{"id":38806,"date":"2019-10-31T22:26:02","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:26:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki\/"},"modified":"2026-02-14T19:13:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-14T17:13:54","slug":"proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proektirovanie-bazy-dannyh-luchshie-praktiki","title":{"rendered":"Projektimi i Baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave. Praktikat m\u00eb t\u00eb mira","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb prag t\u00eb fillimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr grupi p\u00ebr kursin \u00abBaza t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> prejardh\u00ebm nj\u00eb material t\u00eb vog\u00ebl autor\u00ebsor me k\u00ebshilla t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e bazave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Shpresojm\u00eb q\u00eb ky material do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i dobish\u00ebm p\u00ebr ju.<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Projektimi
\n
\nBaza t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash jan\u00eb kudo: nga bloget dhe direktori m\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshta deri te sistemet informacioni t\u00eb besueshme dhe rrjetet sociale t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Nuk ka r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi aq sa \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb apo e komplikuar baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, sa \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme ta projektosh at\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb sakt\u00eb. Kur baza projektohet pa mend dhe pa nj\u00eb kuptim t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebllimit, ajo jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb efikase, por punimi i m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm me t\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb mundim real, nj\u00eb pyll pa rrug\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit. Ja disa k\u00ebshilla p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb baze t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash q\u00eb do t'ju ndihmojn\u00eb t\u00eb krijoni nj\u00eb produkt t\u00eb dobish\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. P\u00ebrcaktoni p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tabela dhe cila \u00ebsht\u00eb struktura e saj<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nSot, metoda t\u00eb tilla si Scrum ose RAD (zhvillimi i shpejt\u00eb i aplikacioneve) ndihmojn\u00eb ekipet IT t\u00eb zhvillojn\u00eb shpejt baza t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash. Megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb koh\u00ebs, ka nj\u00eb tundim t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr t'u futur menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin e baz\u00ebs, duke pasur nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb paqart\u00eb se cila \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta, \u00e7far\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb rezultatet p\u00ebrfundimtare.
\n\u00a0
\nDuket sikur ekipi synon nj\u00eb funksionim efikas dhe t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb iluzion. Sa m\u00eb thell\u00eb dhe m\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb zhytet n\u00eb projekt, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb do t\u00eb nevojitet p\u00ebr t\u00eb identifikuar dhe ndryshuar gabimet n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e projektit. <\/p>\n

Prandaj, gj\u00ebja e par\u00eb q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb zgjidhni \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoni q\u00ebllimin p\u00ebr baz\u00ebn tuaj t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. P\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb lloji aplikacioni po zhvillohet baza? A do t\u00eb punoj\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesi vet\u00ebm me regjistrimet dhe a duhet t'i kushtoj\u00eb v\u00ebmendje transaksioneve, apo e shqet\u00ebson m\u00eb shum\u00eb analiza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave? Ku duhet t\u00eb vendoset baza? A do t\u00eb monitoroj\u00eb sjelljen e klient\u00ebve apo thjesht do t\u00eb menaxhoj\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet nd\u00ebrmjet tyre?\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Sa m\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet ekipi i dizajnit k\u00ebtyre pyetjeve, aq m\u00eb leht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb qet\u00eb do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb procesi i projektimit t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

2. Cilat t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb zgjidhni p\u00ebr ruajtje?<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nPlanifikoni p\u00ebrpara. Mendoni p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb faqja ose sistemi n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin po projektohet database. \u00cbsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kaloni p\u00ebrtej k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb thjeshta t\u00eb specifikimeve teknike. Por ju lutem, mos filloni t\u00eb mendoni menj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb llojet e mundshme t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit do t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb. M\u00eb mir\u00eb mendoni n\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoruesit do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb shkruajn\u00eb postime, ngarkojn\u00eb dokumente ose fotografi ose t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbejn\u00eb mesazhe. N\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu, duhet t\u00eb ndahen vende p\u00ebr to n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

Punoni me ekipin, departamentin ose organizat\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn do t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetet projekti n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. Nd\u00ebrveproni me njer\u00ebz nga nivele t\u00eb ndryshme, nga specialist\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb klientit deri tek kryetar\u00ebt e departamenteve. K\u00ebshtu, me ndihm\u00ebn e reagimeve, do t\u00eb keni nj\u00eb pasqyr\u00eb t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkesave t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Padyshm\u00ebrisht, nevojat e p\u00ebrdoruesve brenda edhe nj\u00eb departamenti do t\u00eb bien n\u00eb konflikt. N\u00ebse e p\u00ebrballni k\u00ebt\u00eb, mos u frik\u00ebsoni t\u00eb mb\u00ebshteteni n\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn tuaj dhe t\u00eb gjeni nj\u00eb kompromis q\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha pal\u00ebt dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush\u00eb q\u00ebllimin p\u00ebrfundimtar t\u00eb DB-s\u00eb. B\u00ebni t\u00eb sigurt\u00eb: n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen do t'ju vij\u00eb +100500 n\u00eb karm\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb mal me cookies. <\/p>\n

3. Modeloni t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat me kujdes <\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nKa disa pika ky\u00e7e q\u00eb duhen marr\u00eb parasysh gjat\u00eb modelimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Si\u00e7 kemi p\u00ebrmendur m\u00eb par\u00eb, q\u00ebllimi i baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrcakton metodat q\u00eb duhen p\u00ebrdorur gjat\u00eb modelimit. N\u00ebse po projektoni nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebr p\u00ebrpunimin operativ t\u00eb regjistrimeve (OLTP), do t\u00eb thot\u00eb p\u00ebr krijimin, redaktimin dhe fshirjen e tyre, at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim modelimin e transaksioneve. N\u00ebse baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb relacional, at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb aplikoni modelimin shum\u00ebdimensional. <\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb modelimit nd\u00ebrtohen modele konceptuale (CDM), fizike (PDM) dhe logjike (LDM) t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

Modelet konceptuale p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb entitetet dhe llojet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave q\u00eb ata p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb, si dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis tyre. Ndani t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tuaja n\u00eb cop\u00ebza logjike \u2014 k\u00ebshtu \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u menaxhuar.
\nE r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme \u00ebsht\u00eb shpesht\u00ebsia, mos e teproni.<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u00ebse nj\u00eb entitet \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb i komplikuar p\u00ebr tu klasifikuar me nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb ose fraz\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb ka ardhur koha p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00ebnllojra (entitete f\u00ebmij\u00eb). <\/p>\n

N\u00ebse nj\u00eb entitet jeton jet\u00ebn e vet, ka atribute q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb sjelljen dhe pamjen e tij, si dhe marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet me objekte t\u00eb tjera, at\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni jo vet\u00ebm n\u00ebnlloj, por edhe superlloj (entitetin prind).\u00a0 <\/p>\n

N\u00ebse neglizhoni k\u00ebt\u00eb rregull, zhvilluesit e tjer\u00eb do t\u00eb ngat\u00ebrrohen n\u00eb modelin tuaj dhe nuk do ta kuptojn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat dhe rregullat, si t\u00eb mblidhen ato. <\/p>\n

Modelet konceptuale realizohen p\u00ebrmes modeleve logjike. K\u00ebto modele jan\u00eb si nj\u00eb hart\u00eb rrugore p\u00ebr projektimin e baz\u00ebs fizike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. N\u00eb modelin logjik, identifikohen entitetet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb biznesit, p\u00ebrcaktohen llojet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, statusi i rregullit t\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebsit q\u00eb rregullon marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet midis t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb pas, modeli logjik i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave krahasohet me platform\u00ebn e zgjedhur t\u00eb DBMS (sistemi menaxhimi i bazave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash<\/a>) dhe rezulton modeli fizik. Ai p\u00ebrshkruan m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e ruajtjes fizike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

4. P\u00ebrdorni llojet e dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme <\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nP\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb lloji t\u00eb pap\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna m\u00eb pak t\u00eb sakta, v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi n\u00eb bashkimin e tabelave, p\u00ebrputhjen e atributeve dhe n\u00eb fryrjen e madh\u00ebsive t\u00eb skedar\u00ebve.
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb garantuar integritetin e informacionit, atributi duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbaj\u00eb vet\u00ebm llojet e dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb pranuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb. N\u00ebse n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave hyhet mosha, sigurohuni q\u00eb n\u00eb kolonen t\u00eb ruhen numra t\u00eb plot\u00eb me maksimum 3 shifra. <\/p>\n

Krijoni minimumin e kolonave bosh me vler\u00eb NULL. N\u00ebse krijoni t\u00eb gjitha kolonat si NULL, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb gabim i r\u00ebnd\u00eb. N\u00ebse ju nevojitet nj\u00eb kolone bosh p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar nj\u00eb funksion t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb biznesi, kur t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat jan\u00eb t\u00eb panjohura ose ende nuk kan\u00eb kuptim, at\u00ebher\u00eb krijoni at\u00eb pa hezitim. Sepse ne nuk mund t'i mbushim paraprakisht kolonat si 'Data e vdekjes' ose 'Data e largimit', ne nuk jemi parashikuese duke treguar gishtin n\u00eb qiell :-).<\/p>\n

Shumica e softuer\u00ebve p\u00ebr modelim (ER\/Studio, MySQL Workbench, SQL DBM, gliffy.<\/code>t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e caktuara mund\u00ebsojn\u00eb krijimin e prototipeve t\u00eb zonave t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. K\u00ebshtu sigurohet jo vet\u00ebm lloji i sakt\u00eb i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, logjika e aplikacionit dhe performanca e mir\u00eb, por gjithashtu caktimi i detyruesh\u00ebm i vler\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

5. Preferoni \u00e7el\u00ebsin natyror<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nKur vendosni se cilin kolon\u00eb n\u00eb tabel\u00eb t\u00eb zgjidhni si \u00e7el\u00ebs, gjithmon\u00eb kushtoni v\u00ebmendje se cilat fusha mund t\u00eb redaktohen nga p\u00ebrdoruesi. Kurr\u00eb mos i zgjidhni ato si \u00e7el\u00ebs \u2014 nj\u00eb ide e keqe. Mund t\u00eb ndodhin shum\u00eb gj\u00ebra, dhe ju duhet t\u00eb garantoni unik\u00ebsin\u00eb. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb s\u00eb miri \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorni nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs natyror ose \u00e7el\u00ebs biznesi (natural key). Ai ka nj\u00eb kuptim semantik, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb shmangni dublikimin n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.\u00a0 <\/p>\n

N\u00ebse \u00e7el\u00ebsi i biznesit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb unik (emri, mbiemri, pozita) dhe p\u00ebrs\u00ebritet n\u00eb rreshta t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm t\u00eb tabel\u00ebs, ose duhet t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb si\u00e7 duhet t\u00eb caktoni si \u00e7el\u00ebs primar nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs t\u00eb gjeneruar artificial, \u00e7el\u00ebsin substitut (artificial key). <\/p>\n

6. Normalizoni n\u00eb mas\u00eb<\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb Baza e t\u00eb Dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efikase, \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb ndiqni nj\u00eb set rekomandimesh dhe t\u00eb normalizoni baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Ka pes\u00eb forma normale, t\u00eb cilat duhet t\u00eb ndiqen.
\nMe normalizimi do t\u00eb shmangni t\u00eb tep\u00ebrtat dhe do t\u00eb siguroheni q\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb aplikacion apo n\u00eb faqe t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb integruara. <\/p>\n

Si gjithmon\u00eb, gjith\u00e7ka duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb mas\u00eb, edhe normalizimi. N\u00ebse n\u00eb DB ka shum\u00eb tabela me \u00e7el\u00ebsa unik\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb keni tepruar dhe e keni normalizuar baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrtej nevoj\u00ebs. Normalizimi i tepruar ndikon negativisht n\u00eb performanc\u00ebn e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

7. Testoni her\u00ebt, testoni shpesh <\/h3>\n

\n\"Projektimi
\n
\nPlani i testimit dhe testimi i duhur duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb pjes\u00eb e projektimit t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. <\/p>\n

M\u00eb s\u00eb miri \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb testoni baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmes Continuous Integration (integrimit t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm). Modeloni skenarin \"Nj\u00eb dit\u00eb n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave\" dhe kontrolloni n\u00ebse t\u00eb gjitha rastet kufitare trajtohen, cilat nd\u00ebrveprime t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve jan\u00eb t\u00eb mundshme. Sa m\u00eb her\u00ebt t\u00eb gjeni gabimet, aq m\u00eb shum\u00eb do t\u00eb kurseni n\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe para. <\/p>\n

K\u00ebto jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm shtat\u00eb k\u00ebshilla q\u00eb ju ndihmojn\u00eb t\u00eb dizajnoni nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer p\u00ebr performanc\u00ebn dhe efikasitetin. N\u00ebse i ndiqni ato, do t\u00eb shmangni shumic\u00ebn e dhimbjeve t\u00eb kok\u00ebs n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen. K\u00ebto k\u00ebshilla jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm maja e ajsbergut n\u00eb modelimin e baz\u00ebs s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Ekziston nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i madh k\u00ebshillash t\u00eb dobishme. Cilat p\u00ebrdorni ju?
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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