{"id":37512,"date":"2019-10-31T22:18:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:18:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:18:05","slug":"trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6","title":{"rendered":"Trajnimi Cisco 200-125 CCNA v3.0. Dita 24. Protokolli IPv6","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Sot do t\u00eb studiojm\u00eb protokollin IPv6. Versioni i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm i kursit CCNA nuk k\u00ebrkonte njohuri t\u00eb detajuar mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll, por n\u00eb versionin e tret\u00eb 200-125, studimi i tij n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar provimin. Protokolli IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, por ka munguar p\u00ebrdorimi i gjer\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr zhvillimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm t\u00eb internetit, pasi \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb eliminuar disavantazhet e protokollit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm IPv4. <\/p>\n

Duke qen\u00eb se protokolli IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tem\u00eb mjaft e gjer\u00eb, e kam ndar\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb dy video m\u00ebsimesh: Dita 24 dhe Dita 25. Dita e par\u00eb do t\u2019i kushtohet koncepteve t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb dyt\u00ebn do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb konfigurimin e adresave IP sipas protokollit IPv6 p\u00ebr pajisjet Cisco. Sot, si zakonisht, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb tri tema: nevoja p\u00ebr IPv6, formati i adresave IPv6 dhe llojet e adresave IPv6.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nEnde n\u00eb m\u00ebsimet tona, ne kemi p\u00ebrdorur adresat IP sipas protokollit v4, dhe ju jeni m\u00ebsuar q\u00eb ato duken mjaft t\u00eb thjeshta. Kur keni par\u00eb adres\u00ebn e paraqitur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb slid, keni pasur nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb qart\u00eb se p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb. <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, adresat IP v6 duken krejt\u00ebsisht ndryshe. N\u00ebse nuk jeni t\u00eb njohur me parimin e krijimit t\u00eb adresave n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb version t\u00eb protokollit t\u00eb internetit, fillimisht do t'ju befasoj\u00eb se adresa IP e k\u00ebtij tipi z\u00eb shum\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. N\u00eb versionin e kat\u00ebrt t\u00eb protokollit, kishim vet\u00ebm 4 numra decimal\u00eb, dhe gjith\u00e7ka ishte e thjesht\u00eb, por imagjinoni se do t'ju nevojitej t\u00eb jepni nj\u00eb zotni X adres\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb re IP e tipit 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nMegjithat\u00eb, mos u shqet\u00ebsoni \u2013 n\u00eb fund t\u00eb k\u00ebtij video m\u00ebsimi do t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozita shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb s\u00eb pari se pse lind nevoja p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e IPv6.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nSot, shumica e njer\u00ebzve p\u00ebrdorin IPv4 dhe jan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur. Pse ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb kalonim n\u00eb versionin e ri? S\u00eb pari, adresat IP t\u00eb versionit 4 p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga 32 bit. Kjo lejon krijimin e rreth 4 miliard adresave n\u00eb internet, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb numri i sakt\u00eb i adresave IP \u00ebsht\u00eb 2^32. N\u00eb momentin e krijimit t\u00eb IPv4, zhvilluesit mendonin se numri i till\u00eb adresash ishte m\u00eb se i mjaftuesh\u00ebm. N\u00ebse e mbani mend, adresat e k\u00ebtij versioni ndahen n\u00eb 5 klasa: klasat aktive A, B, C dhe klasat rezerv\u00eb D (multicast) dhe E (k\u00ebrkime). Prandaj, megjith\u00ebse numri i adresave IP aktive p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte vet\u00ebm 75% t\u00eb kat\u00ebr miliardave, krijuesit e protokollit ishin t\u00eb sigurt se do t\u00eb mjaftonin p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzimin. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb internetit, \u00e7do vit ndihej mungesa e adresave IP t\u00eb lira, dhe po t\u00eb mos ishte p\u00ebrdorimi i teknologjis\u00eb NAT, adresat IP t\u00eb lir\u00eb IPv4 do t\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrfunduar prej koh\u00ebsh. N\u00eb fakt, NAT u b\u00eb shp\u00ebtimtari i k\u00ebtij protokolli t\u00eb internetit. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse lind nevoja p\u00ebr krijimin e nj\u00eb versioni t\u00eb ri t\u00eb protokollit t\u00eb internetit, t\u00eb cilin e kishte privuar nga mang\u00ebsit\u00eb e versionit 4. Mund t\u00eb pyesni, pse kaluam nga versioni i kat\u00ebrt direkt n\u00eb t\u00eb gjashtin? Kjo lidhet me faktin se versioni 5, ashtu si versionet 1, 2 dhe 3, ishin eksperimentale. <\/p>\n

Pra ndaj, adresat IP v6 kan\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb adresash prej 128 bit\u00ebsh. Si mendoni, sa her\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur numri i adresave IP t\u00eb mundshme? Ndoshta do t\u00eb thoni: \u00ab4 her\u00eb!\u00bb. Por nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu, sepse 234 \u00ebsht\u00eb tashm\u00eb 4 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 232. Pra, vlera 2128 \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e madhe \u2013 ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me 340282366920938463463374607431768211456. K\u00ebto jan\u00eb adresat IP q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr protokollin IPv6. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t'i jepni nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP gjith\u00e7kaje q\u00eb d\u00ebshironi: makin\u00ebs tuaj, telefonit, or\u00ebs suaj inteligjente. Nj\u00eb njeri modern mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb laptop, disa smartphone, or\u00eb inteligjente, nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi inteligjente \u2013 nj\u00eb televizor t\u00eb lidhur me internetin, nj\u00eb lavatri\u00e7e t\u00eb lidhur me internetin, nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb sht\u00ebpi q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur me rrjetin e internetit. Nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i till\u00eb adresash lejon realizimin e konceptin t\u00eb \u00abinternetit t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave\u00bb, i cili mb\u00ebshtetet nga Cisco. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00eb jet\u00ebn tuaj t\u00eb gjitha sendet jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me internetin, dhe secili prej tyre ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr adres\u00ebn e vet IP. Me IPv6, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur! \u00c7do njeri n\u00eb Tok\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb miliona adresash t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj versioni p\u00ebr pajisjet e tij, dhe akoma do t\u00eb mbetet shum\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb lira. Ne nuk mund t\u00eb parashikojm\u00eb se si do t\u00eb zhvillohen teknologjit\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, mund t\u00eb shpresojm\u00eb se njer\u00ebzimi nuk do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb kur n\u00eb Tok\u00eb t\u00eb mbetet vet\u00ebm 1 kompjuter. Mund t\u00eb supozohet se IPv6 do t\u00eb mbijetoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Le t\u00eb shohim se cilat jan\u00eb formatet e adres\u00ebs IP t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nK\u00ebto adresa shfaqen si 8 grupe numrash hexadecimal. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se \u00e7do simbol i adres\u00ebs ka nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi prej 4 bit\u00ebsh, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb secila grup prej 4 simbollesh p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga 16 bit\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa e gjith\u00eb adresa ka nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi prej 128 bit\u00ebsh. \u00c7do grup prej 4 simbolesh ndahet nga grupi tjet\u00ebr me dy pika, ndryshe nga adresat IPv4, ku grupet ndaheshin me pika, sepse pika \u00ebsht\u00eb forma dhjetore e p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimit t\u00eb numrave. Duke qen\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb mbash mend nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, ekzistojn\u00eb disa rregulla q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb shkurtimin e saj. Rregulli i par\u00eb thot\u00eb se grupet q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen vet\u00ebm nga zero mund t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen me dy pika. Nj\u00eb operacion i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb kryhet mbi \u00e7do IP vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb her\u00eb. Le t\u00eb shohim se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kjo.<\/p>\n

Si e shihni, n\u00eb shembullin e dh\u00ebn\u00eb, adresa ka tre grupe me nga 4 t\u00eb zeros. Numri total i dy pik\u00ebve q\u00eb ndajn\u00eb k\u00ebto grupe 0000:0000:0000 \u00ebsht\u00eb 2. Pra, n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorim dy pik\u00eb ::, do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend t\u00eb adres\u00ebs ndodhen grupet e zeros. Si ta dim\u00eb se sa grupe zeros p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson kjo dy pik\u00eb? N\u00ebse shqyrtojm\u00eb form\u00ebn e shkurtuar t\u00eb adres\u00ebs, mund t\u00eb num\u00ebrojm\u00eb 5 grupe me nga 4 shenja. Por, duke pasur parasysh se adresa e plot\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga 8 grupe, kjo dy pik\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson 3 grupe me nga 4 t\u00eb zeros. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb rregulli i par\u00eb i formatit t\u00eb shkurtuar t\u00eb adres\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nRregulli i dyt\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t\u00eb hiqni zeros e para n\u00eb \u00e7do grup shenjash. P.sh., grupa e 6-t\u00eb e form\u00ebs s\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs duket si 04FF, nd\u00ebrsa forma e saj e shkurtuar do t\u00eb duket si 4FF, sepse ne heqim zero-n e par\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, sh\u00ebnimi 4FF nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7se 04FF. <\/p>\n

Duke p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebto rregulla, mund t\u00eb shkurtosh \u00e7do IP-adres\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, edhe pas shkurtimit, kjo adres\u00eb nuk duket v\u00ebrtet e shkurt\u00ebr. M\u00eb von\u00eb do ta shqyrtojm\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me k\u00ebt\u00eb, p\u00ebr tani thjesht mbani mend k\u00ebto 2 rregulla. <\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb jan\u00eb titujt e adresave t\u00eb versioneve IPv4 dhe IPv6.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nKjo figur\u00eb, q\u00eb e kam marr\u00eb nga Interneti, shpjegon shum\u00eb mir\u00eb ndryshimin midis dy titujve. Si\u00e7 e shihni, titulli i adres\u00ebs IPv4 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb kompleks dhe p\u00ebrmban m\u00eb shum\u00eb informacion sesa titulli IPv6. N\u00ebse titulli \u00ebsht\u00eb kompleks, router-i merr m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrpunuar at\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb vendim rutesh, prandaj duke p\u00ebrdorur adresa m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb, router-at punojn\u00eb m\u00eb efikas. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb se IPv4. <\/p>\n

Gjat\u00ebsia e titullit IPv4 \u00ebsht\u00eb nga 0 deri n\u00eb 31 bit\u00eb dhe z\u00eb 32 bit\u00eb. Pa marr\u00eb parasysh rreshtin p\u00ebrfundimtar Opcions dhe Padding, adresa e versionit 4 p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb adres\u00eb 20-byte, pra, madh\u00ebsia e saj minimale \u00ebsht\u00eb 20 byte. Gjat\u00ebsia e adres\u00ebs s\u00eb versionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb nuk ka nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi minimale, dhe nj\u00eb adres\u00eb e till\u00eb ka nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi fikse prej 40 byte.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb titullin IPv4, fillimisht jepet versioni, pastaj sh\u00ebnohet gjat\u00ebsia e titullit IHL. N\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb paracaktuar, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb 20 byte, por n\u00ebse n\u00eb titull jepen informacione shtes\u00eb Opsione, ajo mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. N\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorni Wireshark, mund t\u00eb lexoni vler\u00ebn Version, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb 4, dhe vler\u00ebn IHL, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb 5, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb pes\u00eb blloqe vertikale nga 4 byte (32 bit) secili, duke mos llogaritur bllokun Opsione. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nLloji i Sh\u00ebrbimit tregon natyr\u00ebn e paket\u00ebs \u2013 p\u00ebr shembull, paketa p\u00ebr z\u00eb ose paketa p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, pasi trafiku i z\u00ebrit ka p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi ndaj llojeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb trafikut. N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje, ky fush\u00eb tregon p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsin\u00eb e trafikut. Gjat\u00ebsia totale p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson shum\u00ebn e gjat\u00eb t\u00eb kryefjal\u00ebs 20 byte plus gjat\u00ebsi e ngarkes\u00ebs, e cila p\u00ebrb\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb transmetohen. N\u00ebse ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb 50 byte, gjat\u00ebsi totale do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 70 byte. Identifikimi i paket\u00ebs sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar integritetin e paket\u00ebs, duke p\u00ebrdorur parametrin e kontrollit t\u00eb kryefjal\u00ebs. N\u00ebse paketa \u00ebsht\u00eb e fragmentuar n\u00eb 5 pjes\u00eb, \u00e7do pjes\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin identifikues \u2014 zhvendosja e fragmentit, e cila mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00eb nga 0 n\u00eb 4, dhe \u00e7do fragment i paket\u00ebs duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn vler\u00eb zhvendosjeje. Flagjet tregojn\u00eb n\u00ebse lejohet zhvendosja e fragmenteve. N\u00ebse nuk d\u00ebshironi q\u00eb t\u00eb ndodhi fragmentimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, vendosni flamurin DF \u2013 mos e fragmentoni. Ka nj\u00eb flamur MF \u2013 m\u00eb shum\u00eb fragmente. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00ebse paketa e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e fragmentuar n\u00eb 5 pjes\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr paket\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb do t\u00eb vendoset 0, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u2013 m\u00eb shum\u00eb fragmente! N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, fragmenti p\u00ebrfundimtar i paket\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb do t\u00eb sh\u00ebnohet 4, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pajisja q\u00eb pranon mund t\u00eb deasembloje leht\u00ebsisht paket\u00ebn, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb aplikohet defragmantimi. <\/p>\n

Kujdesi mbi ngjyrat e p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb diapozitiv. Me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe jan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar fushat q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga titulli IPv6. Me ngjyr\u00eb blu jan\u00eb shfaqur parametrat q\u00eb kaluan nga versioni i kat\u00ebrt n\u00eb versionin e gjasht\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshuar. Fushat e verdha mbet\u00ebn t\u00eb paprekura n\u00eb t\u00eb dy versionet. Me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb shfaqur nj\u00eb fush\u00eb q\u00eb u shfaq p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb IPv6.<\/p>\n

Fushat Identifikimi, Flamujt, Offset-i i Fragmantit dhe Kontrolli i Krye jan\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar p\u00ebr shkak se n\u00eb kushtet moderne t\u00eb transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nuk ndodhin fragmentime dhe kontrolli i shum\u00ebs s\u00eb kontrollit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i nevojsh\u00ebm. Para shum\u00eb vjet\u00ebsh, me transferimin e ngadalsh\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, fragmentimi ishte nj\u00eb fenomen relativisht i zakonsh\u00ebm, por sot p\u00ebrdoret gjithandej Ethernet standardi IEEE 802.3 me MTU madh\u00ebsi 1500 byte, dhe fragmentimi nuk ndodh m\u00eb.<\/p>\n

TTL, ose koha e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb paket\u00ebs, paraqet nj\u00eb num\u00ebrues me kthim mbrapa \u2013 kur koha e jet\u00ebs arrin 0, paketa hidhet. Faktikisht, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb numri maksimal i hop-eve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rrjet. Fusha Protocol tregon se cili protokoll, TCP ose UDP, po p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjet.<\/p>\n

Header Checksum \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb paramet\u00ebr i vjetruar, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga versioni i ri i protokollit. M\u00eb posht\u00eb ndodhen fushat e adres\u00ebs 32-bit t\u00eb burimit dhe adres\u00ebs 32-bit t\u00eb destinacionit. N\u00ebse kemi ndonj\u00eb informacion n\u00eb rreshtin e Opcioneve, at\u00ebher\u00eb vlera IHL ndryshon nga 5 n\u00eb 6, duke treguar se n\u00eb kryefjal\u00eb ka nj\u00eb fush\u00eb shtes\u00eb.
\nN\u00eb kryefjal\u00eb IPv6 gjithashtu p\u00ebrdoret versioni, nd\u00ebrsa Klas\u00ebn e Trafikut i korrespondon fusha Tipi i Sh\u00ebrbimit n\u00eb kryefjal\u00ebn IPv4. Etiketa e rrjedh\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me Klas\u00ebn e Trafikut dhe sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb thjeshtuar orientimin e nj\u00eb rrjedhe uniforme paketash. Gjat\u00ebsia e Shkarkimit tregon gjat\u00ebsi e ngarkes\u00ebs, ose madh\u00ebsin\u00eb e fush\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb ndodhen n\u00ebn kryefjal\u00eb. Gjat\u00ebsia e vet\u00eb kryefjal\u00ebs p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00eb 40 byte dhe prandaj nuk p\u00ebrmendet kudo. <\/p>\n

Fusha \u00abkryefjala e ardhshme\u00bb, Next Header, tregon se cilin lloj kryefjale do t\u00eb ket\u00eb paketa e ardhshme. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb funksion shum\u00eb e dobishme, e cila p\u00ebrcakton llojin e protokollit t\u00eb transportit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm \u2013 TCP, UDP etj., dhe q\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb e k\u00ebrkuar n\u00eb teknologjit\u00eb e ardhshme t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Edhe n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorni nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb vetin, do t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb dini se cili protokoll do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i ardhsh\u00ebm. <\/p>\n

Numri maksimal i hapave, ose Hop Limit, \u00ebsht\u00eb analog ndaj TTL n\u00eb titullin IPv4, nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar ciklikimin e rrug\u00ebve. M\u00eb pas ndodhen fushat e adres\u00ebs burimore 128-bit dhe adres\u00ebs destinacion 128-bit. I gjith\u00eb titulli ka nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi prej 40 byte. Si\u00e7 e thash\u00eb, IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb se IPv4 dhe shum\u00eb m\u00eb efikas p\u00ebr marrjen e vendimeve t\u00eb rrug\u00ebtimit nga routeri.
\nLe t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb llojet e adresave IPv6. E dim\u00eb se unicast \u00ebsht\u00eb transmetim i drejtuar, ku nj\u00eb pajisje lidhet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb direkte me nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr dhe t\u00eb dy pajisjet mund t\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Multicast p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb transmetim t\u00eb gjer\u00eb dhe do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se disa pajisje mund t\u00eb lidhen n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb me nj\u00eb pajisje, e cila nga ana e saj mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb lidhje me disa pajisje n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, multicast \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me nj\u00eb stacion radio, sinjalet e t\u00eb cilit p\u00ebrhapet kudo. N\u00ebse d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoni nj\u00eb kanal specifik, duhet ta vendosni radion tuaj n\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar. N\u00ebse e mbani mend videon mbi protokollin RIP, e dini se ky protokoll p\u00ebrdor domenin e transmetimit t\u00eb gjer\u00eb 255.255.255.255 p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsime, t\u00eb cilat lidhen me t\u00eb gjitha subnetet. Por k\u00ebto p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsime do t'i marrin vet\u00ebm ato pajisje q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin protokollin RIP. <\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb lloj tjet\u00ebr transmetimi, q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb hasur n\u00eb IPv4, quhet Anycast. P\u00ebrdoret kur keni shum\u00eb pajisje me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin IP adres\u00eb dhe lejon d\u00ebrgimin e pakove te merr\u00ebsi m\u00eb i af\u00ebrt nga grupi i marr\u00ebsve. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nN\u00eb rastin e Internetit, ku kemi rrjeta CDN, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim sh\u00ebrbimin YouTube. Ky sh\u00ebrbim p\u00ebrdoret nga shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, por kjo nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata lidhen direkt me serverin e kompanis\u00eb n\u00eb Kaliforni. Sh\u00ebrbimi YouTube ka shum\u00eb server\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, p\u00ebr shembull, serveri im indian i YouTube ndodhet n\u00eb Singapor. Po ashtu, protokolli IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb integruar p\u00ebr t'u transmetuar p\u00ebrmes teknologjis\u00eb CDN duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb rrjeti gjeografikisht t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se p\u00ebrdor Anycast.<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 e keni v\u00ebn\u00eb re, k\u00ebtu mungon nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr lloj transmetimi, Broadcast, sepse protokolli IPv6 nuk e p\u00ebrdor at\u00eb. Por Multicast n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll funksionon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me Broadcast n\u00eb IPv4, vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb efikase. <\/p>\n

Versioni i gjasht\u00eb i protokollit p\u00ebrdor tre lloje adresash: Link Local, Unique Site Local dhe Global. Ne e kujtojm\u00eb se n\u00eb IPv4 nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe ka vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb IP adres\u00eb. Le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se kemi dy ruter\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhur me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin; k\u00ebshtu, secila nga nd\u00ebrfaqet e lidhjes do t\u00eb ket\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb IP adres\u00eb. Kur p\u00ebrdoret IPv6, \u00e7do nd\u00ebrfaqe automatikisht merr nj\u00eb IP adres\u00eb t\u00eb llojit Link Local. K\u00ebto adresa fillojn\u00eb me FE80::\/64. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nK\u00ebto IP adresa p\u00ebrdoren vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lidhje lokale. Njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb punojn\u00eb me Windows e din\u00eb shum\u00eb mir\u00eb se adresa t\u00eb ngjashme si 169.254.X.X jan\u00eb adresa q\u00eb konfigurohen automatikisht p\u00ebrmes protokollit IPv4.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse kompjuteri i drejtohet serverit DHCP p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP, por p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye nuk mund t\u00eb lidh\u00eb me t\u00eb, pajisjet Microsoft kan\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm q\u00eb lejon kompjuterin t\u00eb caktoj\u00eb vet\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP. Adresa do t\u00eb jet\u00eb af\u00ebrsisht k\u00ebshtu: 169.254.1.1. Nj\u00eb situat\u00eb e ngjashme do t\u00eb ndodhte n\u00ebse kemi nj\u00eb kompjuter, nj\u00eb switch dhe nj\u00eb router. Supozoni se routeri nuk kishte marr\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP nga serveri DHCP dhe automatikisht cakton vetes nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP t\u00eb till\u00eb 169.254.1.1. Pas k\u00ebsaj, ai do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb ARP t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb rrjet p\u00ebrmes switch-it, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do t\u00eb pyes\u00eb n\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb pajisje n\u00eb rrjet ka k\u00ebt\u00eb adres\u00eb. Pasi t\u00eb marr\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn, kompjuteri do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet: \"Po, un\u00eb kam pik\u00ebrisht k\u00ebt\u00eb adres\u00eb IP!\", pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs routeri do t'i caktoj\u00eb vetes nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb re rast\u00ebsore, p\u00ebr shembull, 169.254.10.10, dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebri do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb ARP n\u00eb rrjet. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nN\u00ebse askush nuk njofton se ka nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb ai do ta mbaj\u00eb adres\u00ebn 169.254.10.10 p\u00ebr vete. K\u00ebshtu, pajisjet n\u00eb rrjetin lokal mund ta p\u00ebrdorin mekanizmin e caktimit automatik t\u00eb IP adresave p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur midis tyre, pa p\u00ebrdorur serverin DHCP. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ajo q\u00eb njihet si autokonfigurimi i IP adresave, me t\u00eb cilin kemi hasur shum\u00eb her\u00eb, por kurr\u00eb nuk e kemi p\u00ebrdorur. <\/p>\n

Po ashtu, n\u00eb protokollin IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr caktimin e IP adresave lokale t\u00eb Link Local, q\u00eb fillojn\u00eb me FE80::. Dhash\u00eb 64 do t\u00eb thot\u00eb ndarjen e adresave t\u00eb rrjetit dhe adresave t\u00eb hostit, ku 64 e para p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb rrjetin dhe 64 e dyta \u2013 hostin. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nFE80:: p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson adresat e formatit FE80.0.0.0\/, ku pas dhash\u00eb ndodhet pjesa e adresave t\u00eb hostit. K\u00ebto adresa nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta p\u00ebr pajisjen ton\u00eb dhe nd\u00ebrfaqen e lidhur me t\u00eb dhe konfigurohen automatikisht. Pjesa e hostit p\u00ebrdor adres\u00ebn MAC. Si\u00e7 dihet, adresa MAC p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb adres\u00eb 48-bit, e ndar\u00eb n\u00eb 6 blloqe t\u00eb dy numrave heksadecimal. Kjo sistem p\u00ebrdoret nga Microsoft, nd\u00ebrsa Cisco p\u00ebrdor 3 blloqe t\u00eb 4 numrave heksadecimal. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nN\u00eb shembullin ton\u00eb, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb Microsoft prej 11:22:33:44:55:66. Si e cakton MAC adres\u00ebn e nj\u00eb pajisjeje? Kjo sekuenc\u00eb numrash n\u00eb adres\u00ebn host, e cila p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson MAC adres\u00ebn, ndahet n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb: nga emajta jan\u00eb tre grupe 11:22:33, nga e djathta tre grupe 44:55:66, dhe midis tyre shtohet FF dhe FE. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, krijohet nj\u00eb bllok 64-bit t\u00eb IP adres\u00ebs s\u00eb hostit. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nSi\u00e7 dihet, sekuenca 11:22:33:44:55:66 p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb MAC adres\u00eb, unik p\u00ebr \u00e7do pajisje. Duke vendosur midis dy grupeve num\u00ebrash t\u00eb MAC adres\u00ebs FF:FE, ne marrim nj\u00eb IP adres\u00eb unike t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj pajisjeje. K\u00ebshtu krijohet nj\u00eb IP adres\u00eb e tipit Local Link, e cila p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur komunikimin mes fqinj\u00ebve pa konfiguruar ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht dhe pa server\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Kjo IP adres\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm brenda nj\u00eb segmenti t\u00eb vetme rrjeti dhe nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr komunikim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm jasht\u00eb k\u00ebtij segmenti. <\/p>\n

Lloji tjet\u00ebr i adres\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb Unique Site Local Scope, i cili p\u00ebrkon me IP-t\u00eb private t\u00eb protokollit IPv4, si 10.0.0.0\/8, 172.16.0.0\/12 dhe 192.168.0.0\/16. Arsyetimi p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e IP-ve private dhe publike \u00ebsht\u00eb teknologjia NAT, q\u00eb kemi diskutuar n\u00eb m\u00ebsimet e m\u00ebparshme. Unique Site Local Scope \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji q\u00eb krijon adresa IP t\u00eb brendshme. Mund t\u00eb thuash: \u00abImran, ti the q\u00eb \u00e7do pajisje mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb adres\u00eb IP t\u00eb saj, prandaj kaluam n\u00eb IPv6\u00bb, dhe do t\u00eb ishe krejt\u00ebsisht i sakt\u00eb. Por disa njer\u00ebz preferojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin konceptin e IP-ve t\u00eb brendshme p\u00ebr arsye sigurie. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, NAT p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb firewall, dhe pajisjet e jashtme nuk mund t\u00eb lidheshin rast\u00ebsisht me pajisjet n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb rrjetit, sepse ato kan\u00eb adresa IP lokale, t\u00eb paaksesueshme nga rrjeti publik i internetit. Megjithat\u00eb, NAT krijon shum\u00eb probleme n\u00eb lidhje me VPN, p\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr protokollin ESP. P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar sigurin\u00eb, protokolli IPv4 p\u00ebrdori IPSec, por n\u00eb protokollin IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb, prandaj lidhja midis IP-ve t\u00eb brendshme dhe atyre t\u00eb jashtme vendoset shum\u00eb leht\u00eb. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, IPv6 ka dy lloje t\u00eb ndryshme adresash: nd\u00ebrsa adresat Unike Lokale p\u00ebrputhen me adresat IP t\u00eb brendshme IPv4, adresat Globale p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb adresat e jashtme IPv4. Shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz preferojn\u00eb t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrdorin fare adresat e tipit Unike Lokale, t\u00eb tjer\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb pa to, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tem\u00eb debati t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm. Un\u00eb mendoj se do t\u00eb keni shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorni vet\u00ebm adresat IP t\u00eb jashtme, sidomos kur b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr mobilitetin. P\u00ebr shembull, pajisja ime do t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin IP, pavar\u00ebsisht se ku ndodhem \u2013 n\u00eb Bangalore apo New York, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb do t\u00eb mund ta p\u00ebrdor \u00e7do nj\u00eb nga pajisjet e mia pa asnj\u00eb problem kudo n\u00eb bot\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 e thash\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb integruar sigurie q\u00eb lejon krijimin e nj\u00eb tuneli VPN t\u00eb sigurt midis vendit ku ndodhet zyra juaj dhe pajisjeve tuaja. M\u00eb par\u00eb, na nevojitej nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm i jasht\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb tunel t\u00eb till\u00eb VPN, por n\u00eb IPv6, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm standard i integruar. <\/p>\n

Duke diskutuar mjaft \u00e7\u00ebshtje sot, po e nd\u00ebrpresim m\u00ebsimin ton\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb vazhduar diskutimin mbi versionin e gjasht\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit t\u00eb internetit IP n\u00eb videon tjet\u00ebr. Si detyr\u00eb p\u00ebr sht\u00ebpi, ju lutem studioni mir\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb sistemi num\u00ebror hexakai, sepse p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kuptohet transformimi i sistemit binar n\u00eb sistemin hexakai dhe anasjelltas. P\u00ebr shembull, duhet t\u00eb dini se 1111 = F, dhe k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb, thjesht gjeni me Google p\u00ebr ta kuptuar k\u00ebt\u00eb. N\u00eb videon tjet\u00ebr do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqem t\u00eb ushtroj me ju k\u00ebt\u00eb transformim. Ju rekomandoj t\u00eb shikoni video m\u00ebsimin e sot\u00ebm disa her\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb mbetur pyetje lidhur me temat q\u00eb u preken. <\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nFaleminderit q\u00eb jeni me ne. Ju p\u00ebrqejn\u00eb artikujt tan\u00eb? Doni t\u00eb shihni m\u00eb shum\u00eb materiale interesante? Na mb\u00ebshtesni me nj\u00eb porosi ose duke na rekomanduar miqve tuaj, 30% zbritje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e Habra p\u00ebr nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb unike t\u00eb server\u00ebve entry-level, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar nga ne p\u00ebr ju:<\/b> E gjith\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta rreth VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 Ndot\u00ebs) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps nga $20, ose si ta ndash n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb duhur serverin?<\/a><\/noindex> (disponohen variante me RAID1 dhe RAID10, deri n\u00eb 24 b\u00ebrthama dhe deri n\u00eb 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd p\u00ebr dy her\u00eb m\u00eb lir\u00eb?<\/b> Vet\u00ebm k\u00ebtu 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB nga $199<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Holand\u00eb! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 nga $99!<\/b><\/b> Lexoni rreth Si t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtosh nj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb t\u00eb klas\u00ebs korporative me p\u00ebrdorimin e server\u00ebve Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 me \u00e7mim prej 9000 euro p\u00ebr pak para?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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