{"id":52162,"date":"2019-11-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-01T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/obzor-sovremennyh-protokolov-v-sistemah-promavtomatiki"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:50","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:50","slug":"obzor-sovremennyh-protokolov-v-sistemah-promavtomatiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/obzor-sovremennyh-protokolov-v-sistemah-promavtomatiki","title":{"rendered":"Nj\u00eb pasqyr\u00eb e protokolleve moderne n\u00eb sistemet e automatizimit industrial","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Nj\u00eb
\n<\/p>\n

N\u00eb publikimin e kaluar<\/a><\/noindex> ne fol\u00ebm p\u00ebr se si funksionojn\u00eb autobuz\u00ebt dhe protokollet n\u00eb automatizimin industrial. K\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb do t\u00eb fokusohemi n\u00eb zgjidhjet moderne t\u00eb pun\u00ebs: do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb se cilat protokolle p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb sistemet n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb teknologjit\u00eb e kompanive gjermane Beckhoff dhe Siemens, austrike B&R, amerikane Rockwell Automation dhe ruse Fastwel. Gjithashtu do t\u00eb studiojm\u00eb zgjidhjet universale q\u00eb nuk lidhen me nj\u00eb prodhues t\u00eb caktuar, si EtherCAT dhe CAN.\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb artikullit do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb krahasuese me karakteristikat e protokolleve EtherCAT, POWERLINK, PROFINET, EtherNet\/IP dhe ModbusTCP.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Ne nuk p\u00ebrfshim\u00eb n\u00eb shqyrtim protokollet PRP, HSR, OPC UA dhe t\u00eb tjera, pasi n\u00eb Habr\u00eb tashm\u00eb ka artikuj t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer nga koleg\u00ebt tan\u00eb inxhinier\u00eb q\u00eb merren me zhvillimin e sistemeve t\u00eb automatizimit industrial. P\u00ebr shembull, \u00abProtokollet e rezervimit \"pa nd\u00ebrprerje\" PRP dhe HSR\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> dhe \u00abPortat e protokolleve industriale t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit n\u00eb Linux. Nd\u00ebrtoje vet\u00eb\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u00eb pari, le t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb: Industrial Ethernet = rrjeti industrial, Fieldbus = autobuzi i fush\u00ebs. N\u00eb automatizimin industrial rus ndodhin konfuzione n\u00eb terma q\u00eb kan\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb me autobuzin e fush\u00ebs dhe rrjetin industrial t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Shpesh k\u00ebto terma bashkohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb koncept t\u00eb paqart\u00eb \"niveli i ul\u00ebt\", i cili quhet edhe autobuz i fush\u00ebs, edhe autobuz i nivelit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, edhe pse ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb aspak autobus. <\/p>\n

Pse k\u00ebshtu?<\/b>Kjo konfuzion ndoshta lidhet me faktin se n\u00eb shum\u00eb kontrollues modern\u00eb, lidhja e moduleve t\u00eb hyrjes\/daljes shpesh realizohet p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb paneli bashkues (angl. backplane) ose nj\u00eb autobuzi fizik. K\u00ebshtu, p\u00ebrdoren disa kontakte dhe konektor\u00eb autobus\u00ebsh p\u00ebr t\u00eb bashkuar disa module n\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb vetme. Por k\u00ebto nj\u00ebsi gjithashtu mund t\u00eb lidhen me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn si p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb rrjeti industrial ashtu dhe nj\u00eb autobuzi fushor. N\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb per\u00ebndimore ka nj\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb qart\u00eb: rrjeti \u00ebsht\u00eb rrjet, autobuzi \u00ebsht\u00eb autobus. E para sh\u00ebnohet me termin Industrial Ethernet, e dyta - Fieldbus. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull, p\u00ebr k\u00ebto koncepte propozohet p\u00ebrdorimi i termit \"rrjet industrial\" dhe termit \"autobuz fushor\" p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht.<\/p>\n

Standardi i rrjetit industrial EtherCAT, zhvillimi i kompanis\u00eb Beckhoff<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Protokoli dhe rrjeti industrial EtherCAT \u00ebsht\u00eb ndoshta nj\u00eb nga m\u00ebnyrat m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta p\u00ebr t\u00eb transferuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb sistemet e automatizimit sot. Rrjeti EtherCAT p\u00ebrdoret me sukses n\u00eb sistemet e automatizimit t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara, ku nj\u00ebsit\u00eb q\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunojn\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb distanca t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Protokoli EtherCAT p\u00ebrdor frame t\u00eb standardit Ethernet p\u00ebr t\u00eb transferuar telegramet e tij, prandaj mbahet p\u00ebrputhshm\u00ebria me \u00e7do pajisje standarde Ethernet dhe, n\u00eb thelb, pranimi dhe d\u00ebrgimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb organizohet n\u00eb \u00e7do kontrollues Ethernet, n\u00ebse ekziston softueri p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\nKontrolluesi Beckhoff me nj\u00eb grup module t\u00eb hyrjes\/daljes. Burimi: www.beckhoff.de<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Specifikimi i protokolit \u00ebsht\u00eb i hapur dhe i disponuesh\u00ebm, por vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb shoqat\u00ebs s\u00eb zhvillimit - EtherCAT Technology Group.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ja se si funksionon EtherCAT (nj\u00eb spektak\u00ebl mahnit\u00ebs, si loja Zuma Inca):<\/p>\n

\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Shpejt\u00ebsia e lart\u00eb e shk\u00ebmbimit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll - ku \u00ebsht\u00eb fjala p\u00ebr nj\u00ebsi mikrosekondash - realizohet fal\u00eb faktit se zhvilluesit hoq\u00ebn dor\u00eb nga shk\u00ebmbimi duke d\u00ebrguar telegramet drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb caktuara. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb rrjetin EtherCAT d\u00ebrgohet nj\u00eb telegram i vet\u00ebm, i adresuar n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha pajisjet nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht; \u00e7do nj\u00ebsi e mbik\u00ebqyrjes dhe transferimit t\u00eb informacionit (ato shpesh quhen UCO - pajisje lidhjeje me objektin) merr \"n\u00eb flutur\" t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin atij dhe e vendos n\u00eb telegram t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e gatshme t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbim. Pas k\u00ebsaj, telegrami d\u00ebrgohet n\u00eb nj\u00ebsin\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb vargun e n\u00ebnshtruar, ku ndodh e nj\u00ebjta operacion. Pas kalimit n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha UCO-t\u00eb, telegrami kthehet te kontrolluesi kryesor, i cili mbi baz\u00ebn e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb marra nga pajisjet n\u00ebnshtruese, realizon logjik\u00ebn e menaxhimit, s\u00ebrish duke bashk\u00ebpunuar p\u00ebrmes telegramit me nj\u00ebsit\u00eb n\u00ebnshtruese, t\u00eb cilat japin nj\u00eb sinjal menaxhues n\u00eb pajisje.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rrjeti EtherCAT mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb \u00e7do topologji, por n\u00eb thelb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb \u2013 p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb modit me dyfishim dhe dy konektor\u00ebve Ethernet. K\u00ebshtu, telegrami gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb transferohet vazhdimisht n\u00eb \u00e7do pajisje n\u00eb autobus.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\nNj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsim skematik i rrjetit EtherCAT me disa nj\u00ebsit\u00eb. Burimi: realpars.com<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Meq\u00eb ra fjala, specifikimi EtherCAT nuk p\u00ebrmban kufizime n\u00eb nivelin fizik 100Base-TX, prandaj realizimi i protokollit \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur mbi baza t\u00eb linjave gigabit dhe optike.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rrjetet dhe standardet industriale t\u00eb hapura PROFIBUS\/NET t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb Siemens<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Kompania gjermane Siemens \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebr kontrolluesit e saj logjik\u00eb t\u00eb programuesh\u00ebm (PLC), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Shk\u00ebmbimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis nyjeve t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb automatizimit n\u00ebn drejtimin e pajisjeve Siemens realizohet si p\u00ebrmes autobuzit t\u00eb fush\u00ebs, i njohur si PROFIBUS, ashtu edhe n\u00eb rrjetin industrial PROFINET.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Autobuzi PROFIBUS p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb kabllo dy-diel\u00ebshe speciale me lidh\u00ebs DB-9. Tek Siemens \u00ebsht\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb vjollc\u00eb, por n\u00eb praktik\u00eb kemi hasur edhe t\u00eb tjera :). P\u00ebr lidhjen e disa nyjeve, lidh\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb lidh\u00eb dy kabllo. Gjithashtu, ai ka nj\u00eb komutator p\u00ebr rezistori terminal. Rezistori terminal duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb i aktivizuar n\u00eb pajisjet e fundit t\u00eb rrjetit, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb tregohet se kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb pajisja e par\u00eb ose e fundit, dhe pas saj nuk ka asgj\u00eb, vet\u00ebm err\u00ebsir\u00eb dhe boshll\u00ebk (t\u00eb gjitha rs485 funksionojn\u00eb k\u00ebshtu). N\u00ebse n\u00eb lidh\u00ebsin nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebs aktivizohet rezistori, at\u00ebher\u00eb segmenti q\u00eb ndjek pas tij do t\u00eb jet\u00eb i deaktivizuar.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\nKabllo PROFIBUS me lidh\u00ebs. Burimi: VIPA ControlsAmerica<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrjetin PROFINET p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb \u00e7ift i fijeve, zakonisht me lidh\u00ebs RJ-45, kabllo \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjyr\u00ebs jeshile. N\u00ebse topologjia PROFIBUS \u00ebsht\u00eb autobuz, at\u00ebher\u00eb topologjia e rrjetit PROFINET mund t\u00eb paraqes\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo: madje dhe unaz\u00eb, yll, pem\u00eb, ose gjith\u00e7ka n\u00eb nj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Nj\u00eb
\nKontrolluesi Siemens me kabllon PROFINET t\u00eb lidhur. Burimi: w3.siemens.com<\/i><\/p>\n

Ekzistojn\u00eb disa protokolle p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin p\u00ebrmes autobuzit PROFIBUS dhe n\u00eb rrjetin PROFINET.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr PROFIBUS:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. PROFIBUS DP \u2014 realizimi i k\u00ebtij protokolli n\u00ebnkupton lidhjen me pajisje n\u00ebnordh\u00ebs t\u00eb larg\u00ebta, n\u00eb rastin e PROFINET, ky protokoll p\u00ebrputhet me protokollin PROFINET IO.<\/li>\n
  2. PROFIBUS PA \u2014 n\u00eb thelb \u00ebsht\u00eb e nj\u00ebjta gj\u00eb si PROFIBUS DP, vet\u00ebm se p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe energjis\u00eb n\u00eb ambiente t\u00eb sigurta nga shp\u00ebrthimi (analog me PROFIBUS DP me karakteristika fizike t\u00eb ndryshme). P\u00ebr PROFINET nuk ekziston ende nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb sigurt nga shp\u00ebrthimi sipas analogjis\u00eb me PROFIBUS.<\/li>\n
  3. PROFIBUS FMS \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb e destinuar p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me sisteme t\u00eb prodhuesve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb q\u00eb nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin PROFIBUS DP. Nj\u00eb homolog i PROFIBUS FMS n\u00eb rrjetin PROFINET \u00ebsht\u00eb protokolli PROFINET CBA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    P\u00ebr PROFINET:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. PROFINET IO;<\/li>\n
    2. PROFINET CBA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Protokolli PROFINET IO ndahet n\u00eb disa klasa:<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n