{"id":52853,"date":"2019-11-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-po-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mashin-do-pervyh-kompyuterov"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:40","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:40","slug":"rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-po-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mashin-do-pervyh-kompyuterov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/rozhdenie-obrazovatelnogo-po-i-ego-istoriya-ot-mehanicheskih-mashin-do-pervyh-kompyuterov","title":{"rendered":"Lindja e softuerit edukativ dhe historia e tij: nga makinat mekanike deri te kompjuter\u00ebt e par\u00eb","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Sot sot software edukativ sot nj\u00eb grup aplikacionesh p\u00ebr zhvillimin e aft\u00ebsive t\u00eb caktuara te student\u00ebt. Por p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, k\u00ebto sisteme u shfaq\u00ebn m\u00eb shum\u00eb se nj\u00eb shekull m\u00eb par\u00eb - inxhinier\u00ebt dhe shpik\u00ebsit e b\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb udh\u00ebtim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb nga \"makinat edukative\" mekanike t\u00eb pap\u00ebrfunduara deri te kompjuter\u00ebt e par\u00eb dhe algoritmet. Le t\u00eb flasim m\u00eb shum\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"Lindja<\/a><\/noindex><\/a><\/noindex>
\nFoto: crabchick<\/a><\/noindex> \/ CC BY<\/i><\/p>\n

Ekspertiz\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb - t\u00eb suksesshme dhe jo shum\u00eb<\/h2>\n

\nOrigjina e software-it edukativ shtrihet n\u00eb fundin e shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb. P\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, burimi kryesor i dijes mbeti m\u00ebsuesit dhe librat. Procesi edukativ merrte shum\u00eb koh\u00eb nga m\u00ebsuesit dhe rezultatet shpesh linin p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar.<\/p>\n

Sukseset e revolucionit industrial i \u00e7uan shum\u00eb, si\u00e7 dukej at\u00ebher\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb konkluzion t\u00eb qart\u00eb: mund t\u00eb m\u00ebsohen student\u00ebt m\u00eb shpejt dhe m\u00eb efektivisht n\u00ebse z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen m\u00ebsuesit me makina edukative mekanike. At\u00ebher\u00eb, \"linja edukative\" do t\u00eb mund\u00ebsonte p\u00ebrgatitjen e specialist\u00ebve me investim m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl n\u00eb koh\u00eb. Sot, p\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb mekanizuar k\u00ebt\u00eb proces duken naive. Por ky \"edukim steampunk\" ishte baza e teknologjive moderne.<\/p>\n

Patentimi i par\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pajisje mekanike p\u00ebr m\u00ebsimin e gramatik\u00ebs ka marr\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb vitin 1866 nga amerikanin Halcyon Skinner. Pajisja ishte nj\u00eb kuti me dy dritare. N\u00eb nj\u00ebr\u00ebn prej tyre, studenti shihte figura (p.sh., nj\u00eb kal\u00eb). N\u00eb dritaren tjet\u00ebr, me ndihm\u00ebn e butonave, ai shkruante emrin e objektit. Por sistemi nuk korrigjonte gabimet dhe nuk b\u00ebnte verifikimin.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1911, nj\u00eb pajisje p\u00ebr m\u00ebsimin e aritmetik\u00ebs, t\u00eb lexuarit dhe t\u00eb drejtshkrimit u patentua nga psikologu Herbert Austin Aikins nga Universiteti i Yale. Student\u00ebt kombinonin tre blloqe druri me prerje speciale n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuti druri t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebto blloqe shfaqeshin, p\u00ebr shembull, elemente t\u00eb nj\u00eb shembulli t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb aritmetik. N\u00ebse figurat ishin t\u00eb vendosura si\u00e7 duhej, at\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb pllakave formohej nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje e sakt\u00eb (fig.2<\/a><\/noindex>).<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1912, baza p\u00ebr metoda t\u00eb reja dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme t\u00eb m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb automatizuar u vendos nga psikologu amerikan Edward Lee Thorndike<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb librin \"Edukimi\". Ai e konsideronte si disavantazh kryesor t\u00eb teksteve shkollore faktin se student\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00eb-ndihmoheshin. Ata mund t\u00eb mos e v\u00ebn\u00eb re r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e \u00e7\u00ebshtjeve t\u00eb caktuara ose, pa e kuptuar materialin e vjet\u00ebr, t\u00eb kalonin n\u00eb studimin e atij t\u00eb ri. Thorndike propozoi nj\u00eb qasje thelb\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndryshme: \"libri mekanik\", n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin seksionet e ardhshme hapeshin vet\u00ebm pasi ato t\u00eb m\u00ebparshme ishin p\u00ebrfunduar si\u00e7 duhej.<\/p>\n

\"Lindja
\nFoto: Anastasia Zhenina<\/a><\/noindex> \/ Unsplash.com<\/i><\/p>\n

N\u00eb vepr\u00ebn e tij voluminoze, p\u00ebrshkrimi i pajisjes zinte m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb faqe<\/a><\/noindex>, ai nuk e detajoi ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mendimin e tij. Por kjo mjaftoi q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1924 profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Ohio, Sidney Pressey, i frym\u00ebzuar nga puna e psikologut, konstruoi<\/a><\/noindex> nj\u00eb sistem p\u00ebr m\u00ebsim - Teacher Automatic. N\u00eb tamburin e makin\u00ebs, studenti shihte nj\u00eb pyetje dhe mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebrgjigjeje. Duke shtypur nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr \u00e7el\u00ebsa mekanik, ai zgjidhte t\u00eb duhur\u00ebn. Pas k\u00ebsaj, tamburi rrotullohej dhe pajisja \"ofronte\" pyetjen tjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, nj\u00eb num\u00ebrues sh\u00ebnonte numrin e p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb sakta.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1928, Pressey ka marr\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> patentoi shpikjen, por nuk e realizoi iden\u00eb e Thorndike n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Teacher Automatic nuk mund t\u00eb m\u00ebsonte, por lejonte q\u00eb njohurit\u00eb t\u00eb testoheshin shpejt.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nPas Sidney Pressey-s\u00eb, shum\u00eb shpik\u00ebs filluan t\u00eb konstruonin \"makina edukative\" t\u00eb reja. Ata kombinojn\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn e shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb, idet\u00eb e Thorndike dhe teknologjit\u00eb e shekullit t\u00eb ri. Deri n\u00eb vitin 1936 n\u00eb SHBA u dha<\/a><\/noindex> 700 patente t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr \"makina edukative\". Por m\u00eb von\u00eb filloi Lufta e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, puna n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb u ndal dhe arritjet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme duhej t\u00eb prisnin pothuajse 20 vjet.<\/p>\n

Makin\u00eb p\u00ebr m\u00ebsim nga Frederic Skinner<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vitin 1954, profesori i Universitetit t\u00eb Kembrixhit, Burrhus Frederic Skinner formuloi parimet themelore t\u00eb m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb gramatik\u00ebs, matematik\u00ebs dhe l\u00ebnd\u00ebve t\u00eb tjera. Koncepti u b\u00eb i njohur<\/a><\/noindex> si teoria e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb programuar (programmed learning).<\/p>\n

Ajo tha se komponenti kryesor i pajisjes m\u00ebsimore duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb program i rrept\u00eb me elemente p\u00ebr t\u00eb m\u00ebsuar dhe verifikuar materialin. Procesi i m\u00ebsimit \u00ebsht\u00eb i ndar\u00eb n\u00eb etapa - studenti nuk kalon p\u00ebrpara derisa t\u00eb ket\u00eb studiuar tem\u00ebn p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse dhe t\u00eb ket\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjur korrekt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb pyetjet kontrolluese. N\u00eb at\u00eb vit, Skinner paraqiti \"makin\u00ebn edukative\" p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorim n\u00eb shkolla.<\/p>\n

Pyetjet ishin t\u00eb shkruara n\u00eb karta letre dhe shfaqeshin \"nd\u00ebrprer\u00eb\" n\u00eb nj\u00eb dritare t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb. Nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi shkruante p\u00ebrgjigjen n\u00eb tastier\u00ebn e pajisjes. N\u00ebse p\u00ebrgjigja ishte e sakt\u00eb, makina e g\u00ebrrypte nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb n\u00eb kart\u00eb. Sistemi i Skinnerit ishte i ve\u00e7ant\u00eb krahasuar me t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, sepse pas seris\u00eb s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb pyetjeve, nx\u00ebn\u00ebsi merrte p\u00ebrs\u00ebri vet\u00ebm ato q\u00eb nuk kishte mundur t'i p\u00ebrgjigjej. Cikli p\u00ebrs\u00ebritej derisa t\u00eb mbeteshin probleme t\u00eb patrajtuara. K\u00ebshtu, pajisja jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb testonte njohurit\u00eb, por edhe m\u00ebsonte student\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb shpejti, makina u lan\u00e7ua n\u00eb prodhim n\u00eb mas\u00eb. Sot, shpikja e Skinnerit konsiderohet si pajisja e par\u00eb q\u00eb arrin t\u00eb kombinoj\u00eb rezultatet e hulumtimeve teorike n\u00eb psikologjin\u00eb pedagogjike me risit\u00eb teknologjike t\u00eb asaj kohe.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Sistemi PLATO, i cili ekzistoi p\u00ebr 40 vjet<\/h2>\n

\nDuke u bazuar n\u00eb teorin\u00eb e m\u00ebsimit t\u00eb programuar, n\u00eb vitin 1960, inxhinieri 26-vje\u00e7ar Donald Bitzer<\/a><\/noindex> (Donald Bitzer), sapo kishte marr\u00eb diplom\u00ebn n\u00eb Universitetin e Illinoisit, u zhvillua<\/a><\/noindex> krijoi sistemin kompjuterik PLATO (Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations).<\/p>\n

Terminalet PLATO u lidh\u00ebn me superkompjuterin e universitetit ILLIAC I<\/a><\/noindex>. Ekrani p\u00ebr ta ishte nj\u00eb televizor i zakonsh\u00ebm, dhe n\u00eb tastier\u00ebn e p\u00ebrdoruesit kishte vet\u00ebm 16 \u00e7el\u00ebsa p\u00ebr navigim. Student\u00ebt e universitetit mundeshin t\u00eb studionin disa kurse tematike.<\/p>\n

\"Lindja
\nFoto: Aumakua<\/a><\/noindex> \/ PD \/ \u041a\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 PLATO4<\/i><\/p>\n

Versioni i par\u00eb i PLATO ishte eksperimental dhe kishte kufizime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha: p\u00ebr shembull, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar me t\u00eb dy p\u00ebrdoruesve nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht u shfaq vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 1961 (n\u00eb versionin e azhurnuar PLATO II). Nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb vitin 1969, inxhinier\u00ebt prezantuan nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb programimi TUTOR<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr zhvillimin jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb materialeve m\u00ebsimore, por edhe t\u00eb loj\u00ebrave.<\/p>\n

PLATO p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsohej, dhe n\u00eb vitin 1970, Universiteti i Illinoisit n\u00ebnshkroi nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me kompanin\u00eb Control Data Corporation. Pajisja doli n\u00eb tregun komercial.<\/p>\n

Pas gjasht\u00eb vjet\u00ebsh, 950 terminale PLATO ishin n\u00eb funksion dhe total i kurseve arrinte 12,000 or\u00eb m\u00ebsimore n\u00eb shum\u00eb disiplina universitare.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nSot sistemi nuk p\u00ebrdoret m\u00eb - ai u nd\u00ebrpre n\u00eb vitin 2000. Megjithat\u00eb, vet\u00eb organizata PLATO Learning (tani Edmentum), e cila ishte p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr promovimin e terminaleve, zhvillon kurse studimi.<\/p>\n

\"A mund t\u00eb m\u00ebsojn\u00eb robot\u00ebt f\u00ebmij\u00ebt tan\u00eb\"<\/h2>\n

\nMe zhvillimin e teknologjive t\u00eb reja t\u00eb m\u00ebsimit n\u00eb vitet '60, filloi edhe kritika - kryesisht n\u00eb shtypin amerikan popullor. Titujt n\u00eb gazetat dhe revistat si \"Makinat m\u00ebsimore: bekim apo mallkim?\" flisnin p\u00ebr vete. Ankesat<\/a><\/noindex> e skeptik\u00ebve p\u00ebrb\u00ebheshin nga tri tema kryesore.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb pari, ishte p\u00ebrgatitja metodike dhe teknike e pamjaftueshme e m\u00ebsuesve, n\u00eb nj\u00eb kontekst t\u00eb munges\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb stafit n\u00eb shkollat amerikane. S\u00eb dyti, kostoja e lart\u00eb e pajisjeve dhe numri i vog\u00ebl i kurseve m\u00ebsimore. Nj\u00ebqind si nj\u00eb nga qarqet shpenzoi 5000 dollar\u00eb (nj\u00eb shum\u00eb e madhe p\u00ebr at\u00eb koh\u00eb), pas s\u00eb cil\u00ebs zbuloi se p\u00ebr nj\u00eb m\u00ebsim normal nuk kishte materiale t\u00eb mjaftueshme.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb treti, ekspert\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr dehumanizimin e edukat\u00ebs. Pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e entuziast\u00ebve flisnin p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhmen ku m\u00ebsuesit nuk do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb nevojsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

Rrjedhja e m\u00ebvonshme e ngjarjeve tregoi se frika ishte e pabazuar: m\u00ebsuesit nuk u b\u00ebn\u00eb ndihm\u00ebsa t\u00eb heshtur t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve, kostot e pajisjeve dhe software-t ran\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa sasia e materialeve edukative u rrit. Por kjo ndodhi vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitet '80 dhe '90, kur zhvillime t\u00eb reja u shfaq\u00ebn q\u00eb tejkaluan sukseset e PLATO.<\/p>\n

Ne do t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr k\u00ebto teknologji her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

\nP\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr shkruajm\u00eb n\u00eb Habra:<\/b><\/p>\n