{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"Disa informacione mbi inode","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Periudhish, me q\u00ebllim q\u00eb t\u00eb kaloj n\u00eb CRS, po intervistoj n\u00eb kompani t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, kryesisht nga Sh\u00ebn Petersburgu dhe Moska p\u00ebr pozitat DevOps. Vura re se shum\u00eb kompani (shum\u00eb kompani t\u00eb mira, p\u00ebr shembull Yandex) b\u00ebjn\u00eb dy pyetje t\u00eb ngjashme:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb inode;<\/li>\n<li> p\u00ebr cilat arsye mund t\u00eb merrni nj\u00eb gabim n\u00eb shkrimin n\u00eb disk (ose p\u00ebr shembull: pse mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb hap\u00ebsira n\u00eb disk, thelbi \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSi\u00e7 ndodh ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb, isha i sigurt se e dija mir\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb, por sapo fillova t\u00eb shpjegoj \u2014 dol\u00ebn disa hap\u00ebsira n\u00eb njohurit\u00eb e mia. P\u00ebr t\u00eb sistematizuar njohurit\u00eb e mia, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbushur boshll\u00ebqet dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u turp\u00ebruar m\u00eb, po shkruaj k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, ndoshta do t'i ndihmoj\u00eb edhe dikujt tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n<p>Do t\u00eb filloj \"nga posht\u00eb\", dmth, nga disku i fort\u00eb (do t'i p\u00ebrjashtojm\u00eb flash disk\u00ebt, SSD dhe gj\u00ebrat e tjera moderne, p\u00ebr shembull do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb nj\u00eb disk t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr 20 ose 80 gigabyte, sepse atje madh\u00ebsia e bllokut \u00ebsht\u00eb 512 byte).<\/p>\n<p>Disku i fort\u00eb nuk i adresa hap\u00ebsirat e tij p\u00ebr byte, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb kusht\u00ebzuar e ndan at\u00eb n\u00eb blloqe. Numerimi i bllokeve fillon nga 0. (kjo quhet LBA, detaje k\u00ebtu: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Disa informacione mbi inode\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nSi\u00e7 duket nga figura, blloqet LBA i kam sh\u00ebnuar si nivel HDD. P\u00ebr t'u th\u00ebn\u00eb ndryshe, mund t\u00eb shihni se cili \u00ebsht\u00eb madh\u00ebsia e bllokut t\u00eb diskut tuaj k\u00ebshtu: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nNj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb lart \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb nj\u00eb particion, nj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb disku (p\u00ebrs\u00ebri p\u00ebr leht\u00ebsi). M\u00eb s\u00eb shpeshti p\u00ebrdoren dy lloje ndarjesh: msdos dhe gpt. Prandaj, msdos \u2014 formati i vjet\u00ebr, q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet disqet deri n\u00eb 2Tb, gpt \u2014 formati i ri, q\u00eb mund t\u00eb adresoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 1 zettabajt blloqe prej 512 byte. N\u00eb rastin ton\u00eb kemi nj\u00eb particion t\u00eb tipit msdos, si\u00e7 duket nga figura, particioni fillon me bllokun nr. 1, nd\u00ebrsa blloku zero p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr MBR.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb particionin e par\u00eb krijova sistemin e skedar\u00ebve ext2, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e zakonshme madh\u00ebsia e bllokut t\u00eb tij \u00ebsht\u00eb 4096 byte, e cila gjithashtu reflektohet n\u00eb figur\u00eb. T\u00eb shikoni madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e bllokut t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve mund ta b\u00ebni k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nFilesystem volume name:   \nLast mounted on:          \nFilesystem UUID:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nFilesystem magic number:  0xEF53\nFilesystem revision #:    1 (dynamic)\nFilesystem features:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nFilesystem flags:         signed_directory_hash\nDefault mount options:    user_xattr acl\nFilesystem state:         clean\nErrors behavior:          Continue\nFilesystem OS type:       Linux\nInode count:              65536\nBlock count:              261888\nReserved block count:     13094\nFree blocks:              257445\nFree inodes:              65525\nFirst block:              0\nBlock size:               4096\nFragment size:            4096\nReserved GDT blocks:      63\nBlocks per group:         32768\nFragments per group:      32768\nInodes per group:         8192\nInode blocks per group:   512\nFilesystem created:       Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nLast mount time:          n\/a\nLast write time:          Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nMount count:              0\nMaximum mount count:      -1\nLast checked:             Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nCheck interval:           0 ()\nReserved blocks uid:      0 (user root)\nReserved blocks gid:      0 (group root)\nFirst inode:              11\nInode size:               256\nRequired extra isize:     28\nDesired extra isize:      28\nDefault directory hash:   half_md4\nDirectory Hash Seed:      c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nParametri i nevojsh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00abBlock size\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Tani, pjesa m\u00eb interesante, si ta lexojm\u00eb skedarin \/home\/serp\/testfile? Skedari p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb ose disa blloqe t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve, ku ruhen t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e tij. Duke e ditur emrin e skedarit, si ta gjejm\u00eb at\u00eb? Cilat blloqe duhet t\u00eb lexojm\u00eb?<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebtu na duheshin inode. N\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve ext2fs ka nj\u00eb \u00abtabel\u00eb\u00bb, e cila p\u00ebrmban informacion p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha inode. Numri i inode-ve n\u00eb rastin e ext2fs p\u00ebrcaktohet gjat\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve. Shikojm\u00eb numrat e nevojsh\u00ebm n\u00eb parametrin \u00abInode count\u00bb t\u00eb daljes tune2fs, dmth. kemi 65536 cop\u00eb. N\u00eb inode p\u00ebrmban informacionin e nevojsh\u00ebm: lista e blloqeve t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve p\u00ebr skedarin e k\u00ebrkuar. Si ta gjejm\u00eb numrin e inode p\u00ebr skedarin e caktuar?<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrputhja midis emrit dhe numrit t\u00eb inode gjendet n\u00eb drejtorin\u00eb, dhe drejtorit\u00eb n\u00eb ext2fs jan\u00eb skedar\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, dmth. gjithashtu kan\u00eb numrin e vet t\u00eb inode. P\u00ebr t\u00eb thyer k\u00ebt\u00eb qark t\u00eb keq, numri i inode p\u00ebr drejtorin\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore \u00ebsht\u00eb caktuar \u00abfiks\u00bb si \u00ab2\u00bb. Shikojm\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e inode me numrin 2:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\ndebugfs:  stat \n\nInode: 2   Type: directory    Mode:  0755   Flags: 0x0\nGeneration: 0    Version: 0x00000000:00000002\nUser:     0   Group:     0   Size: 4096\nFile ACL: 0    Directory ACL: 0\nLinks: 3   Blockcount: 8\nFragment:  Address: 0    Number: 0    Size: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug  2 16:34:09 2019\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- Fri Aug  2 15:55:35 2019\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug  2 16:34:09 2019\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nSize of extra inode fields: 28\nBLOCKS:\n(0):579\nTOTAL: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSi e kuptueshme, drejtorin\u00eb q\u00eb na nevojitet e kemi n\u00eb bllokun me num\u00ebr 579. N\u00eb t\u00eb do t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb numrin e nodit p\u00ebr dosjen home, dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, derisa n\u00eb drejtorin\u00eb serp t\u00eb shohim numrin e nodit p\u00ebr skedarin e k\u00ebrkuar. N\u00ebse dikujt do t'i duhej t\u00eb kontrollonte n\u00ebse numri \u00ebsht\u00eb i sakt\u00eb dhe n\u00ebse ka informacionin e nevojsh\u00ebm, kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. B\u00ebni:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\\\/ # dd if=\\\/dev\\\/sdb1 of=\\\/home\\\/serp\\\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb\n1+0 t\u00eb dh\u00ebna jasht\u00eb\n4096 bytes (4,1 kB) u kopjua, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\\\/s\nroot@ubuntu:\\\/ # hexdump -c \\\/home\\\/serp\\\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nN\u00eb daljen mund t\u00eb lexoni emrat e skedar\u00ebve n\u00eb drejtorin\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebtu arrita te pyetja kryesore: \u00ab\u00e7far\u00eb arsyesh mund t\u00eb shkaktoj\u00eb nj\u00eb gabim shkrimi\u00bb?<\/p>\n<p>Natyrisht, kjo ndodh kur nuk ka m\u00eb bllok\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve. \u00c7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast? P\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktit t\u00eb qart\u00eb \u00abt\u00eb fshijm\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb panevojshme\u00bb, duhet t\u00eb mbani mend se n\u00eb sistemet e skedar\u00ebve ext2,3 dhe 4 ekziston nj\u00eb funksion i till\u00eb si \u00abReserved block count\u00bb. N\u00eb listimin m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, ne kemi 13094 nga k\u00ebto bllok\u00eb. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb bllok\u00eb t\u00eb disponuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr shkrim vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesin root. Por n\u00ebse duhet t\u00eb zgjidhni nj\u00eb problem menj\u00ebher\u00eb, si nj\u00eb zgjidhje t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme, mund t'i b\u00ebni t\u00eb disponuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb, duke rezultuar n\u00eb pak hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\\\/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \\\/dev\\\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nCaktimi i p\u00ebrqindjes s\u00eb blloqeve t\u00eb rezervuara n\u00eb 0% (0 bllok\u00eb)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPra, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb default, 5% e hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs diskore nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e disponueshme p\u00ebr shkrim, dhe duke pasur parasysh kapacitetet e disk\u00ebve t\u00eb sot\u00ebm, kjo mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb qindra gigabajt.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb? Nj\u00eb situat\u00eb e mundshme \u00ebsht\u00eb kur keni bllok\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb, por nodet kan\u00eb mbaruar. Kjo ndodh zakonisht n\u00ebse keni shum\u00eb skedar\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin e skedar\u00ebve q\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl se madh\u00ebsia e bllokut t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh se p\u00ebr \u00e7do skedar ose drejtorin\u00eb shpenzohet 1 inode, dhe gjithsej kemi (p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb sistem skedar\u00ebsh) 65536 \u2014 situat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se reale. K\u00ebt\u00eb mund ta shihni qart\u00eb nga dalja e komand\u00ebs df:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \\\/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \\\/run\n\\\/dev\\\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \\\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/sys\\\/fs\\\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/user\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \\\/var\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \\\/home\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \\\/var\\\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \\\/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \\\/run\n\\\/dev\\\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \\\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \\\/sys\\\/fs\\\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \\\/run\\\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \\\/run\\\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \\\/run\\\/user\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \\\/var\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \\\/home\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \\\/var\\\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSi e duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb seksionin \\\/var\\\/www, numri i blloqeve t\u00eb lir\u00eb t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve dhe numri i nodave t\u00eb lir\u00eb dallojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb madhe.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb rast se p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb inode, nuk kam k\u00ebshilla p\u00ebr magji, sepse nuk ka (n\u00ebse gaboj, m\u00eb njoftoni). Pra, p\u00ebr ndarjet ku krijohen skedar\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, duhet zgjedhur me kujdes sistemin e skedar\u00ebve. P\u00ebr shembull, te btrfs, inode nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb, sepse krijohen dinamikisht t\u00eb reja sipas nevoj\u00ebs.<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 inode; \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a (\u0438\u043b\u0438 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