{"id":52853,"date":"2019-11-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-po-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mashin-do-pervyh-kompyuterov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:40","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:40","slug":"rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-po-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mashin-do-pervyh-kompyuterov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-po-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mashin-do-pervyh-kompyuterov","title":{"rendered":"Lindja e softuerit arsimor dhe historia e tij: nga makinat mekanike n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt e par\u00eb","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Sot, softueri arsimor p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb grup aplikacionesh p\u00ebr zhvillimin e aft\u00ebsive t\u00eb caktuara te student\u00ebt. Por sistemi i till\u00eb u shfaq p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00ebqind vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb \u2014 inxhinier\u00ebt dhe shpik\u00ebsit p\u00ebrshkuan nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nga \"makinat arsimore\" mekanike t\u00eb pap\u00ebrsosura n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt e par\u00eb dhe algoritmet. Le t\u00eb flasim m\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth k\u00ebsaj.<\/p>\n

\"Lindja<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFotografia: crabchick<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/i><\/p>\n

Ekspertiz\u00eb e par\u00eb \u2014 t\u00eb suksesshme dhe jo aq<\/h2>\n

\nOrigjina e softuerit arsimor daton n\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit XIX. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, burimi kryesor i njohurive mbet\u00ebn m\u00ebsuesit dhe librat. Procesi arsimor merrte shum\u00eb koh\u00eb nga m\u00ebsuesit, nd\u00ebrsa rezultatet ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb linin p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar.<\/p>\n

Sukseset e revolucionit industrial \u00e7uan shum\u00eb, si\u00e7 dukeshin at\u00ebher\u00eb, n\u00eb konkluzionin e duksh\u00ebm: mund t\u00eb m\u00ebsohen student\u00ebt m\u00eb shpejt dhe m\u00eb efektivisht, n\u00ebse m\u00ebsuesit z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen nga makina arsimore mekanike. At\u00ebher\u00eb \"p\u00ebrpunimi\" arsimor do t\u00eb lejoj\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitjen e specialist\u00ebve me m\u00eb pak koh\u00eb t\u00eb investuar. Sot, p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb mekanizuar k\u00ebt\u00eb proces duken naive. Por ky \"steampunk arsimor\" u b\u00eb themeli i teknologjive moderne.<\/p>\n

Patent\u00ebn e par\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pajisje mekanike p\u00ebr studimin e gramatik\u00ebs e fitoi<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb vitin 1866 amerikani Halcyon Skinner. Pajisja p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb kutin\u00eb me dy dritare. N\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn prej tyre, nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi shihte imazhe (p.sh., nj\u00eb kal\u00eb). N\u00eb dritaren tjet\u00ebr, me ndihm\u00ebn e butonave, ai shkruante emrin e objektit. Por sistemi nuk korrigjonte gabimet dhe nuk kryente kontrollin.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1911, nj\u00eb pajisje p\u00ebr m\u00ebsimin e aritmetik\u00ebs, leximit dhe drejtshkrimit u patentua nga psikologu Herbert Austin Aikins nga Universiteti i Yale. Nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi kombinonte tre blloqe druri me prerje n\u00eb forma n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuti druri t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebto blloqe ishin t\u00eb ilustruar, p\u00ebr shembull, element\u00ebt e nj\u00eb shembulli t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb aritmetik. N\u00ebse figurat ishin vendosur sakt\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb paneleve formohej p\u00ebrgjigjja e sakt\u00eb (fig.2<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1912, baza p\u00ebr metoda t\u00eb reja dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb m\u00ebsimit u vendos nga psikologu amerikan Edward Lee Thorndike<\/a><\/noindex> (Edward Lee Thorndike) n\u00eb librin \u00abEdukimi\u00bb. Ai e konsideronte si mang\u00ebsi kryesore t\u00eb teksteve shkollore faktin se student\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebshir\u00ebn e tyre. Ata mund t\u00eb mos e v\u00ebrejn\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e pikave thelb\u00ebsore ose, duke mos e p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsuar materialin e vjet\u00ebr, t\u00eb kalojn\u00eb n\u00eb studimin e t\u00eb rejave. Thorndike propozoi nj\u00eb qasje thell\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndryshme: \u201elibri mekanik\u201c, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin seksionet e ardhshme hapen vet\u00ebm pasi t\u00eb jen\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar si\u00e7 duhet ato t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme.<\/p>\n

\"Lindja
\nFotografia: Anastasia Zhenina<\/a><\/noindex> \/ Unsplash.com<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb pun\u00ebn voluminoze t\u00eb Thorndike, p\u00ebrshkrimi i struktur\u00ebs zinte m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb faqe<\/a><\/noindex>, ai nuk e detajoi ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mendimin e tij. Por kjo ishte mjaftuesh\u00ebm q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1924 profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Ohio, Sidney Pressey, i frym\u00ebzuar nga puna e psikologut, konstruktoi<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb sistem p\u00ebr m\u00ebsim \u2014 M\u00ebsuesi Automat. N\u00eb rrot\u00ebn e makin\u00ebs, nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi shihte nj\u00eb pyetje dhe variante p\u00ebrgjigjesh. Duke e shtypur nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr butonat mekanik\u00eb, ai zgjidhte t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn. M\u00eb pas, rrotulla kthehej dhe aparati \u201eofronte\u201c pyetjen tjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, nj\u00eb num\u00ebrues sh\u00ebnonte numrin e p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb sakta.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1928, Pressey e fitoi<\/a><\/noindex> patenin p\u00ebr shpikjen, por realizoi iden\u00eb e Thorndike vet\u00ebm n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pjesshme. M\u00ebsuesi Automat nuk mund t\u00eb m\u00ebsonte, por lejonte t\u00eb testoheshin shpejt njohurit\u00eb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nPas Sidney Pressey, shum\u00eb shpik\u00ebs filluan t\u00eb konstruktojn\u00eb \u201emakina m\u00ebsimore\u201c t\u00eb reja. Ata kombinuan p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e shekullit t\u00eb XIX, idet\u00eb e Thorndike dhe teknologjit\u00eb e shekullit t\u00eb ri. Deri n\u00eb vitin 1936, n\u00eb SHBA u dhan\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> 700 patenta t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr \u201emakinat m\u00ebsimore\u201c. Por m\u00eb pas filloi Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, punimet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb u ndaluan dhe arritjet e konsiderueshme duhej t\u00eb prisnin gati 20 vjet.<\/p>\n

Mjeti p\u00ebr m\u00ebsim i Frederick Skinner<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 1954, profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Kembrixhit, Burrhus Frederick Skinner, formuloi parimet kryesore t\u00eb studimit t\u00eb gramatik\u00ebs, matematik\u00ebs dhe l\u00ebnd\u00ebve t\u00eb tjera. Koncepti u b\u00eb i njohur<\/a><\/noindex> si teoria e t\u00eb m\u00ebsuarit t\u00eb programuar (programmed learning).<\/p>\n

Ajo thot\u00eb se komponimi kryesor i pajisjes m\u00ebsimore duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb program i sakt\u00eb me elemente p\u00ebr studim dhe verifikim t\u00eb materialit. Procesi i t\u00eb m\u00ebsuarit \u00ebsht\u00eb i shkall\u00ebzuar \u2014 nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi nuk kalon m\u00eb tep\u00ebr derisa t\u00eb studioj\u00eb tem\u00ebn e nevojshme dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjet n\u00eb pyetjet kontrolluese. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit, Skinner prezantoi \u201emakin\u00ebn m\u00ebsimore\u201c p\u00ebr t'u p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb shkolla.<\/p>\n

Pyetjet u shkruan n\u00eb karta letre dhe u demonstruan \"n\u00eb kadra\" n\u00eb nj\u00eb dritare speciale. Nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi shkruante p\u00ebrgjigjen n\u00eb tastier\u00ebn e pajisjes. N\u00ebse p\u00ebrgjigjja ishte e sakt\u00eb, makina shpinte nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb n\u00eb kart\u00eb. Sistema e Skinnerit dallonte nga t\u00eb tjerat mbi faktin se pas seris\u00eb s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb pyetjeve, nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi merrte p\u00ebrs\u00ebri vet\u00ebm ato p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat nuk arriti t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjej. Cikli p\u00ebrs\u00ebritej derisa t\u00eb mbeteshin probleme t\u00eb pazgjidhura. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, pajisja jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb testonte njohurit\u00eb, por edhe m\u00ebsonte student\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Shpejt, makina u lan\u00e7ua n\u00eb prodhim masiv. Sot, shpikja e Skinnerit konsiderohet si pajisja e par\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn u arrit t\u00eb kombinohen rezultatet e k\u00ebrkimeve teorike n\u00eb psikologjin\u00eb edukative me risit\u00eb teknologjike t\u00eb asaj kohe.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Sistemi PLATO, q\u00eb egzistoi p\u00ebr 40 vjet<\/h2>\n

\nDuke u bazuar n\u00eb teorin\u00eb e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb programuar, n\u00eb vitin 1960, inxhinieri 26-vje\u00e7ar Donald Bitzer<\/a><\/noindex> (Donald Bitzer), sapo kishte marr\u00eb diplom\u00ebn n\u00eb Universitetin e Illinoisit, projektoi<\/a><\/noindex> sistemin kompjuterik PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations).<\/p>\n

Terminalet PLATO ishin t\u00eb lidhura me mainframe-in e universitetit ILLIAC I<\/a><\/noindex>. Ekrani p\u00ebr to sh\u00ebrbente si nj\u00eb televizor i zakonsh\u00ebm, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb tastier\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit kishte vet\u00ebm 16 \u00e7el\u00ebsa p\u00ebr navigim. Student\u00ebt e universitetit mund t\u00eb studionin disa kurse tematik\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Lindja
\nFotografia: Aumakua<\/a><\/noindex> \/ PD \/ \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 PLATO4<\/i><\/p>\n

Versioni i par\u00eb i PLATO ishte eksperimental dhe kishte kufizime t\u00eb konsiderueshme: p\u00ebr shembull, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me t\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht dy p\u00ebrdorues k\u00ebrkonte vet\u00ebm deri n\u00eb vitin 1961 (n\u00eb versionin e rinovuar PLATO II). N\u00eb vitin 1969, inxhinier\u00ebt prezantuan nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi TUTOR<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr zhvillimin e jo vet\u00ebm materialeve m\u00ebsimore, por edhe loj\u00ebrave.<\/p>\n

PLATO u p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsua, dhe n\u00eb vitin 1970 universiteti i Illinoisit n\u00ebnshkroi nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me kompanin\u00eb Control Data Corporation. Pajisja doli n\u00eb tregun komercial.<\/p>\n

Gjasht\u00eb vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb, me PLATO punonin 950 terminale, dhe v\u00ebllimi total i kurseve arrinte 12,000 or\u00eb m\u00ebsimi n\u00eb shum\u00eb disiplinat universitare.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nSot, sistemi nuk p\u00ebrdoret m\u00eb \u2014 ai u mbyll n\u00eb vitin 2000. Megjithat\u00eb, vet\u00eb organizata PLATO Learning (tani Edmentum), e cila ishte p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr promovimin e terminaleve, vazhdon t\u00eb zhvilloj\u00eb kurse studimi.<\/p>\n

\u201eA mund ta m\u00ebsojn\u00eb robot\u00ebt f\u00ebmij\u00ebt tan\u00eb?\u201d<\/h2>\n

\nMe zhvillimin e teknologjive t\u00eb reja t\u00eb m\u00ebsimit n\u00eb vitet '60 filloi edhe kritika \u2014 kryesisht n\u00eb shtypin amerikan t\u00eb popullit. Titujt n\u00eb gazeta dhe revista si \"Makinat m\u00ebsimore: bekim apo mallkim?\" flisnin vet\u00eb. Ankesat<\/a><\/noindex> e skeptik\u00ebve p\u00ebrqendroheshin n\u00eb tri tema.<\/p>\n

E para, ishte mungesa e p\u00ebrgatitjes metodike dhe teknike t\u00eb m\u00ebsuesve p\u00ebrball\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb stafit n\u00eb shkollat amerikane. E dyta, shtrenjt\u00ebsia e pajisjeve dhe numri i vog\u00ebl i kurseve m\u00ebsimore. K\u00ebshtu, shkollat e nj\u00eb nga qarqeve shpenzuan 5000 dollar\u00eb (nj\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr ato koh\u00eb), pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs zbuluan se nuk kishin materiale t\u00eb mjaftueshme p\u00ebr nj\u00eb m\u00ebsim t\u00eb plote.<\/p>\n

E treta, ekspert\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr nj\u00eb dehumanizim t\u00eb mundsh\u00ebm t\u00eb arsimit. Shum\u00eb entuziast\u00eb flisnin p\u00ebr faktin se n\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb panevojsh\u00ebm m\u00ebsuesit.<\/p>\n

Evolucioni i m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm tregoi se frika ishte e kota: m\u00ebsuesit nuk u shnd\u00ebrruan n\u00eb ndihm\u00ebs t\u00eb heshtur t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve, kostoja e pajisjeve dhe software-it po ulet, nd\u00ebrsa numri i materialeve edukative po rritej. Por kjo ndodhi vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitet '80-\u201990 t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb XX, kur dol\u00ebn zhvillime t\u00eb reja q\u00eb tejkaluan sukseset e PLATO-s.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto teknologji do t'i trajtojm\u00eb her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

\nP\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb po shkruajm\u00eb tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb Habra:<\/b><\/p>\n