{"id":36917,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","slug":"shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","title":{"rendered":"The clash of the two yokozuna","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"The
\n
\nKa mbetur m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb dit\u00eb deri n\u00eb fillimin e shitjeve t\u00eb procesor\u00ebve t\u00eb rinj AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, vendos\u00ebm t\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb nga ka filluar historia e konkurrenc\u00ebs midis dy prodhuesve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb CPU-ve.<\/p>\n

Procesori i par\u00eb 8-bit\u00ebsh i disponuesh\u00ebm komercialisht n\u00eb bot\u00eb ishte Intel\u00ae i8008, i l\u00ebshuar n\u00eb vitin 1972. Procesori kishte nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb taktike prej 200 kHz, ishte i nd\u00ebrtuar me procesin teknologjik 10 mikrometra (10000 nm) dhe ishte destinuar p\u00ebr kalkulator\u00eb \"t\u00eb avancuar\", terminale hyrje-dalje dhe automata p\u00ebr mbushjen e shisheve.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"The
\n
\nN\u00eb vitin 1974, ky procesor u b\u00eb baza p\u00ebr mikrokompjuterin Mark-8, i paraqitur si nj\u00eb projekt DIY n\u00eb kapak t\u00eb revist\u00ebs Radio-Electronics. Autori i projektit, Jonathan Titus, ofronte p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb interesuarit nj\u00eb broshur\u00eb me \u00e7mimin 5 dollar\u00eb, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante skica t\u00eb udh\u00ebzimeve t\u00eb bordit t\u00eb qarkut dhe p\u00ebrshkrimin e procesit t\u00eb montimit. Shpejt u shfaq nj\u00eb projekt i ngjash\u00ebm p\u00ebr mikrokompjuterin personal Altair 8800, i krijuar nga kompania MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems).<\/p>\n

Fillimi i konkurenc\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nDy vjet pas krijimit t\u00eb i8008, Intel l\u00ebshoi \u00e7ipin e saj t\u00eb ri \u2014 i8080, i bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar t\u00eb i8008 dhe i nd\u00ebrtuar me procesin teknologjik 6 mikrometra (6000 nm). Ky procesor ishte rreth 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb se paraardh\u00ebsi i tij (frekuenca taktike 2 MHz) dhe pati nj\u00eb sistem komandash m\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluar.<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\nInxhinier\u00ebt e talentuar Shawn dhe Kim Haley, si dhe Jay Kumar, realizuan nj\u00eb rreth-inxhinierim t\u00eb procesorit Intel\u00ae i8080, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb kloni t\u00eb modifikuar t\u00eb quajtur AMD AM9080.<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\nFillimisht, AMD Am9080 u prodhua pa licenc\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb u arrit nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje licencimi me Intel. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, t\u00eb dy kompanit\u00eb mor\u00ebn avantazh n\u00eb tregjet e \u00e7ipave, pasi bler\u00ebsit p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb shmangnin var\u00ebsin\u00eb nga nj\u00eb furnizues t\u00eb vet\u00ebm. Shitjet e para ishin jasht\u00ebzakonisht fitimprur\u00ebse, pasi kostoja e prodhimit ishte 50 cent, nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7ipat vet\u00eb bliheshin aktivisht nga ushtria p\u00ebr 700 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr cop\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pas k\u00ebsaj, Kim Haley vendosi t\u00eb provonte aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e tij n\u00eb rreth-inxhinierimin e \u00e7ipit t\u00eb memories Intel\u00ae EPROM 1702. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, kjo ishte teknologjia m\u00eb progresive p\u00ebr memorien e q\u00ebndrueshme. Projekti ishte i suksessh\u00ebm vet\u00ebm pjes\u00ebrisht \u2014 kloni i krijuar mbante t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr 3 jav\u00eb n\u00eb temperatur\u00eb ambiente. <\/p>\n

Pas nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb shum\u00eb \u00e7ip\u00ebve dhe duke u bazuar n\u00eb njohurit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb kimis\u00eb, Kim arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se pa njohjen e temperatur\u00ebs s\u00eb sakt\u00eb t\u00eb rritjes s\u00eb oksidit, do t\u00eb ishte e pamundur t\u00eb arriheshin treguesit e pranish\u00ebm t\u00eb Intel (10 vjet n\u00eb 85 grad\u00eb). Duke shfaqur talentin e tij p\u00ebr inxhinierin\u00eb sociale, ai telefonoi n\u00eb prodhimin e Intel dhe pyeti n\u00eb cil\u00ebn temperatur\u00eb punojn\u00eb fur\u00e7at e tyre. \u00c7udit\u00ebrisht, ata i than\u00eb pa hezitim numrin e sakt\u00eb \u2014 830 grad\u00eb. Bingo! Natyrisht, truk t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb kalonin pa pasoj\u00eb negative.<\/p>\n

Procesi i par\u00eb gjyq\u00ebsor<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1981, Intel po p\u00ebrgatitej t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruante nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb p\u00ebr prodhimin e procesor\u00ebve me IBM, prodhuesin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve n\u00eb bot\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. Intel vet\u00eb nuk kishte kapacitetet e mjaftueshme prodhuese p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbuluar k\u00ebrkesat e IBM, prandaj, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos humbur kontrat\u00ebn, e detyruan veten t\u00eb pranonin nj\u00eb kompromis. Ky kompromis ishte nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje licencimi midis Intel dhe AMD, e cila i lejoi k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb fillonte prodhimin e klon\u00ebve t\u00eb Intel\u00ae 8086, 80186 dhe 80286.<\/p>\n

Pas kat\u00ebr vjet\u00ebsh, n\u00eb tregun e procesor\u00ebve me arkitektur\u00eb x86, u prezantua Intel\u00ae 80386 i ri me frekuenc\u00eb 33 MHz dhe i realizuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb proces teknologjik prej 1 mikromet\u00ebr (1000 nm). N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, AMD gjithashtu po p\u00ebrgatiste nj\u00eb \u00e7ip t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me emrin Am386\u2122, por l\u00ebshimi u shty p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb pacaktuar p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb refuzimit kategorik t\u00eb Intel p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna mbi teknologjin\u00eb si pjes\u00eb e marr\u00ebveshjes s\u00eb licencimit. Kjo ishte arsyeja p\u00ebr t'u drejtuar n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb procesit gjyq\u00ebsor, Intel p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb provonte se kushtet e marr\u00ebveshjes ishin t\u00eb aplikueshme vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr procesor\u00ebt e brezave t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, t\u00eb prodhuar para 80386. AMD, nga ana tjet\u00ebr, insistonte se kushtet e marr\u00ebveshjes i lejonin asaj jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb riprodhonte 80386, por edhe modelet e ardhshme t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn x86.<\/p>\n

\"The
\n
\nProcedurat gjyq\u00ebsore zgjat\u00ebn p\u00ebr disa vjet dhe p\u00ebrfunduan me fitoren e AMD (Intel pagoi AMD 1 miliard dollar\u00eb). Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet besnike midis kompanive arrit\u00ebn fundin e tyre, nd\u00ebrsa Am386\u2122 u lan\u00e7ua vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1991. Megjithat\u00eb, procesori ishte shum\u00eb i k\u00ebrkuar, pasi punonte me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se origjinali (40 MHz kundrejt 33 MHz).<\/p>\n

\"The
\n<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi i konkurrenc\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nProcesori i par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb, i nd\u00ebrtuar mbi nj\u00eb si hart\u00eb hibride CISC-RISC dhe me nj\u00eb koprocessor matematikor (FPU) direkt n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kristal, ishte Intel\u00ae 80486. FPU e lejonte p\u00ebrshpejtimin serioz t\u00eb operacioneve me pik\u00eb fluturuese, duke hequr ngarkes\u00ebn nga CPU. Nj\u00eb inovacion tjet\u00ebr ishte futurja e mekanizmit t\u00eb tubacioneve p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e instruksioneve, i cili gjithashtu rriti performanc\u00ebn. Madh\u00ebsia e nj\u00eb elementi varioi nga 600 deri n\u00eb 1000 nm, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb kristal u vendos\u00ebn nga 0.9 deri n\u00eb 1.6 milion tranzistor\u00eb.<\/p>\n

AMD nga ana e saj paraqiti nj\u00eb analog t\u00eb plot\u00eb funksional me emrin Am486, duke p\u00ebrdorur mikrokodin Intel\u00ae 80386 dhe koprocessorin Intel\u00ae 80287. Ky rast u b\u00eb shkak p\u00ebr shum\u00eb gjyqe. Vendimi gjyq\u00ebsor i 1992 konfirmoi se AMD kishte shkelur t\u00eb drejtat e autorit mbi mikrokodin FPU 80287, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs kompania nisi zhvillimin e mikrokodit t\u00eb saj.<\/p>\n

Proceset e m\u00ebtejshme gjyq\u00ebsore konfirmuan dhe mohuan t\u00eb drejtat e AMD p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e mikrokodeve t\u00eb Intel\u00ae. Nj\u00eb pik\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimtare n\u00eb k\u00ebto \u00e7\u00ebshtje u vendos nga gjykata e lart\u00eb e shtetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb, e cila e shpalli t\u00eb paligjsh\u00ebm t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e kompanis\u00eb AMD p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur mikrokodin 80386. Si rezultat, u firmos nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje midis t\u00eb dy kompanive, q\u00eb i lejoi AMD t\u00eb prodhonte dhe shiste procesor\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbanin mikrokodet 80287, 80386 dhe 80486.<\/p>\n

Lojtar\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb n\u00eb tregun x86, si Cyrix, Texas Instruments dhe UMC gjithashtu p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisin suksesin e Intel, duke l\u00ebshuar analog\u00eb funksional t\u00eb \u00e7ipit 80486. Megjithat\u00eb, ata nuk arrit\u00ebn ta b\u00ebnin k\u00ebt\u00eb. UMC u t\u00ebrhoq nga gara pas nj\u00eb ndalese gjyq\u00ebsore p\u00ebr t\u00eb shitur procesorin e saj Green CPU n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara. Cyrix nuk arriti t\u00eb lidh\u00eb kontrata t\u00eb favorshme me montuesit e m\u00ebdhenj, dhe gjithashtu kishte procese gjyq\u00ebsore me Intel p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e teknologjive t\u00eb patentuara. Si rezultat, lider\u00ebt e tregut x86 mbet\u00ebn vet\u00ebm Intel dhe AMD.<\/p>\n

Rritja e ritmeve<\/h2>\n

\nDuke k\u00ebrkuar t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb primatin, si Intel ashtu edhe AMD p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb arrinin maksimumin e performanc\u00ebs dhe shpejt\u00ebsis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, AMD ishte e para n\u00eb bot\u00eb q\u00eb kaloi pragun prej 1 GHz, duke l\u00ebshuar Athlon\u2122 e saj (37 milion tranzistor\u00eb, 130 nm) mbi kernelin Thunderbird. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb \"gar\u00ebs\", Intel kishte probleme me q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e cache-it t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb n\u00eb Pentium\u00ae III t\u00eb saj mbi kernelin Coppermine, gj\u00eb q\u00eb shkaktoi vonesa n\u00eb lan\u00e7imin e produktit.<\/p>\n

Fakti interesant \u2014 emri Athlon vjen nga gjuha e lasht\u00eb greke dhe mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet si \"gar\u00eb\" ose \"vend beteje, aren\u00eb\". <\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Suksese t\u00eb ngjashme p\u00ebr AMD ishin lansimi i procesorit dy-nj\u00ebsor Athlon\u2122 X2 (90 nm), dhe pas 2 vitesh Quad-Core Opteron\u2122 (65 nm), ku t\u00eb katra b\u00ebrtham\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7ip t\u00eb vet\u00ebm dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrje e dy \u00e7ipave me nga 2 b\u00ebrthama n\u00eb \u00e7do nj\u00ebsi. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, Intel ka lansuar procesor\u00ebt e saj t\u00eb famsh\u00ebm Core\u2122 2 Duo dhe Core\u2122 2 Quad, t\u00eb realizuar me procesin teknologjik 65 nm.<\/p>\n

Me rritjen e frekuencave t\u00eb or\u00ebs dhe numrit t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave, u shfaq nj\u00eb nevoj\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb zot\u00ebruar procese t\u00eb reja teknologjike dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb hyr\u00eb n\u00eb tregje t\u00eb tjera. Transaksioni m\u00eb i madh i korporat\u00ebs AMD ishte blerja e ATI Technologies p\u00ebr 5.4 miliard dollar\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, AMD hyri n\u00eb tregun e akcelerator\u00ebve grafik\u00eb dhe u b\u00eb konkurrenti kryesor i Nvidia. Po ashtu, Intel ka bler\u00eb nj\u00eb nga deg\u00ebt e Texas Instruments si dhe kompanin\u00eb Altera p\u00ebr 16.7 miliard dollar\u00eb. Rezultati ishte hyrja n\u00eb tregun e \u00e7ipave logjik\u00eb t\u00eb programuesh\u00ebm dhe SoC p\u00ebr elektronik\u00ebn e konsumit.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fakt interesant \u00ebsht\u00eb se q\u00eb nga viti 2009 AMD ka braktisur prodhimin e saj, duke u p\u00ebrqendruar ekskluzivisht n\u00eb zhvillim. Procesor\u00ebt modern\u00eb t\u00eb AMD prodhohen n\u00eb kapacitetet e prodhuesve GlobalFoundries dhe TSMC. Intel, p\u00ebrkundrazi, vazhdon t\u00eb zhvilloj\u00eb kapacitetet e saj t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb elementeve gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7uese.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb nga viti 2018, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 konkurrenc\u00ebs s\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb, t\u00eb dy kompanit\u00eb kan\u00eb filluar projekte t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta. Nj\u00eb shembull i shk\u00eblqyer ishte lansimi i procesor\u00ebve Intel\u00ae Core\u2122 t\u00eb gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb 8-t\u00eb me grafik\u00eb t\u00eb integruar AMD Radeon\u2122 RX Vega M, duke bashkuar k\u00ebshtu forcat e t\u00eb dyja kompanive. Kjo zgjidhje do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb zvog\u00eblimin e p\u00ebrmasave t\u00eb laptop\u00ebve dhe mini-kompjuter\u00ebve, duke rritur nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht performanc\u00ebn dhe koh\u00ebn e funksionimit t\u00eb pavarur.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundim<\/h2>\n

\nGjith\u00eb historin\u00eb e ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dy kompanive kan\u00eb pasur shum\u00eb episode mosmarr\u00ebveshjesh dhe akuzash t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjella. Lufta p\u00ebr lider\u00ebsin\u00eb ka vazhduar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pand\u00ebrprer\u00eb dhe vazhdon deri n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment. K\u00ebt\u00eb vit, pam\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb linj\u00ebs s\u00eb procesor\u00ebve Intel\u00ae Xeon\u00ae Scalable, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn kemi folur n\u00eb blogun ton\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe tani ka ardhur koha p\u00ebr AMD t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb sken\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Shum\u00eb shpejt, procesor\u00ebt e rinj AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb laboratori yn\u00eb. Merrni informacion<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00ebt q\u00eb e din\u00eb p\u00ebr ta.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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