{"id":36854,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:15","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:15","slug":"retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/retrospektiva-kak-istoshhalis-adresa-ipv4","title":{"rendered":"Retrospektiv\u00eb: si u shter\u00ebn adresat IPv4","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Jeff Huston, inxhinier kryesor i k\u00ebrkimeve n\u00eb regjistrin e internetit APNIC, parashikoi se adresat IPv4 do t\u00eb mbaronin n\u00eb vitin 2020. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb cik\u00ebl materialesh, ne do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsojm\u00eb informacionin rreth m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si jan\u00eb shterur adresat, kush i ka ende dhe pse ndodhi k\u00ebshtu.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospektiv\u00eb: si u shter\u00ebn adresat IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/b1bf313f07dff7552813a1e71d4f8bfe.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/EKnd0HcEyCM\">Lo\u00efc Mermilliod<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Pse po mbarojn\u00eb adresat<\/h2>\n<p>\nPara se t\u00eb kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb tregimin e m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs se si \u2018thuhej\u2019 se po shuhej rezerva IPv4, le t\u00eb flasim pak p\u00ebr arsyet. N\u00eb vitin 1983, gjat\u00eb zbatimit t\u00eb TCP\/IP, u p\u00ebrdor adresimi 32-bit. At\u00ebher\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.igalia.com\/dpino\/2017\/05\/25\/ipv4-exhaustion\/\">dukej<\/a><\/noindex>, se 4.3 miliard adresa p\u00ebr 4.5 miliard njer\u00ebz ishin mjaftuesh\u00ebm. Por at\u00ebher\u00eb zhvilluesit nuk e mor\u00ebn parasysh se popullsia e planetit do t\u00eb dyfishohej, dhe interneti do t\u00eb merrte p\u00ebrhapje masive.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, n\u00eb vitet 80, shum\u00eb organizata mor\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb adresa se sa u duhej n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Disa kompani ende p\u00ebrdorin adresat publike p\u00ebr server\u00ebt q\u00eb punojn\u00eb ekskluzivisht n\u00eb rrjetet lokale. zhvillimi i teknologjive t\u00eb l\u00ebvizshme, internetit t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave dhe virtualizimit r\u00ebndoi situat\u00ebn. Gabimet n\u00eb vler\u00ebsimin e numrit t\u00eb hosteve n\u00eb rrjetin global dhe shp\u00ebrndarja e parregullt e adresave u b\u00ebn\u00eb shkak p\u00ebr munges\u00ebn e IPv4.<\/p>\n<h2>Si po mbarojn\u00eb adresat<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '00, drejtori i APNIC, Paul Wilson <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/exec-no-shortage-of-net-addresses\/\">deklaroi<\/a><\/noindex>, parashikoi se adresat IPv4 do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb brenda dhjet\u00eb viteve t\u00eb ardhshme. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, parashikimi i tij u tregua mjaft i sakt\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2011:<\/b> Ashtu si\u00e7 parashikoi Wilson, regjistruesi i internetit APNIC (i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr rajonin e Azi-Paq\u00ebsorit) i ka mbetur blloku i fundit <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0411\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f_\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\">\/8<\/a><\/noindex>. Organizata vendosi nj\u00eb rregull t\u00eb ri \u2014 nj\u00eb bllok me 1024 adresa n\u00eb \"duar\" t\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsie. Analist\u00ebt thon\u00eb se pa k\u00ebt\u00eb kufizim, blloku \/8 do t\u00eb kishte p\u00ebrfunduar brenda nj\u00eb muaji. Tani, APNIC ka mbetje vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb vog\u00ebl adresash.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2012:<\/b> P\u00ebr shterimin e burimeve shpalli regjistruesi evropian i internetit RIPE. Ai gjithashtu filloi shp\u00ebrndarjen e bllokut t\u00eb fundit \/8. Organizata ndoqi shembullin e APNIC dhe vendosi kufizime t\u00eb rrepta mbi shp\u00ebrndarjen e IPv4. N\u00eb vitin 2015, RIPE kishte mbetur vet\u00ebm 16 milion adresa t\u00eb lira. Sot ky num\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb reduktuar ndjesh\u00ebm \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ripe.net\/publications\/ipv6-info-centre\/about-ipv6\/ipv4-exhaustion\/ipv4-available-pool\">n\u00eb 3,5 milion<\/a><\/noindex>. Vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendet se n\u00eb vitin 2012 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldipv6launch.org\/\">u b\u00eb lan\u00e7imi global i IPv6.<\/a><\/noindex>. Operatoret global\u00eb t\u00eb komunikimeve aktivizuan nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb ri p\u00ebr disa nga klient\u00ebt e tyre. N\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb par\u00ebve ishin AT&amp;T, Comcast, Free Telecom, Internode, XS4ALL dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, Cisco dhe D-Link aktivizuan IPv6 si parazgjidhje n\u00eb cil\u00ebsimet e router-\u00ebve q\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Nj\u00eb grup materialesh t\u00eb reja nga blogu yn\u00eb n\u00eb Habra:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461431\/\">\u00abDashuron dhe nuk dashuron\u00bb: DNS mbi HTTPS<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/461443\/\">Post-analiz\u00eb: \u00e7far\u00eb dihet p\u00ebr sulmin e fundit ndaj rrjetit t\u00eb server\u00ebve t\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsave t\u00eb kriptografis\u00eb SKS Keyserver<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/457106\/\">Lufta ndaj thirrjeve robotike n\u00eb SHBA - kush po fiton dhe pse<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<b>Viti 2013:<\/b> Jeff Haston nga APNIC n\u00eb blog <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.circleid.com\/posts\/20130724_exactly_when_is_arin_going_to_run_out_of_ipv4_addresses\/\">tregoi<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb adresat IPv4 te regjistruesi amerikan ARIN do t\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb vitit 2014. Af\u00ebrsisht n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arin.net\/vault\/announcements\/2013\/20130801.html\">konfirmuan<\/a><\/noindex>, than\u00eb se iu kan\u00eb mbetur vet\u00ebm dy blloqe \/8.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2015:<\/b> ARIN <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theregister.co.uk\/2015\/09\/24\/arin_ipv4_interview_ipv6\/\">u b\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> regjistruesi i par\u00eb q\u00eb e shteroi plot\u00ebsisht rezerv\u00ebn e adresave IPv4 t\u00eb lira. T\u00eb gjitha kompanit\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rajon jan\u00eb n\u00eb pritje dhe presin q\u00eb dikush t\u00eb liroj\u00eb adresat IP q\u00eb nuk p\u00ebrdoren.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2017:<\/b> P\u00ebr ndalimin e dh\u00ebnies s\u00eb adresave\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.potaroo.net\/ispcol\/2015-08\/last8.html\">n\u00eb deklaruan<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0n\u00eb regjistruesin LACNIC, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr vendet e Amerik\u00ebs Latine. Tani <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacnic.net\/web\/lacnic\/agotamiento-ipv4\">mund t\u00eb blihen<\/a><\/noindex> blloqe vet\u00ebm nga ato kompani q\u00eb kurr\u00eb nuk i kan\u00eb marr\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb. N\u00eb AFRINIC - q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs p\u00ebr rajonin afrikan - gjithashtu jan\u00eb vendosur kufizime mbi dh\u00ebnien e adresave. Po vler\u00ebsohet rrept\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrdorimi i tyre, dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb kufizuar numri maksimal n\u00eb duar t\u00eb nj\u00ebrit.<\/p>\n<p><b>Viti 2019:<\/b> Sot, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb regjistruesit kan\u00eb mbetur me nj\u00eb sasi relativisht t\u00eb vog\u00ebl adresash. Rezervat mbahen t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme p\u00ebrmes rikthimit t\u00eb adresave t\u00eb pap\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb qarkullim nga koha n\u00eb koh\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb MIT <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.techspot.com\/news\/69055-mit-unload-8-million-ipv4-addresses-fund-ipv6.html\">u zbuluan<\/a><\/noindex> 14 milion IP adresesh. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se gjysma e tyre kan\u00eb vendosur t'i riprodhojn\u00eb p\u00ebr kompanit\u00eb q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb ndodh m\u00eb pas<\/h2>\n<p>\nKa mendime se adresat IPv4 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ipv4.potaroo.net\/\">do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb vitit 2020. Pas k\u00ebsaj, ofruesit e internetit, prodhuesit e pajisjeve rrjetore dhe kompani t\u00eb tjera <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/tech-policy\/2011\/04\/no-more-addresses-asia-pacific-region-ipv4-well-runs-dry\/\">do t\u00eb vendosin<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 t\u00eb migrojn\u00eb n\u00eb IPv6 ose t\u00eb punojn\u00eb me <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/blog.vasexperts.ru\/?p=120\">mekanizmat NAT<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Translacioni i adreseve rrjetore (NAT) lejon t\u00eb transformohet nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh adresash lokale n\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb jashtme. Numri maksimal i porteve \u00ebsht\u00eb 65 mij\u00eb. Teoretikisht, nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i till\u00eb lokal adresash mund t\u00eb mapohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb publike (n\u00ebse nuk merret parasysh disa kufizime t\u00eb realizimeve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb NAT-it).<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Retrospektiv\u00eb: si u shter\u00ebn adresat IPv4\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/18505c575eee7ff32fdfcaf989d710bd.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\/ Unsplash \/ <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/X5c3f2QZGXQ\">Jordan Whitt<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Ofruesit e internetit mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb specializuara \u2014 Carrier Grade NAT. Ato lejojn\u00eb menaxhimin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb qendrore t\u00eb adresave lokale dhe t\u00eb jashtme t\u00eb abonent\u00ebve dhe kufizojn\u00eb numrin e porteve TCP dhe UDP q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr klient\u00ebt. K\u00ebshtu, portet midis p\u00ebrdoruesve shp\u00ebrndahen m\u00eb efektivisht, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, krijohet mbrojtje nga sulmet DDoS.<\/p>\n<p>Nd\u00ebr disavantazhet e NAT-it mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim problemet potenciale me firewall-a. T\u00eb gjitha seancat e p\u00ebrdoruesve dalin n\u00eb internet me nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb bardh\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb klient mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht me faqet q\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb qasje n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbime p\u00ebrmes IP-s\u00eb. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se kaq, burimi mund t\u00eb mendoj\u00eb se po kryhet nj\u00eb sulm DoS dhe t\u00eb bllokoj\u00eb qasjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb klient\u00ebt.<\/p>\n<p>Alternativa e NAT-it \u00ebsht\u00eb kalimi n\u00eb IPv6. K\u00ebto adresa do t\u00eb mjaftojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, plus ka nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb avantazhesh. P\u00ebr shembull, komponenti i integruar IPSec, q\u00eb enkripton paketat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr momentin, IPv6\u00a0<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/w3techs.com\/technologies\/details\/ce-ipv6\/all\/all\">p\u00ebrdoret<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0p\u00ebrb\u00ebn vet\u00ebm 14,3% t\u00eb faqeve n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb protokollit i pengojn\u00eb disa faktor\u00eb, t\u00eb lidhur me koston e migrimit, munges\u00ebn e p\u00ebrputhshm\u00ebris\u00eb prapa dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb teknike gjat\u00eb implementimit.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebt\u00eb do ta diskutojm\u00eb her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>Sobre \u00e7far\u00eb shkruajm\u00eb n\u00eb blogun korporativ VAS Experts:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/seti\/vnedrenie-ipv6-faq-dlya-internet-provajderov\/\">Zbatimi i IPv6 - FAQ p\u00ebr ofruesit e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb internetit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/protokol-ipv6-ot-teorii-k-praktike\/\">Protokolli IPv6 - nga teoria n\u00eb praktik\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/vasexperts.ru\/blog\/telekom\/ekonomiya-na-spichkax-i-neskolko-sposobov-vystrelit-sebe-v-nogu-kriticheskie-oshibki-v-stroitelstve-setej-operatorov-svyazi\/\">\u00abShp\u00ebrthim n\u00eb k\u00ebmb\u00eb\u00bb: gabime kritike n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e rrjeteve t\u00eb operator\u00ebve t\u00eb komunikimit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/vasexperts\/blog\/462435\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 APNIC, \u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 IPv4 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 2020 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0412 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430, \u0443 \u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \/ Unsplash \/ Lo\u00efc Mermilliod \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u0432\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0445\u0430\u043b\u00bb \u043f\u0443\u043b [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36854","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0436\u0435\u0444\u0444 \u0425\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d (Geoff Huston), 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