{"id":38806,"date":"2019-10-31T22:26:02","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki\/"},"modified":"2026-02-14T19:13:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-14T17:13:54","slug":"proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki","title":{"rendered":"Projektimi i Baz\u00ebs s\u00eb Dh\u00ebnash. Praktikat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb prag t\u00eb fillimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb vale t\u00eb re t\u00eb kursit \u00abBaza t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> kemi p\u00ebrgatitur nj\u00eb material t\u00eb vog\u00ebl autorial me k\u00ebshilla t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme mbi nd\u00ebrtimin e bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Shpresojm\u00eb q\u00eb ky material do t'ju jet\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Projektimi
\n
\nBazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave jan\u00eb kudo: nga bloget m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta dhe drejtorit\u00eb deri te sistemet e besueshme t\u00eb informacionit dhe rrjetet sociale t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Nuk ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi n\u00ebse nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb apo e komplikuar, \u00e7far\u00eb ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb ajo t\u00eb projektohet si\u00e7 duhet. Kur nj\u00eb baz\u00eb projektohet pa mendim dhe pa nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebllimit, ajo jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb efektive, por puna e m\u00ebtejshme me baz\u00ebn do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb mundim i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, nj\u00eb pyll i pakaluesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit. K\u00ebtu jan\u00eb disa k\u00ebshilla p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb baze t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash q\u00eb do t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb produkt t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. P\u00ebrcaktoni se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tabela dhe cila \u00ebsht\u00eb struktura e saj<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nSot, metoda t\u00eb tilla si Scrum ose RAD (zhvillimi i shpejt\u00eb i aplikacioneve) ndihmojn\u00eb ekipet IT t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb shpejt bazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb gar\u00ebn p\u00ebr koh\u00ebn, ka nj\u00eb joshje t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr t'u zhytur menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e baz\u00ebs, pa pasur nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb qart\u00eb p\u00ebr q\u00ebllimin, cili duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb rezultati p\u00ebrfundimtar.
\n\u00a0
\nAshtu si\u00e7 duket se ekipi \u00ebsht\u00eb i fokusuar n\u00eb pun\u00ebn efektive dhe me shpejt\u00ebsi, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb iluzion. Sa m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb thellohemi n\u00eb projekt, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb do t\u00eb nevojitet p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar dhe ndrequr gabimet n\u00eb projektin e baz\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

Prandaj, gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb zgjidhet \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoni q\u00ebllimin p\u00ebr baz\u00ebn tuaj t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. P\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb lloji aplikacioni po zhvillohet baza? A do t\u00eb punoj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi vet\u00ebm me regjistrat dhe duhet t'i kushtoni v\u00ebmendje transaksioneve, apo e intereson m\u00eb shum\u00eb analiza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave? Ku duhet t\u00eb zbatohet baza? A do t\u00eb ndjek\u00eb ajo sjelljen e klient\u00ebve apo thjesht do t\u00eb menaxhoj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet mes tyre?\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Sa m\u00eb her\u00ebt t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet ekipi i projektimit n\u00eb k\u00ebto pyetje, aq m\u00eb leht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb rrjedhsh\u00ebm do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb procesi i projektimit t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

2. Cilat t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb zgjidhni p\u00ebr t'u ruajtur?<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nPlanifikoni p\u00ebrpara. Mendoni se \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen faqja ose sistemi p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin po projektohet baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. \u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb dalim p\u00ebrtej k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb thjeshta t\u00eb specifikimit teknik. Vet\u00ebm ju lutemi, mos filloni menj\u00ebher\u00eb t\u00eb mendoni p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha llojet e mundshme t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi. M\u00eb mir\u00eb mendoni n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoruesit do t\u00eb ken\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb shkruajn\u00eb postime, t\u00eb ngarkojn\u00eb dokumente ose foto, ose t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb mesazhe. N\u00ebse po, at\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb p\u00ebr to.<\/p>\n

Punoni me ekipin, departamentin ose organizat\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen do t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet baza e projektuar. Komunikoni me njer\u00ebz nga nivele t\u00eb ndryshme, nga specialist\u00ebt e sh\u00ebrbimit ndaj klient\u00ebve deri te drejtuesit e departamenteve. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, me ndihm\u00ebn e feedback-ut do t\u00eb merrni nj\u00eb pasqyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr nevojat e p\u00ebrdoruesve, ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb edhe brenda nj\u00eb departamenti do t\u00eb ket\u00eb p\u00ebrplasje. N\u00ebse p\u00ebrballeni me k\u00ebt\u00eb, mos u friksoni t\u00eb mb\u00ebshteteni n\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn tuaj dhe t\u00eb gjeni nj\u00eb kompromis q\u00eb do t'i p\u00ebrshtatet t\u00eb gjitha pal\u00ebve dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush\u00eb objektivin p\u00ebrfundimtar t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Jini t\u00eb sigurt: n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen do t\u00eb merrni +100500 n\u00eb karm\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb mal me biskota. <\/p>\n

3. Modeloni t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat me kujdes <\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nKa disa pika ky\u00e7e p\u00ebr t'u marr\u00eb parasysh gjat\u00eb modelimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Si\u00e7 kemi th\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren metoda t\u00eb ndryshme gjat\u00eb modelimit. N\u00ebse po projektojm\u00eb nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin operativ t\u00eb regjistrimeve (OLTP), n\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr krijimin, redaktimin dhe fshirjen e tyre, at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim modelimin e transaksioneve. N\u00ebse baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb relacionale, at\u00ebher\u00eb sa m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb aplikoni modelimin tre-dimensional. <\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb modelimit nd\u00ebrtohen modelet konceptuale (CDM), fizike (PDM) dhe logjike (LDM) t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Modelet konceptuale p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb entitetet dhe llojet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb ato p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb, si dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis tyre. Ndani t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tuaja n\u00eb copa logjike \u2014 k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb.
\nE r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb masa, mos e teproni.<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse nj\u00eb entitet \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u klasifikuar me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb ose fraz\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb ka ardhur koha t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren subplotet (entitetet f\u00ebmij\u00eb). <\/p>\n

N\u00ebse entiteti ka nj\u00eb jet\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebn, ka atribute q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb sjelljen dhe pamjen e tij, si dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet me objekte t\u00eb tjera, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren me guxim jo vet\u00ebm n\u00ebnstypi, por edhe supertipi (entiteti prind).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

N\u00ebse neglizhoni k\u00ebt\u00eb rregull, zhvillues t\u00eb tjer\u00eb do t\u00eb konfuzohen n\u00eb modelin tuaj dhe nuk do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb plot\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe rregullave, si t'i mbledhin ato. <\/p>\n

Modelet konceptuale realizohen p\u00ebrmes logjik\u00ebs. K\u00ebto modele jan\u00eb si nj\u00eb hart\u00eb rrugore p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e baz\u00ebs fizike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. N\u00eb modelin logjik identifikohen entitetet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave biznesore, p\u00ebrcaktohen llojet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, statusi i rregullit t\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsit q\u00eb rregullon marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

Pastaj, modeli logjik i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave lidhet me platform\u00ebn e zgjedhur p\u00ebrpara t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (SGBD) dhe rezulton n\u00eb nj\u00eb model fizik. Ai p\u00ebrshkruan m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e ruajtjes fizike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a>) dhe rezulton n\u00eb nj\u00eb model fizik. Ai p\u00ebrshkruan m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e ruajtjes fizike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

4. P\u00ebrdorni llojet e duhura t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nP\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb pavend t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna m\u00eb pak t\u00eb sakta, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb bashkimin e tabelave, sinkronizimin e atributeve dhe fryrjen e madh\u00ebsive t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve.
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar integritetin e informacionit, atributi duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb vet\u00ebm lloje t\u00eb pranueshme t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. N\u00ebse n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave futet mbi 30 vje\u00e7are, sigurohuni q\u00eb n\u00eb kolon\u00eb ruhen numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb me maksimum 3 cevra. <\/p>\n

Krijoni disa kolona t\u00eb zbraz\u00ebta me vlera NULL. N\u00ebse krijoni t\u00eb gjitha kolonat si NULL, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gabim i madh. N\u00ebse ju nevojitet nj\u00eb kolone e zbraz\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar nj\u00eb funksion specifik biznesi, kur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura ose ende nuk kan\u00eb kuptim, at\u00ebher\u00eb krijoni me besim. Sepse ne nuk mund t\u00eb parashikojm\u00eb paraprakisht kolonat \u201cData e vdekjes\u201d ose \u201cData e largimit\u201d, ne nuk jemi parashikues q\u00eb t'ia gjuajm\u00eb fatit :-).<\/p>\n

Shumica e softuer\u00ebve p\u00ebr modelimin (ER\/Studio, MySQL Workbench, SQL DBM, gliffy.<\/code>com) t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave lejojn\u00eb krijimin e prototipave t\u00eb zonave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. K\u00ebshtu garantohen jo vet\u00ebm lloji i duhur i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, logjika e aplikacionit dhe performanca e mir\u00eb, por gjithashtu edhe p\u00ebrcaktimi i detyruesh\u00ebm i vler\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

5. Preferoni natyrshm\u00ebrin\u00eb.<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nKur ju vendosni se cili kolon\u00eb n\u00eb tabel\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhni si \u00e7el\u00ebs, gjithmon\u00eb vini re se cilat fusha mund t\u00eb redaktohen nga p\u00ebrdoruesi. Mos e zgjidhni kurr\u00eb ato si \u00e7el\u00ebs \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb ide e keqe. Mund t\u00eb ndodhin gj\u00ebra t\u00eb papritura, dhe ju duhet t\u00eb garantoni unik\u00ebsin\u00eb. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb s\u00eb mir\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni \u00e7el\u00ebsin natyror ose biznesor (natural key). Ai ka nj\u00eb kuptim logjik, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb do t\u00eb shmangni dyfishimin n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

N\u00ebse \u00e7el\u00ebsi biznesor nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb unik (emri, mbiemri, pozita) dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet n\u00eb rreshta t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb tabel\u00ebs ose ai duhet t\u00eb ndryshohet, at\u00ebher\u00eb si \u00e7el\u00ebs primar ndihmon nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs artificial, t\u00eb gjeneruar (artificial key). <\/p>\n

6. Normalizoni n\u00eb mas\u00eb<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb DB, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb ndiqni nj\u00eb grup rekomandimesh dhe t\u00eb normalizoni baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Ka pes\u00eb forma normale q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb ndiqen.
\nMe normalizimin do t\u00eb shmangni tepric\u00ebn dhe do t\u00eb siguroheni p\u00ebr integritetin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb aplikacion ose n\u00eb faqe. <\/p>\n

Si gjithmon\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb mas\u00eb n\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka, madje edhe n\u00eb normalizim. N\u00ebse n\u00eb DB ka shum\u00eb tabela me \u00e7el\u00ebsa unik\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb keni shkuar tep\u00ebr dhe keni normalizuar shum\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Normalizimi i tep\u00ebrt ka nj\u00eb ndikim negativ n\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

7. Testoni her\u00ebt, testoni shpesh <\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nPlani i testimit dhe testimi i duhur duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb pjes\u00eb e projektimit t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb s\u00eb miri \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb testoni baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmes Integrimit t\u00eb Vazhdush\u00ebm (Continuous Integration). Modeloni skenarin \u201cNj\u00eb dit\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\u201d dhe verifikoni n\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha rastet kufitare trajtohen, si jan\u00eb t\u00eb mundshme interaksionet e p\u00ebrdoruesve. Sa m\u00eb her\u00ebt t\u00eb gjeni gabimet, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb do t\u00eb kurseni koh\u00eb dhe para. <\/p>\n

K\u00ebto jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm shtat\u00eb k\u00ebshilla me t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb projektoni nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr performanc\u00ebn dhe efikasitetin. N\u00ebse do t\u2019i ndiqni ato, do t\u00eb shmangni shumic\u00ebn e t\u00eb gjith\u00eb problemeve n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. K\u00ebto k\u00ebshilla jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm maja e ajsberghit n\u00eb modelimin e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Ka nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh k\u00ebshillash. Cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrdorni ju?
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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