{"id":36425,"date":"2019-10-31T22:11:34","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/konsensus-na-reputatsii-nody-nuzhen-li\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:11:34","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:11:34","slug":"konsensus-na-reputatsii-nody-nuzhen-li","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/konsensus-na-reputatsii-nody-nuzhen-li","title":{"rendered":"Konsensusi i reputacionit t\u00eb nodit. \u00cbsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

E di, e di. Ka shum\u00eb projekte kripto, ka shum\u00eb konsensa: bazuar n\u00eb pun\u00eb dhe pron\u00ebsi, ar, naft\u00eb, buk\u00eb t\u00eb pjekura (ka edhe nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, po-po). \u00c7far\u00eb na sjell nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr? K\u00ebt\u00eb do e diskutoj pas leximit t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimit «leht\u00ebsuar» t\u00eb dokumentacionit teknik t\u00eb projektit *Konstellacioni (Kozmos<\/a><\/noindex>). Sigurisht, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkrim i plot\u00eb i algoritmit, por m\u00eb intereson mendimi i komunitetit t\u00eb Habra, a ka vend p\u00ebr nj\u00eb konsensus t\u00eb till\u00eb apo nuk ka aspak kuptim?<\/p>\n

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M\u00eb tutje nuk ka shum\u00eb shkronja, prandaj, n\u00ebse thjesht do t\u00eb d\u00ebshironit t\u00eb shkruani «h\u00eb, sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr kripton», ju lutem, p\u00ebrmbahuni. N\u00ebse jeni t\u00eb interesuar p\u00ebr zhvillime t\u00eb reja n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e sistemeve t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara dhe keni di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb n\u00eb komentet, ju ftoj t\u00eb vazhdoni posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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P.S. Nuk jam autori i teknologjis\u00eb, nuk mund t\u00eb garantoj p\u00ebr transmetimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb substanc\u00ebs, prandaj do t\u00eb jem i lumtur p\u00ebr komentet me sakt\u00ebsime, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb tilla.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Evolucioni nga konsensuset sinkrone n\u00eb ato asinkrone<\/h3>\n

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Nyjet zgjidhen duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb proces t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar (t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb DHT, p\u00ebr shembull, bittorrent), i cili rregullon dinamikisht detyrat e nyjeve p\u00ebr t\u00eb \"leht\u00ebsuar\" validimin ose, m\u00eb sakt\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur konsensusin. Ne zgjedhim grupe prej 3 nyjesh dhe kryejm\u00eb raunde konsensusi paralelisht, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb nj\u00eb nyj\u00eb t\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb leht\u00ebsues n\u00eb disa blloqe. Kjo na lejon t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunojm\u00eb transaksionet asinkronisht, e cila, n\u00eb thelb, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ne formojm\u00eb disa blloqe zinxhir\u00ebsh n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb. Procesi \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me nj\u00eb merimang\u00eb, e formuar nga shum\u00eb fijet, p\u00ebrkundrazi nga nyjet q\u00eb formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb zinxhir t\u00eb vet\u00ebm me kalimin e koh\u00ebs. P\u00ebrpunimi asinkron ose paralel \u00ebsht\u00eb baz\u00eb e programimit t\u00eb shkall\u00ebzuesh\u00ebm, pasi lejon shfryt\u00ebzimin e t\u00eb gjitha burimeve t\u00eb kompjuterit, duke p\u00ebrshpejtuar llogaritjet totale. Kjo rrjet quhet graf i orientuar aciklik ose DAG n\u00eb shkencat kompjuterike.<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nGjer\u00ebsia e kanalit t\u00eb bllokad\u00ebs lineare kundrejt efektit shum\u00ebfishues t\u00eb DAG, ku kemi disa blloqe zinxhir\u00ebsh paralel. <\/em><\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nZbatimi geometrik i bllokut linear kund\u00ebr DAG. Pikat e zeza jan\u00eb blloqe, pikat e bardha jan\u00eb nyje.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Ne p\u00ebrdorim 3 nyje n\u00eb \u00e7do raund konsensusi, sepse kjo na jep disa procese matematikore interesante p\u00ebr t\u00eb arsyetuar mbi gjendjen, duke formuar \"shtres\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme\" p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb form\u00eb trek\u00ebnd\u00ebshesh me lidhje. M\u00eb pas, protokolli p\u00ebrdor trek\u00ebnd\u00ebsh\u00ebt p\u00ebr \"t\u00eb qepur\" sip\u00ebrfaqen optimale, e cila nuk p\u00ebrmban t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta ose kontradiktore dhe ka trek\u00ebnd\u00ebshat minimal\u00eb t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm. Algoritmikisht \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me \"prerjen minimale\" t\u00eb grafik\u00ebve, dhe matematikisht \u2014 me derivat\u00ebn ose funksionin e optimizimit (nga t\u00eb cilat funksioni gjen rrug\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr q\u00eb mund t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebr sip\u00ebrfaqe). Kjo rrug\u00eb m\u00eb e shkurt\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb ekuivalente me ruajtjen optimale t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (transaksioneve) n\u00eb grupin e disponueshm\u00ebris\u00eb t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. \"Pllakatat\" trek\u00ebnd\u00ebshe q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb konflikt, p\u00ebr q\u00ebllim q\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqja e ngjarjes t\u00eb jet\u00eb e shesht\u00eb dhe pa konflikte.<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nRealizimi gjeometrik i zbulimit \/ p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb konflikteve. Bloku n\u00eb konflikt krijon nj\u00eb pllak\u00eb shtes\u00eb n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe. Ne heqim pllak\u00ebn shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb shesht\u00eb (= pa konflikte) n\u00eb ngjarje. <\/em><\/p>\n

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Konsensusi i bazuar n\u00eb reputacion<\/h3>\n

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N\u00eb sistemin optimal t\u00eb decentralizuar p2p t\u00eb reputacionit, \u00e7do nyje duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb besimin e saj ndaj nyjeve t\u00eb tjera. Sistemi yn\u00eb p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb model t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, i cili p\u00ebrfshin marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie tranzitive ose marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie q\u00eb nyja ka me nyje t\u00eb tjera, kur jep nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim global. \"Ju jeni p\u00ebr aq t\u00eb mir\u00eb sa \u00ebsht\u00eb kompania juaj\". Rezultati p\u00ebrfundimtar \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \"shkall\u00ebzim\" ose gradiente, e cila bazohet n\u00eb besimin tranzitiv ose reputacionin n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha nyjet n\u00eb $DAG ose kanalin e zakonsh\u00ebm. Kjo mund t\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb fur\u00e7\u00eb ose rende p\u00ebr djath\u00eb, e cila fshin sip\u00ebrfaqen \"e shesht\u00eb\" dhe zgjedh se cilat \"pllak\u00eb katrore\" t\u00eb fshihen dhe cilat t\u00eb lihen. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra se si logjika e konfliktit n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb heq \"pllak\u00eb katrore\".<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nDAG me konfliktin e pllakave q\u00eb kalon p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsire \"t\u00eb kthyer\", e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gradient q\u00eb ngjan me nj\u00eb rende p\u00ebr djath\u00eb dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u p\u00ebrgatitur p\u00ebr t\u00eb fshir\u00eb ose \"shlyer\" pllak\u00ebn konfliktuese.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Zvog\u00eblimi i pjessh\u00ebm \/ i plot\u00eb i nodit<\/h3>\n

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N\u00eb teorin\u00eb e rrjetave, shpesh shp\u00ebrndarja optimale njihet si \"pa shkall\u00ebzim\", e cila mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruhet si nj\u00eb vendosje hierarkike me nodet qendrore m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha q\u00eb menaxhojn\u00eb shum\u00eb nodet periferike m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla. Kjo shp\u00ebrndarje \u00ebsht\u00eb e dukshme n\u00eb natyr\u00eb dhe, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00eb internet. Constellation p\u00ebrdor k\u00ebt\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb p\u00ebr \"shkall\u00ebzim\", ose p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur kapacitetin ose gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e Grafit ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nEfekti i ndarjes hierarkike. Ne mund t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb node, duke rritur gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e kapacitetit<\/em><\/p>\n

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Hylochain \u2014 Mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr aplikacionet e bazuara n\u00eb kanale<\/h3>\n

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Qasja jon\u00eb p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetjen e aplikacioneve mund t\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb \"platform\u00eb t\u00eb decentralizuar p\u00ebr kontrata inteligjente\". N\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti qendror q\u00eb ekzekuton t\u00eb gjith\u00eb logjik\u00ebn dhe p\u00ebrpunon t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga aplikacioni, Constellation koordinon t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e aplikacionit me \"kanalet e ngulitura\", t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb merren si nj\u00eb stacion televiziv q\u00eb transmeton t\u00eb dh\u00ebna nga sistemi i ngulur. \u00c7do kanal i ngulitur mund t\u00eb implementoj\u00eb logjik\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb verifikimit, e cila lejon zgjidhjen e problemit t\u00eb orakujve p\u00ebrmes verifikimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe verifikimit transiv t\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb ngulitura. Rrjetet e kanaleve t\u00eb ngulitura ofrojn\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb parallelizuar p\u00ebr aplikacionet, duke p\u00ebrshpejtuar koh\u00ebn e marrjes, e cila n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet me kontrata inteligjente \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar nga konsensusi tradicional sinhron.<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nDy kanale t\u00eb ngulitura, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb \"kompatibile\" p\u00ebrmes rrjetit $DAG. Ato mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb ose interpretohen, pasi t\u00eb dy jan\u00eb \"integruar\" me $DAG p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb nyjave hibride $DAG + Kanal.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Arsyeja pse e quajn\u00eb Hylochain \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00eb qasjen ton\u00eb p\u00ebr mb\u00ebshtetje t\u00eb aplikacioneve, \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur modeli funksional i programimit Recursion Schemes p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nd\u00ebrfaqen MapReduce. Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, skemat e rekurzionit Hylomorphism (Hylomorfike) dhe Metamorphism (Metamorfe) mund t\u00eb integrohen p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar k\u00ebrkesa t\u00eb verifikueshme dhe lidhje flukse p\u00ebrmes kanaleve standarde duke verifikuar llojet algebraike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave ashtu si\u00e7 kontrollohen op-kodet p\u00ebr kontratat e men\u00e7ura. Rezultati p\u00ebrfundimtar \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe funksionale MapReduce, e njohur p\u00ebr inxhinier\u00ebt e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe e p\u00ebrshtatshme me teknologjin\u00eb ekzistuese t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nHylomorphic dhe Metamorphic kanale standarde p\u00ebr kontrast. N\u00eb gjendjen metamorfike, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga dy kanale standarde d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb blok n\u00eb metakanalin. N\u00eb Hilo, ne marrim gjendjen e m\u00ebparshme t\u00eb kanalit dhe e p\u00ebrdorim p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar (p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb pyetje specifike) dy kanale t\u00eb tjera, dhe m\u00eb pas ruajm\u00eb rezultatin e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs n\u00eb bllok.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Tokenomika dhe lidhja e saj me Hylochain<\/h3>\n

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Kur kanal standard \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar, ai mund t\u00eb integrohet n\u00eb kanalin $DAG, por duke p\u00ebrdorur nd\u00ebrfaqen ACI ose Nd\u00ebrfaqja e Zinxhirit t\u00eb Aplikacionit. Kjo nd\u00ebrfaqe \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht nj\u00eb objekt JSON me informatat e konfigurimit dhe \u00e7el\u00ebsin publik t\u00eb lidhur me vet\u00eb kanalin. Arsyetimi pse lidhemi \u00e7el\u00ebsi publik me kanal standard \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e kanalit standard. Kur kanali standard \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur, zhvilluesit p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb vet\u00eb se si paguese nga rrjeti $DAG shp\u00ebrndahen midis nyjeve dhe operator\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

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\"Konsensusi
\nFluksi p\u00ebr blerjen e aksesit n\u00eb informacion ose modifikimin e informacionit. K\u00ebrkesa d\u00ebrgohet n\u00eb $DAG, fondet d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb llogarin\u00eb e kanalit, rezultati i d\u00ebrgohet bler\u00ebsit, dhe kontrolli i transaksionit d\u00ebrgohet n\u00eb rrjetin $DAG, i cili m\u00eb pas \u00e7liron fondet p\u00ebr kanal standard.<\/em><\/p>\n

Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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A \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm? | ProHoster","description":"E di, e di. Ka shum\u00eb projekte kripto, ekzistojn\u00eb shum\u00eb konsensus: mbi pun\u00ebn dhe pron\u00ebsin\u00eb, ari, naft\u00eb, pite t\u00eb pjekura (ka edhe nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, po, po). \u00c7far\u00eb na duhet akoma nga nj\u00eb? K\u00ebt\u00eb propozoj ta diskutojm\u00eb pas leximit t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimit t\u00eb dokumentacionit teknik \"t\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar\" t\u00eb projektit *Constellation. 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