{"id":41464,"date":"2020-02-11T12:07:54","date_gmt":"2020-02-11T09:07:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/immunnyj-imprinting-v-detstve-proishozhdenie-zashhity-ot-virusov"},"modified":"2020-02-11T12:07:54","modified_gmt":"2020-02-11T09:07:54","slug":"immunnyj-imprinting-v-detstve-proishozhdenie-zashhity-ot-virusov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/immunnyj-imprinting-v-detstve-proishozhdenie-zashhity-ot-virusov","title":{"rendered":"Imunizimi n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri: origjina e mbrojtjes nga viruset","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Imunizimi
\n
\nGati \u00e7do njeri prej nesh ka d\u00ebgjuar ose lexuar lajme rreth koronavirusit q\u00eb po p\u00ebrhapet. Si n\u00eb \u00e7do s\u00ebmundje tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr k\u00ebtij virusi t\u00eb ri, diagnostikimi i hersh\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb, jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb ata q\u00eb infektohen tregojn\u00eb nj\u00eb set t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb simptomash, dhe madje skaner\u00ebt n\u00eb aeroportet, t\u00eb destinuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar shenjat e infeksionit, nuk e identifikojn\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb sakt\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00ebn mes turm\u00ebs s\u00eb udh\u00ebtar\u00ebve. Kjo ngre nj\u00eb pyetje \u2014 pse nj\u00eb virus i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb shfaqet ndryshe te njer\u00ebz t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm? Sigurisht, p\u00ebrgjigjja e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb imuniteti. Megjithat\u00eb, ky nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb parametri i vet\u00ebm i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb ndikon n\u00eb variacionin e simptomave dhe r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e s\u00ebmundjes. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nga Universiteti i Kalifornis\u00eb dhe Arizon\u00ebs (SHBA) zbuluan se forca e rezistenc\u00ebs ndaj virusit varet jo vet\u00ebm nga llojet e gripit me t\u00eb cilat nj\u00eb person ka qen\u00eb i prekur gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs, por edhe nga renditja e tyre. \u00c7far\u00eb ka zbuluar sakt\u00ebsisht ekipi i shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve, cilat metodologji jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb studim dhe si mund t\u00eb ndihmoj\u00eb ky studim n\u00eb luft\u00ebn kund\u00ebr epidemive? Ne do t\u00eb gjejm\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet n\u00eb raportin e grupit k\u00ebrkimor. Le t\u00eb vazhdojm\u00eb.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Baza e studimit<\/h3>\n

\nSi\u00e7 e dim\u00eb, gripi shfaqet ndryshe te njer\u00ebz t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 faktor\u00ebve t\u00eb natyrsh\u00ebm (sistemi imunitar, p\u00ebrdorimi i barnave antivirale, masat parandaluese etj.), nj\u00eb aspekt i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00eb virusi, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr lloji i tij, me t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb infektuar personi. \u00c7do n\u00ebnlloj ka karakteristika t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e prekjes s\u00eb grupeve demografike t\u00eb ndryshme. Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt theksojn\u00eb se viruset H1N1 (gripi i derrit) dhe H3N2 (gripi i Hong Kongut), t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb aktualisht m\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapurat, prekin njer\u00ebzit e moshave t\u00eb ndryshme ndryshe: H3N2 \u00ebsht\u00eb shkaku i shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb r\u00ebnda t\u00eb s\u00ebmundjes te t\u00eb moshuarit dhe i atribuohen shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb rasteve fatale; H1N1 \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak vdekjeprur\u00ebs, por pre at\u00eb m\u00eb shpesh njer\u00ebz t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme dhe t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb. <\/p>\n

K\u00ebto dallime mund t\u00eb shpjegohen nga ndryshimi n\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e evoluimit t\u00eb vet\u00eb viruseve, si dhe nga ndryshimi n\u00eb imunizimin e f\u00ebmij\u00ebve.<\/i> Imunizimi<\/p>\n

\u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj memorie afatgjat\u00eb e sistemit imunitar, e formuar mbi baz\u00ebn e sulmeve virale q\u00eb ka p\u00ebrjetuar trupi dhe reagimeve t\u00eb tij ndaj tyre.<\/b> Imunizimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj memorie afatgjat\u00eb e sistemit imunitar, e formuar mbi baz\u00ebn e sulmeve virale q\u00eb ka p\u00ebrjetuar trupi dhe reagimeve t\u00eb tij ndaj tyre.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb studim, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realizuan nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash epidemiologjike p\u00ebr t\u00eb zbuluar n\u00ebse imprinting-u n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri ka ndikim n\u00eb epidemiologjin\u00eb e gripit sezonal dhe, n\u00ebse po, n\u00ebse ai vepron kryesisht p\u00ebrmes subtipit homosubtipik*<\/i> memorjes imunitare ose p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb memorjeje m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb subtipit heterosubtipik*<\/i> memorjes.<\/p>\n

Imuniteti homosubtipik*<\/b> \u2014 infektimi me viruset sezonal\u00eb t\u00eb gripit A kontribuon n\u00eb zhvillimin e mbrojtjes imunitare ndaj nj\u00eb tipe t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb virusit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Imuniteti heterosubtipik* <\/b> \u2014 infektimi me viruset sezonal\u00eb t\u00eb gripit A kontribuon n\u00eb zhvillimin e mbrojtjes imunitare ndaj sub-strainave q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb af\u00ebrt me k\u00ebt\u00eb virus.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, imuniteti i f\u00ebmij\u00ebve dhe gjith\u00e7ka q\u00eb ata kan\u00eb p\u00ebrjetuar l\u00eb nj\u00eb gjurm\u00eb n\u00eb imunitetin e tyre p\u00ebr gjith\u00eb jet\u00ebn. Studime t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme kan\u00eb treguar se t\u00eb rriturit kan\u00eb nj\u00eb imunitet m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb ndaj llojeve t\u00eb virus\u00ebve me t\u00eb cil\u00ebt ata jan\u00eb infektuar n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri. Po ashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebrtetuar s\u00eb fundmi se imprinting-u mbron nga subtipet e reja t\u00eb virusit t\u00eb gripit t\u00eb zogjve t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs grup filogjenetik t\u00eb hemagglutinin\u00ebs (hemagglutinin\u00eb<\/i>, HA), ashtu si n\u00eb infektimin e par\u00eb n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri. <\/p>\n

Derisa deri von\u00eb, imuniteti i ngusht\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebs i kryq\u00ebzuar, specifik p\u00ebr variantet e nj\u00eb subtipi HA, \u00ebsht\u00eb konsideruar si m\u00ebnyra kryesore e mbrojtjes nga gripi sezonal. Megjithat\u00eb, ka t\u00eb dh\u00ebna t\u00eb reja q\u00eb sugjerojn\u00eb se formimi i imunitetit gjithashtu mund t\u00eb ndikoj\u00eb nga memoria e antigjen\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb gripit (p\u00ebr shembull, neuraminidazes, NA). Q\u00eb prej vitit 1918, jan\u00eb regjistruar tre subtipa HA te njer\u00ebzit: H1, H2 dhe H3. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, H1 dhe H2 p\u00ebrkasin grupit filogjenetik 1, nd\u00ebrsa H3 grupit 2.<\/p>\n

Duke marr\u00eb parasysh faktin se imprinting-u, me shum\u00eb gjasa, shkakton ndryshime t\u00eb shumta n\u00eb memorjen imunitare, mund t\u00eb supozohet se k\u00ebto ndryshime kan\u00eb nj\u00eb hierarki t\u00eb caktuar. <\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt v\u00ebrejn\u00eb se q\u00eb nga viti 1977, midis popullsis\u00eb, jan\u00eb qarkulluar dy n\u00ebn tipe gripi A \u2013 H1N1 dhe H3N2. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, dallimet n\u00eb demografin\u00eb e infeksionit dhe simptomat jan\u00eb t\u00eb dukshme, por t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme p\u00ebr t'u studiuar. K\u00ebto dallime mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura pik\u00ebrisht me imprintimin n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri: t\u00eb moshuarit me siguri jan\u00eb ekspozuar ndaj H1N1 n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri (nga 1918 deri n\u00eb 1975 ky ishte n\u00ebn tipi i vet\u00ebm q\u00eb qarkullonte mes njer\u00ebzve). Prandaj, k\u00ebta individ\u00eb sot jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtur nga variantet sezonale aktuale t\u00eb k\u00ebtij n\u00ebn tipi virusi. N\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme, tek t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb, probabiliteti m\u00eb i lart\u00eb i imprintimit n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri lidhet me H3N2 m\u00eb moderne (imazhi \u21161), q\u00eb p\u00ebrputhet me numrin relativisht t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb regjistruara klinikisht H3N2 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb grup demografik.<\/p>\n

\"Imunizimi
\nImazhi \u21161: n\u00eb modalitetet e var\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb imunitetit nga imprintimi n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri dhe faktori i evolucionit viral.<\/i><\/p>\n

Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, k\u00ebto dallime mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura me evolucionin e vet n\u00ebn tipeve t\u00eb viruseve. Pra, H3N2 tregon nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtim m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb shkall\u00eb*<\/i> t\u00eb fenotipit t\u00eb tij antigjenik, se sa H1N1.<\/p>\n

Shkalla e antigjeneve*<\/b> \u2014 ndryshimet n\u00eb faktor\u00ebt e sip\u00ebrfaqes q\u00eb krijojn\u00eb imunitet t\u00eb viruseve.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye, H3N2 mund t\u00eb shmang\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb imunitetin e formuar tashm\u00eb te t\u00eb rriturit me p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb imunologjike (ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb kaluar m\u00eb par\u00eb s\u00ebmundjen), nd\u00ebrsa H1N1 mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb relativisht i kufizuar n\u00eb forc\u00ebn e ndikimit t\u00eb tij vet\u00ebm ndaj f\u00ebmij\u00ebve imunologjikisht t\u00eb pap\u00ebrvoj\u00eb (ata q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb qen\u00eb kurr\u00eb t\u00eb s\u00ebmur\u00eb).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb testuar t\u00eb gjitha hipotezat e mundshme, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt realizuan nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave epidemiologjike, duke krijuar funksione t\u00eb besueshm\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebr secil\u00ebn variant t\u00eb modeleve statistikore, krahasimi i t\u00eb cilave u b\u00eb p\u00ebrmes kriterit t\u00eb informacionit Akaike (AIC). <\/p>\n

Gjithashtu, u krye nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb shtes\u00eb e hipotez\u00ebs, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn dallimet nuk ishin shkaktuar nga imprintimi, por nga evolucionin e viruseve.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgatitja p\u00ebr studim<\/h3>\n

\nN\u00eb modelimin e hipotezave, u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga Departamenti i Sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsis\u00eb i Arizon\u00ebs (ADHS), konkretisht 9510 raste t\u00eb sezonit t\u00eb gripit H1N1 dhe H3N2 n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb shtetin. Af\u00ebrsisht 76% e rasteve t\u00eb regjistruara u regjistruan n\u00eb spitale dhe laboratore, nd\u00ebrsa rastet e tjera nuk u sakt\u00ebsuan n\u00eb laboratore. Gjithashtu dihet se af\u00ebrsisht gjysma e rasteve t\u00eb konfirmuara laboratorikisht ishin mjaft serioze, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb hospitalizim. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn n\u00eb studim i p\u00ebrkasin nj\u00eb periudhe prej 22 vjet\u00ebsh: nga sezoni i gripit 1993-1994 deri n\u00eb sezonin 2014-2015. Duhet theksuar se dimensionet e mostrave u rrit\u00ebn ndjesh\u00ebm pas pandemis\u00eb s\u00eb vitit 2009, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ky periudh\u00eb u p\u00ebrjashtua nga mostra (tabela nr. 1).<\/p>\n

\"Imunizimi
\nTabela nr. 1: t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat epidemiologjike nga 1993 deri n\u00eb 2015 n\u00eb lidhje me rastet e regjistruara t\u00eb virus\u00ebve H1N1 dhe H3N2.<\/i><\/p>\n

Po ashtu, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb merret parasysh se q\u00eb nga viti 2004, laborator\u00ebt komercial n\u00eb SHBA ishin t\u00eb detyruar t\u00eb raportonin t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb lidhje me infeksionin viral t\u00eb pacient\u00ebve tek organet sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore shtet\u00ebrore. Megjithat\u00eb, shumica e rasteve t\u00eb analizuar (9150\/9451) u v\u00ebzhguan q\u00eb nga sezoni 2004-2005, tashm\u00eb pasi kjo rregullore kishte hyr\u00eb n\u00eb fuqi.<\/p>\n

Nga t\u00eb gjitha 9510 rastet, 58 u p\u00ebrjashtuan, pasi ishin njer\u00ebz q\u00eb kishin lindur para vitit 1918 (statusi i tyre t\u00eb imazhit nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet qart\u00eb), dhe nj\u00eb rast tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb vitit t\u00eb gabuar t\u00eb lindjes. K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb modelin e analiz\u00ebs u p\u00ebrfshin\u00eb 9541 raste.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb faz\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb modelimit, u p\u00ebrcaktuan probabilitetet e imazhit p\u00ebr viruset H1N1, H2N2 ose H3N2, specifike p\u00ebr vitin e lindjes. K\u00ebto probabilitete pasqyrojn\u00eb natyr\u00ebn e ndikimit t\u00eb gripit t\u00eb tipit A mbi f\u00ebmij\u00ebt dhe p\u00ebrhapjen e tij gjat\u00eb viteve. <\/p>\n

Shumica e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb lindur nd\u00ebrmjet pandemive t\u00eb vitit 1918 dhe 1957 u infektuan p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb me n\u00ebnkategorin\u00eb H1N1. Njer\u00ebzit e lindur nd\u00ebrmjet pandemive t\u00eb vitit 1957 dhe 1968 ishin gati t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb infektuar me n\u00ebnkategorin\u00eb H2N2 (1A<\/b>). Nd\u00ebrsa q\u00eb nga viti 1968, n\u00ebnkategoria dominonte ishte H3N2, e cila u b\u00eb shkaku i infektimit t\u00eb shumic\u00ebs s\u00eb njer\u00ebzve nga grupi i ri demografik.<\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse H3N2 ishte i p\u00ebrhapur, H1N1 vazhdoi t\u00eb qarkullonte sezonalisht n\u00eb mesin e popullsis\u00eb q\u00eb nga viti 1977, duke shkaktuar imazhim tek nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e njer\u00ebzve t\u00eb lindur nga mesi i viteve 1970 (1A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse imprinting-u n\u00eb nivelin e subtipit NA formon probabilitetin e infektimit gjat\u00eb gripit sezonal, at\u00ebher\u00eb ndikimi i subtipave H1 ose H3 n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebrin\u00eb e hershme duhet t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb imunitet t\u00eb p\u00ebrjetsh\u00ebm ndaj varianteve m\u00eb moderne t\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtit subtip NA. N\u00ebse, p\u00ebrkundrazi, imuniteti i imprinting-ut funksionon kryesisht kund\u00ebr tipeve specifike NA (neuraminidaz\u00ebs), at\u00ebher\u00eb mbrojtja e p\u00ebrjetshme do t\u00eb jet\u00eb karakteristike p\u00ebr N1 ose N2 (1V<\/b>).<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse imprinting-u bazohet n\u00eb NA m\u00eb t\u00eb gj\u00ebr\u00eb, dmth, ka mbrojtje nga nj\u00eb gam\u00eb m\u00eb e gjer\u00eb subtipesh, at\u00ebher\u00eb njer\u00ebzit me imprinting nga H1 dhe H2 duhet t\u00eb mbrohen nga gripi sezonale modern H1N1. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, njer\u00ebzit me imprinting ndaj H3 do t\u00eb mbrohen vet\u00ebm nga gripi sezonal modern H3N2 (1V<\/b>).<\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt theksojn\u00eb se kollineariteti (n\u00eb terma t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, paraleliteti) i parashikimeve t\u00eb modeleve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb imprinting-ut (1D<\/b>\u20141I<\/b>) ishte i pashmangsh\u00ebm, duke marr\u00eb parasysh diversitetin e kufizuar t\u00eb subtipave antigenik\u00eb t\u00eb gripit q\u00eb qarkullonin n\u00eb popullat\u00eb gjat\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb diferencimin mes imprinting-ut n\u00eb nivelin e subtipit HA, subtipit NA ose n\u00eb nivelin e grupit HA luajn\u00eb njer\u00ebzit e mosh\u00ebs mesatare q\u00eb u infektuan p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nga H2N2 (1V<\/b>). <\/p>\n

\u00c7do model i testuar p\u00ebrdori nj\u00eb kombinim linear t\u00eb infektimit t\u00eb lidhur me mosh\u00ebn (1C<\/b>), dhe infektimit t\u00eb lidhur me vitin e lindjes (1D<\/b>\u20141F<\/b>), p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e rasteve H1N1 ose H3N2 (1G<\/b> \u2013 1I<\/b>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb total u krijuan 4 modele: modeli m\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb p\u00ebrmbante vet\u00ebm faktor\u00eb mosh\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa modelet m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikura ishin shtuar faktor\u00eb imprinting-u n\u00eb nivelin e subtipit HA, n\u00eb nivelin e subtipit NA ose n\u00eb nivelin e grupit HA.<\/p>\n

Kurba e faktor\u00ebve t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs ka form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb funksioni me shkall\u00eb, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin rreziku relativ i infektimit u vendos si 1 n\u00eb grupin e mosh\u00ebs 0\u20134. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 grupit fillestar t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs, kishte edhe grupet e tjera: 5 \u201310, 11\u201317, 18\u201324, 25\u201331, 32\u201338, 39\u201345, 46\u201352, 53\u201359, 60\u201366, 67\u201373, 74\u201380, 81+.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb modelet q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbanin efekte imprinting-u, supozohej se pjesa e njer\u00ebzve n\u00eb \u00e7do vit lindjeje me imprinting mbrojt\u00ebs n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri ishte proporcionale me uljen e rrezikut t\u00eb infektimit.<\/p>\n

Modelet u mor\u00ebn parasysh edhe faktor\u00ebt e evoluimit viral. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruanin p\u00ebrparimin vjetor antigenik, i cili u p\u00ebrcaktua si distanca mesatare antigenike midis varianteve t\u00eb nj\u00eb linje virale t\u00eb caktuar (H1N1 deri n\u00eb 2009, H1N1 pas 2009 dhe H3N2). \"Distanca antigenike\" midis dy varianteve t\u00eb gripit p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb tregues i ngjashm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb fenotipit antigenik dhe mbrojtjes potenciale t\u00eb kryq\u00ebzuar imunologjike.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb vler\u00ebsuar ndikimin e evoluimit antigenik n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen moshore epidemike, \u00ebsht\u00eb kryer nj\u00eb verifikim i ndryshimeve n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e rasteve te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt n\u00eb sezona kur ndodh\u00ebn ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha antigenike.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse niveli i drifti antigenik \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb faktor vendimtar i rrezikut moshor p\u00ebr infektim, at\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrqindja e rasteve t\u00eb v\u00ebzhguara te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb negativisht e lidhur me p\u00ebrparimin vjetor antigenik. N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, variante q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb p\u00ebsuar ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha antigenike krahasuar me sezonin e kaluar, duhet t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb paafta p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur imunitetin ekzistues tek t\u00eb rriturit me p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb imunologjike. T\u00eb tilla variante do t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb aktive midis popullat\u00ebs q\u00eb nuk ka p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb imunologjike, dmth., te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Rezultatet e hulumtimit<\/h3>\n

\nAnaliza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr vitet tregoi se H3N2 sezonal ishte shkaktari kryesor i infeksionit te popullsia e moshuar, nd\u00ebrsa H1N1 prekte individ\u00eb t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme dhe t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb (imazhi Nr. 2).<\/p>\n

\"Imunizimi
\nImazhi Nr. 2: shp\u00ebrndarja e gripit H1N1 dhe H3N2 sipas mosh\u00ebs n\u00eb periudha t\u00eb ndryshme kohore.<\/i><\/p>\n

Kjo tendenc\u00eb ishte e pranishme si n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat para pandemis\u00eb s\u00eb vitit 2009 ashtu edhe pas saj. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat treguan se imprintingu n\u00eb nivelin e nj\u00eb n\u00ebn-tipi NA mbizot\u00ebron mbi imprintingin n\u00eb nivelin e nj\u00eb n\u00ebn-tipi HA (\u0394AIC = 34.54). Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, imprintingu n\u00eb nivelin e grupit HA ishte praktikisht i pap\u00ebrfillsh\u00ebm (\u0394AIC = 249.06), ashtu si edhe mungesa totale e imprintingut (\u0394AIC = 385.42).<\/p>\n

\"Imunizimi
\nImazhi Nr. 3: vler\u00ebsimi i p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb modele n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e studimit.<\/i><\/p>\n

Vler\u00ebsimi vizual i p\u00ebrshtatshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb modeleve (3C<\/b> dhe 3D<\/b>) konfirmoi se modeli q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb efekte t\u00eb imprinting-ut n\u00eb nivele t\u00eb ngushta t\u00eb n\u00ebnllojve NA ose HA ofrojn\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb studim. Faktin q\u00eb modeli n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin imprinting-u mungon nuk mund t\u00eb konfirmohet nga t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat tregon se imprinting-u \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb aspekt tep\u00ebr i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb formimin e imunitetit te popullsia e rritur ndaj n\u00ebnllojve sezonal\u00eb t\u00eb gripit. Megjithat\u00eb, imprinting-u funksionon n\u00eb nj\u00eb specializim shum\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb, pra vepron ekskluzivisht p\u00ebr nj\u00eb n\u00ebnlloj t\u00eb caktuar dhe jo p\u00ebr nj\u00eb gam\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00ebnllojsh gripi.<\/p>\n

\"Imunizimi
\nTabela Nr. 2: vler\u00ebsimi i p\u00ebrputhshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb modeleve me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e studimit.<\/i><\/p>\n

Pas marrjes parasysh t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes demografike sipas mosh\u00ebs, rreziku i parashikuar p\u00ebr mosh\u00ebn ishte m\u00eb i lart\u00eb te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb moshuarit, q\u00eb p\u00ebrputhej me akumulimin e kujtes\u00ebs imunitare n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri dhe dob\u00ebsimin e funksionit imunitar te t\u00eb moshuarit (n\u00eb 3A<\/b> tregohet kurba e af\u00ebrt nga modeli m\u00eb i mir\u00eb). Vler\u00ebsimet e parametrave t\u00eb imprinting-ut ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla se nj\u00eb, duke treguar nj\u00eb ulje t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb rrezikut t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies (tabela Nr. 2). N\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb modelit m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, ulja e parashikuar e rrezikut t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnies nga imprinting-u n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri ishte m\u00eb e fort\u00eb p\u00ebr H1N1 (0.34, 95% CI 0.29\u20130.42) se sa p\u00ebr H3N2 (0.71, 95% CI 0.62\u20130.82).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb verifikuar ndikimin e evolucionit viral mbi shp\u00ebrndarjen e rrezikut t\u00eb infektimit sipas mosh\u00ebs, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt k\u00ebrkuan nj\u00eb ulje t\u00eb pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb infektimit midis f\u00ebmij\u00ebve n\u00eb periudha t\u00eb lidhura me ndryshime antigjenike kur stammen me ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha antigjenike infektuan m\u00eb efektivisht njer\u00ebzit e rritur me p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb imunologjike.<\/p>\n

Analiza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave tregoi nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb vog\u00ebl negative, por jo t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme midis rritjes vjetore t\u00eb aktivitetit antigjenik dhe pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb rasteve H3N2, q\u00eb v\u00ebrehen te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt (4A<\/b>).<\/p>\n

\"Imunizimi
\nImazhi Nr. 4: ndikimi i evolucionit viral n\u00eb faktor\u00ebt e rrezikut t\u00eb infektimit sipas mosh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, nuk u v\u00ebrejt nj\u00eb lidhje e qart\u00eb midis ndryshimeve antigjenike dhe pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb rasteve q\u00eb v\u00ebrehen te f\u00ebmij\u00ebt mbi 10 vje\u00e7 dhe te t\u00eb rriturit. N\u00ebse evolucionet virale do t\u00eb luanin nj\u00eb rol kryesor n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje, do t\u00eb kishte prova m\u00eb t\u00eb qarta t\u00eb ndikimit evolucionar n\u00eb mesin e t\u00eb rriturve, jo vet\u00ebm kur krahasohen t\u00eb rriturit dhe f\u00ebmij\u00ebt n\u00ebn 10 vje\u00e7.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, n\u00ebse shkalla e ndryshimeve evolucionare t\u00eb viruseve \u00ebsht\u00eb dominante p\u00ebr ndryshimet specifike t\u00eb n\u00ebnllojit n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e mosh\u00ebs epidemike, at\u00ebher\u00eb kur n\u00ebnllojt\u00eb H1N1 dhe H3N2 tregojn\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes vjetore t\u00eb antigjenit, shp\u00ebrndarja e mosh\u00ebs s\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb infektimit duhet t\u00eb duket m\u00eb e ngjashme.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr nj\u00eb njohje m\u00eb t\u00eb detajuar me nuancat e hulumtimit, rekomandoj t\u00eb shikoni n\u00eb raportin e shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebve<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

Epilogu<\/h3>\n

\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb punim, shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt analizuan t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat epidemiologjike t\u00eb rasteve t\u00eb infektimit me H1N1, H3N2 dhe H2N2. Analiza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave tregoi nj\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb imprinted n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri dhe shkall\u00ebs s\u00eb rrezikut t\u00eb infektimit n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e rritur. N\u00eb fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, n\u00ebse nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb n\u00eb vitet '50 ishte infektuar, kur H1N1 qarkullonte nd\u00ebrsa H3N2 mungonte, at\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e rritur probabiliteti i infektimit me H3N2 do t\u00eb jet\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se probabiliteti p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur H1N1.<\/p>\n

Konkluzioni kryesor i k\u00ebtij hulumtimi \u00ebsht\u00eb se \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme jo vet\u00ebm \u00e7far\u00eb ka pasur njeriu s\u00ebmundje n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebri, por edhe renditjen n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ndodhi. Kujtesa imune, q\u00eb formohet gjat\u00eb jet\u00ebs, aktivisht \u2018regjistron\u2019 t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e infeksioneve t\u00eb para virale, duke kontribuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb kund\u00ebrveprim m\u00eb efektiv ndaj tyre n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn e rritur. <\/p>\n

Shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt shpresojn\u00eb q\u00eb puna e tyre do t'i lejoj\u00eb t\u00eb parashikojn\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb cilat grupe moshe jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb prekshme ndaj nj\u00eb n\u00ebnlloji t\u00eb caktuar t\u00eb gripit. K\u00ebto njohuri mund t\u00eb ndihmojn\u00eb n\u00eb parandalimin e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb epidemive, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00ebse duhet t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i kufizuar vaksinash mes popullsis\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Ky hulumtim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb fokusuar n\u00eb gjetjen e super-mjekimeve kund\u00ebr gripit t\u00eb \u00e7do lloji, p\u00ebrkund\u00ebr se do t\u00eb ishte e shk\u00eblqyer. Ai \u00ebsht\u00eb fokusuar n\u00eb di\u00e7ka q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb reale dhe e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb moment \u2014 parandalimin e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb infeksionit. N\u00ebse ne nuk mund t\u00eb ridimim menj\u00ebher\u00eb virusin, duhet t\u00eb kemi t\u00eb gjitha mjetet e mundshme p\u00ebr ta mbajtur at\u00eb n\u00ebn kontroll. Nj\u00eb nga aleat\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt t\u00eb \u00e7do epidemie \u00ebsht\u00eb moskuptimi i saj si nga shteti n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ashtu edhe nga secili individ n\u00eb ve\u00e7anti. Panika, sigurisht, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme, pasi mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsoj\u00eb situat\u00ebn, por masat e kujdesit kurr\u00eb nuk d\u00ebmtojn\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Faleminderit p\u00ebr v\u00ebmendjen, q\u00ebndroni kurioz\u00eb, kujdesuni p\u00ebr veten dhe t\u00eb dashurit tuaj dhe shijoni fundjav\u00ebn, miq! \ud83d\ude42<\/p>\n

Pak reklam\u00eb \ud83d\ude42<\/h3>\n

\nFaleminderit q\u00eb q\u00ebndroni me ne. Ju p\u00eblqejn\u00eb artikujt tan\u00eb? D\u00ebshironi t\u00eb shihni m\u00eb shum\u00eb materiale interesante? Na mb\u00ebshtetni duke b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb porosi ose duke na rekomanduar njohurive tuaj, VPS cloud p\u00ebr zhvillues nga $4.99<\/a><\/noindex>, nj\u00eb analog unik i server\u00ebve entry-level, i nd\u00ebrtuar p\u00ebr ju:<\/b> E gjith\u00eb e v\u00ebrteta rreth VPS (KVM) E5-2697 v3 (6 Nuclea) 10GB DDR4 480GB SSD 1Gbps nga $19 ose si ta ndajm\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht serverin?<\/a><\/noindex> (disponohen variante me RAID1 dhe RAID10, deri n\u00eb 24 b\u00ebrthama dhe deri n\u00eb 40GB DDR4).<\/p>\n

Dell R730xd dyfish m\u00eb i lir\u00eb n\u00eb qendr\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave Equinix Tier IV n\u00eb Amsterdam?<\/b> Vet\u00ebm k\u00ebtu 2 x Intel TetraDeca-Core Xeon 2x E5-2697v3 2.6GHz 14C 64GB DDR4 4x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100 TB nga $199<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb Holand\u00eb! Dell R420 \u2014 2x E5-2430 2.2Ghz 6C 128GB DDR3 2x960GB SSD 1Gbps 100TB \u2014 nga $99!<\/b><\/b> Lexoni rreth Si t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtosh nj\u00eb infrastruktur\u00eb t\u00eb klas\u00ebs korporative me p\u00ebrdorimin e server\u00ebve Dell R730xd E5-2650 v4 me \u00e7mim prej 9000 euro p\u00ebr pak para?<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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