{"id":36826,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:01","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/aleksej-savvateev-nobelevskaya-premiya-zhana-tirolya-za-analiz-nesovershennyh-rynkov-2014-i-kollektivnuyu-reputatsiyu\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:01","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:01","slug":"aleksej-savvateev-nobelevskaya-premiya-zhana-tirolya-za-analiz-nesovershennyh-rynkov-2014-i-kollektivnuyu-reputatsiyu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/aleksej-savvateev-nobelevskaya-premiya-zhana-tirolya-za-analiz-nesovershennyh-rynkov-2014-i-kollektivnuyu-reputatsiyu","title":{"rendered":"Alexey Savvateev: \u00c7mimi Nobel p\u00ebr Jean Tirole p\u00ebr analiz\u00ebn e tregjeve t\u00eb pap\u00ebrkryera (2014) dhe reputacionin kolektiv","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Alexey
\n
\nN\u00ebse do t\u00eb jepja \u00c7mimin Nobel p\u00ebr Jean Tirole, do ta jepja p\u00ebr analiz\u00ebn e tij teoriko-loj\u00ebrave t\u00eb reputacionit, ose t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn do ta p\u00ebrfshija k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb formulimin. M\u00eb duket se ky \u00ebsht\u00eb rasti kur intuicija jon\u00eb p\u00ebrputhet mir\u00eb me modelin, megjithat\u00eb v\u00ebrtetimi i k\u00ebtij modeli \u00ebsht\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga ato modele q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb ose e pamundur p\u00ebr ta verifikuar dhe falsifikuar. Por ideja m\u00eb duket plot\u00ebsisht brilante.<\/p>\n

\u00c7mimi Nobel<\/h3>\n

\nPasoja e \u00e7mimit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb largim p\u00ebrfundimtar nga koncepti i vet\u00ebm t\u00eb ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm si nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb e \u00e7do situate ekonomike.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb falni ekonomist\u00ebt e pranish\u00ebm, do ta paraqes n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb popullore thelbin e teoris\u00eb s\u00eb ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr 20 minuta.<\/p>\n

1950<\/h3>\n

\nDominon pik\u00ebpamja se sistemi ekonomi i n\u00ebnshtrohet ligjeve strikte (si\u00e7 jan\u00eb ligjet e Nat\u00ebs) t\u00eb nj\u00eb realiteti fizik. Kjo ishte nj\u00eb triumf i qasjes p\u00ebr t'u bashkuar e gjith\u00eb shkenca n\u00ebn nj\u00eb \u00e7ati t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt. Si duket kjo \u00e7ati?
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nKa nj\u00eb treg. Ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb caktuar (n) familjesh, konsumator\u00ebve t\u00eb mallrave, atyre p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat punon tregu (mallrat konsumohen). Dhe nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb caktuar (J) subjektesh t\u00eb k\u00ebtij tregu (prodhuesit e mallrave). Fitimi i secilit prodhues ndarja ndonj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb midis konsumator\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Ka jan\u00eb produkte 1,2\u2026L. Nj\u00eb produkt \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb mund t\u00eb konsumohet. N\u00ebse produkti fizik \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, por konsumohet n\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme ose n\u00eb pika t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, at\u00ebher\u00eb ato jan\u00eb produkte t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nMalli n\u00eb momentin e konsumit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, malli nuk mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim afatgjat\u00eb. (Nuk jan\u00eb automjete, por m\u00eb tep\u00ebr ushqim, madje as \u00e7do lloj).<\/p>\n

Pra, kemi nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb RL t\u00eb planeve prodhuese. Hap\u00ebsir\u00eb L-dimensionale, \u00e7do vektor interpretohet k\u00ebshtu. Marrim koordinatat, ku q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb numrat negativ\u00eb, i fusim n\u00eb \"kutin\u00eb e zez\u00eb\" t\u00eb prodhimit dhe nxjerrim komponent\u00ebt pozitiv\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit vektor. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, (2,-1,3) do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se nga 1 nj\u00ebsi e mallrit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb 2 nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb par\u00eb dhe tre nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb tret\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebkohshme. N\u00ebse ky vektor i p\u00ebrket grupit t\u00eb mund\u00ebsive prodhuese.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nY1, Y2\u2026 YJ \u2014 n\u00ebngrupe n\u00eb RL. \u00c7do prodhim \u2014 \"kutia e zez\u00eb\".<\/p>\n

\u00c7mimet (p1, p2\u2026 pL)\u2026 \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb ato? Bien nga \u00e7atia.<\/p>\n

Ju jeni menaxher firma. Firma \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grup plane prodhuese, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb realizohen. \u00c7far\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebni n\u00ebse merrni nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb till\u00eb \u2014 (p1, p2\u2026 pL)?<\/p>\n

Ekonomia klasike ju detyron t\u00eb vler\u00ebsoni t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vektor\u00ebt pV, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb pranuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr ju, duke e vler\u00ebsuar sipas k\u00ebtyre \u00e7mimeve.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nDhe ne maksimalizojm\u00eb pV, ku V \u00ebsht\u00eb nga Yj. Kjo quhet Pj(\u0440).<\/p>\n

\u00c7mimet bien mbi ju, ju njoftohet dhe ju duhet t\u00eb besoni pa e v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb dyshim se \u00e7mimet do t\u00eb jen\u00eb k\u00ebto. Kjo quhet \"comportamento me marrjen e \u00e7mimit\". <\/p>\n

Duke marr\u00eb sinjal nga \"\u00e7mimet\", secila nga firmat l\u00ebshoi P1(p), P2(p)\u2026 PJ(p). \u00c7far\u00eb ndodh me to. Ana e majt\u00eb, konsumator\u00ebt, secili prej tyre ka burime fillestare w1(p), w2\u2026wJ(p) dhe pjes\u00eb t\u00eb fitimeve n\u00eb firma \u03b411, \u03b412\u2026\u03b41J, t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb gjenerohen n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nMund t\u00eb ket\u00eb burime fillestare t\u00eb ul\u00ebta w, por mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb larta, at\u00ebher\u00eb lojtari do t\u00eb veproj\u00eb nga nj\u00eb buxhet i madh.<\/p>\n

Po ashtu konsumatori ka preferenca \u05d0. Ato i jan\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar atij dhe jan\u00eb t\u00eb pandryshueshme. Preferencat do t'i lejojn\u00eb atij t\u00eb krahasoj\u00eb \u00e7do vektor nga RL me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, sipas \"cil\u00ebsis\u00eb\", nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i tij. Nj\u00eb kuptim i plot\u00eb i vetes. Ju keni provuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb \"banane\" (un\u00eb e kam provuar n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 10 vje\u00e7are), por keni nj\u00eb paraqitje p\u00ebr t\u00eb, si do t'ju p\u00eblqente. Nj\u00eb supozim informativ shum\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Konsumatori b\u00ebn nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim sipas \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb tregut t\u00eb tij fillestar pwi dhe p\u00ebrcakton pjes\u00ebt e fitimeve:<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nKonsumatori beson gjithashtu pa kushte \u00e7mimet q\u00eb i jan\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb dhe vler\u00ebson t\u00eb ardhurat e tij. Pas k\u00ebsaj ai fillon t'i shpenzoj\u00eb ato dhe t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb kufirin e mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb tij financiare.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nKonsumatori maksimalizon preferencat e tij. Funksioni i dobis\u00eb. Cila x i sjell m\u00eb shum\u00eb dobi. Paradigma e sjelljes logjike. <\/p>\n

Ndodh decentralizimi i plot\u00eb. \u00c7mimet bien mbi ju nga qielli. Sip\u00ebr k\u00ebtyre \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb gjitha kompanit\u00eb maksimalizojn\u00eb profitin. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb konsumator\u00ebt marrin asetet e tyre dhe b\u00ebjn\u00eb me to \u00e7far\u00eb duan, si duan (maksimalizojn\u00eb funksionin e dobis\u00eb) shpenzojn\u00eb p\u00ebr produktet q\u00eb kan\u00eb, sipas \u00e7mimeve q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb. Lindin optimizimet e propozuara Xi(\u0440).<\/p>\n

Pastaj shpallet se \u00e7mimet jan\u00eb ekuilibruese, p*, n\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha vendimet e agjent\u00ebve ekonomik\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. \u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje?<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb kishte? Burimet fillestare, \u00e7do kompani shtoi planin e vet prodhues:<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nKjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb kemi. Dhe kjo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me at\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkuan konsumator\u00ebt:<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\n\u00c7mimet p* quhen ekuilibruese, n\u00ebse ky barazim realizohet. N\u00eb t\u00eb ka aq shum\u00eb barazime sa produkte.<\/p>\n

Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb viti 1880, Leon Walras<\/a><\/noindex> Ai e kishte promovuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme dhe p\u00ebr 79 vjet ekonomist\u00ebt matematik\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin prova se nj\u00eb vektor i till\u00eb ekuilibri ekziston. Kjo u p\u00ebrqendrua n\u00eb nj\u00eb topologji shum\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb dhe nuk mund t\u00eb provonte deri n\u00eb vitin 1941, kur ishte provuar teorema e Kakutani<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb vitin 1951 ishte provuar plot\u00ebsisht teorema e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb ekuilibrit. <\/p>\n

Por ngadal\u00eb ky model u transformua n\u00eb klas\u00ebn e historis\u00eb s\u00eb mendimit ekonomik.<\/p>\n

Duhet ta kaloni gjith\u00eb rrug\u00ebn vet\u00eb dhe t\u00eb studioni modelet e vjetra. Analizoni p\u00ebrse ato nuk funksionuan. Ku ishin pik\u00ebpamjet kund\u00ebrshtuese. At\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb keni p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb, nj\u00eb ekskursion t\u00eb mir\u00eb historik.<\/p>\n

Historia e ekonomis\u00eb duhet t\u00eb studioj\u00eb modelin e p\u00ebrshkruar m\u00eb sip\u00ebr n\u00eb detaje, sepse t\u00eb gjitha modelet e sotme t\u00eb tregut rriten nga aty.<\/p>\n

Pik\u00ebpamjet kund\u00ebrshtuese<\/h3>\n

\n1. T\u00eb gjitha mallrat p\u00ebrshkruhen jasht\u00ebzakonisht abstrakt.<\/b> Nuk merret parasysh struktura e konsumit t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre mallrave dhe mallrat e q\u00ebndrueshme.<\/p>\n

2. \u00c7do prodhim, kompani \u2014 \"kutia e zez\u00eb\"<\/b>. P\u00ebrshkruhet thjesht aksiomatikisht. Merret nj\u00eb grup vektor\u00ebsh, dhe shpallet t\u00eb pranuesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

3. \"Dora e padukshme e tregut\"<\/b>, \u00e7mimet bien nga \u00e7atia.<\/p>\n

4. Kompanit\u00eb thjesht maksimumizojn\u00eb fitimin P.<\/b><\/p>\n

5. Mekanizmi i ardhjes n\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr<\/b>. (\u00c7do fizikant fillon t\u00eb qesh\u00eb k\u00ebtu: si ta \"gjejm\u00eb\"?). Si t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet prova e unitetit dhe q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb (t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn).<\/p>\n

6. Jo-falsifikueshm\u00ebria e modelit<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Falsifikueshm\u00ebria.<\/b> Kam nj\u00eb model dhe sipas tij un\u00eb them se n\u00eb jet\u00ebn reale nuk mund t\u00eb ndodhin skenar\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb dhe t\u00eb till\u00eb. Mund t\u00eb ndodhin k\u00ebto, por k\u00ebto \u2014 kurr\u00eb, sepse modeli im garanton q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr n\u00eb at\u00eb klas\u00eb. N\u00ebse paraqitni nj\u00eb shembuj kund\u00ebrshtues, do t\u00eb them \u2014 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb kufiri i aplikueshm\u00ebris\u00eb, modeli im n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb p\u00ebr arsye t\u00eb ndryshme ka defekte. Me teorin\u00eb e ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm, kjo nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet dhe ja p\u00ebrse.<\/p>\n

Sepse... \u00c7far\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton sjelljen e sistemit ekonomik jasht\u00eb ekuilibrit? P\u00ebr disa \"r\"? Mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohet nj\u00eb tejkalim t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs mbi ofert\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nNe ne hedhim \u00e7mime nga tavanet dhe e dim\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht cilat produkte do t\u00eb mungojn\u00eb dhe cilat do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb tepric\u00eb. Rreth k\u00ebtij vektori ne mund t\u00eb themi me siguri (teorema e vitit 1970) se n\u00ebse respektohen pronat triviale, at\u00ebher\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb mund t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohet nj\u00eb sistem ekonomik (t\u00eb specifikohen t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat fillestare), n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin kjo funksion do t\u00eb jet\u00eb funksioni i k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs nga teprica. P\u00ebr \u00e7do \u00e7mim t\u00eb caktuar do t\u00eb l\u00ebshohet pik\u00ebrisht nj\u00eb vler\u00eb e till\u00eb e vektorit t\u00eb tepric\u00ebs. Mund t\u00eb imitohet \u00e7do sjellje t\u00eb arsyeshme observable me an\u00eb t\u00eb modelit t\u00eb ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm. K\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ky model \u00ebsht\u00eb i pa falsifikuesh\u00ebm. Ai mund t\u00eb parashikoj\u00eb \u00e7do sjellje, kjo e ul aspektin praktik t\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb dy vende, modeli i ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm vazhdon t\u00eb punoj\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme. Ka modele t\u00eb llogaritshme t\u00eb ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm q\u00eb llogarisin makroekonomin\u00eb e vendeve n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel t\u00eb lart\u00eb agregimi. Ndoshta nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb, por llogarisin. <\/p>\n

E dyta \u2014 ka nj\u00eb specifikim shum\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, ku pjesa prodhuese ndryshon, nd\u00ebrsa ajo konsumtuese mbetet pothuajse e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb modelet e konkurrenc\u00ebs monopolistike. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb \"kutis\u00eb s\u00eb zez\u00eb\" shfaqet formula se si funksionon prodhimi, dhe n\u00eb vend t\u00eb \"dorez\u00ebs s\u00eb padukshme t\u00eb tregut\" shfaqet se \u00e7do kompani ka nj\u00ebfar\u00eb fuqie monopolistike. Pjesa kryesore e tregut bot\u00ebror \u00ebsht\u00eb monopoliste.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb theksohet se akuzat ndaj ekonomis\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb fort\u00eb: \"Modeli duhet t\u00eb parashikoj\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb nes\u00ebr\" dhe \"\u00c7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb n\u00ebse situata \u00ebsht\u00eb e keqe\". K\u00ebto pyetje brenda teoris\u00eb s\u00eb ekuilibrit t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm jan\u00eb absolutisht pa kuptim. Ka nj\u00eb teorem\u00eb (teorema e par\u00eb e mir\u00ebqenies): \"Ekuilibri i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb efektiv sipas Pareto\". Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsohet pozita n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh. N\u00ebse e p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoni dik\u00eb \u2014 k\u00ebt\u00eb e b\u00ebni me koston e t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Kjo teorem\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb kontrast t\u00eb ostentuesh\u00ebm me at\u00eb q\u00eb shohim p\u00ebrreth, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb pik\u00ebn e shtat\u00eb:
\n7. \"T\u00eb gjitha produktet jan\u00eb private dhe nuk ka eksternalitetet\"<\/b>.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb realitet, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh produktesh jan\u00eb \"t\u00eb lidhura\" me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Ka shum\u00eb shembuj, kur aktivitetet ekonomike ndikojn\u00eb nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn (derdhja e mbetjeve n\u00eb lum\u00eb, etj.). Nd\u00ebrhyrja mund t\u00eb sjell\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit n\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprim.<\/p>\n

Libri kryesor i Tyrolit: \"The Theory of Industrial Organization\"<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nNuk mund t\u00eb pritet q\u00eb tregjet t\u00eb veprojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efikase, t\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rezultat efikas, k\u00ebt\u00eb e shohim p\u00ebrreth.<\/p>\n

Pyetja \u00ebsht\u00eb: Si t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjm\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndrequr situat\u00ebn?<\/b> Dhe si t\u00eb mos e b\u00ebjm\u00eb at\u00eb edhe m\u00eb keq?<\/p>\n

Ndodh q\u00eb, n\u00eb teori, duhet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyjm\u00eb, por n\u00eb praktik\u00eb:
\n8. Mungon informacioni i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb si\u00e7 duhet.<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u00eb modelin e ekuilibrave t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb e plot\u00eb.<\/p>\n

E kam th\u00ebn\u00eb tashm\u00eb, kjo lidhet me preferencat e njer\u00ebzve. Kur nd\u00ebrhyn, duhet t\u00eb dihet k\u00ebto preferenca. P\u00ebrdorni imagjinat\u00ebn: po nd\u00ebrhyn p\u00ebr t\u00eb \"p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar\" nj\u00eb situat\u00eb. Ju nevojitet informacioni se kush dhe si do t\u00eb \"d\u00ebmohet\" prej saj. Sigurisht, agjent\u00ebt ekonomik\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb d\u00ebmtohen leht\u00eb do t\u00eb thon\u00eb se do t\u00eb d\u00ebmtohen shum\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa ata q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb pak do t\u00eb thon\u00eb se do t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb shum\u00eb. N\u00ebse nuk kemi mund\u00ebsi ta verifikojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, t\u00eb hyjm\u00eb n\u00eb mendjen e nj\u00eb personi dhe t\u00eb zbulojm\u00eb cili \u00ebsht\u00eb funksioni i tij t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb \"duar e padukshme t\u00eb tregut\" nuk ka mekaniz\u00ebm form\u00ebsimi t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve, dhe n\u00eb
\n9. Konkurenca \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrsosur<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Qasja moderne ndaj burimit t\u00eb \u00e7mimeve m\u00eb t\u00eb njohura thot\u00eb se \u00e7mimet shpallen nga dikush q\u00eb organizon tregun. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje e madhe e transaksioneve moderne jan\u00eb ato q\u00eb kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes ankandeve. Nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb shum\u00eb e mir\u00eb ndaj k\u00ebtij modeli, meq\u00eb b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr mosbesimin ndaj dor\u00ebs s\u00eb padukshme t\u00eb tregut, \u00ebsht\u00eb teoria e ankandeve. N\u00eb t\u00eb, \u00e7\u00ebshtja ky\u00e7e \u00ebsht\u00eb informata. Cila informat\u00eb ka organizatori i ankandit. Un\u00eb po merrem tani, jam kund\u00ebrshtar zyrtar n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga disertacionet e b\u00ebra n\u00eb Yandex. Yandex organizon ankande p\u00ebr reklam\u00ebn. Ju \"shisni\". N\u00eb Yandex b\u00ebhet pun\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se si t'ju \"shesin\" sa m\u00eb mir\u00eb. Disertacioni \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht brilant, nj\u00eb nga p\u00ebrfundimet \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht e papritur: \"\u00cbsht\u00eb kritikisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb dihet sakt\u00ebsisht se ekziston nj\u00eb lojtar me nj\u00eb ofert\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb\". Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mesme (ka 30% reklamuesish me nj\u00eb pozit\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb fort\u00eb, k\u00ebrkesa), kjo informacion \u00ebsht\u00eb asgj\u00eb, krahasuar me faktin se ju e dini se nj\u00eb person me siguri ka ardhur n\u00eb treg dhe tani po p\u00ebrpiqet t\u00eb vendos\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb reklam\u00eb. Kjo informacion shtes\u00eb lejon t\u00eb ndryshohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb konsiderueshme pragu i pjes\u00ebmarrjes, duke rritur ndjesh\u00ebm t\u00eb ardhurat nga shitja e vendit t\u00eb reklam\u00ebs, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e \u00e7uditshme. Un\u00eb nuk e kam menduar kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, por kur m\u00eb shpjeguan mekanizmin dhe m\u00eb treguan matematik\u00ebn, duhej t\u00eb pranoja se k\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb. Yandex e ka implementuar dhe me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb ka marr\u00eb nj\u00eb rritje t\u00eb fitimeve.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse p\u00ebrfshiheni n\u00eb veprimin e tregut, duhet t\u00eb kuptoni se cilat jan\u00eb preferencat e t\u00eb gjith\u00ebve. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e qart\u00eb se kur duhet nd\u00ebrhyr\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ka gjithashtu nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqsh\u00ebm, i cili mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht i gabuar. P\u00ebr shembull, kuptimi sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor i monopolizimit thot\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb rregullohet monopolizimi, p\u00ebr shembull, t\u00eb shp\u00ebrthehet n\u00eb dy-tre-kat\u00ebr firma, e cila do t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb oligopoli dhe do t\u00eb rritej mir\u00ebqenia shoq\u00ebrore. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb informacion tipik nga libra. Por kjo varet nga rrethanat. N\u00ebse keni artikuj t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, at\u00ebher\u00eb ky model sjelljeje p\u00ebr shtetin mund t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht shkat\u00ebrrues. Para 0 vitesh, n\u00eb realitet kishte nj\u00eb shembull.<\/p>\n

Filluatin e albumit \"Rock-encyclopedia\". N\u00eb shkoll\u00ebn ton\u00eb, disa kopje qarkullonin, q\u00eb thoshin se ishin t\u00eb edituara n\u00eb nj\u00eb tirazh t\u00eb kufizuar dhe shiteshin p\u00ebr 40 rubla. Pas dy muajve, k\u00ebto albume mbush\u00ebn t\u00eb gjitha raftet dhe kushtonin 3 rubla. K\u00ebta njer\u00ebz p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb mistifikonin publikun, duke pretenduar se ishte nj\u00eb ekskluzivitet i jasht\u00ebzakonsh\u00ebm. Nj\u00eb monopolist, n\u00ebse prodhon nj\u00eb produkt q\u00eb zgjat, fillon t\u00eb konkurroj\u00eb me \"veten e tij nes\u00ebr\". N\u00ebse ai tenton ta shes\u00eb sot me \u00e7mim t\u00eb lart\u00eb, nes\u00ebr mund ta rivendos\u00eb ose ta blej\u00eb at\u00eb. Atij i nd\u00ebrlikon t\u00eb bind\u00eb bler\u00ebsit e sot\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb pritur deri nes\u00ebr. \u00c7mimet rezultojn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ulta se zakonisht. Kjo ishte provuar nga Coase<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Ekziston \"hipoteza e Coase\", e cila thot\u00eb se monopolisti me nj\u00eb produkt afatgjat\u00eb, q\u00eb shpesh rishikohet politik\u00ebn e tij \u00e7mimor, e humb t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht pushtetin monopol. M\u00eb von\u00eb, kjo u provua rrept\u00ebsisht mbi baz\u00ebn e teoris\u00eb s\u00eb loj\u00ebrave.<\/p>\n

Supozoni se nuk i dini k\u00ebto rezultate dhe vendosni t\u00eb ndani nj\u00eb monopol t\u00eb till\u00eb. K\u00ebtu lind nj\u00eb oligopol me produkte afatgjat\u00eb. Ky duhet t\u00eb modelizohet dinamikisht. N\u00eb fund \u2014 ata mbajn\u00eb \u00e7mimin monopol! E gjith\u00eb situata \u00ebsht\u00eb e kund\u00ebrta. Nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb e detajuar e tregut \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n

10. K\u00ebrkesa<\/b><\/p>\n

Ka miliona konsumator\u00eb n\u00eb vend, n\u00eb model do t\u00eb ket\u00eb agregim. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb madh konsumator\u00ebsh t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, do t\u00eb krijohet nj\u00eb konsumator agregat. Kjo sjell shum\u00eb probleme me r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi teorike dhe praktike. <\/p>\n

Agregimi p\u00ebrkunder preferencave dhe funksioneve t\u00eb dobis\u00eb. (Borman, 1953). Agregimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb preferenca shum\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta. Modeli do t\u00eb ket\u00eb humbje.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb modelin agregat, k\u00ebrkesa \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kuti e zez\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ishte nj\u00eb kompani ajrore. Kishte nj\u00eb fluturim n\u00eb dit\u00eb n\u00eb Jekaterinburg. M\u00eb pas u b\u00ebn\u00eb dy. Nj\u00eb prej tyre niset n\u00eb 6 t\u00eb m\u00ebngjesit nga Moska. Pse?<\/p>\n

Ju fragmentoni tregun, dhe p\u00ebr \"t\u00eb pasurit\" q\u00eb nuk duan t\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb her\u00ebt, vendosni \u00e7mim m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ekziston gjithashtu kund\u00ebrshtimi i racionalitetit. Q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit sillen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb irracionale. Por n\u00eb numra t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj gradualisht del n\u00eb pah nj\u00eb form\u00eb racionale.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb studioni ekonomin\u00eb, fillimisht studioni modelin e p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm. M\u00eb pas \"filloni t\u00eb dyshoni\" dhe studioni \u00e7do kund\u00ebrshtim. Nga \u00e7do nj\u00ebri prej tyre nis nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb e t\u00ebr\u00eb! N\u00ebse i studioni t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto \"koke\", do t\u00eb b\u00ebheni nj\u00eb ekonomist shum\u00eb i ditur.<\/p>\n

Tiroli ka dal\u00eb n\u00eb pah n\u00eb trajtimin e disa \"kund\u00ebrshtimeve\". Por un\u00eb do t'i jepja atij nj\u00eb \u00e7mim Nobel jo p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Si t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb reputacion<\/h3>\n

\nPropozoj t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebto histori. Kur t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr reputacionin, do ta diskutojm\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb 2005, n\u00eb Gjeorgji u realizua nj\u00eb reform\u00eb krejt e paimagjinueshme. U shkarkua e T\u00cbRA policia e vendit. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Historia e dyt\u00eb. Pas shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb protestave n\u00eb vitet 11-12 n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb polic\u00ebt mor\u00ebn numra mbi krah\u00ebt dhe patch-e me emrat e tyre.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto jan\u00eb dy qasje t\u00eb ndryshme ndaj t\u00eb njejt\u00ebs \u00e7\u00ebshtje. Si t\u00eb p\u00ebrballohet nj\u00eb vend ose nj\u00eb grup njer\u00ebzish me nj\u00eb reputacion jasht\u00ebzakonisht negativ t\u00eb nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebsie brenda?<\/p>\n

\"T\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb shkarkohen dhe t\u00eb pun\u00ebsohen t\u00eb rinj\" ose \"t\u00eb personalizohet dhuna\".<\/p>\n

Un\u00eb po argumentoj dhe do t\u00eb referohem te Tiroli, se ne kemi ndjekur nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb arsyeshme.<\/p>\n

Po ju paraqes tre modele t\u00eb reputacionit. Dy ishin t\u00eb njohura para Tiroli, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb tretin e shpiku ai.<\/p>\n

\u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb reputacioni? Ka nj\u00eb dentist, te i cili shkoni dhe e rekomandoni at\u00eb dentist tek njer\u00ebzit e tjer\u00eb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb reputacioni i tij personal, ai e ka krijuar at\u00eb vet\u00eb. Ne do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb reputacionin kolektiv.<\/p>\n

Ka nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebsi - polic\u00ebt, biznesmen\u00ebt, komb\u00ebsia, rac\u00eb (disa terma q\u00eb Per\u00ebndimi nuk i do t\u00eb diskutoj\u00eb).<\/p>\n

Modeli 1<\/h3>\n

\nKa nj\u00eb kolektiv. Brenda t\u00eb cilit \u00e7do pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs ka shkruar \"n\u00eb ball\u00eb\". Duke dal\u00eb nga aty, ai tashm\u00eb ka nj\u00eb shenj\u00eb. Por nuk mund ta p\u00ebrcaktoni n\u00ebse ai \u00ebsht\u00eb njeri nga ky grup apo jo. P\u00ebr shembull, kur n\u00eb SHBA pranojn\u00eb student\u00eb p\u00ebr programet Phd nga RSH.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nN\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, Amerika e p\u00ebrbuz gjith\u00eb pjes\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. N\u00ebse s'ka raketa - p\u00ebrbuz, n\u00ebse ka raketa - p\u00ebrbuz dhe friksohet. K\u00ebshtu ajo i qaset bot\u00ebs dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht si nj\u00eb peshkatar hedh nga kapa... O, peshk i mir\u00eb! Ti do t\u00eb b\u00ebhesh peshk amerikan. Ky shtet nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar mbi parime fillestare fashiste, por mbi ato t\u00eb krijuara. Ne do t\u00eb mbledhim t\u00eb gjith\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebt dhe prandaj jemi m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebtu erdhi n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb dikush nga \"bota e tret\u00eb\" dhe k\u00ebtu u zbulua se ai kishte mbaruar RSH. Dhe n\u00eb syt\u00eb e pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsve di\u00e7ka ka filluar t\u00eb ndri\u00e7oj\u00eb. Nota p\u00ebr provimin \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme se fakti q\u00eb ai erdhi nga RSH.<\/p>\n

Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb model shum\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsor.<\/p>\n

Modeli 2<\/h3>\n

\nAspak jo politikorrekt.<\/p>\n

Reputata si nj\u00eb kurth institucional.<\/p>\n

Ja vjen nj\u00eb afro-amerikan n\u00eb pun\u00eb. (N\u00eb Amerik\u00eb) Ju jeni pun\u00ebdh\u00ebn\u00ebsi, e shikoni at\u00eb: \"Ah, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb afro-amerikan, un\u00eb n\u00eb parim nuk kam asgj\u00eb kund\u00ebr afro-amerikan\u00ebve, nuk jam racist. Por ata, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, jan\u00eb thjesht t\u00eb paditur. Prandaj nuk do ta marr.\" Dhe ju b\u00ebheni racist \"n\u00eb veprime\", e jo n\u00eb p\u00ebrfytyrime.<\/p>\n

\"Nuk e di, djal\u00eb, n\u00ebse je i men\u00e7ur, por mesatarisht, ata si ti jan\u00eb t\u00eb paditur. Prandaj, p\u00ebr \u00e7do rast, do t\u00eb t\u00eb refuzoj.\" <\/p>\n

N\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet kurthi institucional. 10 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb ky djal\u00eb shkoi n\u00eb shkoll\u00eb. Dhe mendon: \"A do t\u00eb studioj aq mir\u00eb sa fqinja ime e bardh\u00eb? Pse? N\u00eb fund t\u00eb fundit do t\u00eb marrin vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr pun\u00eb me kualifikim t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Edhe n\u00ebse p\u00ebrpiqem dhe marr diplom\u00ebn, nuk mund t'i tregoj askujt asgj\u00eb. E di si funksionon \u2013 ata do t\u00eb shohin fytyr\u00ebn time t\u00eb zez\u00eb dhe do t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se jam si t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00eb grupin tim.\" K\u00ebshtu krijohet nj\u00eb ekuilib\u00ebr i k\u00ebqij. Afrikan\u00ebt amerikan\u00eb nuk studiojn\u00eb sepse m\u00eb pas nuk i marrin n\u00eb pun\u00eb, dhe nuk i marrin sepse nuk studiojn\u00eb. Nj\u00eb kombinim i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm strategjish nga t\u00eb gjith\u00eb aktor\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Modeli 3<\/h3>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nKa nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb caktuar. E cila ndodh midis nj\u00eb personi t\u00eb zgjedhur rast\u00ebsisht nga kjo popullat\u00eb (njer\u00ebz) dhe (policis\u00eb). Ose bizneseve-dogan\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nKam nj\u00eb njohur biznesmen, i cili komunikon shpesh me dogan\u00ebn, ai e konfirmon k\u00ebt\u00eb model.<\/p>\n

Keni nj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb\/d\u00ebshir\u00eb nga nj\u00eb person (nga njer\u00ebzit\/biznesmeni) p\u00ebr t'u drejtuar n\u00eb (polici\/dogan\u00eb) dhe t'i jap\u00eb nj\u00eb \"detyr\u00eb\". T\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb situat\u00ebn, t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb mallrat. Dhe ai shpreh n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nj\u00eb akt besimi. Dhe personi n\u00eb vend merr nj\u00eb vendim. Nuk ka vul\u00eb n\u00eb ball\u00eb (Modeli 1), asnj\u00ebher\u00eb nuk ka marr\u00eb vendim p\u00ebr t\u00eb investuar n\u00eb vete (Modeli 2), nuk ka asgj\u00eb q\u00eb e paracakton si do t\u00eb punoj\u00eb sot. Ka vet\u00ebm vullnetin e tij t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr sot. <\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb analizojm\u00eb nga \u00e7far\u00eb varet ky zgjedhje dhe ku shfaqet kurthi?<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb njeri po shikon nj\u00eb zyrtar. Tiroli supozoi nj\u00eb gj\u00eb, nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb dyshimt\u00eb n\u00eb kuptimin e saj. Por, kjo shpjegon gjith\u00e7ka. Ai supozoi se p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb zyrtar di\u00e7ka e pav\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur, se \u00e7far\u00eb kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebr secilin ka nj\u00eb histori t\u00eb caktuar. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb polic, n\u00eb thelb, mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet e njohur se ai m\u00eb par\u00eb kishte keqdashur para p\u00ebr kryerjen e pun\u00ebs s\u00eb tij. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb doganier, jan\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar histori se si ai ndalon ngarkesa. Por ndoshta nuk jan\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
\nKa nj\u00eb parametr \u03b8 nga 0 deri n\u00eb 1, q\u00eb n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb af\u00ebr zero, at\u00ebher\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka kalon pa nd\u00ebshkime. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, n\u00ebse polici nuk ka asnj\u00eb num\u00ebr regjistrimi, ai mund t\u00eb maltretuoj\u00eb k\u00ebdo pa u zbuluar dhe asnj\u00eb askush nuk do t\u00eb dij\u00eb dhe nuk do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nd\u00ebshkime. Por n\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr regjistrimi, at\u00ebher\u00eb \u03b8 \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebr nj\u00eb. Ai do t\u00eb ket\u00eb kosto t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Gjeorgji, vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb presin me thik\u00eb mosbesimin e plot\u00eb. Ata angazhuan polic\u00eb t\u00eb rinj dhe mendojn\u00eb se reputacioni i vjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb vdes\u00eb. Tiroli pretendon se dinamizmat q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb k\u00ebtu...<\/p>\n

Si funksionojn\u00eb ekuilibrat. N\u00ebse ju drejtoheni tek nj\u00eb zyrtar, at\u00ebher\u00eb e besoni si t\u00eb ndersh\u00ebm. Ai zyrtar mund t\u00eb sillet v\u00ebrtet ndershm\u00ebrisht, ose mund t\u00eb sillet keq. Kjo do t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht historin\u00eb time t\u00eb 'kredis\u00eb'. Nes\u00ebr nuk do t\u00eb m\u00eb drejtohen, n\u00ebse m\u00ebsojn\u00eb se kam vepruar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pandershme. Besimi i mes\u00ebm ndaj zyrtar\u00ebve pa em\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i ul\u00ebt. Dit\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb vog\u00ebl q\u00eb t'ju drejtohen. N\u00ebse ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ju drejtohen, at\u00ebher\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtim dhe duhet t\u00eb nxirrni 'maksimumin' dhe t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzoni. Ne t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebtu jemi hajdut\u00eb dhe mashtrues dhe askush nuk do t\u00eb na drejtohet. Do t\u00eb mbetemi hajdut\u00eb dhe mashtrues si m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb lloj tjet\u00ebr i ekuilibrit dinamik \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb njer\u00ebzit besojn\u00eb se zyrtar\u00ebt sjellin mir\u00eb dhe i drejtohen atyre shpesh. Prandaj, nes\u00ebr, n\u00ebse keni nj\u00eb reputacion t\u00eb past\u00ebr, do t\u00eb keni shum\u00eb ofera. Dhe n\u00ebse e prishni reputacionin tuaj, at\u00ebher\u00eb numri i drejtimeve personale ndaj jush zvog\u00eblohet. Dhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aspekt i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. N\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb besim t\u00eb till\u00eb, humbni shum\u00eb nga sjellja e keqe.<\/p>\n

Tiroli tregon se n\u00eb dinamik\u00eb, \u00e7far\u00eb lloj ekuilibri krijohet, varet kritsh\u00ebm nga \u03b8, jo nga kushtet fillestare.<\/p>\n

Duke t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat, ju rrisni p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb personale t\u00eb individit. N\u00ebse ai e b\u00ebn mir\u00eb, kjo do t\u00eb regjistrohet dhe do t'i referohen atij, edhe n\u00ebse nuk do t'i referohen t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

\"Alexey
\n
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\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
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Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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