{"id":37209,"date":"2019-10-31T22:16:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/zolotoe-sechenie-v-ekonomike-chto-eto\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:16:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:16:21","slug":"zolotoe-sechenie-v-ekonomike-chto-eto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/zolotoe-sechenie-v-ekonomike-chto-eto","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb \"Pjesa e Art\u00eb\" n\u00eb ekonomi?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Disa fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr \"pjes\u00ebn e art\u00eb\" n\u00eb kuptimin tradicional<\/h4>\n

\nMendohet se n\u00ebse nj\u00eb segment ndahet n\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb q\u00eb pjesa m\u00eb e vog\u00ebl ka marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie me pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, ashtu si pjesa m\u00eb e madhe me segmentin e plot\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb kjo ndarje jep proporcionin 1\/1,618, t\u00eb cilin grek\u00ebt e lasht\u00eb, duke e huazuar at\u00eb nga egjiptian\u00ebt edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb, e quajt\u00ebn \"pjesa e art\u00eb\". Dhe se shum\u00eb strukturat arkitektonike \u2013 proporcioni i kontureve t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtesave, proporcioni midis elementeve t\u00eb tyre kryesor\u00eb \u2014 duke filluar nga piramidat egjiptiane dhe p\u00ebrfunduar me nd\u00ebrtimet teorike t\u00eb Le Corbusier \u2014 jan\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proporcion.
\nNumrat e Fibonaccit i korrespondojn\u00eb asaj, spirala e t\u00eb cilit jep nj\u00eb ilustrim t\u00eb gjeometris\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb proporcion. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, dimensionet e trupit njer\u00ebzor (nga thembra deri te mbi nj\u00ebri, nga mbi nj\u00ebri deri n\u00eb kok\u00eb, nga koka deri te gishti i dor\u00ebs s\u00eb ngritur), duke filluar nga proporcioni ideal q\u00eb shihej n\u00eb Mesjet\u00eb (njeriu vitruvian dhe t\u00eb tjera), dhe duke p\u00ebrfunduar me matjet antropometrike t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb s\u00eb BRSS, jan\u00eb mjaft af\u00ebr k\u00ebtij proporcion.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nDhe n\u00ebse shtojm\u00eb se figura t\u00eb tilla jan\u00eb zbuluar n\u00eb objekte biologjike krejt t\u00eb ndryshme: n\u00eb guackat e molusk\u00ebve, n\u00eb vendosjen e farave n\u00eb diell dhe n\u00eb kokrrat e kedrit, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb pse numri irracional, duke filluar me 1,618, \u00ebsht\u00eb shpallur si \"hyjnor\" \u2014 gjurm\u00ebt e tij ndihen edhe n\u00eb form\u00ebn e galaksive q\u00eb pretendojn\u00eb spiralen e Fibonacci-t!<\/p>\n

Duke marr\u00eb parasysh t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta shembuj, mund t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb: <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ne kemi t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \"t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb m\u00ebdha\", <\/li>\n
  2. edhe n\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht t\u00eb par\u00eb ato tregojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb, n\u00ebse jo universalitet, at\u00ebher\u00eb nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb \"pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb art\u00eb\" dhe vlerave q\u00eb i ngjajn\u00eb asaj.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    N\u00eb ekonomi<\/h4>\n

    \nDiagramet e Lorencit jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb njohura dhe p\u00ebrdoren intensivisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb visualizuar t\u00eb ardhurat e popullsis\u00eb. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet i fuqish\u00ebm makroekonomik me variacione dhe sqarime t\u00eb ndryshme (koeficienti decil, indeksi Gini) q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb statistika p\u00ebr krahasimin socio-ekonomik t\u00eb vendeve dhe karakteristikave t\u00eb tyre dhe mund t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si justifikim p\u00ebr marrjen e vendimeve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha politike dhe buxhetore n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e taksimit, sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe zhvillimit t\u00eb planeve p\u00ebr shtetet dhe rajonet.<\/p>\n

    Edhe pse n\u00eb mendjen normale t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme t\u00eb ardhurat dhe shpenzimet jan\u00eb fort t\u00eb lidhura, n\u00eb Google nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ashtu... T\u00eb habitshme, por arrij t\u00eb gjej lidhjen midis diagrameve t\u00eb Lorencit dhe shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb shpenzimeve vet\u00ebm te dy autor\u00eb rus\u00eb (do t\u00eb isha mir\u00ebnjoh\u00ebs n\u00ebse dikush njeh punime t\u00eb tilla si n\u00eb sektorin rus ashtu edhe n\u00eb at\u00eb anglisht). <\/p>\n

    E para \u00ebsht\u00eb disertacioni i T. M. Buevas. Disertacioni ishte e p\u00ebrkushtuar, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 tjerash, p\u00ebr optimizimin e shpenzimeve n\u00eb fabrikat e pulave n\u00eb Marij.<\/p>\n

    Nj\u00eb autor tjet\u00ebr, V.V. Matohin (links t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjella midis autor\u00ebve jan\u00eb), i qaset \u00e7\u00ebshtjes m\u00eb gjer\u00eb. Matohin, fizik nga formimi i tij origjinal, merret me p\u00ebrpunimin statistik t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb marrjen e vendimeve menaxheriale, si dhe me vler\u00ebsimin e adaptueshm\u00ebris\u00eb dhe menaxhueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb kompanive.<\/p>\n

    Koncepcioni dhe shembujt e sjellur m\u00eb posht\u00eb jan\u00eb marr\u00eb nga punimet e V. Matohinit dhe koleg\u00ebve t\u00eb tij (Matohin, 1995), (Antoniou et al., 2002), (Kryanev et al., 1998), (Matohin et al., 2018). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kontekst, duhet t\u00eb shtojm\u00eb se \u00e7do gabim i mundsh\u00ebm n\u00eb interpretimin e punimeve t\u00eb tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb pron\u00ebsi ekskluzive e autorit t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre rrokjeve dhe nuk mund t\u00eb dihet se i p\u00ebrket teksteve akademike origjinale. <\/p>\n

    P\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebria e papritur<\/h4>\n

    \nReflektuar n\u00eb grafik\u00ebt e paraqitur m\u00eb posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

    1. Shp\u00ebrndarja e grant\u00ebve sipas konkursit p\u00ebr pun\u00eb shkencore dhe teknologjike sipas Programit shtet\u00ebror \u2018Super\u00e7conductivity e temperaturave t\u00eb larta\u2019. (Matohin, 1995)
    \n\"\u00c7far\u00eb
    \nFig.1. Proporcet n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen vjetore t\u00eb mjeteve p\u00ebr projektet n\u00eb vitet 1988\u20131994.<\/i>
    \nKarakteristikat kryesore t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjeve vjetore jan\u00eb paraqitur n\u00eb Tab.3, ku SN \u00ebsht\u00eb shuma vjetore e fondeve t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara (n\u00eb milion rubla), dhe N \u00ebsht\u00eb numri i projekteve t\u00eb financuara. Duke marr\u00eb parasysh se gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre viteve \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrruar p\u00ebrb\u00ebrja personale e juris\u00eb s\u00eb gar\u00ebs, buxheti i gar\u00ebs dhe madje edhe shkalla e parave (para dhe pas reform\u00ebs s\u00eb vitit 1991), stabiliteti i kurbave reale n\u00eb kalim t\u00eb koh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb befasues. Nj\u00eb vij\u00eb e zez\u00eb n\u00eb grafik \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga piketat eksperimentale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\n1988<\/td>\n1989<\/td>\n1990<\/td>\n1991<\/td>\n1992<\/td>\n1993<\/td>\n1994<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    S<\/td>\n273<\/td>\n362<\/td>\n432<\/td>\n553<\/td>\n345<\/td>\n353<\/td>\n253<\/td>\nX<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Sn<\/td>\n143.1<\/td>\n137.6<\/td>\n136.9<\/td>\n411.2<\/td>\n109.4<\/td>\n920<\/td>\n977<\/td>\nY<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

    \nTab.3<\/i><\/p>\n

    2. Kurbat e shpenzimeve t\u00eb lidhura me shitjet e stokut t\u00eb mallrave (Kotlyar, 1989)
    \n\"\u00c7far\u00eb
    \nFig.2<\/i> <\/p>\n

    3. Rrjeti tarifor i pagave t\u00eb gradave<\/p>\n

    Si nj\u00eb shembull p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e diagram\u00ebs jan\u00eb marr\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna nga dokumenti \"D\u00ebshmia: sa duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb \u00e7do grad\u00eb sipas pag\u00ebs vjetore normale\" (Suvarov, 2014) (\"Shkenca p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar\"). <\/p>\n\n\n
    \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Grad\u00eb<\/td>\nPaga (rub.)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kolonel<\/td>\n585<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    N\u00ebnkolonel<\/td>\n351<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Major Shembull<\/td>\n292<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Major Sekund<\/td>\n243<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kuartermistr<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Adjutant<\/td>\n117<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Komisar<\/td>\n98<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    …<\/td>\n…<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

    \n<\/td>\n

    		\"\u00c7far\u00eb
    \nFig. 3. Diagrama e p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb pagave vjetore sipas gradave\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

    4. Grafiku mesatar i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb menaxherit amerikan t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb mes\u00ebm (Mintzberg, 1973)
    \n \"\u00c7far\u00eb
    \nFig.4 <\/i> <\/p>\n

    Grafik\u00ebt e normalizuar t\u00eb paraqitura sugjerojn\u00eb se n\u00eb aktivitetet ekonomike q\u00eb ilustrohen prej tyre ka nj\u00eb zakon t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt. Nj\u00eb ndryshim radikal n\u00eb specifikat e veprimtaris\u00eb ekonomike, n\u00eb vendin dhe koh\u00ebn e saj, b\u00ebhet shum\u00eb i mundur q\u00eb ngjashm\u00ebria e grafik\u00ebve t\u00eb diktohet nga nj\u00eb kusht themelor p\u00ebr funksionimin e sistemeve ekonomike. Ashtu si\u00e7 ka ndodhur p\u00ebr mij\u00ebra vjet n\u00eb zhvillimin e aktiviteteve ekonomike, duke u bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh provash dhe gabimesh, subjektet e k\u00ebtyre aktiviteteve kan\u00eb gjetur nj\u00eb strategji optimale t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb burimeve. Dhe e p\u00ebrdorin intuitivisht n\u00eb veprimtarin\u00eb e tyre aktuale. Ky supozim \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje t\u00eb mir\u00eb me parimin e njohur t\u00eb Pareto: 20% e p\u00ebrpjekjeve tona japin 80% t\u00eb rezultateve. K\u00ebtu ka nj\u00eb dukuri t\u00eb ngjashme. Grafik\u00ebt e paraqitur shprehin nj\u00eb ligjempirik, q\u00eb n\u00ebse kthehet n\u00eb nj\u00eb diagram Lorenz me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi t\u00eb mjaftueshme, p\u00ebrshkruhet me nj\u00eb tregues t\u00eb grad\u00ebs \"alfa\" t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me 2. Me k\u00ebt\u00eb tregues, diagrami i Lorenzit shnd\u00ebrrohet n\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb rrethit.<\/p>\n

    Kjo karakteristik\u00eb, e cila ende nuk ka nj\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, mund t\u00eb quhet mbijetes\u00eb. Ashtu si mbijetes\u00ebn n\u00eb natyr\u00eb, mbijetesa e sistemit ekonomik p\u00ebrcaktohet nga p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebria e tij me kushtet sociale dhe ekonomike, si dhe nga aft\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t'u adaptuar ndaj ndryshimeve n\u00eb kushtet e tregut.<\/p>\n

    Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se sistemi, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin shp\u00ebrndarja e shpenzimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebr idealeve (me nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb alpha t\u00eb barabart\u00eb me 2, ose shp\u00ebrndarje shpenzimesh \"rrethore\"), ka shanset m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbijetuar n\u00eb form\u00ebn ekzistuese. E ve\u00e7anta \u00ebsht\u00eb se n\u00eb disa raste, nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje e till\u00eb p\u00ebrcakton gjithashtu rentabilitetin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrjes. P\u00ebr shembull, k\u00ebtu. Sa m\u00eb i vog\u00ebl t\u00eb jet\u00eb koeficienti i devijimit nga ideali, aq m\u00eb i lart\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rentabiliteti i nd\u00ebrmarrjes (Bueva, 2002).<\/p>\n

    Tabel\u00eb (fragments)<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    <\/td>\nEmri i ekonomis\u00eb, rajonit<\/td>\nRentabiliteti (%)<\/td>\nKoeficienti i devijimit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1<\/td>\nGUP p\/f \"Volzhskaya\" n\u00eb rajonin Volzhsk<\/td>\n13,0<\/td>\n0,336<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/td>\nSPK p\/f \"Gornomariyskaya\"<\/td>\n11,1<\/td>\n0,18<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/td>\nUMSP me rritje \"Zvenigovskiy\"<\/td>\n33,7<\/td>\n0,068<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4<\/td>\nZAO \"Mariyskoye\" n\u00eb rajonin Medvedev<\/td>\n7,5<\/td>\n0,195<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5<\/td>\nOAO \"Teplichnoye\" n\u00eb rajonin Medvedev<\/td>\n16,3<\/td>\n0,107<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    …<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    47<\/td>\nSPK (kooperativ\u00eb) \"Rassvet\" n\u00eb rajonin Sovetskiy<\/td>\n3,2<\/td>\n0,303<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    48<\/td>\nS-z \"Bronevik\" n\u00eb rajonin Kilemar<\/td>\n14,2<\/td>\n0,117<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    49<\/td>\nSPK SHA \u00abAvangard\u00bb n\u00eb rrethin e Morkin<\/td>\n6,5<\/td>\n0,261<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    50<\/td>\nSHA n\u00eb zhvillimin e im. Petrova n\u00eb rrethin e Morkin<\/td>\n22,5<\/td>\n0,135<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n

    K\u00ebrkesa praktike<\/h4>\n

    \nKur planifikoni shpenzimet si kompani ashtu edhe si familje, \u00ebsht\u00eb e dobishme t\u00eb ndihmoni nj\u00eb kurv\u00eb Lorenz dhe ta krahasoni at\u00eb me t\u00eb idealen. Sa m\u00eb af\u00ebr t\u00eb jet\u00eb diagrami juaj me idealen, aq m\u00eb t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se po planifikoni sakt\u00eb dhe se aktiviteti juaj do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i suksessh\u00ebm. Kjo af\u00ebrsi konfirmon se planet tuaja jan\u00eb af\u00ebr p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebs s\u00eb aktivitetit ekonomik t\u00eb njer\u00ebzimit, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb reflektuar n\u00eb zakonet e njohura empirike, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb parimi i Pareto.<\/p>\n

    Megjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb supozohet se, k\u00ebtu flitet p\u00ebr funksionimin e nj\u00eb sistemi ekonomik t\u00eb pjekur, orientuar n\u00eb fitim. N\u00ebse nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fjala p\u00ebr maksimizimin e fitimit, por, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr detyr\u00ebn e modernizimit t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb ose p\u00ebr rritjen principele t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb saj t\u00eb tregut, kurva juaj e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb shpenzimeve do t\u00eb largohet nga rrethorja. <\/p>\n

    E kuptojm\u00eb se, edhe n\u00eb rastin e nj\u00eb startupi me ekonomin\u00eb e tij specifike, diagrami i Lorencit, q\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet me probabilitetin m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb suksesit, do t\u00eb devijoj\u00eb gjithashtu nga rrethi. Mund t\u00eb Hipotizohet se devijimet e kurb\u00ebs s\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb shpenzimeve brenda rrethit korrespondojn\u00eb si me rreziqe t\u00eb rritura ashtu edhe me adaptivitet t\u00eb ulur t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, pa mb\u00ebshtetje n\u00eb baza t\u00eb m\u00ebdha statistikore p\u00ebr startupet (si ato t\u00eb suksesshme ashtu edhe ato t\u00eb pasuksesshme), prognozat e arsyeshme dhe t\u00eb kualifikuara jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira p\u00ebr t'u realizuar. <\/p>\n

    Sipas nj\u00eb hipoteze tjet\u00ebr, devijimi i kurb\u00ebs s\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb shpenzimeve nga rrethi jasht\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb sinjal si p\u00ebr tep\u00ebr rregullim t\u00eb menaxhimit ashtu edhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb falimentimit t\u00eb af\u00ebrt. P\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar k\u00ebt\u00eb hipotez\u00eb gjithashtu nevojitet nj\u00eb baz\u00eb referenc\u00eb e caktuar, e cila, ashtu si n\u00eb rastin e startup-eve, v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se ekziston n\u00eb akses t\u00eb hapur.<\/p>\n

    N\u00eb vend t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimit<\/h4>\n

    \nPublikimet e para t\u00eb m\u00ebdha mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb tem\u00eb datojn\u00eb q\u00eb nga viti 1995 (Matokhin, 1995). Dhe p\u00ebrfshirja e k\u00ebtyre punimeve, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 q\u00eb jan\u00eb universale, e p\u00ebrdorimit radikalisht t\u00eb ri t\u00eb modeleve dhe mjeteve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura gjer\u00ebsisht nga ekonomist\u00ebt mbetet n\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb m\u00ebnyre nj\u00eb mister...
    \n
    Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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