{"id":52487,"date":"2019-11-10T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-09T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/30-letie-uchebnogo-posobiya-os-minix"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:15","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:15","slug":"30-letie-uchebnogo-posobiya-os-minix-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/30-letie-uchebnogo-posobiya-os-minix-2","title":{"rendered":"30-vjetori i manualit t\u00eb sistemit operativ Minix","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u00eb 14 janar, n\u00eb dit\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb Vitit t\u00eb Vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb Ri 2017, u publikua artikulli \"Personazhi. Komandanti Norton<\/a><\/noindex>\u00bb. <\/p>\n

Viti 1987<\/h4>\n

\nPas leximit t\u00eb saj, e cila shkaktoi shum\u00eb emocione, m\u00eb erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb mendje vitet 1987, nj\u00eb vit i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb jet\u00ebn time. Ky ishte viti kur nga nj\u00eb punonj\u00ebs i vog\u00ebl shkencor u b\u00ebra shef i nj\u00eb prej departamenteve kryesore n\u00eb institutin k\u00ebrkimor, t\u00eb cilit i ishte besuar sigurimi i automatizimit maksimal t\u00eb procesit t\u00eb k\u00ebrkimeve shkencore.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"30-vjetoriK\u00ebshtu, 30 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, tani n\u00eb vitin e larg\u00ebt 1987, Andrew Tanenbaum, si nj\u00eb material m\u00ebsimor p\u00ebr librin e tij \"Sistemet Operative: Projektimi dhe Zbatimi\" (1987, ISBN 0-13-637406-9), shkroi nj\u00eb sistem operativ t\u00eb pajtuesh\u00ebm me Unix, Minix. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledhje e 12000 rreshtave t\u00eb kodit burimor, kryesisht t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn programuese C, p\u00ebr kernelin, n\u00ebn-sistemin e menaxhimit t\u00eb memories dhe sistemin e skedar\u00ebve t\u00eb Minix u publikua n\u00eb lib\u00ebr. Andrew Tanenbaum zhvilloi sistemin operativ Minix p\u00ebr kompjuter\u00ebt IBM PC dhe IBM PC\/AT, t\u00eb disponuesh\u00ebm n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb, edhe n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb filluan t\u00eb shfaqen kompjuter\u00ebt personal\u00eb t\u00eb pajtuesh\u00ebm me IBM PC ES-1840\/41\/42<\/a><\/noindex> dhe madje edhe ES-1845, mbi t\u00eb cilat, si\u00e7 rezultoi m\u00eb von\u00eb, sistemi operativ Minix funksiononte me sukses.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vit 1987, fillova t\u00eb mbaj rubrik\u00ebn \"INXHINIERI DHE KOMPJUTERI\" n\u00eb revist\u00ebn \"Teknika dhe Shkenca\". Publikimi i par\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rubrik\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb artikull n\u00eb nr. 7 t\u00eb revist\u00ebs me titull \"Sistemet Operative: Pse i nevojiten inxhinierit<\/a><\/noindex>\". Ky artikull tregon se pik\u00ebrisht sistemet operative lejojn\u00eb kalimin n\u00eb \"ti\" me kompjuterin.<\/p>\n

Por n\u00eb numrin e ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb revist\u00ebs u publikua nj\u00eb artikull me titull \"Hyrje n\u00eb sistemin operativ UNIX\":<\/p>\n

\"30-vjetori
\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb, SHBA paraqit\u00ebn nism\u00ebn strategjike t\u00eb mbrojtjes (SDI), nd\u00ebrsa Bashkimi Sovjetik zhvillonte programin Anti-SDI. <\/p>\n

Stendi i modelimit t\u00eb simulimit<\/h4>\n

\nN\u00eb kuadrin e k\u00ebtij programi ishte planifikuar krijimi i nj\u00eb stendi t\u00eb modelimit t\u00eb simulimit (SIM) dhe nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb projektimit k\u00ebrkimor t\u00eb automatizuar (SAIPR), i cili do t\u00eb lejonte jo vet\u00ebm modelimin e pasojave t\u00eb realizimit t\u00eb SDI, por edhe formulimin e k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr sistemet q\u00eb neutralizojn\u00eb k\u00ebto pasojat. Baza teknike e SIM\/SAIPR duhej t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb rrjet i fuqish\u00ebm kompjuterik q\u00eb bashkonte rrjetet lokale kompjuterike t\u00eb nj\u00ebsive k\u00ebrkimore:<\/p>\n

\"30-vjetori
\nN\u00eb rrjetin duhet t\u00eb ishin si kompjuter\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb tipit ES-1066, ashtu edhe rreth 200 kompjuter\u00eb personal\u00eb. Por e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja ishte se n\u00eb k\u00ebta kompjuter\u00eb ishte planifikuar instalimi i sistemeve operative t\u00eb p\u00ebrputhshme me UNIX, t\u00eb tipit MOS ES. Dhe ndon\u00ebse p\u00ebr makinat e m\u00ebdha nuk kishte probleme dhe ishte instaluar sistemi operativ MOS ES, ndodhte q\u00eb kishte probleme me instalimin e tij n\u00eb kompjuter\u00eb t\u00eb tipit ES-1840, pasi k\u00ebrkohej nj\u00eb hard disk, dhe gjithashtu l\u00ebshimi i OS po vonohej. Shkollat e personal kompjuter\u00ebve ishin nj\u00eb procedur\u00eb tep\u00ebr e komplikuar. Ata mungonin katastrofikisht. Mund t\u00eb merrnim vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb vendimi t\u00eb CK KPSS dhe Qeveris\u00eb s\u00eb Bashkuar t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb, pas miratimit t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebsaj me institucione t\u00eb interesuara, si plani i shtetit t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb (sot n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtes\u00ebn e tij ndodhet Kuvendi Federal i RF), GQ VTI (Komiteti Shtet\u00ebror p\u00ebr Teknologjin\u00eb e Llogaritjes dhe Informatik\u00ebn, Komiteti Shtet\u00ebror i SHBA-s\u00eb p\u00ebr Teknologjin\u00eb e Llogaritjes, i krijuar n\u00eb prill 1986) dhe nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh institucioneve t\u00eb tjera. <\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb rast i \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm ndodhi gjat\u00eb miratimit t\u00eb planit t\u00eb furnizimeve t\u00eb teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb llogaritjes n\u00eb GQ VTI. <\/p>\n

T\u00eb kan\u00eb ardhur.<\/h4>\n

\n\"30-vjetoriNe shkuam aty n\u00eb tre \u2013 un\u00eb me grad\u00ebn e majorit, me \u00e7izme l\u00ebkure, me nj\u00eb pistolet\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebshtjell\u00eb dhe me nj\u00eb valixhe t\u00eb vulosur n\u00eb duar. Jo, nuk ishte nj\u00eb valixhe b\u00ebrthamore, n\u00eb t\u00eb ndodhej projekti i Vendimit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm t\u00eb Qeveris\u00eb t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb Nr. 931-226 nga 8.08.87. M\u00eb shoq\u00ebronin p\u00ebr rregull (k\u00ebshtu ishte udh\u00ebzimi i shefit t\u00eb institutit, gjeneral-lejtenantit Volkov L.I.) gjeneral-majori Bordyukov M.M. dhe koloneli i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb Boyarsky A.G. Kur arrit\u00ebm n\u00eb pritje te Kryetari, na godit\u00ebn dy gj\u00ebra \u2013 nj\u00eb sekretaresh\u00eb e bukur bjonde dhe kutit\u00eb e \u015fkura n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb \u00e7rregullt n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pritjen me PC Olivetty. Kjo ishte nj\u00eb \u00ebnd\u00ebrr e kalt\u00ebr \u2013 t\u00eb kishim n\u00eb institut t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn disa nga k\u00ebta kompjuter\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb pyetjen ton\u00eb, n\u00ebse mund t\u00eb shkonim te Kryetari, sekretaresh\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjigji se ai akoma nuk ishte, por pritej t\u00eb vinte \u00e7do moment dhe sugjeroi t\u00eb prisnim. Pas pak minutash shfaqet Kryetari me ndihm\u00ebsin. N\u00eb pyetjen e heshtur t\u00eb Kryetarit, sekretaresh\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjigji sinqerisht: \u00abKjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr ju!\u00bb<\/i>. Ai kalon heshtur n\u00eb kabinet, ne pas tij.<\/p>\n

Dhe kur ai u informua p\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb erdh\u00ebm t\u00eb gjith\u00eb, ne mor\u00ebm n\u00ebnshkrimin e tij pa ndonj\u00eb pyetje t\u00eb tepruar. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishin d\u00ebrgesa gjigande \u2013 nj\u00eb e gjysm\u00eb duzina kompjuter\u00ebsh t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj, deri te ES-1066, dhe rreth 200 PEV t\u00eb ES-1841\/45, praktikisht e gjith\u00eb prodhimi vjetor i kompjuter\u00ebve n\u00eb BS. Dhe duhet th\u00ebn\u00eb, mbase me vones\u00eb, ne i mor\u00ebm k\u00ebto kompjuter\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\"30-vjetori
\n<\/p>\n

Ik k\u00ebtu!<\/h4>\n

\nPor kishte dhe shembuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb. Ishte e nevojshme t\u00eb merrje viz\u00ebn nga z\u00ebvend\u00ebsdrejtori i lidhjeve t\u00eb Forcave t\u00eb Armatosura t\u00eb BS.
\n\"30-vjetoriN\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pozita e kishte mbajtur gjeneral-lejt\u00ebnant Trophimov Kirill Nikolaevi\u00e7, pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebs n\u00eb Luft\u00ebn e Madhe Patriotike, Hero i Pun\u00ebs Socialiste. N\u00eb pranimin te Trophimov K.N. shkova, si gjithmon\u00eb, n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb e gjeneralit \"dezhur\". Trophimov K.N. m\u00eb ftoi q\u00eb t\u00eb ulesha n\u00eb tryez\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs dhe diskutonim mjaft gjat\u00eb problemet e automatizimit, pajisjen e institucioneve t\u00eb Ministris\u00eb s\u00eb Mbrojtjes me teknik\u00eb llogarit\u00ebse. Pyetja kryesore - pse p\u00ebr ju duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb preferenca. Por n\u00eb fund ai tha: - \"Jepni dokumentet tuaja, do t'i n\u00ebnshkruaj\". Por derisa po i nxirrja, u d\u00ebgjua z\u00ebri i gjeneralit \"dezhur\" (nuk do ta p\u00ebrmend emrin): - \"Si nuk e kuptoni r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e ...\". Dhe kjo iu tha Trophimov K.N.... U ngaz\u00eblleva. Dhe nuk ishte pa arsye. Gjenerali Trophimov K.N. u ngrit n\u00eb heshtje, mori dosjen me dokumentet tona dhe e hodhi at\u00eb n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb daljes: \"Ik k\u00ebtu!\". Por gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb mir\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundon mir\u00eb. Un\u00eb shkova p\u00ebrs\u00ebri te ai p\u00ebr pranim, k\u00ebrkova falje dhe viza u mor.<\/p>\n

Kryetari i Par\u00eb i Gostekhkomissis\u00eb s\u00eb Rusis\u00eb\/FSTEK Rusis\u00eb<\/h4>\n

\nN\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb me miratimin e planeve p\u00ebr furnizimin e pajisjeve kompjuterike, zhvillohej gjithashtu zhvillimi dhe miratimi i Detyr\u00ebs Teknike p\u00ebr projektimin dhe krijimin e SIM\/SIPR. Instituti i Kibernetik\u00ebs Teknologjike t\u00eb Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave t\u00eb BSSR-s\u00eb, me drejtorin Semenkov O.I., u zgjodh si ekzekutori kryesor. M\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, nj\u00eb koh\u00eb u shqyrtua edhe Instituti i Kibernetik\u00ebs s\u00eb Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave t\u00eb Ukrains\u00eb. Por p\u00ebrfundimisht preferenca iu dha ITK t\u00eb Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave t\u00eb BSSR-s\u00eb. Dhe k\u00ebshtu, deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 1986, Detyra Teknike ishte gati, duhej vet\u00ebm t\u00eb merrte nj\u00eb firm\u00eb nga Z\u00ebvend\u00ebs Kryetari i Par\u00eb, gjenerali-polkovnik Yashin Y.A., dhe t\u00eb miratohej nga Presidenti i Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave t\u00eb BSSR-s\u00eb, akademiku i Akademis\u00eb s\u00eb Shkencave t\u00eb BS-s\u00eb, Borisevich N.A., dhe Kryetari. Pas k\u00ebsaj, duhej t\u00eb vishnim m\u00ebng\u00ebt dhe t\u00eb realizonim detyr\u00ebn e caktuar. Dhe k\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb mes t\u00eb dhjetorit, m\u00ebsoj se n\u00eb institut ka ardhur gjenerali Yashin Y.A. Merrja valixhen me projektin e Detyr\u00ebs Teknike dhe p\u00ebrshpejtohem n\u00ebp\u00ebr shkall\u00ebt an\u00ebsore drejt pritjes s\u00eb shefit t\u00eb institutit. Dhe n\u00eb shkall\u00eb, p\u00ebrball\u00eb tij, bie n\u00eb sy me shefin e institutit dhe gjeneralin Yashin Y.A. Pa menduar shum\u00eb, i k\u00ebrkoj leje Yashin Y.A. p\u00ebr t'u drejtuar shefit t\u00eb institutit. Ai ishte i habitur, por e lejoj. Shefit t\u00eb institutit i raportova se afatet po digjen dhe duhet t\u00eb marrim firm\u00ebn nga Yashin Y.A. Dhe oh, mrekulli, kjo firm\u00eb u mor k\u00ebtu n\u00eb shkall\u00ebn e ndihm\u00ebs.
\n\"30-vjetoriN\u00eb janar 1992, Yashin Y.A. b\u00ebhet zv.kryetar, dhe m\u00eb 18 janar 1993 em\u00ebrohet Kryetar i Komisionit t\u00eb Riorganizuar Shtet\u00ebror t\u00eb Teknis\u00eb pran\u00eb Presidentit t\u00eb Federat\u00ebs Ruse, roli dhe statusi i t\u00eb cilit kishin rritur ndjesh\u00ebm (kreu i Komisionit u barazua me Ministrin). Nga nj\u00eb organ ushtarak shum\u00eb i specializuar, Gostehkomisia u b\u00eb nj\u00eb agjenci federale, p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb informative. Aktualisht, Gostehkomisia e Rusis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb transformuar n\u00eb Sh\u00ebrbimin Federal p\u00ebr Kontrollin Teknik dhe Eksportin (FSTEK i Rusis\u00eb). Nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebnshkruesi juaj i p\u00ebrulur m\u00eb 4 shkurt 2002 u nderua me or\u00eb t\u00eb em\u00ebruara nga Kryetari i Gostehkomisis\u00eb s\u00eb Rusis\u00eb pran\u00eb Presidentit t\u00eb Federat\u00ebs Ruse.<\/p>\n

Pa dritare dhe dyer<\/h4>\n

\nI only had one final touch left \u2014 to get approval from the President of the BSSR Academy of Sciences, Academician N.A. Borisevich. And four days before the New Year of 1987, in agreement with the director of the ITC of the BSSR Academy of Sciences, O.I. Semenkov, I arrived in the Hero City of Minsk. I met with O.I. Semenkov and asked him to clarify when we were going to see the President of the BSSR Academy of Sciences. Strange things began to happen: they said he was busy, then they started to offer me candy from the director's supply, and so on. In the afternoon, they suddenly declared that they would like to remove or change certain points in the technical specification. In particular, it was suddenly said that they would not like to use a Unix-compatible OS. I realized that I needed to return to Moscow. And I did. The next day, when I got to work, I received a call from Minsk, they apologized and asked me to come and sign the technical specification. In the evening, I was already on the train. The director met me on the platform at the Volga station, and we immediately went to see the President.
\n\"30-vjetori
\nWe entered the President's office, sat down at the table, and when I glanced back at the door we came through, it was gone; there were bookshelves all around.
\nI understood that I could only leave this room with an approved technical specification. We talked for about an hour and a half, discussing the prospects of domestic computing technology (or as it's now fashionable to say, import substitution), and then I left with the signed technical specification and headed to the train station. I celebrated the New Year at home.<\/p>\n

Personnel decides everything.<\/h4>\n

\nAnd so, in order to train personnel and teach them to work on Unix systems (while everyone before this worked on ES operating systems), teach the C language (as everyone previously used PL\/1, Fortran, Pascal), a Unix-like operating system was urgently needed. And Andrew Tanenbaum provided us with one. And it all happened like a fairy tale in 1987, and it worked on the ES-1840!<\/p>\n

\"30-vjetoriBut we had to add something and change something in it. The ability to boot from a hard drive was added, Cyrillic was included, but the most important thing from the user's perspective was the development of a user monitor similar in functionality to the system NORTON COMMANDER <\/a><\/noindex>in MS-DOS, using escape sequences.<\/p>\n

By that time, it already included drivers for data exchange via COM ports between microcomputers with Minix\/\u041c\u0418\u041d\u041e\u0421. <\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1991, n\u00eb konferenc\u00ebn e par\u00eb shkencore-praktike n\u00eb qytetin Gomel, u mbajt nj\u00eb referat \u00abSistemi operativ mobil i instrumenteve MINOS\u00bb:<\/p>\n

Orlov V.N., Mosk\u00eb
\nSistemi operativ mobil i instrumenteve MINOS
\nSistemi MINOS \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem operativ i klas\u00ebs UNIX, i zhvilluar mbi baz\u00ebn e versionit 7. Ky sistem \u00ebsht\u00eb kryesisht i destinuar p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb universitetet p\u00ebr trajnimet e programuesve t\u00eb sistemeve n\u00eb projektimin e sistemeve t\u00eb sofistikuara t\u00eb programit.
\n Ve\u00e7orit\u00eb dalluese t\u00eb sistemit:<\/p>\n