{"id":52162,"date":"2019-11-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-01T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/obzor-sovremennyh-protokolov-v-sistemah-promavtomatiki"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:59:50","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:59:50","slug":"obzor-sovremennyh-protokolov-v-sistemah-promavtomatiki","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/obzor-sovremennyh-protokolov-v-sistemah-promavtomatiki","title":{"rendered":"P\u00ebrmbledhje e protokolleve moderne n\u00eb sistemet e automatizimit industrial","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"P\u00ebrmbledhje
\n<\/p>\n

N\u00eb publikimin e kaluar<\/a><\/noindex> ne p\u00ebrmend\u00ebm se si funksionojn\u00eb autobus\u00ebt dhe protokollet n\u00eb automatizimin industrial. K\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendrohemi te zgjidhjet bashk\u00ebkohore: do t\u00eb shohim se cilat protokolle p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb sistemet n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb teknologjit\u00eb e kompanive gjermane Beckhoff dhe Siemens, t\u00eb Austris\u00eb B&R, t\u00eb Amerik\u00ebs Rockwell Automation dhe t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb Fastwel. Gjithashtu, do t\u00eb studiojm\u00eb zgjidhjet universale q\u00eb nuk lidhen me nj\u00eb prodhues t\u00eb caktuar, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb EtherCAT dhe CAN.\u00a0<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb fund t\u00eb artikullit do t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb krahasuese me karakteristikat e protokolleve EtherCAT, POWERLINK, PROFINET, EtherNet\/IP dhe ModbusTCP.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Ne nuk p\u00ebrfshim n\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhjen ton\u00eb protokollet PRP, HSR, OPC UA dhe t\u00eb tjera, pasi p\u00ebr to n\u00eb Habr tashm\u00eb ka artikuj t\u00eb shk\u00eblqyer nga koleg\u00ebt tan\u00eb inxhinier\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebt merren me zhvillimin e sistemeve t\u00eb automatizimit industrial. P\u00ebr shembull, \u00abProtokollet e rezervimit 'pa nd\u00ebrprerje' PRP dhe HSR\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> dhe \u00abPortat e protokolleve industriale t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbimit n\u00eb Linux. Nd\u00ebrtoji vet\u00eb\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Fillimisht, le t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb: Industrial Ethernet = rrjet industrial, Fieldbus = autobus fushor. N\u00eb automatizimin industrial rus ndodhin ngat\u00ebrresa n\u00eb terminologji lidhur me autobus\u00ebt fushor\u00eb dhe rrjetin industrial t\u00eb nivelit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Shpesh k\u00ebto terma bashkohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb koncept t\u00eb paqart\u00eb t\u00eb quajtur 'nivel i ul\u00ebt', i cili em\u00ebrtohet si autobus fushor edhe si autobus i nivelit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, megjith\u00ebse kjo mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb nj\u00eb autobus fare. <\/p>\n

Pse \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu?<\/b>Kjo ngat\u00ebrrim, me siguri lidhet me faktin se n\u00eb shum\u00eb kontrolle moderne, lidhja e moduleve t\u00eb hyrjes dhe daljes shpesh realizohet me an\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb paneli lidh\u00ebs (n\u00eb anglisht backplane) ose nj\u00eb autobusi fizik. Do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren kontaktet dhe lidh\u00ebsit e autobus\u00ebve p\u00ebr t\u00eb bashkuar disa module n\u00eb nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb vetme. Por k\u00ebto nj\u00ebsi, nga ana e tyre, mund t\u00eb lidhen me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn si me nj\u00eb rrjet industrial ashtu edhe me nj\u00eb autobus fushor. N\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb per\u00ebndimore ka nj\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb qart\u00eb: rrjeti \u00ebsht\u00eb rrjet, autobusi \u00ebsht\u00eb autobus. E para shprehet me termin Industrial Ethernet, e dyta me Fieldbus. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull propozohet q\u00eb k\u00ebto koncepte t\u00eb em\u00ebrtohen si 'rrjet industrial' dhe 'autobus fushor'.<\/p>\n

Standardi i rrjetit industrial EtherCAT, zhvilluar nga kompania Beckhoff<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Protokolli dhe rrjeti industrial EtherCAT jan\u00eb, pa dyshim, nj\u00eb nga m\u00ebnyrat m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejta sot p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar t\u00eb dh\u00ebna n\u00eb sistemet e automatizimit. Rrjeti EtherCAT p\u00ebrdoret me sukses n\u00eb sistemet e shp\u00ebrndara t\u00eb automatizimit, ku nyjet e nd\u00ebrveprimit jan\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb madhe.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Protokolli EtherCAT p\u00ebrdor korniza standarde Ethernet p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar telegramet e tij, duke ruajtur k\u00ebshtu pajtueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb me \u00e7do pajisje standarde Ethernet dhe, n\u00eb thelb, pranimi dhe d\u00ebrgimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mund t\u00eb organizohet n\u00eb \u00e7do kontrollor Ethernet, n\u00ebse ka softuerin p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

\"P\u00ebrmbledhje
\nKontrollori Beckhoff me nj\u00eb grup modulash hyr\u00ebse-dal\u00ebse. Burimi: www.beckhoff.de<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Specifikimi i protokollit \u00ebsht\u00eb i hapur dhe i disponuesh\u00ebm, por vet\u00ebm brenda kuadrit t\u00eb asociacionit t\u00eb zhvillimit - Grupi p\u00ebr Teknologjin\u00eb EtherCAT.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ja si funksionon EtherCAT (pamja \u00ebsht\u00eb hypnotizuese, si loja Zuma Inca):<\/p>\n

\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Shpejt\u00ebsia e lart\u00eb e shk\u00ebmbimit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb protokoll - dhe flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00ebsi mikrosekondash - \u00ebsht\u00eb realizuar p\u00ebr shkak se zhvilluesit e kan\u00eb braktisur shk\u00ebmbimin me telegramet, q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohen nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsi specifike. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb rrjetin EtherCAT d\u00ebrgohet nj\u00eb telegram i vet\u00ebm, i adresuar t\u00eb gjitha pajisjeve nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, \u00e7do nj\u00ebsis\u00eb sekondare t\u00eb mbledhjes dhe transmetimit t\u00eb informacionit (ato shpesh quhen edhe USO - pajisje lidh\u00ebse me objektin) e nxjerr nga ai<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rrjeti EtherCAT mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb \u00e7do topologji, por n\u00eb thelb gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb - p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb modit full-duplex dhe dy jackeve Ethernet. K\u00ebshtu, telegrami gjithmon\u00eb do t\u00eb transmetohet rresht p\u00ebr \u00e7do pajisje n\u00eb autobusin.<\/p>\n

\"P\u00ebrmbledhje
\nNj\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsim skematik i rrjetit EtherCAT me disa nyje. Burimi: realpars.com<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

Dhe, specifikimi i EtherCAT nuk ka kufizime n\u00eb nivelin fizik 100Base-TX, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb implementimi i protokollit \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundsh\u00ebm mbi linjat gigabit dhe optike.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00eb dh\u00ebnat industrielle t\u00eb hapura dhe standardet PROFIBUS\/NET t\u00eb kompanis\u00eb Siemens<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Koncerni gjerman Siemens \u00ebsht\u00eb njohur prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebr kontrollor\u00ebt e tij logjik\u00eb t\u00eb programuesh\u00ebm (PLC), t\u00eb cil\u00ebt p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Shk\u00ebmbimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nd\u00ebrmjet nyjeve t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb automatizuar t\u00eb drejtuar nga pajisjet Siemens realizohet si p\u00ebrmes autobusit t\u00eb fush\u00ebs, i quajtur PROFIBUS, ashtu edhe n\u00eb rrjetin industrial PROFINET.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Autobusi PROFIBUS p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb kabllo speciale me dy fije me lidh\u00ebs DB-9. Tek Siemens \u00ebsht\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb vjollc\u00eb, por n\u00eb praktik\u00eb kemi hasur dhe t\u00eb tjera :). P\u00ebr lidhjen e disa nyjeve, lidh\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb bashkoj\u00eb dy kabllo. Gjithashtu, ai ka nj\u00eb kalim p\u00ebr resistorin terminal. Resistorja terminale duhet t\u00eb aktivizohet n\u00eb pajisjet p\u00ebrfundimtare t\u00eb rrjetit, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb tregohet se \u00ebsht\u00eb pajisja e par\u00eb ose e fundit, dhe pas saj nuk ka asgj\u00eb, vet\u00ebm err\u00ebsir\u00eb dhe boshll\u00ebk (t\u00eb gjith\u00eb rs485 funksionojn\u00eb k\u00ebshtu). N\u00ebse n\u00eb lidh\u00ebsin nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebs aktivizohet rezistori, at\u00ebher\u00eb segmenti q\u00eb vjen pas tij do t\u00eb shk\u00ebputet.<\/p>\n

\"P\u00ebrmbledhje
\nKabllo PROFIBUS me lidh\u00ebs. Burimi: VIPA ControlsAmerica<\/a><\/noindex><\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb rrjetin PROFINET p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrrim i \u00e7iftit t\u00eb twists, zakonisht me lidh\u00ebs RJ-45, kabllo i ngjyrosur n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr. N\u00ebse topologjia e PROFIBUS \u00ebsht\u00eb autobus, at\u00ebher\u00eb topologjia e rrjetit PROFINET mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsoj\u00eb \u00e7far\u00ebdo: qoft\u00eb nj\u00eb unaz\u00eb, qoft\u00eb nj\u00eb yll, qoft\u00eb nj\u00eb pem\u00eb, qoft\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka s\u00eb bashku.<\/p>\n

\"P\u00ebrmbledhje
\nKontrollori Siemens me kabllon PROFINET t\u00eb lidhur. Burimi: w3.siemens.com<\/i><\/p>\n

Eksistojn\u00eb disa protokolle shk\u00ebmbimi n\u00eb autobus PROFIBUS dhe n\u00eb rrjetin PROFINET.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr PROFIBUS:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. PROFIBUS DP \u2014 implementimi i k\u00ebtij protokolli p\u00ebrfshin lidhjen me pajisjet n\u00ebnshtruese t\u00eb larg\u00ebta, n\u00eb rastin e PROFINET ky protokoll p\u00ebrputhet me protokollin PROFINET IO.<\/li>\n
  2. PROFIBUS PA \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb esencialisht e nj\u00ebjt\u00eb me PROFIBUS DP, vet\u00ebm se p\u00ebrdoret p\u00ebr versione t\u00eb sigurta nga eksplodimi t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe energjis\u00eb (edhe b\u00ebr\u00eb PROFIBUS DP me veti fizike t\u00eb tjera). P\u00ebr PROFINET deri tani nuk ekziston nj\u00eb protokoll t\u00eb sigurt nga eksplodimi p\u00ebr analogjin\u00eb me PROFIBUS.<\/li>\n
  3. PROFIBUS FMS \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb i destinuar p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave me sistemet e prodhuesve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt nuk mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin PROFIBUS DP. Analogjia e PROFIBUS FMS n\u00eb rrjetin PROFINET \u00ebsht\u00eb protokolli PROFINET CBA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/p>\n

    P\u00ebr PROFINET:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. PROFINET IO;<\/li>\n
    2. PROFINET CBA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      <\/p>\n

      Protokolli PROFINET IO ndahet n\u00eb disa klasa:<\/p>\n

      <\/p>\n