{"id":37033,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101\/"},"modified":"2021-01-02T13:01:57","modified_gmt":"2021-01-02T11:01:57","slug":"alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101","title":{"rendered":"Alan Kay: si do ta m\u00ebsoja Informatik\u00ebn 101","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Nj\u00eb nga arsyet p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar n\u00eb universitet \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb dal\u00ebsh p\u00ebrtej trajnimit t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb profesional dhe t\u00eb kap\u00ebsh idet\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb thella.<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb pak p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje. Disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, departamentet e Shkencave Kompjuterike m\u00eb ftuan p\u00ebr leksione n\u00eb disa universitete. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, e pyesa audienc\u00ebn time t\u00eb par\u00eb, p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga student\u00eb t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb fundit, doktorant\u00eb dhe profesor\u00eb, p\u00ebr p\u00ebrkufizimin e \"Shkenc\u00ebs Kompjuterike\". T\u00eb gjith\u00eb ofruan vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb p\u00ebrkufizim inxhinierik. E kam b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do vend t\u00eb ri, dhe p\u00ebrgjigjet ishin t\u00eb ngjashme kudo.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr pyetje ishte: \"Kush \u00ebsht\u00eb Douglas Engelbart?\". Disa njer\u00ebz than\u00eb: \"a nuk ishte ai i lidhur me mausin e kompjuterit?\" (dhe kjo m\u00eb shqet\u00ebsoi shum\u00eb, pasi komuniteti im shkencor kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje q\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigja t\u00eb mund t\u00eb gjendej pas dy-tre klikimesh me maus dhe t\u00eb siguroheshim se Engelbart ishte v\u00ebrtet i lidhur me mausine e kompjuterit).<\/p>\n

Pjes\u00ebrisht, problemi ishte mungesa e kuriozitetit, pjes\u00ebrisht q\u00ebllimet e ngushta personale q\u00eb nuk ishin t\u00eb lidhura me m\u00ebsimin, dhe gjithashtu mungesa e nj\u00eb ideje se \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte kjo shkenc\u00eb, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Kam punuar me koh\u00eb t\u00eb pjesshme n\u00eb departamentin e inxhinieris\u00eb kompjuterike t\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb p\u00ebr disa vjet (n\u00eb thelb jam profesor, por nuk m\u00eb nevojitet t\u00eb shkoj n\u00eb mbledhjet e departamentit). Periodikisht mbaj leksione, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb me student\u00eb t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb par\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre viteve, niveli i ul\u00ebt i kuriozitetit p\u00ebr Shkenc\u00ebn Kompjuterike \u00ebsht\u00eb ulur ndjesh\u00ebm (por gjithashtu \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur popullariteti, pasi inxhinieria kompjuterike konsiderohet si nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb p\u00ebr pun\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebpaguara, n\u00ebse di t\u00eb programosh dhe merr nj\u00eb certifikat\u00eb nga shkollat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira). Prandaj, asnj\u00eb student nuk ka ankuar ende q\u00eb gjuha e par\u00eb n\u00eb Universitetin e Kalifornis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb C++!
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nM\u00eb duket se kemi p\u00ebrball\u00eb nj\u00eb situat\u00eb ku t\u00eb dy termat \u00abComputer\u00bb dhe \u00abScience\u00bb jan\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar nga konceptet e dob\u00ebta masive p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb term t\u00eb ri \u2014 nj\u00eb lloj etikete n\u00eb xhinse \u2014 q\u00eb ting\u00ebllon mir\u00eb, por \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft bosh. Nj\u00eb term tjet\u00ebr i lidhur, i cili ishte gjithashtu shkat\u00ebrruar, \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00abinxhinieria e programimit\u00bb, e cila, p\u00ebrs\u00ebri, nuk p\u00ebrdori idet\u00eb m\u00eb brilante t\u00eb \u00abprogramimit\u00bb dhe \u00abinxhinieris\u00eb\u00bb, por thjesht i kombinonte ato (kjo u b\u00eb q\u00ebllimisht n\u00eb vitet '60, kur u shpik termi).<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb nga arsyet p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb regjistrimin n\u00eb universitet \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga p\u00ebrgatitja e thjesht\u00eb profesionale dhe n\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur ide m\u00eb t\u00eb thella. M\u00eb duket mjaft e arsyeshme q\u00eb p\u00ebr hyrjen n\u00eb specialitet t\u00eb mundohemi \u2014 n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur, me ndihm\u00ebn e shembujve \u2014 q\u00eb nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb probleme reale dhe t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb kuptojn\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, interessante, e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme dhe qendrore n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Nx\u00ebn\u00ebsit e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb g\u00ebzohen kur u tregohet se si nj\u00eb rregullore mbi nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr rregullore b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb aritmetar, me t\u00eb cilin ata mund t\u00eb tejkalojn\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e klas\u00ebs s\u00eb pest\u00eb kur shtojn\u00eb pjes\u00ebt fraksionare. Dhe pastaj ata do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lumtur t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e aritmetar\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar. Ata e preku nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u2014 nj\u00eb mjet fizik dhe mendore q\u00eb na ndihmon t\u00eb mendojm\u00eb. Ata u m\u00ebsuan nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb realisht efektive p\u00ebr t\u00eb paraqitur numrat \u2014 m\u00eb efektive se si m\u00ebsohet n\u00eb shkolla!<\/p>\n

Ata arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb lidhin iden\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb sh\u00ebndosh\u00eb \u00abshtimit\u00bb si \u00abakumulim\u00bb me di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ngjashme me ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb reja t\u00eb fuqishme. Ata e programuan at\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb zgjidhte nj\u00eb mori problemesh.<\/p>\n

Ata gjithashtu e zgjeruan at\u00eb. Dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb. Kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter digjital. Dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter me program t\u00eb kujtuesh\u00ebm. Por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb qendra e kompjuterit. Pik\u00ebrisht ashtu si mekanizmi antikiteras<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb mbi t\u00eb gjitha qendra e kompjuterit dhe llogaritjeve.<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Mekanizmi antikiteras<\/i><\/p>\n

Sa larg mund t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb dhe sa shum\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb para se gjith\u00e7ka t\u00eb dal\u00eb jasht\u00eb kontrollit dhe ne t\u00eb humbasim n\u00eb abstraksione? Un\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb kam qen\u00eb i interesuar p\u00ebr karakterizimin e Alan Perlis<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 laureati i par\u00eb i \u00e7mimit Turing, i cili ndoshta shpiku termin \u00abComputer Science\u00bb \u2014 ai, n\u00eb vitet '60, tha: \u00abShkenca e Kompjuter\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb shkenca e proceseve\u00bb. T\u00eb gjitha proceseve.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb Quora, le t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrpiqemi ta \u00e7ojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00eb tej ose ta kthejm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb dogm\u00eb fetare. Le t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim thjesht me g\u00ebzim iden\u00eb. Alan Perlis<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u00ebr t\u00eb menduar m\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr fush\u00ebn ton\u00eb. Dhe sidomos p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn si ta m\u00ebsojm\u00eb at\u00eb. Tani na nevojitet t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb kuptimin modern t\u00eb \u00abshkenc\u00ebs\u00bb, dhe Perlis ishte mjaft i sigurt se ajo nuk duhet t\u00eb hollohet me kuptime t\u00eb vjetra (p\u00ebr shembull, si \u00abmbledhje njohurish\u00bb) dhe p\u00ebrdorime (p\u00ebr shembull, \u00abbibliotekari\u00bb ose madje \u00abshkencat sociale\u00bb). Me \u00abshkenc\u00eb\u00bb ai p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb kuptonte fenomenin, duke krijuar modele\/hartat q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb tregonin, \u00abndiqnin\u00bb dhe parashikonin fenomenet.<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Kam dh\u00ebn\u00eb disa intervista p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn se si mapat dhe modelet m\u00eb t\u00eb mira shpesh mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtaten p\u00ebr nj\u00eb bluz\u00eb, ashtu si\u00e7 p\u00ebrshtaten ekuacionet e Maxwell-it dhe t\u00eb tjerat. Analogjia \u00ebsht\u00eb se ekziston nj\u00eb \u00abshkenc\u00eb mbi urat\u00bb, megjith\u00ebse shumica e urave jan\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuara nga njeriu. Por sapo ura \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar, ajo p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson fenomenet, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt mund t'i studiojn\u00eb k\u00ebto, nga urat \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb krijohen modele t\u00eb shum\u00eb llojeve dhe t\u00eb formohen \u00abteori urash\u00bb gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse dhe t\u00eb dobishme. Arg\u00ebtimi \u00ebsht\u00eb se pastaj mund t\u00eb projektohen dhe nd\u00ebrtohen ura t\u00eb reja (kam p\u00ebrmendur tashm\u00eb se ndoshta nuk ka asgj\u00eb m\u00eb arg\u00ebtuese se bashk\u00ebpunimi i shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve dhe inxhinier\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjidhur probleme t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme!)<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Herbert Simon \u2014 fitues i \u00e7mimit Turing dhe \u00e7mimit Nobel \u2014 e quajti t\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00abshkencat e artificialeve\u00bb (dhe shkroi nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin titull).<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb jap nj\u00eb shembull. N\u00eb vitet '50, kompanit\u00eb dhe universitetet po nd\u00ebrtisinin kompjuter\u00eb me program t\u00eb ruajtur dhe filluan t'i programonin ata \u2014 dhe ishte nj\u00eb moment i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb kur n\u00eb vitin 1956 u shfaq Fortran \u2014 i cili nuk ishte gjuha e par\u00eb e lart\u00eb, por ndoshta e para q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb mjaft mir\u00eb, p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb shum\u00eb fusha t\u00eb ndryshme, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb shum\u00eb q\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb ishin b\u00ebr\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn makinerike.<\/p>\n

E gjith\u00eb kjo krijoi \u00abfenomene\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n

John McCarthy<\/i><\/p>\n

Historia e Lisp \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e nd\u00ebrlikuar, por John McCarthy ishte i interesuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpjekjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur \"teorin\u00eb matematikore t\u00eb llogaritjeve\" dhe ishte i vendosur ta b\u00ebnte t\u00eb funksiononte shk\u00eblqyer. Funksioni eval, i cili interpreton Lisp, mund t\u00eb vendoset leht\u00ebsisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb bluz\u00eb! N\u00eb krahasim me \"sistemin e programimit\" - kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e pap\u00ebrfillshme. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, kjo \"teori llogaritjesh\" kishte nj\u00eb koncept m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm se Fortran-i! Kjo ishte ideja m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e ur\u00ebs!<\/p>\n

Miniaturizmi i Lisp-i lejon q\u00eb e gjith\u00eb ideja e programimit t\u00eb kapet me disa goditje n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel m\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb dhe t\u00eb mendohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb nivel q\u00eb duket thjesht e pamundur, kur shikon artefaktet e m\u00ebdha (kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga arsyet pse shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e duan matematik\u00ebn t\u00eb jet\u00eb kompakte dhe t\u00eb fuqishme). Shkenca e p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb matematik\u00eb e re, pasi lejon koncepte si \"para\" dhe \"pasi\", dhe kjo \u00e7on n\u00eb \"logjik\u00ebn e variablave t\u00eb ndryshuesh\u00ebm\", e cila lejon ruajtjen e var\u00ebsis\u00eb funksionale dhe logjik\u00ebs, gjithashtu duke lejuar gjendjen dhe kalimin e koh\u00ebs. (Kjo ende nuk kuptohet n\u00eb koh\u00ebn ton\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e ashp\u00ebr t\u00eb programimit situativ).<\/p>\n

Lisp, duke sh\u00ebrbyer si nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi t\u00eb fuqishme dhe meta-gjuh\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e aft\u00eb t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb teorin\u00eb e saj, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i shkenc\u00ebs kompjuterike. N\u00ebse e m\u00ebsoni at\u00eb dhe gj\u00ebra t\u00eb ngjashme, do t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mendoni m\u00eb thell\u00eb dhe t\u00eb keni m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsi p\u00ebr fatin tuaj, sesa n\u00ebse do t\u00eb kishit m\u00ebsuar thjesht t\u00eb programoni n\u00eb Fortran ose ekuivalent\u00ebt e tij modern\u00eb (\u2026 k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb afroheni me programuesit!).<\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb m\u00ebsoni shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr rreth llojeve speciale t\u00eb dizajnit q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme n\u00eb llogaritje (p\u00ebr shembull, zakonisht nuk vler\u00ebsohet kur llogaritjet shpesh k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb t\u00eb dalin p\u00ebrtej mjedisit t\u00eb llogaritjes: nj\u00eb nga karakteristikat speciale t\u00eb llogaritjeve me programe t\u00eb ruajtura \u00ebsht\u00eb se kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht material p\u00ebr nj\u00eb program, por material p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ri).<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr arsye p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhur p\u00ebrcaktimin e Perl\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb se, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, llogaritja \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e lidhur me krijimin e sistemeve t\u00eb shum\u00ebllojshme sesa me algoritmet, \"strukturat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\" ose edhe programimin si i till\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb kompjuter \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem, llogaritjet jan\u00eb sisteme, rrjeti lokal dhe interneti jan\u00eb sisteme, dhe shumica e programeve duhet t\u00eb paraqesin sisteme m\u00eb t\u00eb mira se ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb (stili i vjet\u00ebr i programimit nga vitet '50 ka zgjatur deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb q\u00eb duket se programimi duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb k\u00ebshtu \u2014 nuk ka gj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebt nga e v\u00ebrteta).<\/p>\n

Internet \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i mir\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr dallim nga shumica e programeve n\u00eb dit\u00ebt e sotme, interneti nuk duhet t\u00eb ndalet p\u00ebr t\u00eb riparuar ose p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb \u2014 ai \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb si nj\u00eb sistem biologjik \u2014 sipas q\u00ebllimit ton\u00eb, sesa ajo q\u00eb shumica e njer\u00ebzve e kan\u00eb menduar si nj\u00eb sistem llogarit\u00ebs. Dhe ai \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i shkall\u00ebzuesh\u00ebm dhe i besuesh\u00ebm se pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha sistemet programore q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb sot. Kjo v\u00ebrtet meriton t\u00eb mendohet para se t\u00eb m\u00ebsojm\u00eb fillestar\u00ebt n\u00eb programim me k\u00ebto koncepte t\u00eb pafuqishme!<\/p>\n

Pra, ajo q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb n\u00eb kursin e par\u00eb t\u00eb Shkenc\u00ebs Kompjuterike \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb marrim parasysh se \u00e7far\u00eb konkretisht student\u00ebt mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb n\u00eb fillim, dhe pastaj t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb q\u00ebndrojm\u00eb brenda \"ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre njoh\u00ebse\", p\u00ebr t'i ndihmuar ata t\u00eb arrijn\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme. \u00cbsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \"t\u00eb q\u00ebndrosh autentik\" dhe t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb rrug\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb intelektualisht t\u00eb ndershme dhe u p\u00ebrshtaten atyre q\u00eb sapo kan\u00eb filluar studimet. (Ju lutemi, mos e m\u00ebsoni idet\u00eb e k\u00ebqija vet\u00ebm sepse ato duken pak m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta \u2014 shum\u00eb ide t\u00eb k\u00ebqija n\u00eb fakt jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta!).<\/p>\n

Student\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb fillojn\u00eb duke krijuar di\u00e7ka q\u00eb ka shum\u00eb karakteristika t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, t\u00eb cilat i kam diskutuar k\u00ebtu. Kjo duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem i disa pjes\u00ebve q\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb dinamikisht etj. Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur se cilin gjuh\u00eb programimi duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni, \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht t\u00eb b\u00ebni di\u00e7ka q\u00eb ka mij\u00ebra pjes\u00eb q\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprojn\u00eb! N\u00ebse jo, at\u00ebher\u00eb duhet t\u00eb gjeni nj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb. M\u00eb e keqja q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebni, \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb vendosni student\u00ebt n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb tep\u00ebr t\u00eb dob\u00ebt q\u00eb do t\u00eb kufizonte shum\u00eb idet\u00eb n\u00eb mas\u00eb. Kjo thjesht i vret ata - nd\u00ebrsa ne duam t'i rritim, jo t'i vrasim.<\/p>\n

Rreth shkoll\u00ebs GoTo<\/h3>\n

\"Alan<\/p>\n