{"id":36854,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","slug":"retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"Retrospektiv\u00eb: si u shteruan adresat IPv4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Geoff Huston, inxhinier kryesor i k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb regjistruesit t\u00eb internetit APNIC, parashikoi se adresat IPv4 do t\u00eb shteronin n\u00eb vitin 2020. N\u00eb nj\u00eb cik\u00ebl t\u00eb ri materialesh, ne do t\u00eb freskojm\u00eb informacionin se si u shteruan adresat, kujt i kan\u00eb mbetur ende dhe pse ndodhi kjo.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospektiv\u00eb: si u shteruan adresat IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/b1bf313f07dff7552813a1e71d4f8bfe.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EKnd0HcEyCM\">Lo\u00efc Mermilliod<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Pse po p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb adresat<\/h2>\n<p>\nPara se t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb tregimin se si \"shteroi\" rezervuari IPv4, le t\u00eb flasim pak p\u00ebr arsyet. N\u00eb vitin 1983, me implementimin e TCP\/IP, u p\u00ebrdor adresimi 32-bit. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.igalia.com\/dpino\/2017\/05\/25\/ipv4-exhaustion\/\">dukej<\/a><\/noindex>, se 4.3 miliard adresa p\u00ebr 4.5 miliard njer\u00ebz ishin mjaftuesh\u00ebm. Por at\u00ebher\u00eb, zhvilluesit nuk e parashikuan se popullsia e planetit do t\u00eb rritej gati dyfish, dhe interneti do t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapej masivisht.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, n\u00eb vitet '80 shum\u00eb organizata mor\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb adresa se sa u nevojiteshin realisht. Disa kompani p\u00ebrdorin ende adresa publike p\u00ebr server\u00eb q\u00eb funksionojn\u00eb ekskluzivisht n\u00eb rrjetet lokale. Rritja e teknologjive mobile, internetit t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave dhe virtualizimit e p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsoi situat\u00ebn. Llogarit\u00eb e gabuara mbi numrin e hosteve n\u00eb rrjetin global dhe shp\u00ebrndarja e paefektshme e adresave u b\u00ebn\u00eb shkaku i munges\u00ebs s\u00eb IPv4.<\/p>\n<h2>Si po p\u00ebrfundonin adresat<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 2000, drejtori i APNIC, Paul Wilson, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/exec-no-shortage-of-net-addresses\/\">deklaroi<\/a><\/noindex>, parashikoi se adresat IPv4 do t\u00eb shteronin brenda dhjet\u00eb viteve t\u00eb ardhshme. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, parashikimi i tij doli t\u00eb ishte mjaft i sakt\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2011:<\/b> Si\u00e7 kishte parashikuar Wilson, tek regjistruesi i internetit APNIC (i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr rajonin Azi-Paq\u00ebsor) kishte mbetur blloku i fundit <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adresimi_be_klasa\">bllok \/8.<\/a><\/noindex>Organizata e krijoi nj\u00eb rregull t\u00eb ri \u2014 nj\u00eb bllok prej 1024 adresash n\u00eb \"duar\" t\u00eb nj\u00eb personi. Analist\u00ebt thon\u00eb se pa k\u00ebt\u00eb kufizim blloku \/8 do t\u00eb kishte p\u00ebrfunduar brenda nj\u00eb muaji. Tani, APNIC ka vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb vog\u00ebl adresash n\u00eb dispozicion.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2012:<\/b> Rreth shterimit t\u00eb rezervuarit shpalli regjistruesi evropian i internetit RIPE. Ai gjithashtu filloi t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndante bllokun e fundit \/8. Organizata ndoqi shembullin e APNIC dhe zbatoi kufizime t\u00eb rrepta n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e IPv4. N\u00eb vitin 2015, RIPE kishte vet\u00ebm 16 milion adresa t\u00eb lira. Sot, ky num\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb reduktuar ndjesh\u00ebm \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">n\u00eb 3.5 milion.<\/a><\/noindex>Duhet theksuar se n\u00eb vitin 2012 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldipv6launch.org\/\">u b\u00eb lanimi global i IPv6.<\/a><\/noindex>. Operator\u00ebt global\u00eb t\u00eb komunikimeve aktivizuan nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb ri p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb klient\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Nd\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00ebt ishin AT&amp;T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, Cisco dhe D-Link e p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb IPv6 si paramet\u00ebr t\u00eb parazgjedhur n\u00eb konfigurimet e router-\u00ebve q\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Nj\u00eb grusht materialesh t\u00eb reja nga blogu yn\u00eb n\u00eb Habr:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461431\/\">\u00abDashuron dhe nuk dashuron\u00bb: DNS mbi HTTPS<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">Post-analiza: \u00e7far\u00eb dihet p\u00ebr sulmin e fundit n\u00eb rrjetin e server\u00ebve t\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsave t\u00eb kriptografis\u00eb SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/457106\/\">Lufta me thirrjet robot n\u00eb SHBA \u2014 kush fiton dhe pse<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>Viti 2013:<\/b> Jeff Haston nga APNIC n\u00eb blogun <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleid.com\/posts\/20130724_exactly_when_is_arin_going_to_run_out_of_ipv4_addresses\/\">narrativ<\/a><\/noindex>, se adresat IPv4 tek regjistruesi amerikan ARIN do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2014. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arin.net\/vault\/announcements\/2013\/20130801.html\">njoftuan<\/a><\/noindex>, se u kan\u00eb mbetur vet\u00ebm dy blloqe \/8.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2015:<\/b> ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2015\/09\/24\/arin_ipv4_interview_ipv6\/\">u b\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> ishte regjistruesi i par\u00eb q\u00eb kishte shteruar plot\u00ebsisht rezervat e adresave IPv4. T\u00eb gjitha kompanit\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rajon po q\u00ebndrojn\u00eb n\u00eb radh\u00eb dhe presin q\u00eb dikush t\u00eb liroj\u00eb IP t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2017:<\/b> P\u00ebr ndalimin e l\u00ebshimit t\u00eb adresave\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.potaroo.net\/ispcol\/2015-08\/last8.html\">konfirmuan<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0n\u00eb regjistruesin LACNIC, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr vendet e Amerik\u00ebs Latine. Tani <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">mund t\u00eb blihen<\/a><\/noindex> bllok mund t\u00eb marrin vet\u00ebm ato kompani q\u00eb nuk i kan\u00eb marr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb AFRINIC \u2014 q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr rajonin e Afrik\u00ebs \u2014 gjithashtu jan\u00eb vendosur kufizime n\u00eb l\u00ebshimin e adresave. Vler\u00ebsimi i p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i rrept\u00eb, ndarja e numrit maksimal n\u00eb duar t\u00eb nj\u00eb individi \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2019:<\/b> Sot t\u00eb gjith\u00eb regjistruesit kan\u00eb mbetur relativisht nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i vog\u00ebl adresash. Rezervat mbahen n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje p\u00ebrmes rikthimit t\u00eb adresave t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb qarkullim nga her\u00eb pas here. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb MIT <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">zbuluan<\/a><\/noindex> ka 14 milion IP-adresa. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma e tyre kan\u00eb vendosur t'i riprodhojn\u00eb te kompanit\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb pason<\/h2>\n<p>\nKa nj\u00eb mendim se adresat IPv4 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">do t\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb deri n\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb vitit 2020. Pas k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr ofruesit e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb internetit, prodhuesit e pajisjeve rrjet\u00ebrore dhe kompani t\u00eb tjera <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2011\/04\/no-more-addresses-asia-pacific-region-ipv4-well-runs-dry\/\">do t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb zgjedhje<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 t\u00eb migrojn\u00eb n\u00eb IPv6 ose t\u00eb punojn\u00eb me <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.vasexperts.ru\/?p=120\">mekanizmat NAT<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>NAT (Translacioni i Adresave Rrjet\u00ebore) lejon q\u00eb disa adresa lokale t\u00eb konvertohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb jashtme. Numri maksimal i porteve \u00ebsht\u00eb 65 mij\u00eb. Teorikisht, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i till\u00eb lokal mund t\u00eb mapohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb publike (n\u00ebse nuk merret parasysh disa kufizime t\u00eb realizimeve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb NAT-it).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospektiv\u00eb: si u shteruan adresat IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/18505c575eee7ff32fdfcaf989d710bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/X5c3f2QZGXQ\">Jordan Whitt<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Ofruesit e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb internetit mund t\u00eb drejtohen n\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb specializuara \u2014 Carrier Grade NAT. Ato lejojn\u00eb menaxhimin qendror t\u00eb adresave lokale dhe t\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb abonent\u00ebve dhe kufizojn\u00eb numrin e porteve TCP dhe UDP t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, portet ndahen m\u00eb efektivisht mes p\u00ebrdoruesve, plus ofrohet mbrojtje nga sulmet DDoS.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb nga disavantazhet e NAT-it jan\u00eb problemet potenciale me firewall-et. T\u00eb gjitha sesionet e p\u00ebrdoruesve dalin n\u00eb rrjet me nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb klient mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me faqet q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb qasje n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime p\u00ebrmes IP-s\u00eb. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, burimi mund t\u00eb mendoj\u00eb se po kryhet nj\u00eb sulm DoS dhe t\u00eb mbyll\u00eb qasjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb klient\u00ebt.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb p\u00ebr NAT \u00ebsht\u00eb kalimi n\u00eb IPv6. K\u00ebto adresa do t\u00eb mjaftojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, plus q\u00eb ai ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitimesh. P\u00ebr shembull, komponenti i integruar IPSec, i cili enkripton paketat e dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta.<\/p>\n<p>Aktualisht IPv6\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-ipv6\/all\/all\">p\u00ebrdoret<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm nga 14.3% e faqeve n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Shtrirjes s\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit i pengojn\u00eb disa faktor\u00eb, t\u00eb lidhur me kostot e migrimit, munges\u00ebn e pajtueshm\u00ebris\u00eb prapa dhe kompleksitetet teknike n\u00eb implementim.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebt\u00eb do ta diskutojm\u00eb n\u00eb her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>P\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb shkruajm\u00eb n\u00eb blogun korporativ VAS Experts:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">Zbatimi i IPv6 \u2014 FAQ p\u00ebr ofruesit e sh\u00ebrbimeve internet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">Protokolli IPv6 \u2014 nga teoria n\u00eb praktik\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/ekonomiya-na-spichkax-i-neskolko-sposobov-vystrelit-sebe-v-nogu-kriticheskie-oshibki-v-stroitelstve-setej-operatorov-svyazi\/\">\u00abTiri n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb\u00bb: gabime kritike n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e rrjeteve t\u00eb operator\u00ebve t\u00eb telefonis\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 IPv4 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Lo\u00efc Mermilliod \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 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