memories dhe cilat metoda t\u00eb memorizimit funksionojn\u00eb me siguri.<\/p>\n

\"Fillimi
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>Foto jesse orrico<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Memoria 101: nga nj\u00eb \u00e7ast deri n\u00eb pafund\u00ebsi<\/h2>\n

\nE thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebr tu p\u00ebrshkruar, memoria \u00ebsht\u00eb aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb akumuluar, ruajtur dhe riprodhuar njohuri dhe aft\u00ebsi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar kohe. \"Nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar kohe\" mund t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb sekonda, apo mund t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb. N\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj (si dhe nga cilat pjes\u00eb t\u00eb trurit jan\u00eb aktive n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb caktuar) memoria ndahen n\u00eb sensorike, afatshkurt\u00ebr dhe afatgjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sensorike<\/b> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb memoria q\u00eb aktivizohet brenda disa \u00e7astesh, q\u00eb ndodhet jasht\u00eb kontrollit ton\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm dhe n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje automatike ndaj ndryshimeve n\u00eb mjedis: ne shohim \/ d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb \/ ndjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb objekt, e njohim at\u00eb dhe \"nd\u00ebrtojm\u00eb\" ambientin ton\u00eb p\u00ebrreth duke marr\u00eb parasysh informacionin e ri. N\u00eb thelb, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb na lejon t\u00eb regjistrojm\u00eb pamjen q\u00eb perceptojn\u00eb organet tona t\u00eb ndjenj\u00ebs. Megjithat\u00eb, shum\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr \u2014 informacioni n\u00eb memorien sensorike ruhet p\u00ebr vet\u00ebm gjysm\u00eb sekonde dhe m\u00eb pak.<\/p>\n

Afatshkurt\u00ebr<\/b> memoria \"punon\" p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb deri n\u00eb disa dhjet\u00ebra sekonda (20-40 sekonda). Ne jemi n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb riprodhojm\u00eb informacionin e marr\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb kohore, pa pasur nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb kthehemi tek burimi origjinal. Megjithat\u00eb, jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb: sasia e informacionit q\u00eb mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb memoria afatshkurt\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb besuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb se ajo p\u00ebrmban \"shtat\u00eb plus-minus dy objekte\".<\/p>\n

Arsyeja p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb besim ishte nj\u00eb artikull i psikologut-kognitivist t\u00eb Harvardit, George Miller, \"Numri magjik 7\u00b12\", i publikuar n\u00eb revist\u00ebn Psychological Review m\u00eb 1956. N\u00eb t\u00eb, ai p\u00ebrshkroi rezultatet e eksperimenteve gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tij n\u00eb Bell Laboratories: sipas v\u00ebzhgimeve t\u00eb tij, nj\u00eb njeri mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb n\u00eb memorien afatshkurt\u00ebr nga pes\u00eb deri n\u00eb n\u00ebnt\u00eb objekte \u2014 qofshin ato sekuenca shkronjash, numrash, fjal\u00ebsh apo imazhesh.<\/p>\n

Subjekt\u00ebt e p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb studim kishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb sukses n\u00eb memorizimin e sekuencave m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara duke grupuar elementet n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb numri i grupeve t\u00eb ishte gjithashtu midis 5 dhe 9. Megjithat\u00eb, hulumtimet moderne japin rezultate m\u00eb t\u00eb skromta - \"numri magjik\" konsiderohet 4\u00b11. K\u00ebto vler\u00ebsime \u00e7on<\/a><\/noindex>, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, profesori i psikologjis\u00eb Nelson Cowan n\u00eb artikullin e tij t\u00eb vitit 2001.<\/p>\n

\"Fillimi
\nFoto Fredy Jacob<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Memoria afatgjat\u00eb<\/b> funksionon ndryshe - q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria e informacionit n\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb e pakufizuar, volumi \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i madh se memoria afatshkurt\u00ebr. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e memories afatshkurt\u00ebr jan\u00eb t\u00eb angazhuara lidhje neuronale t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme n\u00eb zonat ashtore dhe parietale t\u00eb trurit, nd\u00ebrsa memoria afatgjat\u00eb ekziston fal lidhjeve neuronale t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme, t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha seksionet e trurit.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto lloje memories nuk ekzistojn\u00eb ve\u00e7 e ve\u00e7 - nj\u00eb nga modelet m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura t\u00eb lidhjeve midis tyre u propozua nga psikolog\u00ebt Richard Atkinson dhe Richard Shiffrin n\u00eb vitin 1968. Sipas supozimeve t\u00eb tyre, fillimisht informacioni p\u00ebrpunohen nga memoria sensorike. \"Bufrat\" e memories sensorike ofrojn\u00eb informacion p\u00ebr memorien afatshkurt\u00ebr. M\u00eb pas, n\u00ebse informacioni p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet disa her\u00eb, ai kalon nga memoria afatshkurt\u00ebr n\u00eb \"depo afatgjat\u00eb\".<\/p>\n

Rikthimi (me q\u00ebllim ose spontan) n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb model \u00ebsht\u00eb kalimi mbrapsht i informacionit nga memoria afatgjat\u00eb n\u00eb memorien afatshkurt\u00ebr.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nNj\u00eb model tjet\u00ebr, kat\u00ebr vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, u propozuan nga psikolog\u00ebt kognitivist\u00eb Fergus Craik dhe Robert Lockhart. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i bazuar n\u00eb iden\u00eb se q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria e informacionit dhe n\u00ebse do t\u00eb mbetet vet\u00ebm n\u00eb memorien sensorike apo do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb memorien afatgjat\u00eb varet nga \"thell\u00ebsia\" e p\u00ebrpunimit. M\u00eb komplekse \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra e p\u00ebrpunimit dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb e shpenzuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb, aq m\u00eb e lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb informacioni t\u00eb mbetet n\u00eb memorie p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Eksplicite, implicite, punuese - t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb gjithashtu p\u00ebr mendjen<\/h2>\n

\nHulumtimet mbi marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis llojeve t\u00eb memories \u00e7uan n\u00eb krijimin e klasifikimeve dhe modeleve m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara. P\u00ebr shembull, memoria afatgjat\u00eb filloi t\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb eksplicite (e njohur gjithashtu si e vet\u00ebdijshme) dhe implicite (e pavet\u00ebdijshme ose e fshehur). <\/p>\n

Memoria eksplicite<\/b> \u2014 ajo q\u00eb ne zakonisht kemi parasysh kur flasim p\u00ebr kujtes\u00ebn. Ajo ndahen n\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn episodike (kujtesa p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn e vet\u00eb personit) dhe kujtes\u00ebn semantike (kujtesa p\u00ebr fakte, koncepte dhe fenomenet) \u2014 nj\u00eb ndarje e till\u00eb u propozua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1972 nga psikologu kanadez me origjin\u00eb estoneze Endel Tulving.<\/p>\n

\"Fillimi
\nFoto studio tdes<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Flickr CC BY<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Kujtesa implicite<\/b> zakonisht ndahen<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb priming dhe kujtes\u00eb procedurale. Priming ose form\u00ebsimi i prishtjes ndodh kur nj\u00eb stimul i caktuar ka ndikim n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si ne perceptojm\u00eb stimulimin q\u00eb vjen pas tij. P\u00ebr shembull p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb priming<\/a><\/noindex> fenomeni i teksteve t\u00eb marr\u00eb keq (kur n\u00eb k\u00ebng\u00eb d\u00ebgjohet di\u00e7ka ndryshe<\/a><\/noindex>) \u2014 duke m\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb variant t\u00eb ri, absurd<\/a><\/noindex> t\u00eb vargut t\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebnge, ne gjithashtu fillojm\u00eb ta d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb at\u00eb. Po ashtu \u2014 nj\u00eb regjistrim q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb ishte i paqart\u00eb b\u00ebhet i kuptuesh\u00ebm, n\u00ebse shohim transkriptimin e tekstit.<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nSa i p\u00ebrket kujtes\u00ebs procedurale, nj\u00eb shembull i saj \u00ebsht\u00eb kujtesa motorike. Trupi juaj \u201ee di vet\u00eb\u201d si t\u00eb kaloni me bi\u00e7iklet\u00eb, t\u00eb drejtoni nj\u00eb makin\u00eb ose t\u00eb luani tenist, ashtu si\u00e7 nj\u00eb muzikant luan nj\u00eb vep\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur, pa shikuar notat dhe pa menduar se si duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb takti i ardhsh\u00ebm. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb \u2013 shum\u00eb modelet e kujtes\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Varianta origjinale u ofruan si nga bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit e Millerit, Atkinsonit dhe Shifrit, ashtu edhe nga brezat e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb hulumtuesve. Ka shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr klasifikime t\u00eb llojeve t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs: p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb klas\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ka kujtes\u00ebn autobiografike (di\u00e7ka n\u00eb mes t\u00eb kujtes\u00ebs episodike dhe semantike), dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 kujtes\u00ebs afatshkurt\u00ebr ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb flasim edhe p\u00ebr kujtes\u00ebn afatgjat\u00eb (ndon\u00ebse disa shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb, si ai i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb Cowan, mendohen<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb kujtesa e pun\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00eb n\u00ebnndarje e vog\u00ebl e kujtes\u00ebs afatgjat\u00eb, me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn njeriu operon n\u00eb moment).<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto jan\u00eb metoda bazike p\u00ebr trajnimin e kujtes\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nP\u00ebrfitimi i nj\u00eb kujtese t\u00eb mir\u00eb, natyrisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb i qart\u00eb. Jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr student\u00ebt para provimeve \u2014 sipas nj\u00eb studimi t\u00eb fundit kinez, trajnimi i kujtes\u00ebs p\u00ebrve\u00e7 funksionit t\u00eb tij kryesor gjithashtu ndihmon<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb rregullimin e emocioneve. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb mbajtje m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb objekteve n\u00eb kujtes\u00ebn afatshkurt\u00ebr zakonisht aplikohet metoda e grupimit<\/b> (angl. chunking) \u2014 kur objektet n\u00eb nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb grupohen sipas kuptimit. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb metoda q\u00eb q\u00ebndron n\u00eb themel t\u00eb \"numrave magjik\u00eb\" (duke marr\u00eb parasysh eksperimentet moderne, \u00ebsht\u00eb e d\u00ebshirueshme q\u00eb numri i objekteve p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb mos kaloj\u00eb 4-5). P\u00ebr shembull, numri i telefonit 9899802801 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u mbajtur mend n\u00ebse e ndajm\u00eb n\u00eb blloqe 98-99-802-801.<\/p>\n

Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, memoria afatshkurt\u00ebr nuk duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb tep\u00ebr e mpreht\u00eb, duke d\u00ebrguar t\u00eb gjitha informacionin e marr\u00eb \"n\u00eb arkiv\". K\u00ebto kujtime jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme pik\u00ebrisht sepse shumica e fenomeneve p\u00ebrreth nesh nuk kan\u00eb asgj\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore: menyja n\u00eb restaurant, lista e blerjeve dhe \u00e7far\u00eb keni veshur sot \u2014 padyshim nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb kan\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t'u mbajtur mend p\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket memories afatgjat\u00eb, parimet dhe metodat e saj t\u00eb st\u00ebrvitjes jan\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht m\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtirat dhe m\u00eb e lodhshme. Dhe mjaft t\u00eb dukshme.<\/p>\n

\"Fillimi
\nFoto Tim Gouw<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 Unsplash<\/i><\/p>\n

Rikujtimi i p\u00ebrs\u00ebritur<\/b>. K\u00ebshilla \u00ebsht\u00eb banale, megjithat\u00eb, e besueshme: pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebrs\u00ebrit\u00ebse p\u00ebr t\u00eb rikujtuar di\u00e7ka lejojn\u00eb me nj\u00eb probabilitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb \"vendos\u00ebsh\" objektin n\u00eb magazin\u00ebn afatgjat\u00eb. Ka disa nuanca. S\u00eb pari, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb zgjidhni sakt\u00ebsisht intervalin e koh\u00ebs, pas t\u00eb cilit do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb rikujtoni informacionin (as shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, as shum\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr \u2014 varet nga sa mir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar memoria juaj).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, supozoni se keni studiuar nj\u00eb bilet\u00eb p\u00ebr provim dhe keni p\u00ebrpjekur ta mbani mend. Provoni t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisni bilet\u00ebn pas disa minutash, pas nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb ore, pas nj\u00eb ore, dy, dit\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr. Kjo do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bilet\u00eb, por p\u00ebrs\u00ebritja relativisht e shpesht\u00eb pas intervaleve t\u00eb moshuara do t'ju ndihmoj\u00eb t\u00eb konsolidoni m\u00eb mir\u00eb materialin.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeni t\u00eb rikujtoni materialin n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi, pa par\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet n\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsin\u00eb e par\u00eb \u2014 edhe n\u00ebse ju duket se nuk mbani mend asgj\u00eb. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb keni arritur t\u00eb \"nxirrni\" nga memoria juaj n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjen e par\u00eb, aq m\u00eb mir\u00eb do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekja tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Simulimi n\u00eb kushte q\u00eb i ngjajn\u00eb realitetit<\/b>Me par\u00eb se duket, kjo ndihmon vet\u00ebm n\u00eb menaxhimin e stresit t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm (n\u00eb provim ose n\u00eb momentin kur teorikisht duhet t'ju ndihmojn\u00eb njohurit\u00eb). Megjithat\u00eb, kjo qasje nuk ndihmon vet\u00ebm n\u00eb menaxhimin e nervave, por gjithashtu ndihmon n\u00eb nj\u00eb memorie m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb \u2014 kjo, p\u00ebr mendimin tim, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr mbajtjen e informacionit, por edhe p\u00ebr aft\u00ebsit\u00eb motorike.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, sipas hulumtimi<\/a><\/noindex>, aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb goditur topat u zhvillua m\u00eb mir\u00eb te ata bejsbollist\u00eb q\u00eb duhej t\u00eb pranonin goditje t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb nj\u00eb rend t\u00eb papritur (si n\u00eb nj\u00eb loj\u00eb reale), n\u00eb krahasim me ata q\u00eb ushtroheshin rregullisht p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrshtatur me nj\u00eb tip specifik goditjeje.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nRr\u00ebfimi\/shkruar me fjal\u00ebt tuaja<\/b>. Kjo qasje siguron nj\u00eb thell\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimin e informacionit (n\u00ebse orientohemi n\u00eb modelin e Craik dhe Lockhart). N\u00eb thelb, kjo e detyron p\u00ebrpunimin e informacionit jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb semantike (duke vler\u00ebsuar var\u00ebsit\u00eb midis fenomeneve dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve t\u00eb tyre), por edhe \"me referenc\u00eb ndaj vetes\" (si do ta quanit k\u00ebt\u00eb fenomen? Si mund ta shpjegoni vet\u00eb at\u00eb \u2014 pa treguar fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr fjal\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e artikullit ose bilet\u00ebs?). Kjo t\u00eb dyja nga perspektiva e k\u00ebsaj hipoteze \u2014 nivele t\u00eb thella t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit, t\u00eb cilat sigurojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rikthim m\u00eb efikas.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto jan\u00eb procedura mjaft t\u00eb pun\u00ebs intensive, megjithat\u00eb efektive. N\u00eb materialin e ardhsh\u00ebm nga seria do t\u00eb shohim se cilat qasje funksionojn\u00eb p\u00ebr zhvillimin e memories, dhe n\u00ebse ka ndonj\u00eb k\u00ebshill\u00eb q\u00eb ndihmon p\u00ebr t\u00eb kursyer koh\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shpenzuar pak m\u00eb pak energji p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur mend.<\/i><\/p>\n

\nMateriale t\u00eb tjera nga blogu yn\u00eb n\u00eb Habr:<\/b><\/p>\n