{"id":37174,"date":"2019-10-31T22:16:11","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/umer-nobelevskij-laureat-keri-mullis-izobretatel-polimeraznoj-tsepnoj-reaktsii-dnk\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:16:11","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:11","slug":"umer-nobelevskij-laureat-keri-mullis-izobretatel-polimeraznoj-tsepnoj-reaktsii-dnk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/umer-nobelevskij-laureat-keri-mullis-izobretatel-polimeraznoj-tsepnoj-reaktsii-dnk","title":{"rendered":"Nd\u00ebrron jet\u00eb nobelisti Keri Malis \u2014 shpik\u00ebsi i reaksionit t\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb polimeraz\u00ebs t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nd\u00ebrron N\u00eb Kaliforni, n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 74 vje\u00e7are vdiq nobelisti amerikan n\u00eb kimik\u00eb Keri Malis. Sipas gruas s\u00eb tij, vdekja ndodhi m\u00eb 7 gusht. Arsyet ishin d\u00ebshtimi kardiak dhe respirator p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pneumonis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr kontributin e tij n\u00eb biokimie dhe p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb mori \u00c7mimin Nobel, do t\u00eb na tregoj\u00eb vet\u00eb Xhejms Votson \u2014 zbulu\u00ebsi i molekul\u00ebs s\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb fragment nga libri i Xhejms Votsonit, Endrju Berit, Kevin Devis <\/p>\n

ADN. Historia e revolucionit genetik<\/h2>\n

Kapitulli 7. Genomi i njeriut. Scenari i jet\u00ebs<\/h3>\n

\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u2026
\nReaksioni i polimeraz\u00ebs s\u00eb zinxhirit (PCR) u shpik n\u00eb vitin 1983 nga biohemiku Kary Mullis, q\u00eb punonte n\u00eb kompanin\u00eb Cetus. Zbulimi i k\u00ebtij reagimi ishte mjaft i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. M\u00eb von\u00eb, Mullis p\u00ebrmendi: \u00abNj\u00ebher\u00eb, nj\u00eb t\u00eb premte n\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje n\u00eb prill 1983, ndjeva si nj\u00eb ndri\u00e7im. Ishim duke vozitur n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb malore t\u00eb ngjashme me nj\u00eb lak, e mbushur me drit\u00eb h\u00ebne n\u00eb veri t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb, n\u00eb kufirin e pyjeve t\u00eb sekvoje\u00bb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e jasht\u00ebzakonshme se si frym\u00ebzimi e vizitoi at\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment t\u00eb till\u00eb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb se rrug\u00ebt n\u00eb veri t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxitur frym\u00ebzimin; thjesht, nj\u00eb mik i tij kishte par\u00eb dikur Mullis duke u ngarendur me zell n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb akullt me dy drejtime dhe kjo nuk e shqet\u00ebsonte aspak. Mik i tij i tha New York Times: \u00abMullis pa veten se do t\u00eb vdiste duke u p\u00ebrplasur me nj\u00eb sekvoje. Prandaj, ai nuk ka frik\u00eb t\u00eb vozis\u00eb, n\u00ebse rrug\u00ebs nuk i rriten sekvojat\u00bb. Prania e sekvojave p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb rrug\u00ebs e b\u00ebnte Mullis t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohej dhe... ja, ndri\u00e7imi. P\u00ebr shpikjen e tij, n\u00eb vitin 1993, Mullis mori \u00c7mimin Nobel p\u00ebr Kimin\u00eb dhe q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb u b\u00eb edhe m\u00eb i \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm n\u00eb veprimet e tij. P\u00ebr shembull, ai \u00ebsht\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs i teoris\u00eb revizioniste q\u00eb SIDA nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me HIV-in, gj\u00eb q\u00eb e ka minuar ndjesh\u00ebm reputacionin e tij dhe ka penguar mjek\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

PCR \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb reaksion mjaft i thjesht\u00eb. P\u00ebr ta realizuar, ne na duhen dy primer\u00eb t\u00eb sintetizuar kimikisht, q\u00eb jan\u00eb komplementar\u00eb me skajet e kund\u00ebrta t\u00eb zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb fragmentit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Primer\u00ebt jan\u00eb segmente t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb nj\u00eb-nitore, secili rreth 20 baza n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi. Karakteristika e primer\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ata p\u00ebrputhen me segmentet e ADN-s\u00eb q\u00eb duhen amplifikohen, pra me ADN-n\u00eb matric\u00eb. <\/p>\n

\"Nd\u00ebrron<\/a><\/noindex>
\n(Imazhi \u00ebsht\u00eb klikues) Keri Mullis, shpik\u00ebsi i PCR<\/i><\/p>\n

Specifikoja e PCR-s\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb formimin e komplekseve komplementar\u00eb midis matric\u00ebs dhe primar\u00ebve, oligomereve sintetike t\u00eb shkurtra. \u00c7do primar \u00ebsht\u00eb komplementar ndaj nj\u00eb prej zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb matric\u00ebs dyfish dhe p\u00ebrcakton fillimin dhe mbarimin e seksionit t\u00eb amplifikuar. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, matrica e marr\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb genom t\u00eb plot\u00eb, dhe q\u00ebllimi yn\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb izolojm\u00eb fragmentet q\u00eb na interesojn\u00eb. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, matrica e ADN-s\u00eb dyfishe ngrohet deri n\u00eb 95 \u00b0C p\u00ebr disa minuta, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb zinxhir\u00ebt e ADN-s\u00eb t\u00eb ndahen. Kjo faz\u00eb quhet denaturim, pasi theren lidhjet hidrogjenore midis dy zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Pasi zinxhir\u00ebt jan\u00eb ndar\u00eb, temperatura ulet p\u00ebr t\u00eb lejuar q\u00eb primar\u00ebt t\u00eb lidh\u00ebn me matric\u00ebn nj\u00ebzinxhji. Polimeraza e ADN-s\u00eb fillon replikimin e ADN-s\u00eb, duke u lidhur me segmentin e zinxhirit t\u00eb nukleotideve. Enzima polimeraza e ADN-s\u00eb replikon zinxhirin matric\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur primarin si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrguidh\u00ebs ose shembull p\u00ebr kopjim. Si rezultat i ciklit t\u00eb par\u00eb, arrijm\u00eb nj\u00eb shum\u00ebfishim t\u00eb shumt\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb seksioni t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. M\u00eb pas, e p\u00ebrs\u00ebrisim k\u00ebt\u00eb procedur\u00eb. Pas \u00e7do cikli, arrijm\u00eb nj\u00eb seksion q\u00ebllimi n\u00eb dyfishin e sasis\u00eb. Pas nj\u00ebzet e pes\u00eb ciklesh PCR (dmth, p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak se dy or\u00eb), kemi seksionin ton\u00eb t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi q\u00eb e tejkalon origjinalen me 225 her\u00eb (dmth, e kemi amplifikuar rreth 34 milion her\u00eb). N\u00eb fakt, n\u00eb hyrje kishim nj\u00eb p\u00ebrzierje t\u00eb primar\u00ebve, matric\u00ebs s\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb, enzimes polimeraza e ADN-s\u00eb dhe bazave t\u00eb lira A, C, G dhe T, sasia e produktit specifik t\u00eb reaksionit (t\u00eb kufizuar nga primar\u00ebt) rritet eksponencialisht, nd\u00ebrsa sasia e kopjeve 't\u00eb gjata' t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb lineare, prandaj n\u00eb produktet e reaksionit dominon.<\/p>\n

\"Nd\u00ebrron
\nAmplifikimi i segmentit p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb: reaksioni i zinxhirit t\u00eb polimeraz\u00ebs<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb PCR, problemi kryesor ishte se pas \u00e7do cikli ngrohjeje-ftohjeje, duheshin shtuar ADN polimeraza n\u00eb p\u00ebrzierjen reagente, pasi ajo inaktivizohej n\u00eb temperatur\u00ebn 95 \u00b0C. Prandaj, ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb shtohej p\u00ebrs\u00ebri para secilit prej 25 cikleve. Procedura e zhvillimit t\u00eb reaksionit ishte relativisht e pap\u00ebrshkueshme, k\u00ebrkonte shum\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe enzim polimeraze, dhe materiali nuk ishte aspak i lira. Fatmir\u00ebsisht, natyra erdhi n\u00eb ndihm\u00eb. Shum\u00eb kafsh\u00eb ndihen rehat n\u00eb temperatura shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se 37 \u00b0C. Pse numri 37 \u00b0C b\u00ebri r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi p\u00ebr ne? Kjo ndodhi sepse kjo temperatur\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb optimale p\u00ebr E. coli, nga e cila fillimisht u mor enzima polimeraze p\u00ebr PCR. N\u00eb natyr\u00eb gjenden mikroorganizma, proteinat e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve pas miliona vitesh seleksionimi natyror u b\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme ndaj veprimit t\u00eb temperaturave t\u00eb larta. U propozua p\u00ebrdorimi i ADN polimerazave nga bakteret termofile. K\u00ebto enzima u treguan termostabile dhe ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb p\u00ebrballonin shum\u00eb cikle t\u00eb reaksionit. P\u00ebrdorimi i tyre mund\u00ebsoi thjeshtimin dhe automatizimin e zhvillimit t\u00eb PCR. Nj\u00eb nga polimerazat e para termostabile t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb u izolua nga bakteria Thermus aquaticus, q\u00eb jeton n\u00eb burimet e nxehta t\u00eb Parkut Komb\u00ebtar Yellowstone, dhe u quajt polimeraza Taq.<\/p>\n

PCR \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb shpejt kalimi kryesor i projektit \"Gjeni i Njeriut\". N\u00eb thelb, procesi nuk ndryshon nga ai i zhvilluar nga Mullis, vet\u00ebm se \u00ebsht\u00eb automatizuar. Ne nuk varemi m\u00eb nga nj\u00eb turm\u00eb student\u00ebsh t\u00eb verb\u00ebr, q\u00eb me kujdes derdhin pik\u00ebza l\u00ebngu n\u00eb gota plastike. N\u00eb laborator\u00ebt modern\u00eb, q\u00eb kryejn\u00eb k\u00ebrkime molekulare-gjenetike, kjo pun\u00eb b\u00ebhet n\u00eb linjat robotike. Robot\u00ebt PCR, t\u00eb angazhuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt kaq t\u00eb gjer\u00eb si \"Gjeni i Njeriut\", punojn\u00eb pa pushim me sasi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha polimerazash rezistente ndaj temperaturave. Disa shkenc\u00ebtar\u00eb t\u00eb angazhuar n\u00eb projektin \"Gjeni i Njeriut\" ishin t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar nga tarifat e tepruara q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihen n\u00eb kostot e materialeve t\u00eb konsumit nga pronari i patent\u00ebs p\u00ebr PCR, gjigandi industrial-farmaceutik evropian Hoffmann-LaRoche.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb \"nxit\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr\" ishte metoda e sekvencimit t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Baza kimike e k\u00ebsaj metode tashm\u00eb nuk ishte nj\u00eb novitet: Projekti nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar \"Genomi i njeriut\" (HGP) adoptoi t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn metod\u00eb t\u00eb sofistikuar, t\u00eb zhvilluar nga Fred Sanger n\u00eb mesin e viteve 1970. Noviteti q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn dhe nivelin e automatizimit q\u00eb arriti t\u00eb arrihej gjat\u00eb sekvencimit.<\/p>\n

Sekvencimi automatik u zhvillua fillimisht n\u00eb laboratorin e Li Hudit n\u00eb Institutin Teknologjik t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb. Ai p\u00ebrfundoi shkoll\u00ebn n\u00eb shtetin Montana dhe luante futboll amerikan n\u00eb pozitat e sulmuesit; fal\u00eb Hudit, ekipi fitoi disa her\u00eb kampionatin e shtetit. Aft\u00ebsit\u00eb e tij t\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunimit n\u00eb skuad\u00ebr iu sh\u00ebrbyen mir\u00eb edhe n\u00eb karrier\u00ebn shkencore. N\u00eb laboratorin e Hudit punonte nj\u00eb kompani e larmishme kimist\u00ebsh, biolog\u00ebsh dhe inxhinier\u00ebsh, dhe s\u00eb shpejti laboratorit t\u00eb tij i takoi roli i liderit n\u00eb inovacionet teknologjike.<\/p>\n

Metoda automatike t\u00eb sekvencimit u shpik n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb nga Lloyd Smith dhe Mike Hunzicker. Mike Hunzicker, i cili n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb punonte n\u00eb laboratorin e Hudave, i propozoi Lloyd Smith nj\u00eb metod\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar sekvencimi, ku bazat e \u00e7do tipi do t\u00eb ngjiteshin n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. Ky koncept mund t\u00eb rris\u00eb efikasitetin e procesit Sanger deri n\u00eb kat\u00ebr her\u00eb. N\u00eb metod\u00ebn e Sangerit, gjat\u00eb sekvencimit n\u00eb \u00e7do nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr tubat (n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me numrin e bazave) me pjes\u00ebmarrjen e polimeraz\u00ebs s\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb formohet nj\u00eb grup unik oligonukleotidesh me gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshin sekuenc\u00ebn e primerit. M\u00eb pas, n\u00eb tubat shtohej formamid p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb zinxhir\u00ebt dhe realizohej elektroforeza n\u00eb nj\u00eb xhel poliakrilamid n\u00eb kat\u00ebr shirita. N\u00eb versionin e Smith dhe Hunzicker, didesoksinukleotidet etiketohet me kat\u00ebr ngjyrues t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm dhe b\u00ebhet PCR n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u2019sh. Pastaj, gjat\u00eb elektroforez\u00ebs n\u00eb xhel poliakrilamid, rreze laseri n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb xhelit aktivizon aktivitetin e ngjyruesve, dhe detektori p\u00ebrcakton se cili nukleotid aktualisht po migron p\u00ebrmes xhelit. Fillimisht, Smith kishte nj\u00eb qasje pesimiste - kishte frik\u00eb se p\u00ebrdorimi i dozave shum\u00eb t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb ngjyruesve do ta b\u00ebnte t\u00eb padukshme pjes\u00ebt nukleotidike. Megjithat\u00eb, pasi kishte njohuri t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyera mbi teknologjit\u00eb laser, ai s\u00eb shpejti gjeti nj\u00eb zgjidhje duke p\u00ebrdorur ngjyrues fluorokromik t\u00eb specializuar, t\u00eb cilat fluorozojn\u00eb n\u00ebn veprimin e rrezatimit laser.<\/p>\n

\"Nd\u00ebrron
\n(Versioni e plot\u00eb me klikim<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 4,08 MB) Shkruar me letra t\u00eb vogla: sekuenca e ADN-s\u00eb, e dekoduar duke p\u00ebrdorur sekvencuesin automatik, marr\u00eb nga aparati p\u00ebr sekvencimin automat. \u00c7do ngjyr\u00eb korrespondon me nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr bazat<\/i> <\/p>\n

N\u00eb variantin klasik t\u00eb metod\u00ebs s\u00eb Sanger, nj\u00eb nga zinxhir\u00ebt e ADN-s\u00eb q\u00eb analizohet sh\u00ebrben si model p\u00ebr sintez\u00ebn e nj\u00eb zinxhiri komplementar nga enzima ADN-polimeraza, pastaj sekvenca e fragmenteve t\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb renditet n\u00eb xhel sipas madh\u00ebsis\u00eb. \u00c7do fragment q\u00eb p\u00ebrfshihet n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e ADN-s\u00eb gjat\u00eb sintez\u00ebs dhe lejon m\u00eb pas vizualizimin e produkteve t\u00eb reaksionit, etiketoh\u00ebt me nj\u00eb ngjyrues fluorescues, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht baz\u00ebs terminale (kjo u p\u00ebrmend n\u00eb fq. 124); k\u00ebshtu, fluorecenca e k\u00ebtij fragmenti do t\u00eb jet\u00eb identifikuesi p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb baz\u00eb. M\u00eb pas duhet vet\u00ebm t\u00eb b\u00ebhet detektimi dhe vizualizimi i produkteve t\u00eb reaksionit. Rezultatet analizohet me ndihm\u00ebn e kompjuterit dhe paraqiten si nj\u00eb sekrecion pikash shum\u00ebngjyr\u00ebshe, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht kat\u00ebr nucleotideve. M\u00eb pas informacioni transmetohet drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb sistemin informatik t\u00eb kompjuterit, duke p\u00ebrjashtuar procesin e ngadalt\u00eb dhe shpesh her\u00eb t\u00eb mundimsh\u00ebm t\u00eb fusjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, q\u00eb ndihmonte shum\u00eb n\u00eb sekuencimin.<\/p>\n

\u00bb M\u00eb shum\u00eb detaje p\u00ebr librin mund t\u00eb gjenden n\u00eb faqen e botuesit<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u00bb P\u00ebrmbajtja<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\u00bb Pjesa<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

P\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e Habr, zbritje 25% me kuponin \u2014 PCR<\/b>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0412 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 74 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u044d\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430 7 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u041d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441 \u0423\u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u043d \u2014 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0414\u041d\u041a. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27873,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37174","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Vdiq nobelisti Keri Mullis \u2014 shpik\u00ebsi i reaksionit t\u00eb zinxhirit t\u00eb polimeraz\u00ebs s\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb | ProHoster","description":"N\u00eb Kaliforni, n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 74 vje\u00e7are, vdiq nobelisti amerikan n\u00eb kimik\u00eb Keri Mullis. Sipas bashk\u00ebshortes s\u00eb tij, vdekja ndodhi m\u00eb 7 gusht. Shkaku \u2013 d\u00ebshtimi i zemr\u00ebs dhe frym\u00ebmarrjes p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pneumonis\u00eb. Rreth kontributit t\u00eb tij n\u00eb biokimi dhe p\u00ebrse mori \u00c7mimin Nobel, na tregon vet\u00eb Xhejms Vatsoni \u2014 zbuluesi i molekul\u00ebs s\u00eb ADN-s\u00eb. Nj\u00eb fragment nga","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/umer-nobelevskij-laureat-keri-mullis-izobretatel-polimeraznoj-tsepnoj-reaktsii-dnk","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sq_AL","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0423\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u041a\u044d\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441 \u2014 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0414\u041d\u041a | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0412 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435 74 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0438 \u041a\u044d\u0440\u0438 \u041c\u0443\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u043f\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438, \u0441\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0430 7 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u2014 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0435\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0434\u044b\u0445\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u041e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u043e\u043d \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441 \u0432 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u041d\u043e\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0430\u043c \u0414\u0436\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0441 \u0423\u043e\u0442\u0441\u043e\u043d \u2014 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043b\u044b \u0414\u041d\u041a. \u041e\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043e\u043a \u0438\u0437","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/umer-nobelevskij-laureat-keri-mullis-izobretatel-polimeraznoj-tsepnoj-reaktsii-dnk","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2019-10-31T19:16:11+00:00","article:modified_time":"2019-10-31T19:16:11+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"37174","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":"2026-01-22 06:26:23","breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-03-01 01:32:13","updated":"2026-01-22 06:26:23","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37174","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37174"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37174\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27873"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37174"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37174"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37174"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}