{"id":37033,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101\/"},"modified":"2021-01-02T13:01:57","modified_gmt":"2021-01-02T11:01:57","slug":"alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101","title":{"rendered":"Alan Kay: Si do ta m\u00ebsoja Informatik\u00ebn 101","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Nj\u00eb nga arsyet p\u00ebr t\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb universitet \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb dal\u00ebsh p\u00ebrtej trajnimet e thjeshta profesionale dhe n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb kapesh p\u00ebr ide m\u00eb t\u00eb thella.<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb pak p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje. Disa vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, departamentet e Shkenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Kompjuterit m\u00eb ftuan t\u00eb mbaj lecture n\u00eb disa universitete. Gati rast\u00ebsisht e pyesja audienc\u00ebn time t\u00eb par\u00eb, e cila p\u00ebrb\u00ebhej nga student\u00eb t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb fundit, doktorant\u00eb dhe profesor\u00eb, p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkufizimin e \"Shkenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Kompjuterit\". T\u00eb gjith\u00eb mund\u00ebn t\u00eb jepnin vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim inxhinierik. E kam b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do vend t\u00eb ri dhe gjithmon\u00eb kam marr\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb ngjashme.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr pyetje ishte: \"Kush ishte Douglas Engelbart?\". Disa njer\u00ebz than\u00eb: \"nuk ishte ai ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb i lidhur me mausin kompjuterik?\" (dhe kjo m\u00eb zhg\u00ebnjeu shum\u00eb, sepse komuniteti im shkencor kishte punuar shum\u00eb p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb t\u00eb mundur q\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjja p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje t\u00eb jepet pas dy-tre klikimeve dhe t\u00eb kuptohet se Engelbart ishte v\u00ebrtet i lidhur me mausin kompjuterik).<\/p>\n

Pjes\u00ebrisht problemi ishte mungesa e kuriozitetit, pjes\u00ebrisht un\u00ebzimi i q\u00ebllimeve personale, t\u00eb cilat nuk ishin t\u00eb lidhura me m\u00ebsimin, dhe pjes\u00ebrisht mungesa e nj\u00eb ideje se \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin kjo shkenc\u00eb, e shum\u00eb e tjera.<\/p>\n

Kam punuar me koh\u00eb t\u00eb pjesshme n\u00eb departamentin e Shkencave Kompjuterike t\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb p\u00ebr disa vjet (n\u00eb fakt, jam profesor, por nuk kam nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb shkoj n\u00eb mbledhjet e departamentit). Periudha pas periudhave, un\u00eb mbaj m\u00ebsime, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr student\u00ebt e par\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre viteve, niveli i ul\u00ebt i kuriozitetit p\u00ebr Shkenc\u00ebn e Kompjuterit \u00ebsht\u00eb reduktuar ndjesh\u00ebm (por gjithashtu ka rritur popullaritetin, sepse shkenca kompjuterike shihet si nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pun\u00eb t\u00eb paguar mir\u00eb n\u00ebse di t\u00eb programosh dhe ke marr\u00eb nj\u00eb certifikat\u00eb nga shkollat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira). Prandaj, asnj\u00eb student nuk ka ankuar deri tani se gjuha e par\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Kalifornis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb C++!
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nM\u00eb duket se jemi p\u00ebrballur me nj\u00eb situat\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn t\u00eb dyja kuptimet e \"Kompjuter\" dhe \"Shkenc\u00eb\" jan\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar nga konceptet masive t\u00eb dob\u00ebta p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb term t\u00eb ri - nj\u00eb lloj etikete p\u00ebr xhinset - e cila ting\u00ebllon mir\u00eb, por \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft bosh. Termi i lidhur, i cili gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar, \"inxhinieria e softuerit\", i cili p\u00ebrs\u00ebri nuk p\u00ebrdori idet\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyera t\u00eb \"programimit\" dhe \"inxhinieris\u00eb\", por thjesht i kombinoi ato (kjo u b\u00eb n\u00eb vitet e gjasht\u00ebdhjeta, kur u shpik termi).<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga arsyet p\u00ebr t\u00eb regjistruar n\u00eb universitet \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb dal\u00ebsh p\u00ebrtej trajnimet e thjeshta profesionale dhe n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj t\u00eb kapesh p\u00ebr ide m\u00eb t\u00eb thella. M\u00eb duket mjaft e arsyeshme q\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb hyrje n\u00eb specializim t\u00eb provojm\u00eb - n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur, me ndihm\u00ebn e shembujve - q\u00eb ata q\u00eb m\u00ebsojn\u00eb t\u00eb angazhohen me probleme reale dhe t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet interesante, e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe qendrore n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Student\u00ebt e klas\u00ebs t\u00eb par\u00eb g\u00ebzohen kur u tregojn\u00eb se si nj\u00eb linj\u00eb e vendosur mbi nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr linj\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb aritmetar, me t\u00eb cilin ata mund t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb djemt\u00eb e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb pest\u00eb kur shtojn\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb fraksionale. Dhe pastaj ata do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lumtur q\u00eb t\u00eb angazhohen n\u00eb zhvillimin e aritmetar\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar. Ata prekin nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb - nj\u00eb mjet fizik dhe mendor q\u00eb na ndihmon t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb. Ata kan\u00eb m\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb shum\u00eb efektive p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar numrat - m\u00eb t\u00eb efektsh\u00ebm se sa m\u00ebsohet n\u00eb shkolla!<\/p>\n

Ata arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb lidhin iden\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb qart\u00eb \"shtimit\" si \"grumbullim\" me di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme me vetit\u00eb e reja t\u00eb fuqishme. E programuan at\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb zgjidhte nj\u00eb mori problemesh.<\/p>\n

Ata gjithashtu e zgjeruan at\u00eb. Dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter digjital. Dhe kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter me program t\u00eb ruajtur. Por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb thelbi i kompjuterit. Po ashtu si mekanizmi Antikythera<\/a><\/noindex> \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb thelb e gjith\u00eb natyra e kompjuterit dhe llogaritjeve.<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Mekanizmi Antikythera<\/i><\/p>\n

Sa larg mund t\u00eb shkojm\u00eb dhe sa shum\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb para se gjith\u00e7ka t\u00eb dal\u00eb jasht\u00eb kontrollit dhe ne t\u00eb humbasim n\u00eb abstraksione? Un\u00eb kam qen\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb i interesuar n\u00eb karakterizimin e Alan Turing<\/a><\/noindex> - fituesi i par\u00eb i \u00e7mimit Turing, q\u00eb ndoshta shpiku termin \"Shkenca e Kompjuterit\" - i cili n\u00eb vitet '60 tha: \"Shkenca e Kompjuterit \u00ebsht\u00eb shkenca e proceseve\". T\u00eb gjith\u00eb proceseve.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr kompanin\u00eb Quora, le t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrpiqemi ta shtyjm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00eb tej ose ta kthejm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb doktrin\u00eb religjioze. Le ta p\u00ebrdorim thjesht iden\u00eb t\u00eb Alan Turing<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar m\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr fush\u00ebn ton\u00eb. Ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si ta m\u00ebsojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb. Tani, na duhet t\u00eb shohim kuptimin modern t\u00eb 'shkenc\u00ebs', dhe Perlis ishte mjaft i sigurt se nuk duhet t\u00eb holloj\u00eb me kuptimet e vjetra (p\u00ebr shembull, si 'akumulim njohurish') dhe p\u00ebrdorimet (p.sh., 'bibliotek\u00eb' ose madje 'shkencat shoq\u00ebrore'). N\u00eb 'shkenc\u00eb', ai p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb kuptonte fenomenin, duke krijuar modele\/harta q\u00eb tentonin t\u00eb tregojn\u00eb, 'ndjekin' dhe parashikojn\u00eb dukuri.<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Kam dh\u00ebn\u00eb disa intervista p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si modelet dhe hartat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira shpesh mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtaten p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bluz\u00eb, ashtu si funksionet e Maxwell-it dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve. Analogjia \u00ebsht\u00eb se ka nj\u00eb 'shkenc\u00eb t\u00eb urave', ndon\u00ebse shumica e urave jan\u00eb krijesa t\u00eb njeriut. Por sapo ura \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar, ajo pasqyron dukuri, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt mund t\u2019i studiojn\u00eb ato, dhe nga urat \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb krijohen modele t\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshme dhe t\u00eb formohen 'teori urash' t\u00eb mir\u00ebfillta dhe t\u00eb dobishme. E bukura \u00ebsht\u00eb se pastaj mund t\u00eb projektohen dhe nd\u00ebrtohen ura t\u00eb reja (m\u00eb tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrmenda se ndoshta nuk ka asgj\u00eb m\u00eb emocionuese se puna e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve dhe inxhinier\u00ebve p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e problemeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme!)<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Herbert Simon, fitues i \u00e7mimit Turing dhe \u00c7mimit Nob\u00ebl, e quajti gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb 'shkenc\u00eb mbi artificialishtin' (dhe shkroi nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin titull).<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

T\u00eb jap nj\u00eb shembull. N\u00eb vitet '50, kompanit\u00eb dhe universitetet filluan t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuan kompjuter\u00eb me programe t\u00eb ruajtshme dhe filluan t'i programonin ata \u2014 dhe kishte nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb kur n\u00eb vitin 1956 u shfaq Fortran \u2014 q\u00eb nuk ishte gjuha e par\u00eb e nivelit t\u00eb lart\u00eb, por ndoshta e para e krijuar kaq mir\u00eb, sa q\u00eb u p\u00ebrdor n\u00eb shum\u00eb fusha t\u00eb ndryshme, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb t\u00eb tilla q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb ishin b\u00ebr\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn makin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

E gjith\u00eb kjo krijoi 'fenomene'.<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

John McCarthy<\/i><\/p>\n

Historia e Lisp-it \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar, por John McCarthy ishte i interesuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpjekjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur 'teorin\u00eb matematike t\u00eb llogaritjes' dhe ishte i bindur se gjith\u00e7ka do t\u00eb funksiononte p\u00ebrsosm\u00ebrisht. Funksioni eval, i cili interpreton Lisp-in, leht\u00eb vendoset n\u00eb nj\u00eb bluz\u00eb! Krahasuar me 'sistemin e programimit' \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e vog\u00ebl. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, kjo 'teori llogaritjeje' kishte nj\u00eb koncept m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm se Fortran! Kjo ishte ideja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e ur\u00ebs!<\/p>\n

Miniaturizimi i Lisp-it lejon q\u00eb e gjith\u00eb ideja e programimit t\u00eb kapet me disa shtypje n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb dhe t\u00eb mendohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel q\u00eb duket thjesht e pamundur, kur shikon artefaktet e m\u00ebdha (kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga arsyet pse shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt preferojn\u00eb q\u00eb matematika t\u00eb jet\u00eb kompakte dhe e fuqishme). Matematika e p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb matematik\u00eb e re, pasi lejon koncepte si 'para' dhe 'pas', dhe kjo \u00e7on n\u00eb 'logjik\u00ebn e variablave', e cila lejon ruajtjen e var\u00ebsis\u00eb funksionale dhe logjik\u00ebs, gjithashtu duke lejuar pozitat dhe kalimin e koh\u00ebs. (Kjo ende nuk kuptohet n\u00eb koh\u00ebn ton\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e ashp\u00ebr t\u00eb programimit situacional).<\/p>\n

Lisp, si nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb e fuqishme programimi dhe metalanguage q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb teorin\u00eb e tij, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i shkenc\u00ebs kompjuterike. N\u00ebse e m\u00ebsoni at\u00eb dhe gj\u00ebra t\u00eb ngjashme, at\u00ebher\u00eb do t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mendoni m\u00eb thell\u00eb dhe t\u00eb keni m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi p\u00ebr fatin tuaj, sesa n\u00ebse thjesht do t\u00eb kishit m\u00ebsuar t\u00eb programoni n\u00eb Fortran ose ekuivalentet e tij moderne (\u2026 k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb do t\u00eb keni mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb afrohesh m\u00eb af\u00ebr programuesve!).<\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb m\u00ebsoni shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr rreth llojeve speciale t\u00eb dizajnit, q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme n\u00eb llogaritje (p.sh., zakonisht nuk vler\u00ebsohet kur llogaritjet shpesh k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb dalin p\u00ebrtej ambientit t\u00eb llogaritjes: nj\u00eb nga karakteristikat e ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb llogaritjeve t\u00eb programeve t\u00eb ruajtura \u00ebsht\u00eb se nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb material p\u00ebr programin, por nj\u00eb material p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kompjuter krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ri).<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr arsye p\u00ebr zgjedhjen e p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb Perlis \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi llogaritja \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e lidhur me krijimin e sistemeve t\u00eb shumt\u00eb, sesa me algoritet, 'strukturat e dh\u00ebnash' ose madje programimin si i till\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, kompjuteri \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem, llogaritjet jan\u00eb sisteme, rrjeti lokal dhe interneti jan\u00eb sisteme, dhe shumica e programeve duhet t\u00eb paraqesin sisteme m\u00eb t\u00eb mira sesa ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb (stili i vjet\u00ebr i programimit nga vitet '50 ka vazhduar deri n\u00eb at\u00eb pik\u00eb, sa duket se programimi duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00ebsoj \u2014 nuk ka asgj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebt nga e v\u00ebrteta).<\/p>\n

Internet \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i mir\u00eb - ndryshe nga shumica e programeve n\u00eb koh\u00ebn ton\u00eb, interneti nuk ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb ndalet p\u00ebr t\u00eb riparuar ose p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar di\u00e7ka - ai \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb si nj\u00eb sistem biologjik - n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me q\u00ebllimin ton\u00eb, sesa nj\u00eb sistem kompjuterik si\u00e7 e p\u00ebrceptojn\u00eb shumica e njer\u00ebzve. Dhe ai \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i shkall\u00ebzuesh\u00ebm dhe i besuesh\u00ebm se thuajse t\u00eb gjitha sistemet softuerike q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb sot. Kjo vlen t\u00eb mendohet para se t\u00eb m\u00ebsojm\u00eb fillestar\u00ebt n\u00eb programim konceptet q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb aq t\u00eb fuqishme!<\/p>\n

Pra, \u00e7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb n\u00eb kursin e par\u00eb t\u00eb Shkenc\u00ebs kompjuterike, \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb merremi me at\u00eb q\u00eb konkretisht student\u00ebt mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb n\u00eb fillim dhe pastaj t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb mbetemi brenda 'ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre njoh\u00ebse' p\u00ebr t'i ndihmuar ata t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb \u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. Kaq e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb 'mbetesh i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb' dhe t\u00eb gjesh m\u00ebnyra q\u00eb t\u00eb jen\u00eb inteligjente dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb sapo fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebsojn\u00eb. (Ju lutem, mos i m\u00ebsoni ide t\u00eb k\u00ebqija vet\u00ebm sepse duken pak m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta - shum\u00eb ide t\u00eb k\u00ebqija n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta!).<\/p>\n

Student\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb me krijimin e di\u00e7kaje q\u00eb do t\u00eb kishte shum\u00eb karakteristika t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme q\u00eb kam diskutuar k\u00ebtu. Kjo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem me disa pjes\u00eb q\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb dinamikisht e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur se cili gjuh\u00eb programimi t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret, \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht t\u00eb b\u00ebsh di\u00e7ka q\u00eb ka mij\u00ebra pjes\u00eb q\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb! N\u00ebse nuk ka, at\u00ebher\u00eb duhet t\u00eb gjesh nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb. M\u00eb e keqja q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebsh \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb vendos\u00ebsh student\u00ebt n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb tep\u00ebrt t\u00eb dob\u00ebt, e cila do ta kufizonte shum\u00eb idet\u00eb e m\u00ebdha. Kjo thjesht i vret ata - dhe ne duam t'i rrisim ata, jo t'i vrasim.<\/p>\n

Rreth shkoll\u00ebs GoTo<\/h3>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n