{"id":36917,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","slug":"shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","title":{"rendered":"Beteja e dy yokozun","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Beteja
\n
\nM\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb dit\u00eb ka mbetur deri n\u00eb fillimin e shitjeve t\u00eb procesor\u00ebve t\u00eb rinj AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, vendos\u00ebm t\u00eb rikujtojm\u00eb se si filloi historia e konkurrenc\u00ebs midis dy prodhuesve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb CPU-ve.<\/p>\n

Procesori i par\u00eb 8-bit q\u00eb u b\u00eb i disponuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr tregun ishte Intel\u00ae i8008, i l\u00ebshuar n\u00eb vitin 1972. Procesori kishte nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb tep\u00ebr t\u00eb ul\u00ebt prej 200 kHz, ishte prodhuar me procesin teknologjik 10 mikrometra (10000 nm) dhe ishte i destinuar p\u00ebr kalkulator\u00eb \"t\u00eb avancuar\", terminale hyr\u00ebse-dal\u00ebse dhe automatik\u00eb p\u00ebr mbushjen e shisheve.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Beteja
\n
\nN\u00eb vitin 1974, ky procesor u b\u00eb baza p\u00ebr mikrokompjuterin Mark-8, i prezantuar si nj\u00eb projekt DIY n\u00eb kopertin\u00ebn e revist\u00ebs Radio-Electronics. Autori i projektit, Jonathan Titus, ofronte nj\u00eb broshur\u00eb p\u00ebr 5 dollar\u00eb, e cila p\u00ebrmbante skica t\u00eb lidhjeve t\u00eb bordit dhe p\u00ebrshkrimin e procesit t\u00eb montimit. Shpejt, u shfaq nj\u00eb projekt i ngjash\u00ebm p\u00ebr mikrokompjuterin personal Altair 8800, i dizajnuar nga kompania MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems).<\/p>\n

Fillimi i konkurrenc\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nDy vjet pas krijimit t\u00eb i8008, Intel l\u00ebshoi \u00e7ipin e saj t\u00eb ri - i8080, i nd\u00ebrtuar mbi nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar t\u00eb i8008 dhe prodhuar me nj\u00eb proces teknologjik 6 mikrometra (6000 nm). Ky procesor ishte rreth 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb se paraardh\u00ebsi i tij (frekuenca 2 MHz) dhe kishte nj\u00eb sistem komandash m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar.<\/p>\n

\"Beteja
\n
\nInxhinier\u00ebt Shawn dhe Kim Haley, si dhe Jay Kumar, realizuan nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie-inxhinierike t\u00eb procesorit Intel\u00ae i8080, e cila \u00e7oi n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb kloni t\u00eb modifikuar t\u00eb quajtur AMD AM9080.<\/p>\n

\"Beteja
\n
\nFillimisht, AMD Am9080 u prodhua pa licenc\u00eb, por m\u00eb von\u00eb u arrit nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje licencimi me Intel. K\u00ebshtu, t\u00eb dy kompanit\u00eb fituan avantazh n\u00eb tregun e \u00e7ipave, pasi bler\u00ebsit p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb shmangnin nj\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb mundshme nga nj\u00eb ofrues t\u00eb vet\u00ebm. Shitjet e para ishin jasht\u00ebzakonisht fitimprur\u00ebse, me nj\u00eb kosto prodhimi prej 50 cent\u00ebsh, nd\u00ebrsa \u00e7ipet u blen\u00eb me 700 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr cop\u00eb nga ushtar\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Pas k\u00ebsaj, Kim Haley vendosi t\u00eb provonte aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e tij n\u00eb r\u00ebnie-inxhinierin\u00eb e \u00e7ipit t\u00eb memories Intel\u00ae EPROM 1702. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, kjo ishte teknologjia m\u00eb progresive e memories s\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme. Iniciativa doli vet\u00ebm pjes\u00ebrisht e suksesshme \u2013 kloni i krijuar mbante t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr 3 jav\u00eb n\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn e dhom\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

Pas shum\u00eb thyerjeve t\u00eb \u00e7ipave dhe duke u mb\u00ebshtetur n\u00eb njohurit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb kimis\u00eb, Kim arriti n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se pa njohuri t\u00eb sakta mbi temperatur\u00ebn e rritjes s\u00eb oksidit, nuk do t\u00eb ishte e mundur t\u00eb arriheshin rezultatet e premtuara nga Intel (10 vjet n\u00eb 85 grade). Duke treguar talentin e tij n\u00eb inxhinierin\u00eb sociale, ai telefonoi n\u00eb prodhimin e Intel dhe pyeti se me \u00e7far\u00eb temperature punonin furrat e tyre. E habitshme, por ata i dhan\u00eb pa hezitim numrin e sakt\u00eb \u2014 830 grad\u00eb. Bingo! Sigurisht, truket si ky nuk mund t\u00eb mos kishin pasoja negative.<\/p>\n

Procesi i par\u00eb gjyq\u00ebsor<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1981, Intel po p\u00ebrgatiteshin p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruar nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb p\u00ebr prodhimin e procesor\u00ebve me IBM, prodhuesin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve n\u00eb bot\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. Intel vet\u00eb kishte ende kapacitete t\u00eb pamjaftueshme prodhimi p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushur nevojat e IBM, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos humbur kontrat\u00ebn, ata duhej t\u00eb shkonin p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kompromis. Ky kompromis ishte nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje licencimi midis Intel dhe AMD, e cila leht\u00ebsoi p\u00ebr AMD-n\u00eb t\u00eb fillonte prodhimin e klon\u00ebve t\u00eb Intel\u00ae 8086, 80186 dhe 80286.<\/p>\n

Pas 4 vitesh, n\u00eb tregun e procesor\u00ebve me arkitektur\u00ebn x86 u prezantua Intel\u00ae 80386 i ri me frekuenc\u00eb 33 MHz dhe i nd\u00ebrtuar me nj\u00eb proces teknologjik 1 mikromet\u00ebr (1000 nm). N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, AMD gjithashtu po p\u00ebrgatiste nj\u00eb \u00e7ip t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm t\u00eb quajtur Am386\u2122, por l\u00ebshimi u vonua p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb pacaktuar p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb refuzimit t\u00eb kategorik t\u00eb Intel p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna p\u00ebr teknologjin\u00eb n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00ebveshjes licencuese. Kjo ishte arsyeja p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkuar n\u00eb gjykat\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb procesit gjyq\u00ebsor, Intel p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb provonte se kushtet e marr\u00ebveshjes zbatoheshin vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr procesor\u00ebt e brezit t\u00eb kaluar q\u00eb ishin l\u00ebshuar para 80386. N\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, AMD insistonte se kushtet e marr\u00ebveshjes i lejonin asaj t\u00eb riprodhonte 80386, por edhe modelet e ardhshme mbi baz\u00ebn e arkitektur\u00ebs x86.<\/p>\n

\"Beteja
\n
\nProcedurat gjyq\u00ebsore zgjat\u00ebn disa vite dhe p\u00ebrfunduan me fitoren e AMD-s\u00eb (Intel u pagoi AMD-s\u00eb 1 miliard dollar\u00eb). Marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet e besimit midis kompanive p\u00ebrfunduan, nd\u00ebrsa Am386\u2122 doli n\u00eb treg vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1991. Megjithat\u00eb, procesori ishte shum\u00eb i k\u00ebrkuar, pasi punonte me nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se origjinali (40 MHz kundrejt 33 MHz).<\/p>\n

\"Beteja
\n<\/p>\n

Zhvillimi i konkurrenc\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nProcesori i par\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb i bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00eb hibrid CISC-RISC dhe q\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb ko-procesor matematikor (FPU) direkt n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kristal, ishte Intel\u00ae 80486. FPU i leht\u00ebsoi ndjesh\u00ebm operacionet me pik\u00eb fluturuese, duke e ngarkuar m\u00eb pak CPU-n\u00eb. Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr inovacion ishte implementimi i mekanizmit t\u00eb pipeline p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e udh\u00ebzimeve, i cili gjithashtu rriti performanc\u00ebn. Madh\u00ebsia e nj\u00eb elementi ishte nga 600 deri n\u00eb 1000 nm, dhe n\u00eb kristal ishin vendosur tashm\u00eb nga 0.9 deri n\u00eb 1.6 milion transistor\u00eb.<\/p>\n

AMD nga ana e saj prezantoi nj\u00eb analog t\u00eb plot\u00eb me emrin Am486 duke p\u00ebrdorur mikroprogramin e Intel\u00ae 80386 dhe ko-procesorin Intel\u00ae 80287. Ky fakt b\u00ebri q\u00eb t\u00eb ndodhin shum\u00eb procese gjyq\u00ebsore. Vendimi gjyq\u00ebsor i vitit 1992 konfirmoi se AMD kishte shkelur t\u00eb drejtat e autorit n\u00eb lidhje me mikroprogramin FPU 80287, pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs kompania filloi t\u00eb zhvillonte mikroprogramin e vet.<\/p>\n

Proceset e m\u00ebtejshme gjyq\u00ebsore vazhduan t\u00eb konfirmonin ose mohonin t\u00eb drejtat e AMD p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur mikroprogramet e Intel\u00ae. Nj\u00eb pik\u00eb fundi p\u00ebr k\u00ebto \u00e7\u00ebshtje e vendosi gjykata e lart\u00eb e Kalifornis\u00eb, e cila e shpalli t\u00eb paligjshme t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e kompanis\u00eb AMD p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur mikroprogramin 80386. Si rezultat, u n\u00ebnshkrua nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje midis t\u00eb dy kompanive, e cila i lejoi AMD t\u00eb prodhonte dhe shiste procesor\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb mikroprogramet 80287, 80386 dhe 80486.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb tjer\u00ebt n\u00eb tregun x86, si Cyrix, Texas Instruments dhe UMC gjithashtu p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb rip\u00ebrs\u00ebrisin suksesin e Intel, duke nxjerr\u00eb analoge funksionale t\u00eb \u00e7ipit 80486. Megjithat\u00eb, ata nuk arrit\u00ebn ta b\u00ebnin k\u00ebt\u00eb. UMC u t\u00ebrhoq nga gara pas ndalimit gjyq\u00ebsor t\u00eb shitjes s\u00eb CPU-s\u00eb s\u00eb saj t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara. Cyrix nuk arriti t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkruaj\u00eb kontrata t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme me montuesit e m\u00ebdhenj dhe ishin n\u00eb procese gjyq\u00ebsore me Intel p\u00ebr shfryt\u00ebzimin e teknologjive t\u00eb patentuara. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, lider\u00ebt e tregut x86 mbet\u00ebn vet\u00ebm Intel dhe AMD.<\/p>\n

Rritja e ritmeve<\/h2>\n

\nDuke u p\u00ebrpjekur t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb primatin, si Intel ashtu edhe AMD u munduan t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb performanc\u00ebn dhe shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb maksimale. K\u00ebshtu, AMD ishte e para n\u00eb bot\u00eb q\u00eb kaloi pragun e 1 GHz, duke nxjerr\u00eb Athlon\u2122 (37 milion transistor\u00eb, 130 nm) mbi b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn Thunderbird. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb faz\u00eb t\u00eb \"gar\u00ebs\", Intel kishte probleme me stabilitetin e cache-it t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb me Pentium\u00ae III mbi b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn Coppermine, \u00e7ka shkaktoi vones\u00ebn n\u00eb l\u00ebshimin e produktit.<\/p>\n

Fakti interesant - emri Athlon vjen nga gjuha e lasht\u00eb greke dhe mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehet si \"gar\u00eb\" ose \"vend betejash, aren\u00eb\". <\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Edhe lan\u00e7imi i procesorit dy-b\u00ebrtham\u00ebsh Athlon\u2122 X2 (90 nm) dhe, pas 2 vitesh, Quad-Core Opteron\u2122 (65 nm), ku t\u00eb kat\u00ebr b\u00ebrthamat jan\u00eb rritur n\u00eb nj\u00eb kristal, e jo si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrje e dy kristal\u00ebve me dy b\u00ebrthama n\u00eb secilin, ishin gjithashtu faza t\u00eb suksesshme p\u00ebr AMD. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, Intel nxori t\u00eb njohurat Core\u2122 2 Duo dhe Core\u2122 2 Quad, t\u00eb prodhuara n\u00eb procesin teknologjik 65 nm.<\/p>\n

Me rritjen e frekuencave dhe numrit t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamave, u b\u00eb urgjente \u00e7\u00ebshtja e p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsimit t\u00eb proceseve t\u00eb reja teknologjike dhe dalja n\u00eb tregje t\u00eb reja. Blerja m\u00eb e madhe e kompanis\u00eb AMD ishte blerja e ATI Technologies p\u00ebr 5.4 miliard dollar\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, AMD hyri n\u00eb tregun e p\u00ebrshpejtuesve grafik\u00eb dhe u b\u00eb konkurrenti kryesor i Nvidia. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb Intel, nga ana e saj, bleu nj\u00eb nga deg\u00ebt e Texas Instruments, si dhe kompanin\u00eb Altera p\u00ebr 16.7 miliard dollar\u00eb. Si rezultat, hyn\u00eb n\u00eb tregun e matricave logjike t\u00eb programueshme dhe SoC p\u00ebr elektronik\u00ebn e konsumit.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fakt i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb se q\u00eb nga viti 2009 AMD hoqi dor\u00eb nga prodhimi i saj, duke u fokusuar ekskluzivisht n\u00eb zhvillim. Procesor\u00ebt modern\u00eb t\u00eb AMD prodhohen n\u00eb kapacitetet prodhuese t\u00eb kompanive GlobalFoundries dhe TSMC. Intel, p\u00ebrkundrazi, vazhdon t\u00eb zhvilloj\u00eb kapacitetet e saj prodhuese p\u00ebr elementet gjysm\u00ebp\u00ebr\u00e7ues.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb nga viti 2018, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 konkurrenc\u00ebs s\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb, t\u00eb dy kompanit\u00eb filluan t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb projekte t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebta. Nj\u00eb shembull i shk\u00eblqyer ishte l\u00ebshimi i procesor\u00ebve Intel\u00ae Core\u2122 t\u00eb gjenerat\u00ebs s\u00eb 8 me grafik\u00eb t\u00eb integruar AMD Radeon\u2122 RX Vega M, duke kombinuar k\u00ebshtu forcat e t\u00eb dy kompanive. Ky zgjidhje do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb reduktimin e dimensioneve t\u00eb laptop\u00ebve dhe mini-kompjuter\u00ebve, duke rritur n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb performanc\u00ebn dhe koh\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs pa energji.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundimi<\/h2>\n

\nGjat\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb t\u00eb dy kompanive jan\u00eb ndodhur shum\u00eb episode mosmarr\u00ebveshjesh dhe ankesash t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjella. Lufta p\u00ebr lider\u00ebsin\u00eb ka vazhduar pa nd\u00ebrprerje dhe vazhdon deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme. K\u00ebt\u00eb vit pam\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsim t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb seris\u00eb Intel\u00ae Xeon\u00ae Scalable Processors, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin tashm\u00eb kemi folur n\u00eb blogun ton\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe tani \u00ebsht\u00eb koha q\u00eb AMD t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb sken\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Shum\u00eb shpejt, procesor\u00ebt e rinj AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb laboratorin ton\u00eb. Merrni informacion<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr mb\u00ebrritjen e tyre t\u00eb par\u00ebt.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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