{"id":36400,"date":"2019-10-31T22:11:26","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-7-dilemma-absolyutnoj-morali\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:11:26","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:26","slug":"free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-7-dilemma-absolyutnoj-morali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/free-as-in-freedom-na-russkom-glava-7-dilemma-absolyutnoj-morali","title":{"rendered":"Free as in Freedom n\u00eb shqip: Kapo 7. Dilema e moralit absolut","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"


\n \"Free<\/p>\n

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Liria e Liris\u00eb n\u00eb shqip: Kapitulli 1. Printersi fatkeq<\/a><\/p>\n

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Lir\u00eb si n\u00eb Liri n\u00eb shqip: Kapitulli 2. 2001: Odiseja e Haker\u00ebve<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom n\u00eb shqip: Kapter 3. Portreti i hakerit n\u00eb rinis\u00eb<\/a><\/p>\n

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Liria e Liris\u00eb n\u00eb shqip: Kapitulli 4. Shkat\u00ebrrimi i Zotit<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom n\u00eb shqip: Kreu 5. Rrjedha e liris\u00eb<\/a><\/p>\n

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Free as in Freedom n\u00eb shqip: Kapter 6. Komuna Emacs<\/a><\/p>\n

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Dilema e moralitetit absolut<\/h1>\n

N\u00eb mesnat\u00eb m\u00eb 27 Shtator 1983, n\u00eb grupin Usenet net.unix-wizards u shfaq nj\u00eb mesazh i pazakont\u00eb me n\u00ebnshkrimin rms@mit-oz. Mesazhi kishte nj\u00eb titull t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr dhe tep\u00ebr t\u00ebrheq\u00ebs: \u00abImplementimi i ri i UNIX\u00bb. Por p\u00ebrve\u00e7 nj\u00eb versioni t\u00eb ri t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Unix, lexuesi zbulonte nj\u00eb thirrje:<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb Dit\u00eb Fal\u00ebnderimi po filloj t\u00eb shkruaj nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb ri, t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht t\u00eb kompatibilsh\u00ebm me Unix, i cili do t\u00eb quhet GNU (GNU\u2019s Not Unix). Do ta shp\u00ebrndaj falas p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb e duan. Kam nevoj\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr koh\u00ebn, parat\u00eb, kodin, pajisjet tuaja - \u00e7do ndihm\u00eb.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb syt\u00eb e nj\u00eb zhvilluesi t\u00eb p\u00ebrvojsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Unix-it, mesazhi dukej si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje e idealizmit me krenari t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Autori nuk po merrte p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr vet\u00ebm t\u00eb riprodhonte nga e para nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb plot\u00eb, shum\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar dhe t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm, por gjithashtu ta p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsonte at\u00eb. Sistemi GNU pritet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha komponent\u00ebt e nevojsh\u00ebm si redaktori i tekstit, shell-i, kompajleri, si dhe \u00abdisa gj\u00ebra t\u00eb tjera\u00bb. U premtuan edhe mund\u00ebsi tep\u00ebr t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse, t\u00eb cilat mungonin n\u00eb sistemet ekzistuese Unix: nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe grafike n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e programimit Lisp, nj\u00eb sistem skedari i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm kund\u00ebr d\u00ebshtimeve, protokolle rrjeti t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn e MIT.<\/p>\n

\u00abGNU do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ekzekutoj\u00eb programet Unix, por nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb identik me sistemin Unix, - shkruante autori, - ne do t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimet e nevojshme, t\u00eb cilat ishin dashur p\u00ebr vite me radh\u00eb n\u00eb sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme operative.\u00bb<\/p>\n

Duke parashikuar reagimin skeptik ndaj mesazhit t\u00eb tij, autori e plot\u00ebsoi at\u00eb me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr autobiografik n\u00ebn titullin: \u00abKush jam un\u00eb?\u00bb:<\/p>\n

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Un\u00eb jam Richard Stallman, krijuesi i redaktorit origjinal EMACS, nj\u00eb nga klon\u00ebt e t\u00eb cilit ju me siguri e keni takuar. Punoj n\u00eb Laboratorin e AI t\u00eb Institutit t\u00eb Teknologjis\u00eb t\u00eb Masachusets. Kam p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb zhvillimin e kompajler\u00ebve, redaktor\u00ebve, debuggers, interpreter\u00ebve t\u00eb komandave, sistemeve operative ITS dhe Lisp Machine. Kam realizuar mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb pavarur nga terminalet p\u00ebr ekranin n\u00eb ITS, si dhe nj\u00eb sistem skedar\u00ebsh t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm ndaj gabimeve dhe dy sisteme dritare p\u00ebr makinat Lisp.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Kjo ndodhi q\u00eb projekti intrigues i Stallman-it nuk filloi n\u00eb Dit\u00ebn e Fal\u00ebnderimeve, si\u00e7 ishte premtuar. Vet\u00ebm n\u00eb janar 1984, Richard u p\u00ebrfshi me t\u00eb gjitha n\u00eb zhvillimin e softuerit n\u00eb stilin Unix. Nga pik\u00ebpamja e arkitektit t\u00eb sistemeve ITS, kjo ishte nj\u00ebsoj si t\u00eb kalosh nga nd\u00ebrtimi i pallateve mauriane n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e qendrave tregtare n\u00eb periferi. Megjithat\u00eb, zhvillimi i sistemit Unix gjithashtu ofronte disa p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi. ITS, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb saj, kishte nj\u00eb pik\u00eb t\u00eb dob\u00ebt \u2013 punonte vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kompjuterin PDP-10 t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb DEC. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '80, Laboratori u t\u00ebrhoq nga PDP-10, dhe ITS, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn hakerat e krahasuan me nj\u00eb qytet t\u00eb gjall\u00eb, u shnd\u00ebrrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb qytet fantaz\u00ebm. Unix, megjithat\u00eb, u krijua fillimisht me q\u00ebllimin e portabilitetit nga nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb kompjuterike n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk i rrezikoheshin fatkeq\u00ebsi t\u00eb tilla. E zhvilluar nga shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e rinj n\u00eb AT&T, Unix kaloi pa u v\u00ebn\u00eb re nga radar\u00ebt korporativ\u00eb dhe gjeti nj\u00eb streh\u00eb t\u00eb qet\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn jofitimprur\u00ebse t\u00eb qendrave shkencore. Me burime m\u00eb pak se koleg\u00ebt e tyre haker n\u00eb MIT, zhvilluesit e Unix e p\u00ebrshtat\u00ebn sistemin e tyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb grumbull t\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb ndryshme. Kryesisht \u2013 n\u00eb PDP-11 me 16 bit, t\u00eb cilin hakerat e Laboratorit e konsideronin t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr detyra serioze, por gjithashtu edhe n\u00eb mainframe me 32 bit si VAX 11\/780. Deri n\u00eb vitin 1983, kompani si Sun Microsystems kishin krijuar kompjuter\u00eb desktop relativisht kompakt\u00eb \u2013 \"stacione pune\", t\u00eb krahasueshme n\u00eb fuqi me mainframe-in e vjet\u00ebr PDP-10. N\u00eb k\u00ebto stacione pune gjithashtu ishte vendosur Unix-i gjithansh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Krahu i Unix u siguronte me nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb shtes\u00eb abstraksioni midis aplikacioneve dhe harduerit. N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb shkruanin programe n\u00eb kodin e makin\u00ebs t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve specifik\u00eb, si\u00e7 b\u00ebnin hacker\u00ebt e Laboratoris\u00eb duke zhvilluar programe p\u00ebr ITS n\u00eb PDP-10, zhvilluesit e Unix p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programuese t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb C, e cila nuk ishte e lidhur me nj\u00eb platform\u00eb harduerike specifike. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb, zhvilluesit u p\u00ebrqendruan n\u00eb standardizimin e interfaceve, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilave pjes\u00ebt e sistemit operativ bashk\u00ebpunonin me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Si rezultat, u krijua nj\u00eb sistem n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin \u00e7do pjes\u00eb mund t\u00eb ripergatitet, pa ndikuar n\u00eb pjes\u00ebt e tjera dhe pa shkaktuar probleme n\u00eb funksionimin e tyre. Dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb transferuar sistemin nga nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb harduerike n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, mjaftonte t\u00eb ripergatitej vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e sistemit, dhe jo t\u00eb shkruhej e gjith\u00eb e p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Specialist\u00ebt e vler\u00ebsuan nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb till\u00eb fantastiik fleksibiliteti dhe komoditeti, prandaj Unix u p\u00ebrhap shpejt n\u00eb bot\u00ebn kompjuterike.<\/p>\n

Stallman vendosi t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb sistemin GNU p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb vdekjes s\u00eb ITS, f\u00ebmij\u00ebs s\u00eb preferuar t\u00eb hacker\u00ebve t\u00eb Laboratoris\u00eb s\u00eb AI. Vdekja e ITS ishte nj\u00eb goditje p\u00ebr ta, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb Richardin. N\u00ebse historia me printerin laser Xerox i hapi syt\u00eb p\u00ebr padrejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e licencave pron\u00ebsore, vdekja e ITS e shtyu at\u00eb nga mospranimi i softuerit t\u00eb mbyllur n\u00eb nj\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim aktiv ndaj tij.<\/p>\n

Arsyet e vdekjes s\u00eb ITS, si dhe kodi i saj, shkonin thell\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. Deri n\u00eb vitin 1980, shumica e hacker\u00ebve t\u00eb Laboratoris\u00eb tashm\u00eb punonin mbi makinat Lisp dhe sistemin operativ p\u00ebr to.<\/p>\n

Lisp \u2013 nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi elegante, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb fantastike p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, struktura e t\u00eb cilave nuk dihet paraprakisht. E krijoi pionieri i k\u00ebrkimeve mbi inteligjenc\u00ebn artificiale dhe krijuesi i terminologjis\u00eb 'inteligjenc\u00eb artificiale', John McCarthy, i cili punonte n\u00eb MIT n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb viteve '50. Emri i gjuh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shkurtim nga 'LISt Processing' ose 'p\u00ebrpunimi i listave'. Pasi McCarthy u largua nga MIT p\u00ebr n\u00eb Stanford, haker\u00ebt e Laboratorit b\u00ebn\u00eb disa ndryshime n\u00eb Lisp, duke krijuar dialektin e tij lokal MACLISP, ku tre inicialet e para tregonin p\u00ebr projektin MAC, fal\u00eb t\u00eb cilit edhe u ngrit Laboratori i IA n\u00eb MIT. N\u00ebn drejtimin e arkitektit sistemor Richard Greenblatt, haker\u00ebt e Laboratorit zhvilluan nj\u00eb makin\u00eb Lisp \u2013 nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb posa\u00e7\u00ebm p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e programeve n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn Lisp, si dhe nj\u00eb sistem operativ p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb kompjuter \u2013 gjithashtu, sigurisht, t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb Lisp.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '80, grupe konkuruese haker\u00ebsh themeluan dy kompani p\u00ebr prodhimin dhe shitjen e makinave Lisp. Kompania e Greenblatt quhej Lisp Machines Incorporated ose thjesht LMI. Ai shpresonte t\u00eb gjithashtu t\u00eb angazhohej pa investime t\u00eb jashtme dhe t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb 'kompani hakere' t\u00eb past\u00ebr. Por shumica e haker\u00ebve iu bashkuan Symbolics, nj\u00eb startup komercial normal. N\u00eb vitin 1982 ata kishin braktisur plot\u00ebsisht MIT.<\/p>\n

Ata q\u00eb kishin mbetur mund t\u00eb num\u00ebroheshin me gishta t\u00eb nj\u00eb duar, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb programet dhe makinat u riparuan gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb ngadal\u00eb, ose nuk riparoheshin fare. Dhe m\u00eb e keqja, sipas Stallman \u2013 n\u00eb Laborator filluan 'ndryshimet demografike'. Haker\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt gjithmon\u00eb ishin n\u00eb pakic\u00eb, pothuajse u zhduk\u00ebn, duke l\u00ebn\u00eb Laboratorin n\u00eb duar t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb profesor\u00ebve dhe student\u00ebve, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt e kishin nj\u00eb q\u00ebndrim t\u00eb hapur t\u00eb pak\u00ebnaqur ndaj PDP-10.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1982, Laboratori i AI mori nj\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim p\u00ebr PDP-10, t\u00eb cilin e kishte p\u00ebr 12 vjet \u2013 DECSYSTEM 20. Aplikacionet e shkruara p\u00ebr PDP-10 funksiononin pa probleme n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb ri, sepse DECSYSTEM 20 ishte, n\u00eb thelb, nj\u00eb version i p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar i PDP-10, por sistemi i tij operativ i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm nuk ishte aspak i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm \u2013 ITS duhej t\u00eb portonte n\u00eb kompjuterin e ri, dhe kjo do t\u00eb thoshte se duhej shkruar pothuajse krejt\u00ebsisht nga e para. Dhe kjo ndodhte n\u00eb nj\u00eb koh\u00eb kur nga Laboratori ishin larguar pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb haker\u00ebt q\u00eb mund t\u00eb merreshin me k\u00ebt\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb n\u00eb kompjuterin e ri shpejt u vendos nj\u00eb sistem operativ komercial, Twenex. Pothuajse haker\u00ebt e mbetur n\u00eb MIT mund t\u00eb pajtoheshin me k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u00abPa haker\u00ebt q\u00eb do t\u00eb merren me krijimin dhe mb\u00ebshtetje e sistemit operativ, jemi t\u00eb d\u00ebnuar - thoshin punonj\u00ebsit e fakultetit dhe student\u00ebt - na nevojitet nj\u00eb sistem komercial, t\u00eb cilin e mb\u00ebshtet nj\u00eb kompani, q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb zgjidh\u00eb vet\u00eb problemet me k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem\u00bb. Stallman kujton se ky argument doli t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb gabim i r\u00ebnd\u00eb, por n\u00eb at\u00eb moment ting\u00ebllonte bind\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim, haker\u00ebt e shihnin Twenex si nj\u00eb shfaqje tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb korporat\u00ebs autoritare q\u00eb donin ta thyenin. Edhe emri reflektonte antipatin\u00eb e haker\u00ebve - n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, sistemi quhej TOPS-20, duke treguar vazhdim\u00ebsin\u00eb me TOPS-10, gjithashtu nj\u00eb sistem komercial DEC p\u00ebr PDP-10. Por arkitekturalisht, TOPS-20 nuk kishte asgj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt me TOPS-10. Ajo u krijua mbi baz\u00ebn e sistemit Tenex, t\u00eb zhvilluar nga kompania Bolt, Beranek dhe Newman p\u00ebr PDP-10. Stallman filloi ta quante sistemin \u00abTwenex\u00bb, thjesht p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos e quajtur TOPS-20. \u00abSistemi ishte larg zgjidhjeve t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk m\u00eb vinte mir\u00eb ta quaja me emrin zyrtar\u00bb, p\u00ebrmend Stallman, \u00abprandaj shtova n\u00eb 'Tenex' letr\u00ebn 'w', q\u00eb t\u00eb dilte 'Twenex'.\u00bb (Ky em\u00ebr luan me fjal\u00ebn 'twenty', dometh\u00ebn\u00eb 'nj\u00ebzet').<\/p>\n

Kompiuteri n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin punonte Twenex\/TOPS-20, u quajt meIroni \u00abOz\u00bb. Kjo ishte p\u00ebr shkak se DECSYSTEM 20 k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl PDP-11 p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar terminalin. Nj\u00eb haker, kur pa p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb lidhjen e PDP-11 me k\u00ebt\u00eb kompjuter, e krahasoi k\u00ebt\u00eb mepara ndrit\u00ebse t\u00eb Mage t\u00eb Oz-it. \u00abUn\u00eb jam i madh dhe i tmerrsh\u00ebm Oz! - shpalli ai. - Vet\u00ebm mos e shihni miniatur\u00ebn nga e cila punoj.\u00bb<\/p>\n

Porndesia n\u00eb sistemin operativ t\u00eb kompjuterit t\u00eb ri nuk kishte asgj\u00eb t\u00eb qeshur. Siguria dhe kontrolli i aksesit ishin t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuara n\u00eb nivelin baz\u00eb n\u00eb Twenex, dhe utilitat e saj t\u00eb aplikacioneve ishin gjithashtu t\u00eb zhvilluara duke pasur parasysh sigurin\u00eb. Shakat\u00eb e qeshura mbi sistemet e siguris\u00eb s\u00eb Laboratorit u shnd\u00ebrruan n\u00eb nj\u00eb luft\u00eb serioze p\u00ebr kontrollin e kompjuterit. Administrator\u00ebt pretendojn\u00eb se pa sistemet e siguris\u00eb, Twenex do t\u00eb ishte e paq\u00ebndrueshme dhe e ndjeshme ndaj gabimeve. Haker\u00ebt siguronin se stabiliteti dhe besueshm\u00ebria mund t\u00eb arrihen shum\u00eb m\u00eb shpejt p\u00ebrmes redaktimit t\u00eb kodit burimor t\u00eb sistemit. Por ata n\u00eb Laborator ishin kaq t\u00eb pak\u00ebt, sa askush nuk i d\u00ebgjonte.<\/p>\n

Haker\u00ebt menduan se mund t\u00eb tejkalonin kufizimet e siguris\u00eb duke u dh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve «privilegje t\u00eb drejtuesit» – t\u00eb drejta t\u00eb rritura q\u00eb u jepnin mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebnin shum\u00eb nga ato q\u00eb ishin t\u00eb ndaluara p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e zakonsh\u00ebm. Por n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, \u00e7do p\u00ebrdorues mund t\u00eb merrte «privilegjet e drejtuesit» nga \u00e7do p\u00ebrdorues tjet\u00ebr, dhe ai nuk mund t'i kthej\u00eb ato vetes p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb aksesit. Prandaj, haker\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb merrnin kontrollin mbi sistemin, duke marr\u00eb «privilegjet e drejtuesit» nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 vetes.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar fjal\u00ebkalimet dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb nisur nj\u00eb debugguer gjat\u00eb ngarkimit t\u00eb sistemit nuk dhan\u00eb rezultate. Pas d\u00ebshtimit n\u00eb «grushtin shtet\u00ebror<\/em>», Stallman d\u00ebrgoi nj\u00eb mesazh t\u00eb gjith\u00eb punonj\u00ebsve t\u00eb Laboratorit.<\/p>\n

«Derisa aristokrat\u00ebt ishin mposhtur, – shkruante ai, – por tani ata mor\u00ebn ep\u00ebrsin\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebrpjekja p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur pushtetin d\u00ebshtoi». Richard e n\u00ebnshkroi mesazhin: «Radio Free OZ», n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb askush t\u00eb mos e kuptonte se ishte ai. Nj\u00eb maskim i shk\u00eblqyer, duke marr\u00eb parasysh se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00eb Laborator do t\u00eb dinin p\u00ebr q\u00ebndrimin e Stallman ndaj sistemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb dhe talljes s\u00eb tij me fjal\u00ebkalimet. Megjithat\u00eb, urrejtja e Richard p\u00ebr fjal\u00ebkalimet ishte e njohur shum\u00eb p\u00ebrtej MIT-it. N\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt e Laboratorit n\u00ebn llogarin\u00eb e Stallmanit hynte pothuajse e gjith\u00eb ARPAnet \u2013 paraardh\u00ebsi i internetit t\u00eb atyre koh\u00ebve. Nj\u00eb «turist» i till\u00eb ishte, p\u00ebr shembull, Don Hopkins, nj\u00eb programues nga Kaliforni, i cili p\u00ebrmes goj\u00ebs s\u00eb haker\u00ebve m\u00ebsoi se mund t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb sistemin e njohur ITS n\u00eb MIT duke futur thjesht 3 shkronjat e inicialeve t\u00eb Stallman si em\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesi dhe fjal\u00ebkalim.<\/p>\n

«Jam pafund\u00ebsisht mir\u00ebnjoh\u00ebs MIT-it p\u00ebr mund\u00ebsin\u00eb q\u00eb un\u00eb dhe shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz t\u00eb tjer\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim lirisht kompjuter\u00ebt e tyre, – thot\u00eb Hopkins, – kjo kishte shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ne».<\/p>\n

Kjo politik\u00eb «touriste» zgjati shum\u00eb vite, derisa ekzistonte sistemi ITS, dhe drejtuesit e MIT-it e shihnin at\u00eb me mir\u00ebkuptim. Por kur makina Oz u b\u00eb ura kryesore nga Laboratori n\u00eb ARPAnet, gjith\u00e7ka u ndryshua. Stallman vazhdoi t\u00eb ofronte akses n\u00eb llogarin\u00eb e tij me emrin dhe fjal\u00ebkalimin e njohur, por administrator\u00ebt e k\u00ebrkuan q\u00eb ai t\u00eb ndryshonte fjal\u00ebkalimin dhe t\u00eb mos ia jepte m\u00eb askujt. Richard, duke iu referuar etik\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, refuzoi t\u00eb punonte n\u00eb makin\u00ebn Oz.<\/p>\n

\u00abKur kishat dalin n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt e Laboratorit t\u00eb AI, vendosa t\u00eb ndiqja besimin tim se nuk duhet t\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb fjal\u00ebkalime, \u2013 tha m\u00eb von\u00eb Stallman, \u2013 dhe, pasi e konsideroja se kompjuter\u00ebt nuk kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr sisteme sigurie, nuk duhej t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtesja k\u00ebto masa p\u00ebr zbatimin e tyre\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Refuzimi i Stallmanit p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrkulur para makineris\u00eb s\u00eb madhe dhe t\u00eb tmerrshme Oz tregonte se tensioni midis hackerave dhe menaxhmentit t\u00eb Laboratoris\u00eb po rritej. Por ky tension ishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb hije e zbeht\u00eb e atij konflikti q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkonte vet\u00eb grupin e hacker\u00ebve, i cili ishte ndar\u00eb n\u00eb 2 tabor\u00eb: LMI (Lisp Machines Incorporated) dhe Symbolics.<\/p>\n

Symbolics mori nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm investimesh nga jasht\u00eb, duke t\u00ebrhequr shum\u00eb hacker\u00eb nga Laboratori. Ata punonin n\u00eb sistemin e makinerive Lisp si n\u00eb MIT, ashtu edhe jasht\u00eb tij. Deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 1980, kompania kishte pun\u00ebsuar 14 punonj\u00ebs t\u00eb Laboratoris\u00eb si konsulent\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb zhvilluar versionin e saj t\u00eb makineris\u00eb Lisp. Hacker\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 Stallmanit, punuan p\u00ebr LMI. Richard vendosi t\u00eb mos zgjidhte an\u00eb, dhe si zakonisht ishte vetvetja.<\/p>\n

Fillimisht, hacker\u00ebt e angazhuar nga Symbolics vazhdonin t\u00eb punonin edhe n\u00eb MIT, duke p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar sistemin e makineris\u00eb Lisp. Ata, si hacker\u00ebt nga LMI, p\u00ebrdorin licenc\u00ebn MIT p\u00ebr kodin e tyre. Kjo k\u00ebrkonte q\u00eb ndryshimet t\u00eb ktheheshin n\u00eb MIT, por nuk k\u00ebrkonte nga MIT q\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndante k\u00ebto ndryshime. Megjithat\u00eb, gjat\u00eb vitit 1981, hacker\u00ebt p\u00ebrmbaheshin nga nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje fisnike, sipas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimet e tyre shkruheshin n\u00eb makinerin\u00eb Lisp nga MIT dhe shp\u00ebrndaheshin midis t\u00eb gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre makinave. Kjo gjendje ruante ende nj\u00eb stabilitet n\u00eb grupin e hacker\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Por m\u00eb 16 mars 1982 \u2013 Stallman e kujton mir\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dit\u00eb, sepse ishte dita e tij e lindjes \u2013 marr\u00ebveshja miq\u00ebsore erdhi n\u00eb fund. Kjo ndodhi p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb menaxhmentit t\u00eb Symbolics, i cili d\u00ebshironte t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrronte konkurentin e tij \u2013 kompanin\u00eb LMI, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn punonin shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak haker\u00eb. Drejtuesit e Symbolics kujtuan k\u00ebshtu: n\u00ebse LMI ka shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak punonj\u00ebs, kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se puna e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt mbi makin\u00ebn Lisp \u00ebsht\u00eb me dobi p\u00ebr t\u00eb, dhe n\u00ebse e ndalojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shk\u00ebmbim pune, at\u00ebher\u00eb LMI do t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrohet. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00ebllim ata vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb abuzonin me shkronj\u00ebn e licenc\u00ebs. N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebnin ndryshime n\u00eb versionin e sistemit t\u00eb MTI q\u00eb mund ta p\u00ebrdornte LMI, ata filluan t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonin n\u00eb MTI versionin e sistemit t\u00eb Symbolics, q\u00eb ata mund t\u00eb ndryshonin si t\u00eb donin. Po del se \u00e7do testim dhe redaktim i kodit t\u00eb makin\u00ebs Lisp n\u00eb MTI shkonte vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr favor t\u00eb Symbolics.<\/p>\n

Si njeri p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr mir\u00ebmbajtjen e makin\u00ebs Lisp laboratorike (dy muajt e par\u00eb me ndihm\u00ebn e Greenblatt), Stallman u zem\u00ebrua. Haker\u00ebt e Symbolics ofruan kod me qindra ndryshime q\u00eb shkaktonin gabime. Duke e konsideruar k\u00ebt\u00eb si nj\u00eb ultimatume, Stallman nd\u00ebrpreu linj\u00ebn e komunikimit t\u00eb Laboratoris\u00eb me Symbolics, b\u00ebri betimin se nuk do t\u00eb punonte m\u00eb kurr\u00eb n\u00eb makinat e k\u00ebsaj kompanie dhe shpalli lidhjen me pun\u00ebn mbi makin\u00ebn Lisp t\u00eb MTI p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb LMI. \u00abN\u00eb syt\u00eb e mi Laboratorja ishte nj\u00eb vend neutral, si Belgjika gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, \u2013 tregon Stallman, \u2013 dhe n\u00ebse Gjermania pushton Belgjik\u00ebn, ajo shpall luft\u00eb Gjermanis\u00eb dhe i bashkohet Britanis\u00eb dhe Franc\u00ebs.\u00bb<\/p>\n

Kur administrator\u00ebt e Symbolics v\u00ebrenin se risit\u00eb e fundit t\u00eb tyre shfaqeshin po ashtu n\u00eb versionin MTI t\u00eb makin\u00ebs Lisp, ata u inatos\u00ebn dhe filluan t\u00eb akuzonin haker\u00ebt e Laboratorit p\u00ebr vjedhje kode. Por Stallman nuk e shkelte ligjin e t\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb autorit. Ai shqyrtoi kodin e ofruar nga Symbolics dhe b\u00ebri supozime logjike mbi p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimet dhe modifikimet e ardhshme, t\u00eb cilat filloi t'i realizonte nga fillimi p\u00ebr makin\u00ebn Lisp t\u00eb MTI. Drejtuesit e Symbolics nuk e besonin k\u00ebt\u00eb. Ata instaluan nj\u00eb program spiun n\u00eb terminalin e Stallmanit, i cili regjistroi gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb Richard b\u00ebnte. K\u00ebshtu shpresonin t\u00eb mbledhin prova t\u00eb vjedhjes s\u00eb kodit dhe t'i tregojn\u00eb administrat\u00ebs s\u00eb MTI, por madje deri n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1983 nuk kishin asgj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar. E vetmja gj\u00eb q\u00eb kishin, ishte nj\u00eb duzin\u00eb vendesh ku kodet e dy sistemeve duken pak t\u00eb ngjashme.<\/p>\n

Kur administratoret e Laboratoris\u00eb i treguan provat Symbolics p\u00ebr Stallmanin, ai i refuzoi ato, duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se kodi ishte i ngjash\u00ebm, por jo identik. Ai e p\u00ebrdori logjik\u00ebn e drejtuesve t\u00eb Symbolics kund\u00ebr tyre: n\u00ebse k\u00ebto grimca kodi jan\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb kjo provon vet\u00ebm se Stallman n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nuk e kishte vjedhur kodin. Kjo ishte e mjaftueshme q\u00eb drejtuesit e Laboratoris\u00eb t\u00eb miratonin pun\u00ebn e Stallmanit, dhe ai e vazhdoi at\u00eb deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 1983.<\/p>\n

Por Stallman ndryshoi qasjen e tij. P\u00ebr t\u00eb maksimizuar mbrojtjen personale dhe t\u00eb projektit nga pretendimet e Symbolics, ai kreu plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndalonte t\u00eb shikonte kodin e tyre burimor. Ai filloi t\u00eb shkruante kodin ekskluzivisht sipas dokumentacionit. Risi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha Richard nuk i priste nga Symbolics, por i realizonte vet\u00eb, pastaj vet\u00ebm shtonte nd\u00ebrfaqet p\u00ebr pajtueshm\u00ebri me implementimin e Symbolics, duke u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb dokumentacionin e tyre. Ai gjithashtu lexonte listat e ndryshimeve n\u00eb kodin e Symbolics, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se cilat gabime kishin korrigjuar ato, dhe i korigjoi k\u00ebto gabime vet\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur metoda t\u00eb tjera.<\/p>\n

Ajo q\u00eb ndodhi forcoi vendosm\u00ebrin\u00eb e Stallmanit. Duke krijuar analoge t\u00eb funksioneve t\u00eb reja t\u00eb Symbolics, ai i t\u00ebrhiqte punonj\u00ebsit e Laboratoris\u00eb drejt versionit t\u00eb Lisp-makin\u00ebs t\u00eb MIT-it, q\u00eb siguroi nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb mir\u00eb testimi dhe gjetjeje t\u00eb gabimeve. Dhe versioni i MIT-it ishte krejt\u00ebsisht i hapur p\u00ebr LMI. \u201cDesha t\u00eb nd\u00ebshkoj Symbolics me \u00e7do \u00e7mim,\u201d thot\u00eb Stallman. Ky deklarim tregon jo vet\u00ebm se karakteri i Richard-it \u00ebsht\u00eb larg pacifizmit, por gjithashtu se konflikti rreth Lisp-makin\u00ebs e preku thell\u00eb at\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Vendosm\u00ebria e d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar e Stallmanit mund t\u00eb kuptohet, n\u00ebse merret parasysh se si ndodhit gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u2013 si nj\u00eb \u201cshkat\u00ebrrim\u201d t\u00eb \u201csht\u00ebpis\u00eb\u201d s\u00eb tij, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb komunitetit hacker dhe kultur\u00ebs s\u00eb Laboratoris\u00eb s\u00eb AI. M\u00eb von\u00eb, Levy intervistoi Stallmanin p\u00ebrmes post\u00ebs elektronike, dhe Richard atje e krahasoi veten me Ishi-n \u2013 p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesin e fundit t\u00eb njohur t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb indiane Yahi, e cila u shfaros gjat\u00eb luft\u00ebraveindiane t\u00eb viteve 1860-1870. Kjo krahasim i jep ngjarjeve nj\u00eb dimension epik, thuajse mitologjik. Hacker-at q\u00eb punonin p\u00ebr Symbolics e shihnin k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb drit\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme: kompania e tyre nuk shkat\u00ebrronte dhe as shfaroste, por thjesht kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb e nevojshme p\u00ebr shum\u00eb koh\u00eb. Duke e zhvendosur Lisp-makin\u00ebn n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e tregtis\u00eb, Symbolics ndryshoi qasjen ndaj projektimit t\u00eb programeve \u2013 n\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u2019i thurnin ato sipas modeleve t\u00eb ngurta t\u00eb hacker-ave, filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren norma m\u00eb t\u00eb buta dhe m\u00eb njer\u00ebzore t\u00eb menaxher\u00ebve. Dhe Stallmanin ata e shihnin jo si nj\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtar luftarak p\u00ebr \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e duhur, por si nj\u00eb bart\u00ebs t\u00eb mendimit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Shqet\u00ebsimet personale hodh\u00ebn benzin\u00eb n\u00eb zjarr. Para se Symbolics t\u00eb shfaqej, shum\u00eb haker\u00eb e shmangnin Stallman-in, dhe tani situata \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuar shum\u00eb her\u00eb m\u00eb keq. \"Nuk m\u00eb th\u00ebrrisnin m\u00eb p\u00ebr udh\u00ebtime deri n\u00eb Chinatown,\" kujton Richard, \"Greenblatt e filloi zakonin: kur do t\u00eb hash drek\u00eb, e rrethohesh nga koleg\u00ebt dhe i fton me vete, ose u d\u00ebrgon mesazh. Diku n\u00eb vitet 1980-1981, nuk m\u00eb ftonin m\u00eb. Ata jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk m\u00eb ftonin, por si\u00e7 m\u00eb pranoi m\u00eb von\u00eb nj\u00eb person, b\u00ebn\u00eb presion mbi t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt q\u00eb askush t\u00eb mos m\u00eb thoshte p\u00ebr udh\u00ebtimet e planifikuara p\u00ebr drek\u00eb.\"<\/p>\n

Burimi: linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 1. \u0420\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 2. 2001: \u0425\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0434\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u044f Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 3. \u041f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442 \u0445\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u044e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 4. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0431\u043e\u0433\u0430 Free as in Freedom \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c: \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 5. \u0420\u0443\u0447\u0435\u0451\u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b Free as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27240,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36400","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Free as in Freedom n\u00eb shqip: Kapi 7. 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