{"id":38058,"date":"2019-10-31T22:21:26","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:21:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/rukopisi-ne-goryat-sekret-dolgovechnosti-svitkov-mertvogo-morya-datiruemyh-250-godom-do-n-e\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:21:26","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:21:26","slug":"rukopisi-ne-goryat-sekret-dolgovechnosti-svitkov-mertvogo-morya-datiruemyh-250-godom-do-n-e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/rukopisi-ne-goryat-sekret-dolgovechnosti-svitkov-mertvogo-morya-datiruemyh-250-godom-do-n-e","title":{"rendered":"Dor\u00ebshkrimet nuk digjen: sekreti i q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb rrotave t\u00eb Detit t\u00eb Vdekur, datuar n\u00eb vitin 250 para er\u00ebs son\u00eb.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\n
\nN\u00eb muzet\u00eb dhe arkivat moderne, tekstet antike, dor\u00ebshkrimet dhe librat ruhen n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb caktuara, duke e lejuar ruajtjen e pamjes s\u00eb tyre t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr brezat e ardhsh\u00ebm. P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesi m\u00eb i njohur i dor\u00ebshkrimeve t\u00eb pa prekura nga koha jan\u00eb rrethinjt\u00eb e Detit t\u00eb Vdekur (dor\u00ebshkrimet e Kumranit), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt u zbuluan p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1947 dhe jan\u00eb datuar n\u00eb vitin 408 para Krishtit. Disa nga rrethinjt\u00eb jan\u00eb ruajtur vet\u00ebm n\u00eb fragmente, por ka edhe nga ato q\u00eb jan\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb paprekura nga koha. K\u00ebtu shfaqet nj\u00eb pyetje e qart\u00eb \u2014 si ia dol\u00ebn njer\u00ebzit m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 2000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb krijonin dor\u00ebshkrimet q\u00eb kan\u00eb mbijetuar deri n\u00eb dit\u00ebt tona? K\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje vendos\u00ebn ta hetojn\u00eb n\u00eb Institutin Teknologjik t\u00eb Masakys. \u00c7far\u00eb zbuluan shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt n\u00eb rrethinjt\u00eb e lasht\u00eb dhe cilat teknologji u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn p\u00ebr krijimin e tyre? P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb do t\u00eb m\u00ebsojm\u00eb nga raporti i hulumtuesve. Le t\u00eb nisim.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Historiku<\/h3>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin e af\u00ebrt 1947, beduin\u00ebt Muhamed ed-Dhib, Djuma Muhamed dhe Halil Musa shkuan p\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuar nj\u00eb dhin\u00eb t\u00eb humbur, q\u00eb i \u00e7oi n\u00eb shpella t\u00eb Kumranit. Nuk dihet n\u00ebse beduin\u00ebt gjet\u00ebn kafsh\u00ebn e humbur, por ata zbuluan di\u00e7ka shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7muar nga pik\u00ebpamja historike \u2014 disa en\u00eb prej balte, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat ishin fshehur pergamenat e lashta. <\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nShpella e Kumranit.<\/i><\/p>\n

Muhamed nxori disa pergamen\u00eb dhe i solli n\u00eb vendbanimin e tij p\u00ebr t'u treguar bashk\u00ebfshatar\u00ebve. Pas nj\u00eb periudhe, beduin\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn t'ua dor\u00ebzojn\u00eb pergamenat nj\u00eb tregtari me emrin Ibrahim Idja n\u00eb Betlehem, megjithat\u00eb ai i konsideroi si mbetje, duke supozuar se ishin vjedhur nga nj\u00eb sinagog\u00eb. Beduin\u00ebt nuk ndaluan p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb shitur zbulimin e tyre dhe shkuan n\u00eb nj\u00eb treg tjet\u00ebr, ku nj\u00eb kristian sirian ofroi t'i blinte pergamenat. Si rezultat i k\u00ebsaj bisede u p\u00ebrfshi nj\u00eb sheik, emri i t\u00eb cilit mbeti i panjohur, dhe sugjeroi t\u00eb ktheheshin te tregtari i antikitetit Halil Eskander Shahin. Rezultati i k\u00ebsaj historie paksa t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrruar t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimit t\u00eb tregut t\u00eb shitjes ishte shitja e pergamenave p\u00ebr 7 funte jordane (pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 314 dollar\u00eb).<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nKanditaj q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbanin manuskriptet.<\/i><\/p>\n

Ndoshta, k\u00ebto manuskripte t\u00eb \u00e7muara do t\u00eb ishin pluhurosur n\u00eb raftet e tregtarit t\u00eb antikiteteve, n\u00ebse nuk do t\u00eb kishin t\u00ebrhequr v\u00ebmendjen e doktorit John C. Trever nga Shkolla Amerikane p\u00ebr Studimin e Lindjes (ASOR), i cili e krahasoi p\u00ebrmbajtjen e manuskripteve me ato n\u00eb papirusin Nash, m\u00eb t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr nga dor\u00ebshkrimet biblike t\u00eb njohura deri at\u00ebher\u00eb, dhe gjeti ngjashm\u00ebri midis tyre.<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nManuskriti i Isaiahs, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban praktikisht tekstin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb Librit t\u00eb Profetit Isaia. Gjat\u00ebsia e manuskriptit arrin 734 cm.<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb mars 1948, n\u00eb kulmin e Luft\u00ebs Arabo-Israelite, manuskriptet u transportuan n\u00eb Beirut (Liban). M\u00eb 11 prill 1948, kreu i ASOR, Millar Burrows, shpalli zyrtarisht zbulimin e manuskripteve. Q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb, filluan k\u00ebrkimet n\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb p\u00ebr at\u00eb shpelle (t\u00eb quajtur shpella nr. 1), ku u gjet\u00ebn manuskriptet e para. N\u00eb vitin 1949, qeveria e Jordanis\u00eb dha lejen p\u00ebr t\u00eb kryer k\u00ebrkime n\u00eb terrenin e Kumranit. Dhe m\u00eb 28 janar 1949, shpella u zbulua nga v\u00ebzhguesi belg i Organizat\u00ebs s\u00eb Kombeve t\u00eb Bashkuara, kapiteni Philippe Lippens, dhe kapiteni i Legjionit Arab, Aqash el-Zebn.<\/p>\n

Q\u00eb nga gjetja e rrotullave t\u00eb para, jan\u00eb zbuluar 972 manuskripta, disa prej t\u00eb cilave ishin t\u00eb plota, nd\u00ebrsa disa vet\u00ebm si fragmente t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Fragmente ishin mjaft t\u00eb vogla dhe numri i tyre kaloi 15,000 (b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr ato t\u00eb gjetura n\u00eb shpelle nr. 4). Nj\u00eb prej studiuesve p\u00ebrpiqej t'i bashkonte ato deri n\u00eb vdekjen e tij n\u00eb vitin 1979, por nuk arriti t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb pun\u00ebn e tij.<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nFragmente t\u00eb rrotullave.<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen e tyre, rrotullat e Detit t\u00eb Vdekur p\u00ebrb\u00ebheshin nga tekste biblike, apokrif\u00eb dhe literatura e popullit kumran. Gjuha e teksteve ishte gjithashtu e ndryshme: hebraishtja e lasht\u00eb, arameishtja dhe madje greqishtja.<\/p>\n

Tekstet ishin shkruar me karbone, nd\u00ebrsa materiali p\u00ebr rrotullat ishte pergamenti nga l\u00ebkura e dhi dhe deleve; gjithashtu, ndonj\u00eb manuskript \u00ebsht\u00eb gjetur edhe n\u00eb papirus. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e rrotullave t\u00eb gjetura ishte realizuar me teknik\u00ebn e shtypjes s\u00eb tekstit n\u00eb flet\u00eb t\u00eb holla bakri, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb pas rrotulloheshin dhe vendoseshin n\u00eb en\u00eb. Zgjatja e k\u00ebtyre rrotullave pa t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar ato p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb korrozionit ishte e pamundur, andaj arkeolog\u00ebt i pren\u00eb ato n\u00eb pjes\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat m\u00eb pas u grumbulluan n\u00eb nj\u00eb tekst t\u00eb vet\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nFragmentet e rrotull\u00ebs prej bronzi.<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse rrotullat prej bronzi demonstrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb natyr\u00eb t\u00eb paanshme dhe madje t\u00eb eg\u00ebr t\u00eb kalimit t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, ka pasur edhe ato mbi t\u00eb cilat koha sikur nuk kishte autoritet. Nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto ekzemplar\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rrotulla me gjat\u00ebsi 8 metra, e cila t\u00ebrheq v\u00ebmendjen me trash\u00ebsin\u00eb e saj t\u00eb vog\u00ebl dhe ngjyr\u00ebn e ndritshme t\u00eb nd\u00ebrrimit. Arkeolog\u00ebt e quajn\u00eb at\u00eb \"Rrotulla e Tempullit\", p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendjes n\u00eb tekstin e Tempullit t\u00eb Par\u00eb, q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohej nga Salomoni. Pergameni i k\u00ebsaj rrotulle ka nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb me shtresa, e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga nj\u00eb material baz\u00eb kolagjen dhe nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb jo t\u00eb zakonshme joorgani. <\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nRrotulla e Tempullit. E m\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr ta shqyrtuar t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Rrotull\u00ebn e Tempullit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrmes kjo lidhje<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/i><\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt n\u00eb punimin q\u00eb po shqyrtojm\u00eb sot b\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjes kimike t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj shtrese t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb joorganike p\u00ebrmes spektroskopis\u00eb rentgen dhe Raman dhe zbuluan mineralet e krip\u00ebs (evaporitet sulfatesh). Nj\u00eb gjetje e till\u00eb tregon p\u00ebr nj\u00eb metod\u00eb unike t\u00eb krijimit t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs s\u00eb analizuar, e cila mund t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb sekrete t\u00eb ruajtjes s\u00eb teksteve antike, q\u00eb do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme edhe n\u00eb koh\u00ebt tona.<\/p>\n

Rezultatet e analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb Rrotull\u00ebs s\u00eb Tempullit<\/h3>\n

\nSi\u00e7 theksojn\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt (dhe si\u00e7 mund t\u00eb shohim edhe n\u00eb foto), shumica e rrotullave t\u00eb Detit t\u00eb Vdekur jan\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb err\u00ebt n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb, dhe vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e vog\u00ebl \u00ebsht\u00eb me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb ndritshme. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 pamjes s\u00eb saj t\u00eb ndritshme, Rrotulla e Tempullit ka nj\u00eb struktur\u00eb me shum\u00eb shtresa me tekstin t\u00eb shkruar mbi nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb inorganike ngjyr\u00eb mivori, e cila mbulon l\u00ebkur\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdorur si baz\u00eb p\u00ebr rrotull\u00ebn. Nga ana e pasme e rrotull\u00ebs mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet prania e flok\u00ebve t\u00eb mbetur n\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00eb. <\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nImazhi \u21161: Dhe<\/b> \u2014 pamja e rrotull\u00ebs, B<\/b> \u2014 vendi ku mungon shtresa inorganike dhe teksti, S<\/b> \u2014 ana tekstuale (majtas) dhe ana e pasme (djathtas), D<\/b> \u2014 drita tregon pranin\u00eb e nj\u00eb zone ku mungon shtresa inorganike (zona m\u00eb t\u00eb ndritshme), E<\/b> \u2014 Mikrofotografia optike e zmadhuar e zon\u00ebs s\u00eb theksuar me vij\u00eb t\u00eb pik\u00ebzuar n\u00eb 1C.<\/i><\/p>\n

Gjurm\u00ebt e folikulit t\u00eb flok\u00ebve*<\/i>, t\u00eb dukshme n\u00eb an\u00ebn e pasme t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs (1A<\/b>), flasin p\u00ebr faktin se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e tekstit n\u00eb rrotull \u00ebsht\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb an\u00ebn e brendshme t\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Folikuli i flok\u00ebve*<\/b> \u2014 nj\u00eb organ q\u00eb ndodhet n\u00eb derm\u00ebn e l\u00ebkur\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga 20 lloje t\u00eb ndryshme qelizash. Funksioni kryesor i k\u00ebtij organi dinamik \u00ebsht\u00eb rregullimi i rritjes s\u00eb flok\u00ebve.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb an\u00ebn tekstuale ka pjes\u00eb \"t\u00eb zbraz\u00ebta\", ku nuk ka shtres\u00eb joorgani (1C<\/b>, majtas), duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb shtresa sip\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsore e kolagjenit t\u00eb duket e verdh\u00eb. Po ashtu jan\u00eb zbuluar pjes\u00eb n\u00eb vendet e kthesave, ku teksti s\u00eb bashku me shtres\u00ebn joorgani \u00ebsht\u00eb \"riprodhuar\" n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Analiza \u00b5XRF dhe EDS e rrotull\u00ebs<\/h3>\n

\nPas inspektimit vizual t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt kryen \u00b5XRF*<\/i> dhe EDS*<\/i> analiz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

XRF*<\/b> (analiza r\u00ebntgenofluorescente) \u2014 spektroskopi q\u00eb lejon t\u00eb njohim p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen elementare t\u00eb substanc\u00ebs duke analizuar spektrin q\u00eb lind kur materiali i shqyrtuar ndizet me rrezatimin r\u00ebntgenor. \u00b5XRF (analiza mikror\u00ebntgenofluorescente) ndryshon nga XRF p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rezolucionit t\u00eb tij hap\u00ebsinor shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. <\/p>\n

EDS*<\/b> (spektroskopia e shp\u00ebrndarjes energjitike r\u00ebntgenor) \u2014 nj\u00eb metod\u00eb e analiz\u00ebs elementare t\u00eb substancave t\u00eb ngurta, e cila bazohet n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e energjis\u00eb s\u00eb emisionit t\u00eb spektrit t\u00eb tij r\u00ebntgenor.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nImazhi \u21162<\/i><\/p>\n

Rrotulla tempullore dallohet p\u00ebr heterogjenitetin e saj (2A<\/b>) n\u00eb pik\u00ebpamje t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjes kimike, k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt vendos\u00ebn t\u00eb aplikojn\u00eb metoda kaq precize analize si \u00b5XRF dhe EDS n\u00eb t\u00eb dy an\u00ebt e l\u00ebvores.<\/p>\n

Spektri i p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm \u00b5XRF i zonave t\u00eb interesit (pjes\u00ebt e l\u00ebvores ku u krye analiza) tregoi nj\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrje komplekse t\u00eb shtres\u00ebs joorganike, e cila p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga shum\u00eb elemente, kryesoret prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve jan\u00eb (2C<\/b>): natriumi (Na<\/i>), magnezi (Mg<\/i>), alumini (Al<\/i>), silici (Si<\/i>), fosfori (P<\/i>), squfuri (S<\/i>) klori (Cl<\/i>), kaliumi (K<\/i>), kalciumi (Ca<\/i>), manganin (Mn<\/i>), hekur (Fe<\/i>) dhe bromi (Br<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Karta \u00b5XRF e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb elementeve tregoi se elementet kryesore Na, Ca, S, Mg, Al, Cl dhe Si jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fragmet. Gjithashtu, mund t\u00eb supozohet se alumini \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb mjaft nj\u00ebsoj n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fragmet, megjithat\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nuk jan\u00eb gati t\u00eb thon\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb me 100% sakt\u00ebsi p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb fort\u00eb midis vij\u00ebs K t\u00eb aluminit dhe vij\u00ebs L t\u00eb bromit. Nd\u00ebrsa prania e kaliumit (K) dhe hekurit (Fe) k\u00ebrkuesit e shpjegojn\u00eb si ndotje t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs, dhe jo si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrfshirje t\u00eb q\u00ebllimshme t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre elementeve n\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e saj gjat\u00eb krijimit. Po ashtu, v\u00ebrehet nj\u00eb koncentrim i rritur i Mn, Fe dhe Br n\u00eb zonat m\u00eb t\u00eb trasha t\u00eb fragmet, ku shtresa organike nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb ndar\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Na dhe Cl tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fush\u00ebn e studimit, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se p\u00ebrqendrimi i k\u00ebtyre elementeve \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i lart\u00eb n\u00eb zonat ku \u00ebsht\u00eb pranish\u00ebm shtresa organike. Megjithat\u00eb, ka dallime midis Na dhe Cl. Na \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb m\u00eb nj\u00ebtrajtsh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa Cl nuk p\u00ebrputhet me struktur\u00ebn e \u00e7arjeve dhe pezullimeve t\u00eb vogla n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn joorganike. Prandaj, harta e korrelacionit t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes Na-Cl mund t\u00eb tregoj\u00eb p\u00ebr pranin\u00eb e kloridit t\u00eb natriumit (NaCl, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb krip\u00eb) vet\u00ebm brenda shtres\u00ebs organike t\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00ebs, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb pasoj\u00eb e p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb l\u00ebkur\u00ebs gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjes s\u00eb pergamentit.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb pas, studiuesit kryen mikroskopin\u00eb elektronike skanuese (SEM\u2013EDS) t\u00eb zonave t\u00eb interesit t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs, e cila lejon p\u00ebrcaktimin sasiore t\u00eb elementeve kimik\u00eb n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e rrotull\u00ebs. EDS ofron nj\u00eb rezolut\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb hap\u00ebsinore laterale fal\u00eb thell\u00ebsis\u00eb relativisht t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb dep\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb elektron\u00ebve. P\u00ebr t\u00eb arritur nj\u00eb efekt t\u00eb till\u00eb, u p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb mikroskop elektronike me vakuum t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, duke minimizuar d\u00ebmtimet e shkaktuara nga vakuumi dhe duke lejuar hartimin elementar t\u00eb mostrave jo-lidhuese.<\/p>\n

Analiza e kartave EDS t\u00eb elementeve (2D<\/b>) tregon prania e grimcave n\u00eb zon\u00ebn e interesit t\u00eb shtres\u00ebs jo-organike, t\u00eb cilat kryesisht p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb natriumin, sulfurin dhe kalcium. Silikoni gjithashtu u zbulua n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn jo-organike, por jo n\u00eb grimcat Na-S-Ca t\u00eb gjetura n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e shtres\u00ebs jo-organike. Koncentrime m\u00eb t\u00eb larta t\u00eb aluminit dhe klorit u identifikuan midis grimcave dhe n\u00eb materialin organik. <\/p>\n

Kartat e elementeve t\u00eb natriumit, sulfurit dhe kalciumit (inserti n\u00eb 2B<\/b>) tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb korrelacion t\u00eb qart\u00eb midis k\u00ebtyre tre elementeve, nd\u00ebrsa shigjetat tregojn\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00eb ku jan\u00eb v\u00ebrejtur natriumi dhe squfuri, por pak kalcium.<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nImazhi Nr. 3<\/i><\/p>\n

Analiza \u00b5XRF dhe EDS zbuloi se shtresa joorganike p\u00ebrmban pjes\u00ebza t\u00eb pasura me natrium, kalcium dhe squfur, si dhe elemente t\u00eb tjera n\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. Megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebto metoda hetimi nuk lejojn\u00eb studimin e detajuar t\u00eb lidhjeve kimike dhe karakteristikave fazore, prandaj u p\u00ebrdor spektroskopia e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb kombinuar (spektroskopia Raman).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb reduktuar fluorescenc\u00ebn e sfondit, e cila zakonisht v\u00ebrehet n\u00eb spektrat e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb kombinuar, u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn gjat\u00ebsi vale me energji t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr eksitim. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, spektroskopia Raman me gjat\u00ebsi vale 1064 nm lejon mbledhjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga pjes\u00ebza mjaft t\u00eb m\u00ebdha (400 \u03bcm n\u00eb diamet\u00ebr) (3A<\/b>). T\u00eb dy spektrat n\u00eb grafik tregojn\u00eb tre elemente kryesore: nj\u00eb maj\u00eb e dyfisht\u00eb e sulfatit n\u00eb 987 dhe 1003 cm-1, maj\u00eb nitriti n\u00eb 1044 cm-1 dhe proteina tipike p\u00ebr kolagjen ose xhelatin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndar\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit organik\u00eb dhe inorganik\u00eb t\u00eb fragmentit t\u00eb studiuar t\u00eb curlit, u p\u00ebrdor rrezatimi infrashqet\u00ebsor i af\u00ebrt n\u00eb 785 nm. N\u00eb imazh 3V<\/b> dihen qart\u00eb spektrat e fibrave t\u00eb kolagjenit (spectrum I) dhe paligamentet inorganike (spektrat II dhe III).<\/p>\n

Piku spektral i fibrave t\u00eb kolagjenit p\u00ebrmban karakteristika tipike t\u00eb nitratit n\u00eb 1043 cm-1, e cila mund t\u00eb lidhet me vibrimin e jonit NO3\u2212 n\u00eb NH4NO3.<\/p>\n

Spektrat e pjes\u00ebve q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb Na, S dhe Ca tregojn\u00eb se shtresa inorganike p\u00ebrmban pjes\u00eb nga p\u00ebrzierje minerale q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb sulfat n\u00eb proporcione t\u00eb ndryshme. <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr krahasim, pik\u00eb spektrale t\u00eb p\u00ebrzierjes sintetike Na2SO4 dhe CaSO4 t\u00eb thar\u00eb n\u00eb ajrin dhe t\u00eb rrethuar n\u00eb 450 dhe 630 cm-1, dmth, ndryshojn\u00eb nga spektrat e mostr\u00ebs s\u00eb studiuar (3V<\/b>). Sidoqoft\u00eb, n\u00ebse kjo p\u00ebrzierje e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb thahen me avullim t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb n\u00eb 250 \u00b0C, at\u00ebher\u00eb spektrat e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb kombinimit do t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhen me ato t\u00eb curlit t\u00eb Tempullit n\u00eb fragmentet e saj sulfat.<\/p>\n

Spektri III \u00ebsht\u00eb i lidhur me pjes\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb vogla n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn inorganike me nj\u00eb diamet\u00ebr prej rreth 5-15 \u03bcm (3C<\/b>). K\u00ebto pjes\u00eb treguan shp\u00ebrndarje shum\u00eb intensive kombinuese n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi vale eksitimi 785 nm. N\u00ebnshkrimi spektral tipik i tripletit n\u00eb 1200, 1265 dhe 1335 cm-1 reflekton nj\u00ebsit\u00eb vibratore t\u00eb tipit \u00abNa2-X\u00bb. Ky triplet \u00ebsht\u00eb karakteristik p\u00ebr sulfatet q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb Na dhe shpesh gjendet n\u00eb minerale si tenarditi (Na2SO4) dhe glauberiti (Na2SO4\u00b7CaSO4).<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nImazhi \u21164<\/i><\/p>\n

M\u00eb pas, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt zbatuan EDS p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb hart\u00eb elementare t\u00eb zonave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb Rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb Tempullit si n\u00eb an\u00ebn tekstuale, ashtu edhe n\u00eb an\u00ebn e prapme. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, skanimi me metod\u00ebn e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb prapme t\u00eb an\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb ndritshme tekstuale (4B<\/b>) dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb err\u00ebt\u00ebs (4C<\/b>) zbuloi nj\u00eb kompozit\u00eb mjaft heterogjene. P\u00ebr shembull, pran\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7arje t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb an\u00ebn me tekst (4B<\/b>) mund t\u00eb v\u00ebrehen ndryshime t\u00eb dukshme n\u00eb densitetin elektronik midis shtres\u00ebs inorganike dhe materialit kolagjenik n\u00ebn t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb pas, u krye nj\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktim sasiore i t\u00eb gjitha elementeve t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb fragmentin e roles (Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, C dhe O) n\u00eb formatin e raportit atomik. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb diagramet trek\u00ebnd\u00ebshe m\u00eb lart tregohet raporti i tre elementeve (Na, Ca dhe S) n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb studimi prej 512x512 piksel\u00ebsh. Grafiket n\u00eb 4A<\/b> dhe 4D<\/b> tregon densitetin relativ t\u00eb pikave n\u00eb diagramet, gradimi i ngjyrave \u00ebsht\u00eb treguar nga ana e djatht\u00eb e 4D.<\/p>\n

Pas analizimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dyja diagrameve, u arrit n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimin se raportet e kalciumit ndaj natriumit dhe squfrit n\u00eb secilin nga piksel\u00ebt e zonas s\u00eb studimit (nga ana tekstuale dhe e kund\u00ebrt e rulit) p\u00ebrputhen me glauberitin dhe tenarditin.<\/p>\n

Pas k\u00ebsaj, t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e analiz\u00ebs EDS u grupuan duke pasur parasysh raportin e elementeve kryesore p\u00ebrmes algoritmit t\u00eb grumbullimit fuzzy C-means. Kjo leht\u00ebsoi vizualizimin e shp\u00ebrndarjeve t\u00eb fazave t\u00eb ndryshme si n\u00eb an\u00ebn tekstuale ashtu edhe n\u00eb an\u00ebn e prapme t\u00eb fragmentit t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs. M\u00eb pas, k\u00ebto t\u00eb dh\u00ebna u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar ndarjen m\u00eb t\u00eb mundshme t\u00eb 5122 pikave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb secil\u00ebs nga grumbujt e dh\u00ebnash n\u00eb nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb paracaktuar grumbujsh. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr an\u00ebn tekstuale u ndan\u00eb n\u00eb tre grumbuj, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebr an\u00ebn e prapme u ndan\u00eb n\u00eb kat\u00ebr. Rezultatet e grumbullimit paraqiten si grumbuj t\u00eb mbivendosur n\u00eb diagramet trek\u00ebndore (4E<\/b> dhe 4H<\/b>) dhe si harta shp\u00ebrndarjesh (4F<\/b> dhe 4G<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Rezultatet e grumbullimit tregojn\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e materialit t\u00eb err\u00ebt organik n\u00eb an\u00ebn e prapme t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs (ngjyra blu n\u00eb 4K<\/b>) dhe atje ku \u00e7arjet n\u00eb shtres\u00ebn inorganike n\u00eb an\u00ebn tekstuale zbulojn\u00eb shtres\u00ebn e kolagjenit n\u00ebn t\u00eb (ngjyra e verdh\u00eb n\u00eb 4J<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Elementeve kryesor\u00eb iu atribuua ngjyra e m\u00ebposhtme: squfuri - e gjelb\u00ebr, kalciumi - e kuqe dhe natriumi - e blugur (diagramet trek\u00ebndore 4I<\/b> dhe 4L<\/b>, dhe gjithashtu hartat e shp\u00ebrndarjes 4J<\/b> dhe 4K<\/b>). Si rezultat i \u00abngjyrosjes\u00bb, ne shohim qart\u00eb ndryshimet n\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrimin e elementeve: natriumi - i lart\u00eb, squfuri - i moderuar dhe kaliumi - i ul\u00ebt. Kjo tendenc\u00eb v\u00ebrehet n\u00eb t\u00eb dy an\u00ebt e fragmentit t\u00eb rolit (tekstuale dhe e kund\u00ebrt).<\/p>\n

\"Dor\u00ebshkrimet
\nImazhi nr. 5<\/i><\/p>\n

Kjo metod\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur gjithashtu p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar p\u00ebrqendrimin Na-Ca-S n\u00eb nj\u00eb zon\u00eb tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb fragmentit t\u00eb studiuar t\u00eb rolit, si dhe n\u00eb tri fragmente t\u00eb tjera nga shpella nr. 4 (R-4Q1, R-4Q2 dhe R-4Q11).<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt v\u00ebrejn\u00eb se vet\u00ebm fragmenti R-4Q1 nga shpella nr. 4 sipas t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb diagrameve dhe hartave t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb elementeve p\u00ebrputhet me Rolin e Tempullit. N\u00eb ve\u00e7anti, rezultatet tregojn\u00eb raportin p\u00ebr R-4Q1, i cili p\u00ebrputhet me raportin teorik Na-Ca-S t\u00eb gl\u00ebburit.<\/p>\n

Masat Raman t\u00eb fragmentit R-4Q1, t\u00eb mbledhura n\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi vale eksitimi 785 nm, tregojn\u00eb pranin\u00eb e sulfatit t\u00eb natriumit, sulfatit t\u00eb kalciumit dhe kalkarit. Analiza e fibrave t\u00eb kolagjenit R-4Q1 nuk tregoi pranin\u00eb e nitratit.<\/p>\n

Prandaj, Rripi Tempullit dhe R-4Q1 jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm n\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen elementare, gj\u00eb q\u00eb tregon se \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb metod\u00eb e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb p\u00ebr krijimin e tyre, e lidhur, sipas dukjes, me kriprat e evaporit. Dy rripa t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, t\u00eb marr\u00eb nga e nj\u00ebjta shpell\u00eb n\u00eb Kumran (R-4Q2 dhe R-4Q11), tregojn\u00eb proporcione t\u00eb kalciumit ndaj natriumit dhe sufurit, t\u00eb cilat dallohen ndjesh\u00ebm nga rezultatet e Rripit Tempullit dhe fragmentit R-4Q1, duke sugjeruar nj\u00eb metod\u00eb tjet\u00ebr prodhimi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundimisht, mund t\u00eb thuhet se shtresa jo-inorganike n\u00eb rrotull\u00ebn p\u00ebrmbante nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb mineralesh, shumica e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve jan\u00eb kripa t\u00eb sulfatit. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 gipsit dhe p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesve t\u00eb tij, u identifikuan gjithashtu tenarditi (Na2SO4) dhe glaberit (Na2SO4\u00b7CaSO4). Natyrsh\u00ebm, mund t\u00eb supozohet q\u00eb disa nga k\u00ebto minerale mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb produkte t\u00eb dekompozimit t\u00eb shtres\u00ebs baz\u00eb t\u00eb rrotull\u00ebs, por mund t\u00eb themi me siguri se ato nuk ishin t\u00eb pranishme n\u00eb vet\u00eb shpellat ku u gjet\u00ebn rrotullat. Ky p\u00ebrfundim leht\u00eb v\u00ebrtetohet gjithashtu nga fakti se shtresat e p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb sulfat n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqet e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fragmenteve t\u00eb hetuar, t\u00eb gjetura n\u00eb shpella t\u00eb ndryshme kumrane, nuk p\u00ebrputhen me depozitimet minerale q\u00eb u gjet\u00ebn n\u00eb muret e k\u00ebtyre shpellave. P\u00ebrfundimi \u2014 mineralet e evaporitit u p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb n\u00eb strukturat e rrotullave gjat\u00eb procesit t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb tyre. <\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt gjithashtu theksojn\u00eb faktin se n\u00eb uj\u00ebrat e Detit t\u00eb Vdekur, koncentrimi i sulfatit \u00ebsht\u00eb relativisht i ul\u00ebt, dhe glaberti dhe tenarditi zakonisht nuk gjenden n\u00eb rajonin e Detit t\u00eb Vdekur. Lind nj\u00eb pyetje mjaft logjike \u2014 nga erdh\u00ebn krijuesit e k\u00ebtyre rrotullave t\u00eb lashta glaberitin dhe tenarditin?<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht nga origjina e materialeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura p\u00ebr krijimin e Rolit t\u00eb Tempullit, metoda e tij e krijimit ndryshon ndjesh\u00ebm nga ajo q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aplikuar p\u00ebr manuskrist\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb (p.sh., p\u00ebr R-4Q1 dhe R-4Q2 nga shpella nr. 4). Duke marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebt\u00eb ndryshim, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt supozojn\u00eb se vet\u00eb roli \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar sipas nj\u00eb metodike t\u00eb njohur at\u00ebher\u00eb, por m\u00eb pas \u00ebsht\u00eb modifikuar me nj\u00eb shtres\u00eb joorganike, e cila e mund\u00ebsoi ruajtjen e tij p\u00ebr m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 2000 vjet.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr nj\u00eb njohje m\u00eb t\u00eb detajuar me nuancat e hulumtimit, rekomandoj t\u00eb shikoni n\u00eb raportin e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve<\/a><\/noindex> dhe materiale shtes\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr t\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Epilogu<\/h3>\n

\nNjer\u00ebzit q\u00eb nuk e njohin t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn e tyre, nuk kan\u00eb t\u00eb ardhme. Ky th\u00ebnie i referohet jo vet\u00ebm ngjarjeve dhe figurave historike, por edhe teknologjive q\u00eb jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur shum\u00eb shekuj m\u00eb par\u00eb. Disa mund t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb se tani ve\u00e7 kemi teknologjit\u00eb tona q\u00eb na lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb ruajm\u00eb tekstet n\u00eb form\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb paprekur p\u00ebr shum\u00eb vite, prandaj nuk ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb dim\u00eb se si jan\u00eb krijuar k\u00ebto rrotulla 2000 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, s\u00eb pari, a nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb interesante? S\u00eb dyti, shum\u00eb nga teknologjit\u00eb moderne, sa e thjesht\u00eb t\u00eb duket, jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb ose n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb lasht\u00ebsi. Dhe, si\u00e7 e dim\u00eb, edhe at\u00ebher\u00eb njer\u00ebzimi kishte mendje briliantesh, idet\u00eb e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve mund t\u00eb nxisin shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt e sot\u00ebm p\u00ebr zbulime t\u00eb reja ose p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e atyre q\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb tashm\u00eb. T\u00eb m\u00ebsosh nga shembujt e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs nuk mund t\u00eb konsiderohet nj\u00eb turp, e aq m\u00eb pak e padobishme, sepse jehona e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs gjithmon\u00eb reflektohet n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen.<\/p>\n

Of-topi i premtes:<\/b>

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nFilmi dokumentar (pjesa I), q\u00eb tregon historin\u00eb e rrotullave t\u00eb Detit t\u00eb Vdekur \u2014 nj\u00eb nga gjetjet m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme arkeologjike n\u00eb historin\u00eb e njer\u00ebzimit. (pjesa II<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/i><\/p>\n

Faleminderit p\u00ebr v\u00ebmendjen, q\u00ebndroni kureshtar dhe t\u00eb keni nj\u00eb fundjav\u00eb t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer, shok\u00eb! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

Faleminderit q\u00eb jeni me ne. Ju p\u00ebrqejn\u00eb artikujt tan\u00eb? Doni t\u00eb shihni m\u00eb shum\u00eb materiale interesante? Na mb\u00ebshtesni me nj\u00eb porosi ose duke na rekomanduar miqve tuaj, 30% zbritje p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit e Habra p\u00ebr nj\u00eb alternativ\u00eb unike t\u00eb server\u00ebve entry-level, e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb krijuar nga ne p\u00ebr ju:<\/b> E gjith\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta rreth VPS (KVM) E5-2650 v4 (6 Ndot\u00ebs) 10GB DDR4 240GB SSD 1Gbps nga $20, ose si ta ndash n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb duhur serverin?<\/a><\/noindex> (disponohen variante me RAID1 dhe RAID10, deri n\u00eb 24 b\u00ebrthama dhe deri n\u00eb 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd p\u00ebr dy her\u00eb m\u00eb lir\u00eb?<\/b> Vet\u00ebm k\u00ebtu 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB nga $199<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Holand\u00eb! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 nga $99!<\/b><\/b> Lexoni rreth Si t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtosh nj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb t\u00eb klas\u00ebs korporative me p\u00ebrdorimin e server\u00ebve Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 me \u00e7mim prej 9000 euro p\u00ebr pak para?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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