{"id":41811,"date":"2020-02-16T20:45:57","date_gmt":"2020-02-16T17:45:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/ispolzovanie-qubesos-dlya-raboty-s-windows-7"},"modified":"2020-02-16T20:45:57","modified_gmt":"2020-02-16T17:45:57","slug":"ispolzovanie-qubesos-dlya-raboty-s-windows-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/ispolzovanie-qubesos-dlya-raboty-s-windows-7","title":{"rendered":"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>N\u00eb Habr\u00eb nuk ka shum\u00eb artikuj q\u00eb i kushtohen sistemit operativ Qubes, dhe ato q\u00eb kam par\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb pak eksperienc\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdorimit. Shpresoj t\u00eb korrigjoj k\u00ebt\u00eb n\u00eb shembullin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb Qubes si nj\u00eb mjet mbrojtjeje t\u00eb mjedisit Windows dhe, nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, t\u00eb vler\u00ebsoj numrin e p\u00ebrdoruesve q\u00eb flasin rusisht t\u00eb sistemit.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/9625f1a9464dc610d1f3266571cf8929.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Pse Qubes?<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Historia me p\u00ebrfundimin e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr Windows 7 dhe rritja e shqet\u00ebsimeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesve \u00e7oi n\u00eb nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar pun\u00ebn e k\u00ebtij sistemi operativ, duke marr\u00eb parasysh k\u00ebrkesat e m\u00ebposhtme:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>t\u00eb sigurohet p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb Windows 7 t\u00eb aktivizuar plot\u00ebsisht me mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb instaluar p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsime dhe aplikacione t\u00eb ndryshme (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb p\u00ebrmes Internetit);<\/li>\n<li>t\u00eb realizohet p\u00ebrjashtim i plot\u00eb ose selektiv i nd\u00ebrveprimeve rrjetore sipas kushteve (modet e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb autonome dhe filtrimi i trafikut);<\/li>\n<li>t\u00eb ofrohet mund\u00ebsia e lidhjes selektive t\u00eb mediave t\u00eb jashtme dhe pajisjeve.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ky p\u00ebrzgjedhje kufizimesh presupozon nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues t\u00eb qart\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur, pasi lejohet administrimi i pavarur, dhe kufizimet nuk lidhen me bllokimin e veprimeve t\u00eb potencialshme, por me p\u00ebrjashtimin e gabimeve t\u00eb mundshme ose ndikimeve d\u00ebmtuese t\u00eb softuerit. Pra, brenda modelit nuk ka nj\u00eb shkel\u00ebs t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin e nj\u00eb zgjidhjeje ne shpejt heq\u00ebm dor\u00eb nga ideja e realizimit t\u00eb kufizimeve me mjete t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira ose shtes\u00eb t\u00eb Windows, pasi \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb kufizohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues me t\u00eb drejta admini, duke i l\u00ebn\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb instaluar aplikacione.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Zgjedhja tjet\u00ebr e zgjidhjes ishte izolimi p\u00ebrmes virtualizimit. Mjetet e njohura p\u00ebr virtualizimin desktop (p.sh., si virtualbox) jan\u00eb t\u00eb pakoh\u00eb p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e problemeve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb dhe kufizimet e p\u00ebrmendura do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb nevojshme t\u00eb realizoheshin nga p\u00ebrdoruesi duke i ndryshuar vazhdimisht ose duke i konfigurimin pron\u00ebsit\u00eb e makin\u00ebs virtuale mysafire (m\u00eb pas VM), duke rritur k\u00ebshtu rreziqet e gabimeve.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ne kishim p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb Qubes si nj\u00eb sistem desktop t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoruesit, por kishim dyshime p\u00ebr stabilitetin e pun\u00ebs me Windows mysafire. U vendos t\u00eb kontrollohet versioni aktual i Qubes, pasi kufizimet e vendosura p\u00ebrputhen shum\u00eb mir\u00eb me paradigmat e k\u00ebtij sistemi, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht zbatimin e modeleve t\u00eb makinave virtuale dhe integrimin vizual. M\u00eb von\u00eb, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqem t\u00eb tregoj sa m\u00eb shkurt t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur mbi idet\u00eb dhe mjetet e Qubes, duke p\u00ebrdorur shembuj t\u00eb zgjidhjes s\u00eb problemit t\u00eb vendosur.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Llojet e virtualizimit Xen<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb thelb t\u00eb Qubes \u00ebsht\u00eb hipervizori Xen, i cili minimizon funksionet e menaxhimit t\u00eb burimeve t\u00eb procesorit, memories dhe makinave virtuale. T\u00eb gjitha pun\u00ebt e tjera me pajisjet jan\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar n\u00eb dom0, me baz\u00eb n\u00eb b\u00ebrtham\u00ebn Linux (n\u00eb Qubes, p\u00ebr dom0 p\u00ebrdoret distribucioni Fedora).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/d8bfeb6cc8daef0370c9d567486c0356.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Xen mb\u00ebshtet disa lloje virtualizimi (do t\u00eb jap shembuj p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn Intel, megjithat\u00eb Xen mb\u00ebshtet edhe t\u00eb tjer\u00eb):<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>paravirtualizimi (PV) \u2014 nj\u00eb mod virtualizimi pa p\u00ebrdorimin e mb\u00ebshtetjes harduerike, ngjason me virtualizimin e kontejner\u00ebve, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr sisteme me b\u00ebrtham\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatur (n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb modalitet funksionon dom0);<\/li>\n<li>virtualizimi i plot\u00eb (HVM) \u2014 n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb modalitet p\u00ebr burimet e procesorit p\u00ebrdoret mb\u00ebshtetje harduerike, nd\u00ebrsa t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pajisjet tjera emulohen me mjete QEMU. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra m\u00eb universale p\u00ebr t\u00eb nisur sisteme t\u00eb ndryshme operative;<\/li>\n<li>paravirtualizimi ndihm\u00ebs (PVH \u2014 ParaVirtualized Hardware) \u2014 nj\u00eb mod virtualizimi q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor mb\u00ebshtetje harduerike kur p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn me pajisjet b\u00ebrthama e sistemit mysafir p\u00ebrdor drejtor\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatur p\u00ebr mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e hipervizorit (p.sh., memorja e ndar\u00eb), duke eliminuar nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr emulim me QEMU dhe duke rritur performanc\u00ebn e hyrjes-daljes. B\u00ebrthama Linux q\u00eb nga versioni 4.11 mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb modalitet.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/ffafc6a75aa9248659848c4bf08956e1.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Deri n\u00eb versionin Qubes 4.0, p\u00ebr arsye sigurie, ndalohet p\u00ebrdorimi i modit t\u00eb paravirtualizimit (p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb lidhjen me njohurit\u00eb e njohura t\u00eb cenueshm\u00ebrive t\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs Intel, t\u00eb cilat pjes\u00ebrisht zgjidhen me p\u00ebrdorimin e virtualizimit t\u00eb plot\u00eb), si parazgjedhje vendoset moda PVH.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Kur p\u00ebrdoret emulimi (modi HVM), nisja e QEMU b\u00ebhet n\u00eb nj\u00eb VM t\u00eb izoluar t\u00eb quajtur stubdomain, duke reduktuar k\u00ebshtu rreziqet e shfryt\u00ebzimit t\u00eb gabimeve t\u00eb mundshme n\u00eb realizim (projekti QEMU p\u00ebrmban shum\u00eb kod, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb p\u00ebrkompatibilitet).<br \/>\nKy modalitet n\u00eb rastin ton\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr Windows.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Makinat virtuale sh\u00ebrbyese<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn e siguris\u00eb Qubes, nj\u00eb nga mund\u00ebsit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb hipervizorit \u00ebsht\u00eb kalimi i pajisjeve PCI n\u00eb mjedisin e mysafir\u00ebve. P\u00ebrjashtimi i pajisjeve lejon izolimin e pjes\u00ebs mysafire t\u00eb sistemit nga sulmet e jashtme. Xen e mb\u00ebshtet k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebr modet PV dhe HVM, n\u00eb rastin e dyt\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet mb\u00ebshtetje IOMMU (Intel VT-d) \u2014 menaxhimi hardueror i memories p\u00ebr pajisjet e virtualizuara.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebshtu krijohen disa makina virtuale sistemike:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>sys-net, t\u00eb cil\u00ebs i kalohen pajisjet rrjet\u00eb dhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb ur\u00eb p\u00ebr makina t\u00eb tjera virtuale, p\u00ebr shembull, q\u00eb realizojn\u00eb funksionet e nj\u00eb firewall-i ose klienti t\u00eb rrjetit VPN;<\/li>\n<li>sys-usb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebs i kalohen kontrollet USB dhe pajisjet e tjera periferike;<\/li>\n<li>sys-firewall, e cila nuk p\u00ebrdor pajisje, por funksionon si nj\u00eb firewall p\u00ebr makinat e lidhura virtuale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me pajisjet USB p\u00ebrdoren sh\u00ebrbime proxy q\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb gjithashtu:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>p\u00ebr klas\u00ebn e pajisjeve HID (pajisje nd\u00ebrfaqe njeri) kalimin e komandave n\u00eb dom0;<\/li>\n<li>p\u00ebr pajisjet e l\u00ebvizshme, ridrejtimin e volumit t\u00eb pajisjeve n\u00eb makina t\u00eb tjera virtuale (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 dom0);<\/li>\n<li>ridrejtimin e pajisjeve USB t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta (p\u00ebrdoren USBIP dhe mjetet e integrimit).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb nj\u00eb konfigurim t\u00eb till\u00eb, nj\u00eb sulm i suksessh\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes grumbullit rrjet\u00eb ose pajisjeve t\u00eb lidhura mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb kompromitimin vet\u00ebm t\u00eb makin\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb aktive, dhe jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sistemit n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi. Pas rivendosjes s\u00eb makin\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimi, ajo do t\u00eb ngarkohet n\u00eb gjendjen e saj origjinale.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Mjetet e integrimit t\u00eb VM<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ka disa m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrvepruar me desktopin e makin\u00ebs virtuale \u2014 instalimi i aplikacioneve n\u00eb sistemin mysafir ose emulimi i videos n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet mjeteve t\u00eb virtualizimit. Aplikacionet mysafire mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshijn\u00eb mjete t\u00eb ndryshme universale p\u00ebr qasje me distanc\u00eb (RDP, VNC, Spice etj.) ose t\u00eb adaptohen p\u00ebr hipervizorin konkret (k\u00ebto mjete zakonisht quhen mjete mysafire). Nj\u00eb variant i p\u00ebrzier mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret, kur hipervizori emulon input-output p\u00ebr sistemin mysafir, nd\u00ebrsa ofron mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb protokolli q\u00eb kombinon input-output, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb rasti me Spice. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, mjetet e qasjes me distanc\u00eb zakonisht optimizojn\u00eb imazhin, pasi supozojn\u00eb pun\u00eb p\u00ebrmes rrjetit, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ndikon negativisht n\u00eb cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e figur\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Qubes ofron mjete t\u00eb veta p\u00ebr integrimin e VM. N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebnstruktura grafike \u2014 dritaret nga makinat e ndryshme virtuale shfaqen n\u00eb nj\u00eb desktop t\u00eb vetme me kufizime t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta ngjyrash. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, mjetet e integrimit shfryt\u00ebzojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e hipervizorit \u2014 memorien e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt (Xen grant table), mjetet e njoftimit (kanali i ngjarjeve Xen), depoja e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt xenstore dhe protokolli i komunikimit vchan. Me ndihm\u00ebn e tyre realizohen komponent\u00ebt baz\u00eb qrexec dhe qubes-rpc, si dhe sh\u00ebrbimet aplikative \u2014 ridrejtimi i z\u00ebrit ose USB, transferimi i skedar\u00ebve ose p\u00ebrmbajtjes s\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebsit, ekzekutimi i komandave dhe nisja e aplikacioneve. Ka mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur politika q\u00eb kufizojn\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet e disponueshme n\u00eb VM. N\u00eb figur\u00ebn m\u00eb posht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shembull i procedur\u00ebs s\u00eb inicializimit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprimit midis dy VM.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/eb0706697196168d2d50a90e25090497.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebshtu puna n\u00eb VM kryhet pa p\u00ebrdorimin e rrjetit, gj\u00eb q\u00eb lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb VM autonome p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur rrjedhjen e informacionit. P\u00ebr shembull, k\u00ebshtu realizohet ndarja e operacioneve kriptografike (PGP\/SSH), kur \u00e7el\u00ebsat e mbyllur p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb VM izoluara dhe nuk dalin jasht\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Modelet, aplikacionet dhe VM nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>T\u00eb gjitha pun\u00ebt e p\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb Qubes kryhen n\u00eb makina virtuale. Sistemi kryesor i hostit p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr menaxhimin e funksionimit t\u00eb tyre dhe vizualizimin. OS instalohen s\u00eb bashku me nj\u00eb grup themelor makin\u00eb virtualesh t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb modele (TemplateVM). Nj\u00eb model i till\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb VM Linux t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarrjen Fedora ose Debian, me mjete integrimi t\u00eb instaluara dhe t\u00eb konfiguruara, si dhe ndarje sistemore dhe p\u00ebrdoruesi t\u00eb dedikuara. Instalimi dhe p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsimi i software-it kryhet nga menaxheri i paketave (dnf ose apt) nga depozit\u00eb t\u00eb konfiguruara me kontrolle t\u00eb detyrueshme t\u00eb n\u00ebnshkrimit digjital (GnuPG). Q\u00ebllimi i k\u00ebtyre VM \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb VM aplikative q\u00eb nisin mbi baz\u00ebn e tyre.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>VM aplikative (AppVM) gjat\u00eb nisjes p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb snapshot t\u00eb ndarjes sistemore p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb modelit VM, dhe pas p\u00ebrfundimit hiqet ky snapshot pa ruajtur ndryshimet. T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e nevojshme p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesin ruhen n\u00eb nj\u00eb ndarje p\u00ebrdoruesi unike p\u00ebr \u00e7do VM aplikative, e cila montrohet n\u00eb katalogun e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/604c4f94fdb9644b589f87104364dc20.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb e dobishme p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket siguris\u00eb mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimi i VM-ve t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme (disposibleVM). Nj\u00eb VM e till\u00eb krijohet n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb shablloni n\u00eb momentin e nisjes dhe aktivizohet me nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim \u2014 t\u00eb ekzekutoj\u00eb nj\u00eb aplikacion, duke p\u00ebrfunduar pun\u00ebn e saj pas mbylljes. VM-t\u00eb e p\u00ebrkohshme mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb hapur skedar\u00eb t\u00eb dyshimt\u00eb, p\u00ebrmbajtja e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve mund t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzimin e dob\u00ebsive t\u00eb aplikacioneve specifike. Mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb nisur nj\u00eb VM t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme \u00ebsht\u00eb e integruar n\u00eb menaxherin e skedhave (Nautilus) dhe klientin e post\u00ebs elektronike (Thunderbird). <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>VM-t\u00eb Windows gjithashtu mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr krijimin e nj\u00eb shablloni dhe t\u00eb nj\u00eb VM t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb profilin e p\u00ebrdoruesit e kemi transferuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb seksion t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. N\u00eb variantin ton\u00eb, ky shabllon do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nga p\u00ebrdoruesi p\u00ebr detyra administrimi dhe instalimi aplikacionesh. N\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb shabllonit do t\u00eb krijohen disa VM aplikative \u2014 me akses t\u00eb kufizuar n\u00eb rrjet (funksionalitetet standarde sys-firewall) dhe pa asnj\u00eb qasje n\u00eb rrjet fare (nuk krijohet nj\u00eb pajisje virtuale rrjetit). T\u00eb gjitha ndryshimet dhe aplikacionet e instaluara n\u00eb shabllon do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb VM, dhe edhe n\u00eb rast se ndodhin p\u00ebrfshirje t\u00eb programeve k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuese, ato do t\u00eb mos ken\u00eb akses n\u00eb rrjet p\u00ebr t'u komprometuar.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Lufta p\u00ebr Windows<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e p\u00ebrmendura m\u00eb sip\u00ebr jan\u00eb baza e Qubes dhe funksionojn\u00eb relativisht stabilisht, por komplikimet fillojn\u00eb me Windows. P\u00ebr integrimin e Windows \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb grup mjetesh hosti t\u00eb Qubes Windows Tools (QWT), i cili p\u00ebrfshin drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Xen, drejtorin qvideo dhe nj\u00eb grup utilitar\u00ebsh p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e informacionit (pranimi dhe d\u00ebrgimi i skedar\u00ebve, clipboard). Procesi i instalimit dhe konfigurimit \u00ebsht\u00eb dokumentuar holl\u00ebsisht n\u00eb faqen e projektit, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb do t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn ton\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebtu e p\u00ebrb\u00ebn v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsin\u00eb kryesore n\u00eb fakt mungesa e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr mjetet e zhvilluar. Duket se zhvilluesit kryesor\u00eb (QWT) nuk jan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion dhe projekti i integrimit me Windows \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pritje t\u00eb zhvilluesit kryesor. Prandaj, fillimisht ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohej funksionaliteti dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshiheshim n\u00eb njohurin\u00eb e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb tij n\u00eb rast nevoje. Elementi m\u00eb i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr zhvillim dhe debugim \u00ebsht\u00eb drejtori grafik, i cili imiton videoadapterin dhe ekranin p\u00ebr formimin e imazhit n\u00eb memorie t\u00eb ndar\u00eb, duke lejuar q\u00eb t\u00eb shfaqet e gjith\u00eb desktopi ose drejtp\u00ebrdrejt dritarja e aplikacionit n\u00eb dritaren e sistemit prit\u00ebs. Gjat\u00eb analiz\u00ebs s\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb drejtuesit ne adaptuam kodin p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtim n\u00eb mjedisin Linux dhe trajtuam skem\u00ebn e debugimit midis dy sistemeve Windows. N\u00eb faz\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb kryq\u00ebzuar b\u00ebm\u00eb disa ndryshime q\u00eb na leht\u00ebsuan, kryesisht n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e instalimeve \"t\u00eb qeta\" t\u00eb utilitar\u00ebve dhe gjithashtu eliminuan degradimin e bezdissh\u00ebm t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb zgjatur n\u00eb VM. Rezultatet e pun\u00ebs u ndan\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/tabit-pro\/qwt-crossbuild\">repozitorit<\/a><\/noindex>, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/QubesOS\/qubes-issues\/issues\/5065\">inspiruam<\/a><\/noindex> zhvilluesin kryesor t\u00eb Qubes.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Faza m\u00eb kritike n\u00eb aspektin e stabilitetit t\u00eb sistemit gazdues \u00ebsht\u00eb nisja e Windows, k\u00ebtu mund t\u00eb shihni ekranin blu t\u00eb njohur (ose madje edhe t\u00eb mos e shihni). P\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn e gabimeve t\u00eb identifikuara u gjet\u00ebn variante t\u00eb ndryshme zgjidhjeje \u2014 heqja e drejtor\u00ebve Xen p\u00ebr pajisjet bllokuese, deaktivizimi i balancimit t\u00eb memories s\u00eb VM-ve, ngulja e konfigurimeve rrjetore dhe minimizimi i numrit t\u00eb b\u00ebrthamak\u00ebve. Nd\u00ebrtimi yn\u00eb i mjeteve gazdore instalohet dhe punon n\u00eb Windows 7 dhe Windows 10 t\u00eb azhurnuara plot\u00ebsisht (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 qvideo).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebr t\u00eb kaluar nga mjedisi real n\u00eb at\u00eb virtual shfaqet nj\u00eb problem me aktivizimin e Windows n\u00eb rastin e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb versioneve OEM t\u00eb parainstaluara. Sistemet e tilla p\u00ebrdorin aktivizimin n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb licencave q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb shkruara n\u00eb UEFI t\u00eb pajisjes. P\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar si\u00e7 duhet me aktivizimin \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme t\u00eb transmetoni n\u00eb sistemin e gazd\u00ebs nj\u00eb nga seksionet ACPI t\u00eb sistemit prit\u00ebs t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht (tabela SLIC) dhe pak t\u00eb redaktoni t\u00eb tjera, duke shkruar prodhuesin. Xen lejon konfigurimin e p\u00ebrmbajtjes s\u00eb tabelave ACPI t\u00eb tjera, por pa modifikimin e atyre kryesore. Nj\u00eb zgjidhje erdhi nga nj\u00eb patch nga nj\u00eb projekt t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm OpenXT, i cili u adaptua p\u00ebr Qubes. K\u00ebto korrigjime ishin t\u00eb dobishme jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr ne dhe u transmetuan n\u00eb depot kryesore t\u00eb Qubes dhe n\u00eb bibliotek\u00ebn Libvirt.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Dob\u00ebsit\u00eb e dukshme t\u00eb mjeteve t\u00eb integrimit t\u00eb Windows do t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb ishin mungesa e mb\u00ebshtetjes p\u00ebr tingujt, pajisjet USB dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsia n\u00eb pun\u00ebn me media, pasi nuk ka mb\u00ebshtetje harduerike p\u00ebr GPU. Por k\u00ebto nuk pengojn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e VM-ve p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me dokumente zyrtare, nuk pengojn\u00eb nisjen e aplikacioneve specifike korporative.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>K\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr kalim n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e funksionimit pa rrjet ose me rrjet t\u00eb kufizuar pas krijimit t\u00eb modelit t\u00eb Windows VM u realizua duke krijuar konfigurime p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb aplikacioneve VM, dhe mund\u00ebsia e lidhjes selektive t\u00eb mediave t\u00eb jashtme u zgjidh gjithashtu me mjete standard t\u00eb OS - n\u00eb momentin e lidhjes ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme n\u00eb VM sistematik sys-usb, nga e cila mund t\u00eb ''kalohen'' n\u00eb VM-n\u00eb e nevojshme. Desktopi i p\u00ebrdoruesit duket af\u00ebrsisht k\u00ebshtu.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"P\u00ebrdorimi i QubesOS p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me Windows 7\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/ed003174a07a412071095cda51f7c2cb.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Versioni p\u00ebrfundimtar i sistemit u pranua pozitivisht (sa i lejon nj\u00eb zgjidhje kaq komplekse) nga p\u00ebrdoruesit, dhe mjetet standarde t\u00eb sistemit lejuan t\u00eb zgjerohej p\u00ebrdorimi n\u00eb vendin e pun\u00ebs mobile me akses p\u00ebrmes VPN.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>N\u00eb vend t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundimit<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Virtualizimi n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi ndihmon n\u00eb zvog\u00eblimin e rreziqeve nga p\u00ebrdorimi i sistemeve Windows q\u00eb kan\u00eb mbetur pa mb\u00ebshtetje - nuk detyron sigurimin e kompatibilitetit me pajisje t\u00eb reja harduerike, lejon p\u00ebrjashtimin ose kontrollin e aksesit n\u00eb sistem p\u00ebrmes rrjetit ose n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet pajisjeve t\u00eb lidhura, dhe mund\u00ebson realizimin e nj\u00eb mjedisi p\u00ebr ekzekutimin nj\u00eb her\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>OS Qubes, e bazuar n\u00eb iden\u00eb e izolimit p\u00ebrmes virtualizimit, ndihmon n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e k\u00ebtyre dhe mekanizmave t\u00eb tjer\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar siguri. Nga jasht\u00eb, shum\u00eb e shohin Qubes n\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr anonimitet, por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem i dobish\u00ebm si p\u00ebr inxhinier\u00ebt, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt shpesh kombinuan projekte, infrastruktura dhe sekretet p\u00ebr aksesin n\u00eb to, ashtu si edhe p\u00ebr hulumtuesit e siguris\u00eb. Ndarja e aplikacioneve, t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe formalizimi i nd\u00ebrveprimeve t\u00eb tyre jan\u00eb hapat fillestar\u00eb n\u00eb analiz\u00ebn e k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimeve dhe projektimin e nj\u00eb sistema mbrojtjeje. Kjo ndarje ndihmon n\u00eb strukturimin e informacionit dhe zvog\u00eblimin e mund\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr gabime p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb faktor\u00ebve njer\u00ebzor\u00eb - nxituar, lodhur etj.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Aktualisht, fokusi kryesor n\u00eb zhvillim \u00ebsht\u00eb zgjerimi i funksionalitetit t\u00eb mjediseve Linux. Po p\u00ebrgatitet p\u00ebr l\u00ebshim versioni 4.1, i cili do t\u00eb bazohet n\u00eb Fedora 31 dhe do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb versionet e fundit t\u00eb komponenteve ky\u00e7 Xen dhe Libvirt. Duhet theksuar se Qubes krijohet nga profesionist\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e siguris\u00eb informacionit, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt gjithmon\u00eb l\u00ebshojn\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsime n\u00eb rastin e zbulimit t\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimeve t\u00eb reja apo gabimeve.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h2>Pasth\u00ebnie<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb nga mund\u00ebsit\u00eb eksperimentale q\u00eb ne po zhvillojm\u00eb lejon krijimin e VM-ve me mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr aksesin e mysafir\u00ebve n\u00eb GPU n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb Intel GVT-g, e cila lejon p\u00ebrdorimin e mund\u00ebsive t\u00eb adaptrit grafik dhe zgjeron ndjesh\u00ebm fush\u00ebn e aplikimit t\u00eb sistemit. N\u00eb momentin e shkrimit t\u00eb artikullit, kjo funksionalitet punon p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimet testuese t\u00eb Qubes 4.1 dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb e disponueshme n\u00eb. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/tabit-pro\/tabit-qubes-repo\">github<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/488234\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Qubes, \u0430 \u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0441\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Qubes \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b (\u043e\u0442) \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b Windows \u0438, \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 Qubes? \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0438 Windows 7 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":41812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-41811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 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