{"id":37512,"date":"2019-10-31T22:18:05","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:18:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:18:05","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:18:05","slug":"trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/trening-cisco-200-125-ccna-v3-0-den-24-protokol-ipv6","title":{"rendered":"Trajnimi Cisco 200-125 CCNA v3.0. Dita 24. Protokolli IPv6","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Sot \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb dit\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb studiuar protokollin IPv6. Versioni i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm i kursit CCNA nuk k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb njohuri t\u00eb detajuar mbi k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll, megjithat\u00eb n\u00eb versionin e tret\u00eb 200-125, studimi i tij i thelluar \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr kalimin e provimit. Protokolli IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar shum\u00eb koh\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, por ka pasur nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb gjer\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm p\u00ebr zhvillimin e m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm t\u00eb internetit, pasi \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb eliminuar mang\u00ebsit\u00eb e protokollit IPv4 q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur gjer\u00ebsisht. <\/p>\n

Duke pasur parasysh se protokolli IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tem\u00eb mjaft e gjer\u00eb, un\u00eb e kam ndar\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb dy videoleta: Dita 24 dhe Dita 25. N\u00eb dit\u00ebn e par\u00eb do t'i kushtojm\u00eb koh\u00eb koncepteve themelore, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb konfigurimin e adresave IP sipas protokollit IPv6 p\u00ebr pajisjet Cisco. Sot, si gjithmon\u00eb, do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb tre tema: nevoja p\u00ebr IPv6, formati i adresave IPv6 dhe llojet e adresave IPv6.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nDeritani n\u00eb leksionet tona kemi p\u00ebrdorur adresat IP sipas protokollit v4, dhe keni qen\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm se ato duken mjaft thjesht. Kur keni par\u00eb adres\u00ebn q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paraqitur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb diapozitiv, e keni kuptuar shum\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb. <\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, adresat IP v6 duken krejt\u00ebsisht ndryshe. N\u00ebse nuk jeni t\u00eb njohur me principin e krijimit t\u00eb adresave n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb version t\u00eb protokollit t\u00eb internetit, s\u00eb pari do t'ju befasoj\u00eb se adresa IP e k\u00ebtij lloji z\u00eb shum\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. N\u00eb versionin e kat\u00ebrt t\u00eb protokollit kishim vet\u00ebm 4 numra dhjetor\u00eb, dhe me ta ishte gjith\u00e7ka e thjesht\u00eb, por imagjinojeni se do t'ju duhej t'i thonit nj\u00eb zot\u00ebri X adres\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb re IP t\u00eb llojit 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nPor mos u shqet\u00ebsoni \u2013 n\u00eb fund t\u00eb k\u00ebtij video-leta ne do t\u00eb jemi n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozita shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mira. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb s\u00eb pari pse u ndje nevoja p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e IPv6.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nSot \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb shumica e njer\u00ebzve p\u00ebrdorin IPv4 dhe jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqur. Pse do t\u00eb nevojitej kalimi n\u00eb nj\u00eb version t\u00eb ri? N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, adresat IP t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt p\u00ebrb\u00ebhen nga 32 bit. Kjo lejon krijimin e rreth 4 miliard adresave n\u00eb internet, pra numri i sakt\u00eb i adresave IP \u00ebsht\u00eb 2^32. N\u00eb momentin e krijimit t\u00eb IPv4, zhvilluesit mendonin se nj\u00eb sasi e till\u00eb adresash \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb se e mjaftueshme. N\u00ebse e mbani mend, adresat e k\u00ebtij versioni ndahen n\u00eb 5 klasa: klasat aktive A, B, C dhe klasat rezerv\u00eb D (multikasting) dhe E (k\u00ebrkime). K\u00ebshtu, megjith\u00ebse numri i adresave IP t\u00eb pun\u00ebs ishte vet\u00ebm 75% e 4 miliardve, krijuesit e protokollit ishin t\u00eb sigurt se do t\u00eb mjaftonin p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzimin. Megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb internetit, me kalimin e \u00e7do viti \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb e dukshme mungesa e adresave IP t\u00eb lira, dhe po t\u00eb mos ishin p\u00ebrdorur teknologjit\u00eb NAT, adresat e lira IPv4 do kishin mbaruar prej koh\u00ebsh. N\u00eb fakt, NAT u b\u00eb shp\u00ebtimtari i k\u00ebtij protokolli t\u00eb internetit. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse u krijua nevoja p\u00ebr nj\u00eb version t\u00eb ri t\u00eb protokollit t\u00eb internetit, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb pa mang\u00ebsit\u00eb e versionit t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt. Mund t\u00eb pyesni, pse kaluam nga versioni i kat\u00ebrt direkt n\u00eb t\u00eb gjashtin. Kjo lidhet me faktin se versioni 5, ashtu si versionet 1, 2 dhe 3, ishin eksperimentale. <\/p>\n

Pra ndaj, adresat IP v6 kan\u00eb nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb adresimi prej 128 bit. \u00c7far\u00eb mendoni, sa her\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rritur numri i mundsh\u00ebm i adresave IP? Ndoshta do t\u00eb thoni: '4 her\u00eb!'. Por kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, sepse 234 \u00ebsht\u00eb tashm\u00eb 4 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 232. Prandaj, vlera 2128 \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e madhe \u2013 ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me 340282366920938463463374607431768211456. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb sasia e adresave IP q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr protokollin IPv6. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t'i jepni nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP gjith\u00e7kaje q\u00eb d\u00ebshironi: makin\u00ebs suaj, telefonit, or\u00ebve t\u00eb dor\u00ebs. Njeriu modern mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb laptop, disa smartphone, or\u00eb inteligjente, nj\u00eb sht\u00ebpi inteligjente \u2013 nj\u00eb televizor t\u00eb lidhur me internet, nj\u00eb lavatri\u00e7e t\u00eb lidhur me internet, nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb sht\u00ebpi t\u00eb lidhur me rrjetin e internetit. Kjo sasi adresash lejon konceptin e 'internetit t\u00eb gj\u00ebrave', i cili mb\u00ebshtetet nga Cisco. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00eb jet\u00ebn tuaj t\u00eb gjitha gj\u00ebrat jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me internetin dhe secila prej tyre ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr adres\u00ebn e saj IP. Me IPv6, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur! \u00c7do person n\u00eb Tok\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb miliona adresash t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj versioni p\u00ebr pajisjet e tij, dhe akoma do t\u00eb ket\u00eb tep\u00ebr shum\u00eb t\u00eb lira. Ne nuk mund t\u00eb parashikojm\u00eb si do t\u00eb zhvillohen teknologjit\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb mund t\u00eb shpresojm\u00eb se njer\u00ebzimi nuk do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb kur n\u00eb Tok\u00eb do t\u00eb mbetet vet\u00ebm 1 kompjuter. Mund t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se IPv6 do t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb. Le t\u00eb shohim se \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson formati i adres\u00ebs IP t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nK\u00ebto adresa shfaqen si 8 grupe numrash t\u00eb hexadecimals. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se \u00e7do shkronj\u00eb e adres\u00ebs ka gjat\u00ebsi 4 bit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb \u00e7do grup prej 4 shenjash p\u00ebrmban 16 bit, nd\u00ebrsa e gjith\u00eb adresa ka gjat\u00ebsi 128 bit. \u00c7do grup prej 4 shenjash ndahet nga grupi q\u00eb e ndjek me nj\u00eb kolon\u00eb, ndryshe nga adresat IPv4, ku grupet ndaheshin me pika, sepse pika \u00ebsht\u00eb forma dhjetore e paraqitjes s\u00eb numrave. Duke qen\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb mbash mend nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, ekzistojn\u00eb disa rregulla q\u00eb e lejojn\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebzohet. Rregulli i par\u00eb thot\u00eb se grupet e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga vet\u00ebm zero mund t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen me nj\u00eb dyfisht\u00eb kolon\u00eb. Nj\u00eb veprim i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb kryhet p\u00ebr \u00e7do adres\u00eb IP vet\u00ebm 1 her\u00eb. Le t\u00eb shohim \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kjo.<\/p>\n

Si e shihni, n\u00eb shembullin e dh\u00ebn\u00eb, adresa ka tre grupe me nga 4 zero. Numri total i dy pikave, q\u00eb ndajn\u00eb k\u00ebto grupe 0000:0000:0000 \u00ebsht\u00eb 2. Pra, n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorim dy pika ::, kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend t\u00eb adres\u00ebs ndodhen grupe zeros. Si mund ta dim\u00eb se sa grupe zeros p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson kjo dy pik\u00eb? N\u00ebse shikojm\u00eb form\u00ebn e shkurtuar t\u00eb adres\u00ebs, mund t\u00eb num\u00ebrojm\u00eb 5 grupe me nga 4 shenja. Por sepse e dim\u00eb q\u00eb adresa e plot\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga 8 grupe, at\u00ebher\u00eb dy pika p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson 3 grupe me nga 4 zero. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb rregulli i par\u00eb i form\u00ebs s\u00eb shkurtuar t\u00eb adres\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nRregulli i dyt\u00eb thot\u00eb se mund t\u00eb hiqesh zeros n\u00eb fillim n\u00eb \u00e7do grup shenjash. P\u00ebr shembull, grupi i 6-t\u00eb i form\u00ebs s\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs duket si 04FF, nd\u00ebrsa forma e saj e shkurtuar do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 4FF, sepse ne kemi hequr zero-n n\u00eb fillim. Prandaj, shkrimi 4FF do t\u00eb thot\u00eb asgj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrve\u00e7 04FF. <\/p>\n

Duke p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebto rregulla, mund t\u00eb shkurtosh \u00e7do IP adres\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, edhe pas shkurtimit, kjo adres\u00eb nuk duket v\u00ebrtet e shkurt\u00ebr. M\u00eb von\u00eb ne do t\u00eb shohim se \u00e7far\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb me k\u00ebt\u00eb, p\u00ebr momentin thjesht mbani mend k\u00ebto 2 rregulla. <\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb titujt e adresave t\u00eb versioneve IPv4 dhe IPv6.<\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nKjo imazh, q\u00eb e mora nga interneti, shpjegon shum\u00eb mir\u00eb diferenc\u00ebn midis dy titujve. Si\u00e7 shihni, titulli i adres\u00ebs IPv4 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i nd\u00ebrlikuar dhe p\u00ebrmban m\u00eb shum\u00eb informacion se titulli IPv6. N\u00ebse titulli \u00ebsht\u00eb i nd\u00ebrlikuar, at\u00ebher\u00eb router-i shpenzon m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb p\u00ebr ta procesuar at\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb vendime p\u00ebr rrug\u00ebn, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb kur p\u00ebrdoren adresat IP t\u00eb versionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb, router-at punojn\u00eb m\u00eb efikas. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb se IPv4. <\/p>\n

Gjat\u00ebsia e titullit IPv4 nga 0 deri n\u00eb 31 bit z\u00eb 32 bit. Pa marr\u00eb parasysh rreshtin e fundit Opcione dhe Padding, adresa e versionit 4 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb 20-byte, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se madh\u00ebsia e saj minimale \u00ebsht\u00eb 20 byte. Gjat\u00ebsia e adres\u00ebs s\u00eb versionit t\u00eb gjasht\u00eb nuk ka nj\u00eb madh\u00ebsi minimale, dhe nj\u00eb adres\u00eb e till\u00eb ka nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi fikse prej 40 byte.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb titullin IPv4, s\u00eb pari vjen versioni, pastaj specifikohet gjat\u00ebsia e titullit IHL. Si rregull, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb 20 byte, por n\u00ebse n\u00eb titull jepet informacion shtes\u00eb Opcione, ajo mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. N\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorni Wireshark, mund t\u00eb lexoni vler\u00ebn Version, e barabart\u00eb me 4, dhe vler\u00ebn IHL, e barabart\u00eb me 5, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb pes\u00eb blloqe vertikale me nga 4 byte (32 bit) secili, pa p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb bllokun Opcione. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nLloji i sh\u00ebrbimit Type of Service tregon natyr\u00ebn e paket\u00ebs \u2013 p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb paket\u00eb telefonike ose nj\u00eb paket\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash, pasi trafiku telefonik ka p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsi mbi llojet e tjera t\u00eb trafikut. N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim, ky fush\u00eb tregon p\u00ebrpar\u00ebsin\u00eb e trafikut. Gjat\u00ebsia totale Total Length paraqet shum\u00ebn e gjat\u00ebsi titullit 20 byte plus gjat\u00ebsi e ngarkes\u00ebs, q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e transmetuara. N\u00ebse ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb 50 byte, at\u00ebher\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi totale do t\u00eb ket\u00eb vler\u00ebn 70 byte. Identifikimi i paket\u00ebs Identification sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar integritetin e paket\u00ebs, duke p\u00ebrdorur parametrin checksum t\u00eb titullit Header Checksum. N\u00ebse paketa \u00ebsht\u00eb e fragmentuar n\u00eb 5 pjes\u00eb, secila prej tyre duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb identifikues t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb \u2013 pozita e fragmentit Fragment Offset, e cila mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb vler\u00ebn nga 0 deri n\u00eb 4, nd\u00ebrsa secila fragment duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn vler\u00eb offset. Flamujt tregojn\u00eb n\u00ebse lejohet pozita e fragmenteve. N\u00ebse nuk d\u00ebshironi q\u00eb t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb fragmentimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, vendosni flamurin DF \u2013 mos fragmento. Ka nj\u00eb flamur MF \u2013 m\u00eb shum\u00eb fragmente. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se n\u00ebse paketa e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e fragmentuar n\u00eb 5 pjes\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr paket\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb vendosur 0, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u2013 nuk ka m\u00eb fragmente! N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, fragmenti i fundit i paket\u00ebs s\u00eb par\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb em\u00ebrtuar me 4, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb pajisja e pranuese do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje leht\u00ebsisht t\u00eb de-asembloi paket\u00ebn, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb aplikoj\u00eb defragmimin. <\/p>\n

Kujdesuni p\u00ebr ngjyrat e p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb slajd. Me t\u00eb kuqe jan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar fushat q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga titulli IPv6. Me blu jan\u00eb treguar parametrat q\u00eb kaluan nga versioni i kat\u00ebrt n\u00eb t\u00eb gjashtin n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb modifikuar. Fushat e verdha mbet\u00ebn pa ndryshim n\u00eb t\u00eb dy versionet. Me gjelb\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar nj\u00eb fush\u00eb q\u00eb u shfaq p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb IPv6.<\/p>\n

Fushat Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset dhe Header Checksum jan\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar p\u00ebr shkak se n\u00eb kushtet e sotme t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, fragmentimi nuk ndodh dhe kontrolli i checksum-it nuk k\u00ebrkohet. Shum\u00eb vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, kur transmetimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave ishte i ngadalt\u00eb, fragmentimi ishte nj\u00eb fenomen mjaft i zakonsh\u00ebm, por sot p\u00ebrdoret gjer\u00ebsisht Ethernet standardi IEEE 802.3 me nj\u00eb MTU prej 1500 byte, dhe fragmentimi nuk ndodhet m\u00eb.<\/p>\n

TTL, ose koh\u00ebzgjatja e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb paket\u00ebs, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebrues me rikthim \u2013 kur koha e jet\u00ebs arrin zero, paketa hidhet. N\u00eb fakt, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb numri maksimal i hop-eve q\u00eb mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rrjet. Fush\u00eb Protocol tregon se cili protokoll, TCP ose UDP, p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjet.<\/p>\n

Header Checksum \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb parameter i vjet\u00ebruar, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrjashtuar nga versioni i ri i protokollit. M\u00eb pas ndodhen fushat e adres\u00ebs 32-bit t\u00eb burimit dhe 32-bit t\u00eb destinacionit. N\u00ebse kemi ndonj\u00eb informacion n\u00eb rreshtin Options, at\u00ebher\u00eb vlere IHL ndryshon nga 5 n\u00eb 6, duke treguar se n\u00eb header ka nj\u00eb fush\u00eb shtes\u00eb.
\nN\u00eb header-in IPv6 p\u00ebrdoret gjithashtu versioni Version, nd\u00ebrsa klasa e trafikut Traffic Class p\u00ebrputhet me fush\u00ebn Type of Service n\u00eb header-in IPv4. Etiketa e rrjedh\u00ebs Flow Label \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me Traffic Class dhe sh\u00ebrben p\u00ebr t\u00eb simplifikuar ruterimin e nj\u00eb rrjedhe homogjene paketash. Payload Length do t\u00eb thot\u00eb gjat\u00ebsia e ngarkes\u00ebs, ose madh\u00ebsia e fush\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb vendosura n\u00ebn header. Gjat\u00ebsia e vet\u00eb header-it \u00ebsht\u00eb 40 byte dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb e q\u00ebndrueshme, prandaj nuk p\u00ebrmendet askund. <\/p>\n

Fusha \u00abheaderi tjet\u00ebr\u00bb, Next Header, tregon se \u00e7far\u00eb lloj header-i do t\u00eb ket\u00eb paketa tjet\u00ebr. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb funksion shum\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm, i cili p\u00ebrcakton llojin e protokollit t\u00eb transportit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm \u2013 TCP, UDP, etj., dhe do t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb e k\u00ebrkuar n\u00eb teknologjit\u00eb e ardhshme t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Edhe n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorni nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb vetin, do t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb dini se cili do t\u00eb jet\u00eb protokolli tjet\u00ebr. <\/p>\n

Numri i kufizuar i hapave, ose Hop Limit, \u00ebsht\u00eb ekuivalenti i TTL n\u00eb header-in IPv4, nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar ciklet n\u00eb ruterim. M\u00eb pas ndodhen fushat e adres\u00ebs 128-bit t\u00eb burimit dhe 128-bit t\u00eb destinacionit. E gjith\u00eb headr-i ka madh\u00ebsin\u00eb 40 byte. Si\u00e7 e thash\u00eb, IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb se IPv4 dhe shum\u00eb m\u00eb efikase p\u00ebr marrjen e vendimeve t\u00eb ruterit t\u00eb ruterit.
\nLe t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb llojet e adresave IPv6. Ne dim\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb unicast - kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb transmetim i drejtuar, kur nj\u00eb pajisje \u00ebsht\u00eb e lidhur drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr dhe t\u00eb dy pajisjet mund t\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Multicast p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb transmetim shkall\u00ebzuar dhe do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se disa pajisje mund t\u00eb lidhen n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb me nj\u00eb pajisje tjet\u00ebr, e cila, nga ana e saj, mund t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtes\u00eb lidhjen me disa pajisje t\u00eb tjera n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim, multicast \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me nj\u00eb stacion radioteleviziv, sinjalet e t\u00eb cilit shp\u00ebrndahen gjetiu. N\u00ebse d\u00ebshironi t\u00eb d\u00ebgjoni nj\u00eb kanal specifik, ju duhet t\u00eb rregulloni radio tuaj n\u00eb nj\u00eb frekuenc\u00eb specifike. N\u00ebse e mbani mend videon m\u00ebsimore p\u00ebr protokollin RIP, ju e dini se ky protokoll p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb domain t\u00eb transmetimit 255.255.255.255 p\u00ebr shp\u00ebrndarjen e azhurnimeve, t\u00eb cilit i jan\u00eb bashkangjitur t\u00eb gjitha n\u00ebnrrjetet. Por k\u00ebto azhurnime do t'i marrin vet\u00ebm ato pajisje q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin protokollin RIP. <\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr lloj transmetimi, q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb takuar n\u00eb IPv4, quhet Anycast. Ai p\u00ebrdoret kur keni shum\u00eb pajisje me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin IP adres\u00eb dhe lejon d\u00ebrgimin e pakove te marr\u00ebsi m\u00eb i af\u00ebrt n\u00eb grupin e marr\u00ebsve. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nN\u00eb rastin e Internetit, ku kemi rrjete CDN, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendim shembullin e sh\u00ebrbimit YouTube. Ky sh\u00ebrbim p\u00ebrdoret nga shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, por kjo s\u2019do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata lidhen drejtp\u00ebrdrejt me serverin e kompanis\u00eb n\u00eb Kaliforni. Sh\u00ebrbimi YouTube ka shum\u00eb server\u00eb n\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn, p.sh., serveri im indian i YouTube gjendet n\u00eb Singapor. Nj\u00eblloj, protokolli IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb integruar p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar transmetimin p\u00ebrmes teknologjis\u00eb CDN duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb rrjeti gjeografikisht t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb, dmth p\u00ebrdor Anycast.<\/p>\n

Si\u00e7 e keni v\u00ebn\u00eb re, k\u00ebtu mungon nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr lloj transmetimi, Broadcast, sepse protokolli IPv6 nuk e p\u00ebrdor at\u00eb. Por Multicast n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll vepron nj\u00eblloj si Broadcast n\u00eb IPv4, vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb efikase. <\/p>\n

Versioni e gjasht\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit p\u00ebrdor tre lloje adresash: Link Local, Unique Site Local dhe Global. Ne e dim\u00eb se n\u00eb IPv4 nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe ka vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP. Supozoni se kemi dy routera t\u00eb lidhur me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb secila nga nd\u00ebrfaqet e lidhjes do t\u00eb ket\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP. Duke p\u00ebrdorur IPv6, \u00e7do nd\u00ebrfaqe automatikisht merr nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP t\u00eb tipit Link Local. K\u00ebto adresa fillojn\u00eb me FE80::\/64. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nK\u00ebto adresa IP p\u00ebrdoren vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr lidhje lokale. Njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb punojn\u00eb me Windows e din\u00eb p\u00ebr adresat shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme t\u00eb tipit 169.254.X.X \u2013 k\u00ebto jan\u00eb adresat q\u00eb konfigurohen automatikisht sipas protokollit IPv4.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse kompjuteri i drejtohet serverit DHCP p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP, por p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb arsye nuk arrin t\u00eb lidhet me t\u00eb, pajisjet Microsoft kan\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm q\u00eb i lejon kompjuterit t\u00eb caktoj\u00eb vetes nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, adresa do t\u00eb jet\u00eb di\u00e7ka si: 169.254.1.1. Nj\u00eb situat\u00eb e ngjashme do t\u00eb ndodhte n\u00ebse kemi nj\u00eb kompjuter, nj\u00eb swit\u00e7 dhe nj\u00eb router. Supozoni se routeri nuk ka marr\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP nga serveri DHCP dhe automatikisht i cakton vetes nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb 169.254.1.1. M\u00eb pas, ai do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb ARP p\u00ebrmbledh\u00ebse p\u00ebrmes swit\u00e7it n\u00eb rrjet, duke pyetur n\u00ebse ndonj\u00eb pajisje rrjeti ka k\u00ebt\u00eb adres\u00eb. Pas marrjes s\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs, kompjuteri do t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet: 'Po, un\u00eb kam t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn adres\u00eb IP!', pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs routeri do t'i caktoj\u00eb vetes nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb re rast\u00ebsore, p\u00ebr shembull, 169.254.10.10, dhe s\u00ebrish do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb ARP n\u00eb rrjet. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nN\u00ebse askush nuk informon se ka nj\u00eb adres\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb ai do ta mbaj\u00eb adres\u00ebn 169.254.10.10 p\u00ebr vete. K\u00ebshtu, pajisjet n\u00eb rrjetin lokal mund t\u00eb mos e p\u00ebrdorin fare serverin DHCP, duke p\u00ebrfituar nga mekanizmi i caktimit automatike t\u00eb adresave IP p\u00ebr t\u00eb komunikuar me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. K\u00ebtu q\u00ebndron autokonfigurimi i adresave IP, me t\u00eb cilin jemi p\u00ebrballur shum\u00eb her\u00eb, por kurr\u00eb nuk e kemi p\u00ebrdorur. <\/p>\n

Po ashtu, n\u00eb protokollin IPv6 ekziston nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr caktimin e adresave lokale IP Link Local, q\u00eb fillojn\u00eb me FE80::. Slash 64 do t\u00eb thot\u00eb ndarja e adresave t\u00eb rrjetit dhe adresave t\u00eb hostit. K\u00ebshtu, t\u00eb parat 64 n\u00ebnkuptojn\u00eb rrjetin, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb dytat 64 \u2013 hostin. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nFE80:: tregon adresat e form\u00ebs FE80.0.0.0\/, ku pas shenj\u00ebs s\u00eb ndarjes ndodhet nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e adresave t\u00eb hostit. K\u00ebto adresa nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjta p\u00ebr pajisjen ton\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrfaqen e lidhur me t\u00eb dhe konfigurohen automatikisht. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, pjesa e hostit p\u00ebrdor adres\u00ebn MAC. Si\u00e7 dihet, adresa MAC \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP 48-bit\u00ebshe, e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga 6 blloqe t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga 2 numra hexadecimal. K\u00ebt\u00eb sistem e p\u00ebrdor Microsoft, nd\u00ebrsa Cisco p\u00ebrdor 3 blloqe me nga 4 numra hexadecimal. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nN\u00eb shembullin ton\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim sekuenc\u00ebn Microsoft t\u00eb form\u00ebs 11:22:33:44:55:66. Si e cakton pajisja adres\u00ebn MAC? Kjo sekuenc\u00eb numrash n\u00eb adres\u00ebn e hostit, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson adres\u00ebn MAC, ndahet n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb: majtas ndodhen tri grupe 11:22:33, djathtas tri grupe 44:55:66, dhe nd\u00ebrmjet tyre shtohet FF dhe FE. K\u00ebshtu, krijohet nj\u00eb bllok 64-bit\u00ebshe i adres\u00ebs IP t\u00eb hostit. <\/p>\n

\"Trajnimi
\n
\nSi\u00e7 dihet, sekuenca e form\u00ebs 11:22:33:44:55:66 p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb adres\u00eb MAC, unike p\u00ebr secil\u00ebn pajisje. Duke vendosur mes dy grupeve t\u00eb numrave t\u00eb adres\u00ebs MAC FF:FE, ne marrim nj\u00eb adres\u00eb unike IP t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj pajisjeje. K\u00ebshtu krijohet nj\u00eb adres\u00eb IP e tipit Local Link, e cila p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur lidhje midis fqinj\u00ebve pa konfigurationspeciale dhe servera special\u00eb. Kjo adres\u00eb IP mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret vet\u00ebm brenda nj\u00eb segmenti t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb rrjetit dhe nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr komunikim t\u00eb jasht\u00ebm p\u00ebrtej k\u00ebtij segmenti. <\/p>\n

Lloji i ardhsh\u00ebm i adres\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb Unique Site Local Scope, i cili korrespondon me adresat private t\u00eb brendshme (private) IP t\u00eb protokollit IPv4, si 10.0.0.0\/8, 172.16.0.0\/12 dhe 192.168.0.0\/16. Arsyeja pse p\u00ebrdoren adresat private dhe adresat publike t\u00eb jashtme \u00ebsht\u00eb teknologjia NAT, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn fol\u00ebm n\u00eb leksionet e m\u00ebparshme. Unique Site Local Scope \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb teknologji q\u00eb krijon adresat IP t\u00eb brendshme. Mund t\u00eb thoni: \"Imran, ti the se \u00e7do pajisje mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb adres\u00ebn e saj IP, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye e kaluam n\u00eb IPv6\", dhe do t\u00eb jeni krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb sakt\u00eb. Por disa njer\u00ebz preferojn\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin konceptin e adresave IP t\u00eb brendshme nga konsiderata t\u00eb siguris\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, NAT p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb firewall, dhe pajisjet e jashtme nuk mund t\u00eb lidhen rast\u00ebsisht me pajisjet brenda rrjetit, pasi ato kan\u00eb adresa IP lokale q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb arritshme nga rrjeti i jasht\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb, NAT krijon shum\u00eb probleme lidhur me VPN, si p\u00ebr protokollin ESP. P\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar sigurin\u00eb, protokolli IPv4 p\u00ebrdori IPSec, por protokolli IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm sigurie, prandaj lidhja midis adresave IP t\u00eb brendshme dhe atyre t\u00eb jashtme vendoset shum\u00eb leht\u00eb. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, IPv6 ka dy tipe t\u00eb ndryshme adresash: n\u00ebse adresat Unique Local korrespondohen me adresat IP t\u00eb brendshme IPv4, adresat Global korrespondohen me adresat e jashtme IPv4. Shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz preferojn\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrdorin fare adresat e tipit Unique Local, t\u00eb tjer\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb pa to, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje e diskutimeve t\u00eb vazhdueshme. Un\u00eb mendoj se do t\u00eb merrni shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr p\u00ebrfitime n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdorni vet\u00ebm adresat IP t\u00eb jashtme, kjo n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb lidhet me mobilitetin. P\u00ebr shembull, pajisja ime do t\u00eb ket\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn adres\u00eb IP pavar\u00ebsisht se ku ndodhem - n\u00eb Bangalore apo New York, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb do t\u00eb mund ta p\u00ebrdor \u00e7do pajisje time n\u00eb \u00e7do vend t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

Ashtu si\u00e7 e thash\u00eb, IPv6 ka nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm sigurie q\u00eb lejon krijimin e nj\u00eb tuneli VPN t\u00eb sigurt midis vendit ku ndodhet zyra juaj dhe pajisjeve tuaja. M\u00eb par\u00eb na nevojitej nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm i jasht\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb tunel t\u00eb till\u00eb VPN, por n\u00eb IPv6 ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm standard i brendsh\u00ebm. <\/p>\n

Duke diskutuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb temash sot, do t'i jap fund m\u00ebsimit ton\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb vazhduar diskutimin mbi versionin e gjasht\u00eb t\u00eb protokollit IP n\u00eb videon e ardhshme. Si detyr\u00eb sht\u00ebpie, do t'ju k\u00ebrkoja t\u00eb studioj\u00eb mir\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson sistemi heksadeshimal, sepse p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar IPv6 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kuptohet konvertimi nga sistemi binar n\u00eb at\u00eb heksadeshimal dhe anasjelltas. P\u00ebr shembull, duhet t\u00eb dini se 1111=F, etj., thjesht k\u00ebrkoni n\u00eb Google p\u00ebr t'u sqaruar. N\u00eb videon e ardhshme, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqem t\u00eb ushtroj k\u00ebt\u00eb konvertim me ju. Ju rekomandoj t\u00eb shihni videon e sotme disa her\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos keni pyetje n\u00eb lidhje me temat e diskutuar. <\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nFaleminderit q\u00eb q\u00ebndroni me ne. Ju p\u00eblqejn\u00eb artikujt tan\u00eb? D\u00ebshironi t\u00eb shihni m\u00eb shum\u00eb materiale interesante? Na mb\u00ebshtetni duke b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb porosi ose duke na rekomanduar miqve tuaj. 30% zbritje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e Habra n\u00eb nj\u00eb analog unik t\u00eb server\u00ebve entry-level, t\u00eb cilin e kemi shpikur p\u00ebr ju:<\/b> E gjith\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta p\u00ebr VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 B\u00ebrthama) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps nga $20 ose si t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht serverin?<\/a><\/noindex> (opcionet me RAID1 dhe RAID10, deri n\u00eb 24 b\u00ebrthama dhe deri n\u00eb 40GB DDR4 jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd p\u00ebr dy her\u00eb m\u00eb lir\u00eb?<\/b> Vet\u00ebm te ne 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB nga $199<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Holand\u00eb! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 nga $99!<\/b><\/b> Lexoni rreth Si t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtoni nj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb t\u00eb klas\u00ebs korporative me p\u00ebrdorimin e server\u00ebve Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 me \u00e7mim 9000 euro p\u00ebr pak para?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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