{"id":52898,"date":"2019-11-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/starlink-delo-krupnoe"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:43","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:43","slug":"starlink-delo-krupnoe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/starlink-delo-krupnoe","title":{"rendered":"Starlink \u2014 nj\u00eb iniciativ\u00eb e madhe","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Starlink
\nKy kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull nga seria q\u00eb i kushtohet arsimimit n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e teknologjive hap\u00ebsinore<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Starlink<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 plani i SpaceX p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar internet p\u00ebrmes dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra satelit\u00ebve \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb tema kryesore n\u00eb median q\u00eb i kushtohet hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs. \u00c7do jav\u00eb dalin artikuj mbi arritjet m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit. N\u00ebse gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, duke u njohur me raportet e Komisionit Federal t\u00eb Komunikimeve<\/a><\/noindex>, nj\u00eb person i motivuar (le t\u00eb themi, sh\u00ebrb\u00ebtori juaj i p\u00ebrulur) mund t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb shum\u00eb detaje. Megjithat\u00eb, me k\u00ebt\u00eb teknologji t\u00eb re, ende ka shum\u00eb keqkuptime, madje edhe mes analist\u00ebve t\u00eb informuar. Shpesh ndodhin artikuj ku Starlink krahasohet me OneWeb dhe Kuiper (mes t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve) sikur ata t\u00eb konkurrojn\u00eb n\u00eb kushte t\u00eb barabarta. Autor\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb, t\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuar p\u00ebr mir\u00ebqenien e planetit, protestojn\u00eb p\u00ebr mbetje kozmike, t\u00eb drejtat hap\u00ebsinore, standardet dhe sigurin\u00eb astronomike. Shpresoj q\u00eb, duke e lexuar k\u00ebt\u00eb \u2014 artikull t\u00eb gjat\u00eb \u2014 lexuesi t\u00eb kuptoj\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe t\u00eb identifikohet me iden\u00eb e Starlink.<\/p>\n

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\"Starlink<\/p>\n

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Artikulli i m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex> papritur e preku nj\u00eb not\u00eb t\u00eb ndjeshme n\u00eb shpirtin e lexuesve t\u00eb mi t\u00eb pak\u00ebt. N\u00eb t\u00eb, un\u00eb shpjegova se si Starship do ta \u00e7onte SpaceX n\u00eb pozita udh\u00ebheq\u00ebse p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht do t\u00eb siguronte nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkime t\u00eb reja n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb. N\u00ebnkuptimi \u00ebsht\u00eb se industria tradicionale e satelit\u00ebve nuk mund t'i q\u00ebndroj\u00eb p\u00ebrball\u00eb SpaceX-it, e cila po rrit kapacitetet dhe po ul kostot p\u00ebr familjen e raketave Falcon, duke e v\u00ebn\u00eb SpaceX n\u00eb nj\u00eb situat\u00eb delikate. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, ajo formoi nj\u00eb treg me vler\u00eb, n\u00eb rastin m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, disa miliard\u00eb n\u00eb vit. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, ajo ndezi nj\u00eb apetit t\u00eb pakontrolluar p\u00ebr para \u2014 p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb rakete kolosale, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, nuk ka shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebrguar n\u00eb Mars dhe as fitime t\u00eb menj\u00ebhershme p\u00ebr t\u00eb pritur.<\/p>\n

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Zgjidhja p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb \u00e7ift problemesh \u00ebsht\u00eb Starlink. Duke mbledhur dhe lan\u00e7uar satelit\u00eb t\u00eb saj, SpaceX do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb krijonte dhe p\u00ebrcaktonte nj\u00eb treg t\u00eb ri p\u00ebr qasje t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe demokratike n\u00eb komunikim n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, duke siguruar nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb financiare p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e raket\u00ebs derisa ajo t\u00eb mos e fundos\u00eb kompanin\u00eb, dhe duke rritur vler\u00ebn ekonomike n\u00eb triliona. Mos e n\u00ebnvler\u00ebsoni shkall\u00ebn e ambicieve t\u00eb Elon-it. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nuk ka shum\u00eb industri ku qarkullojn\u00eb triliona dollar\u00eb: energjia, transporti me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, komunikimi, IT, sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsia, bujq\u00ebsia, qeveria, mbrojtja. Megjith\u00ebse keqkuptimet jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrhapura, nxjerrja hap\u00ebsinore<\/a><\/noindex>, nxjerrja e ujit n\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> dhe panele diellore hap\u00ebsinore<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb biznes jo i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm. Elon hyri n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e energjis\u00eb me Tesla-n e tij, por nj\u00eb treg i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm dhe i gjer\u00eb p\u00ebr satelit\u00ebt dhe lan\u00e7imet e raketave do t\u00eb sigurohet vet\u00ebm nga telekomunikacioni.<\/p>\n

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\"Starlink<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, Elon Musk e drejtova v\u00ebmendjen drejt hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs kur donte t\u00eb investonte pa pages\u00eb 80 milion dollar\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb mision p\u00ebr rritjen e bim\u00ebve n\u00eb nj\u00eb sonda marsoare. Nd\u00ebrtimi i nj\u00eb qyteti n\u00eb Mars do t\u00eb kushtoj\u00eb ndoshta 100,000 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb Starlink \u00ebsht\u00eb basti kryesor i Musk p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb det parash, kaq t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr financimin t\u00eb nj\u00eb qyteti autonom n\u00eb Mars.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr \u00e7far\u00eb?<\/h3>\n

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Un\u00eb e kam planifikuar k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, por vet\u00ebm jav\u00ebn e kaluar m\u00eb formua nj\u00eb pamje e plot\u00eb. At\u00ebher\u00eb, presidentja e SpaceX, Gwynne Shotwell, i dha Rob Barron nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb t\u00eb mrekullueshme, t\u00eb cil\u00ebn m\u00eb pas e shp\u00ebrndau p\u00ebr CNBC n\u00eb nj\u00eb thread Twitter<\/a><\/noindex> Michael Schmitz dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb t\u00eb dedikuan disa<\/a><\/noindex> artikujsh<\/a><\/noindex>. Kjo intervist\u00eb tregoi diferenc\u00ebn e madhe n\u00eb qasje ndaj komunikimit satelitor mes SpaceX dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

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Koncepsi Starlink<\/a><\/noindex> Lindi n\u00eb vitin 2012, kur n\u00eb SpaceX kuptuan se klient\u00ebt e tyre \u2014 kryesisht ofrues t\u00eb komunikimit satelitor \u2014 kishin gjithashtu shum\u00eb para. Platformsat e lan\u00e7imit po i nxjerrin \u00e7mimet p\u00ebr lansimin e satelit\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, duket se harrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb hap t\u00eb pun\u00ebs \u2014 si mund t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb kjo? Elon \u00ebnd\u00ebrronte t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb grup satelit\u00ebsh p\u00ebr internetin dhe, duke mos mundur t'i rezistonte nj\u00eb detyre praktikisht t\u00eb pamundur, filloi procesin. Zhvillimi i Starlink nuk erdhi pa v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi<\/a><\/noindex>, por deri n\u00eb fund t\u00eb k\u00ebtij artikulli, ju, lexuesi im, me siguri do t\u00eb habiteni se sa t\u00eb vogla jan\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb k\u00ebto v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi \u2014 duke marr\u00eb parasysh p\u00ebrmasat e ides\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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A ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb grup kaq t\u00eb madh p\u00ebr internetin? Pse tani?<\/p>\n

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Vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kujtimin tim, interneti ka kaluar nga nj\u00eb arg\u00ebtim akademik n\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebn e par\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vetme revolucionare. Kjo \u2014 nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb tem\u00eb q\u00eb ia vlen t\u00eb p\u00ebrkushtohet nj\u00eb artikulli t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, por un\u00eb supozoj q\u00eb globalisht k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr internetin dhe t\u00eb ardhurat q\u00eb ai sjell do t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb t\u00eb rriten rreth 25% n\u00eb vit.<\/p>\n

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Sot non shtetet e Bashkuara, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 AT&T, Time Warner, Comcast dhe disa lojtar\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl, kan\u00eb ndar\u00eb territorin p\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur konkurrenc\u00ebn, duke e ngritur \u00e7mimin e sh\u00ebrbimeve n\u00eb \u00e7mim t\u00eb lart\u00eb dhe duke u v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00eb urrejtjeje t\u00eb madhe.<\/p>\n

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Ka nj\u00eb arsye t\u00eb fort\u00eb p\u00ebr sjelljen jo konkuruese t\u00eb ofruesve \u2014 p\u00ebrve\u00e7 lakmis\u00eb s\u00eb madhe. T\u00eb nd\u00ebrtosh infrastruktur\u00eb p\u00ebr internetin \u2014 kullat mikroval\u00eb dhe fibra optike \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb dhe shum\u00eb e shtrenjt\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb harrosh natyr\u00ebn mahnit\u00ebse t\u00eb internetit. Baka ime filloi t\u00eb punonte si operator gjat\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, kur telegrafi konkronte p\u00ebr rolin kryesor strategjik me p\u00ebllumbat postier\u00eb! P\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn prej nesh, autostrada informative \u00ebsht\u00eb di\u00e7ka efimere, jo materiale, megjithat\u00eb bit\u00ebt udh\u00ebtojn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb bot\u00eb fizike, ku ka kufij, lumenj, male, oqeane, stuhira, katastrofa natyrore dhe pengesa t\u00eb tjera. Edhe n\u00eb vitin 1996, kur vendos\u00ebn linj\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb fibrit optik n\u00eb fund t\u00eb oqeanit, Neil Stevenson ka shkruar nj\u00eb ese t\u00eb plot\u00eb mbi kiber-turizmin<\/a><\/noindex>. Me stilin e tij t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb dhe t\u00eb mpreht\u00eb, ai p\u00ebrshkruan me gjall\u00ebri kostot dhe v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsit\u00eb e shtrimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtyre linjave, p\u00ebrgjat\u00eb t\u00eb cilave ende shpejtojn\u00eb t\u00eb mallkuarit \u00abkotegi\u00bb. Gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb viteve 2000, kabllot u shtruan n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb q\u00eb e befasoi koston e implementimit.<\/p>\n

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Nj\u00ebher\u00eb kam punuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb laborator optik dhe (n\u00ebse kujtesa nuk m\u00eb tradhton) kemi vendosur nj\u00eb rekord t\u00eb asaj kohe, duke dh\u00ebn\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsin\u00eb e transmetimit t\u00eb shum\u00ebfishuar n\u00eb 500 Gb\/sec. Kufizimet n\u00eb elektronik\u00eb lejonin t\u00eb ngarkonim \u00e7do fibr\u00eb me 0,1% t\u00eb kapacitetit teorik. Pes\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb vjet m\u00eb von\u00eb jemi t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb tejkalojm\u00eb pragun: n\u00ebse transmetimi i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave del p\u00ebrtej, fiba do t\u00eb shkrihet, dhe ne jemi shum\u00eb af\u00ebr k\u00ebsaj.<\/p>\n

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Por \u00ebsht\u00eb e nevojshme ta ngrem\u00eb fluxin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mbi tok\u00eb \u2014 n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb, ku sateliti rrotullohet pa pengesa 30,000 her\u00eb rreth 'topit' brenda pes\u00eb vjet\u00ebve. Nj\u00eb zgjidhje q\u00eb duket e qart\u00eb \u2014 pse askush nuk kishte marr\u00eb p\u00ebrsip\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb deri tani?<\/p>\n

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Grupi i satelit\u00ebve Iridium, i zhvilluar dhe i vendosur n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 1990 nga Motorola (a e kujtoni ende?), u b\u00eb rrjeti i par\u00eb global t\u00eb komunikimit n\u00eb orbit\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt (si\u00e7 p\u00ebrshkruhet me ngjyr\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb lib\u00ebr<\/a><\/noindex>). Kur u vendos, kapaciteti niq\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb rutura paketa t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga ndjek\u00ebsit e aseteve ishte p\u00ebrdorimi i vet\u00ebm: telefonat celular\u00eb u treguan aq t\u00eb lir\u00eb sa q\u00eb telefonat satelitor\u00eb nuk arrit\u00ebn kurr\u00eb t\u00eb popullarizoheshin. Iridium kishte 66 satelit\u00eb (p\u00ebrve\u00e7 disa rezervave) n\u00eb 6 orbita \u2014 sasia minimale p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbuluar t\u00eb gjith\u00eb planetin.<\/p>\n

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N\u00ebse Iridium kishte nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr 66 satelit\u00eb, p\u00ebrse SpaceX ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra? \u00c7far\u00eb e b\u00ebn at\u00eb kaq t\u00eb ndryshme?<\/p>\n

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SpaceX hyri n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb industri nga ana e kund\u00ebrt \u2014 filloi me lansime. U b\u00eb pionier n\u00eb ruajtjen e raketave transportuese dhe k\u00ebshtu fitoi tregun e platformave t\u00eb lira t\u00eb lansimit. P\u00ebrpjekjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb mposhtur ofert\u00ebn e tyre me \u00e7mime m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebta nuk sjellin shum\u00eb para, prandaj m\u00ebnyra e vetme p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar ndonj\u00eb gj\u00eb nga kapaciteti i tyre t\u00eb tepruar \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen klient\u00eb t\u00eb tyre. Shpenzimet e SpaceX p\u00ebr t\u00eb lansuar satelit\u00ebt e saj \u2014 nj\u00eb e dhjeta e shpenzimeve<\/a><\/noindex> (p\u00ebr 1 kg) t\u00eb Iridium, prandaj ata jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb hyjn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb treg shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Mbulesa globale e Starlink do t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb qasje n\u00eb internet t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do qoshe t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. P\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, aksesibiliteti i internetit nuk do t\u00eb varet nga af\u00ebrsia e vendit ose qytetit ndaj linj\u00ebs s\u00eb fibrit optik, por nga qart\u00ebsia e qiellit mbi kok\u00eb. P\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb mbar\u00eb bot\u00ebn do t\u00eb ken\u00eb qasje n\u00eb nj\u00eb internet global t\u00eb lir\u00eb, pavar\u00ebsisht nga monopole t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb qeverive, q\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb korruptuara dhe\/q\u00eb sillen keq. Aft\u00ebsia e Starlink p\u00ebr t\u00eb prishur k\u00ebto monopole do t\u00eb katalizoj\u00eb ndryshime pozitive t\u00eb pabesueshme q\u00eb n\u00eb fund do t\u00eb bashkojn\u00eb miliarda njer\u00ebz n\u00eb nj\u00eb komunitet global kibernetik t\u00eb s\u00eb ardhmes.<\/p>\n

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Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzim i vog\u00ebl: \u00e7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb kjo n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb?<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb po rriten sot, n\u00eb epok\u00ebn e lidhshm\u00ebris\u00eb kudo, interneti \u00ebsht\u00eb si ajri q\u00eb marrim frym\u00eb. Ai thjesht ekziston. Por, n\u00ebse harrojm\u00eb fuqin\u00eb e jasht\u00ebzakonshme q\u00eb ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb ndryshime pozitive, at\u00ebher\u00eb ne jemi tashm\u00eb n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb tyre. Me ndihm\u00ebn e internetit, njer\u00ebzit mund t'i japin llogari lider\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre, t\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb me t\u00eb tjer\u00eb n\u00eb an\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, t\u00eb ndajn\u00eb mendime, t\u00eb shpikim di\u00e7ka t\u00eb re. Interneti bashkon njer\u00ebzimin. Historia e modernizimeve \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e zhvillimit t\u00eb mund\u00ebsive p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Fillimisht \u2014 p\u00ebrmes fjalimeve dhe poezi epike. Pastaj \u2014 n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet shkrimit, i cili i jep z\u00eb t\u00eb vdekurve dhe ata i drejtohen t\u00eb gjall\u00ebve; shkrimi lejon ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe b\u00ebn t\u00eb mundur komunikimin asinkron. Shtypi i shkruar e vuri n\u00eb rrug\u00eb prodhimin e lajmeve. Komunikimi elektronik \u2014 e p\u00ebrshpejtoi shp\u00ebrndarjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Pajisjet personale p\u00ebr ruajtjen e sh\u00ebnimeve gradually u b\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb sofistikuara, duke evoluar nga blloqet e sh\u00ebnimeve n\u00eb telefonat mobil, secili prej t\u00eb cil\u00ebve \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter i lidhur me internetin, i mbushur me sensor\u00eb dhe q\u00eb \u00e7do dit\u00eb parashikon m\u00eb mir\u00eb nevojat tona.<\/p>\n

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Nj\u00eb person q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor shkrimin dhe kompjuterin n\u00eb procesin e njohjes ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb tejkaloj\u00eb kufizimet e trurit t\u00eb zhvilluar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb jo t\u00eb p\u00ebrsosur. Ajo q\u00eb e b\u00ebn edhe m\u00eb emocionuese \u00ebsht\u00eb se telefonat mobil jo vet\u00ebm q\u00eb jan\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb fuqishme p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, por edhe mekanizma p\u00ebr shk\u00ebmbimin e ideve. N\u00ebse dikur njer\u00ebzit, duke ndar\u00eb mendimet, mb\u00ebshtetesha n\u00eb fjal\u00ebn e shkruar q\u00eb e shfaqnin n\u00eb blloqet e sh\u00ebnimeve, sot standardi \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb blloqet e sh\u00ebnimeve vet\u00eb ndajn\u00eb idet\u00eb q\u00eb i kan\u00eb gjeneruar njer\u00ebzit. Skema tradicionale ka p\u00ebrjetuar nj\u00eb inverzion. Nj\u00eb vazhdim logjik i procesit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb e caktuar e metaknjohjes kolektive, p\u00ebrmes pajisjeve personale, t\u00eb integruara m\u00eb ngusht\u00ebsisht n\u00eb trurin ton\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> dhe t\u00eb lidhura me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn. Dhe, megjith\u00ebse ne ende ndjejm\u00eb nostalgji p\u00ebr lidhjen e humbur me natyr\u00ebn dhe vetmin\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb se teknologjia dhe vet\u00ebm teknologjia jan\u00eb p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebse p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb \u00e7lirimit ton\u00eb nga \"ciklet\" natyrore t\u00eb mosdijes, vdekjes s\u00eb parakohshme (t\u00eb cil\u00ebn mund ta shmangim), dhun\u00ebs, uris\u00eb dhe prishjes s\u00eb dh\u00ebmb\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

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Si?<\/h3>\n

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Le t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr modelin e biznesit dhe arkitektur\u00ebn e projektit Starlink.<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb Starlink t\u00eb b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarrje fitimprur\u00ebse, fluksi i parave duhet t\u00eb tejkaloj\u00eb kostot e nd\u00ebrtimit dhe operimit. Tradicionalisht, investimi k\u00ebrkon shpenzime t\u00eb larta fillestare, p\u00ebrdorimin e financimeve t\u00eb sofistikuara dhe mekanizmave t\u00eb sigurimit \u2014 dhe gjith\u00e7ka, p\u00ebr t\u00eb l\u00ebshuar nj\u00eb satelit. Nj\u00eb satelit komunikimi geostacionar mund t\u00eb kushtoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 500 milion dollar\u00eb, dhe nd\u00ebrtimi dhe l\u00ebshimi mund t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb deri n\u00eb 5 vjet. Prandaj, kompanit\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb nd\u00ebrtojn\u00eb nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht avion\u00eb reaktiv\u00eb ose anije kontejner\u00ebsh. Shpenzime kolosale, fluks parash q\u00eb barely mbulon shpenzimet p\u00ebr financimin, dhe nj\u00eb buxhet operativ relativisht t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. Nd\u00ebrsa, kolapsi i Iridium-it fillestar q\u00ebndronte n\u00eb faktin q\u00eb Motorola e detyroi operatorin t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb tarifa licencimi t\u00eb tmerrshme, duke e falimentuar kompanin\u00eb brenda disa muajve.<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar nj\u00eb biznes t\u00eb till\u00eb, kompanit\u00eb tradicionale t\u00eb satelit\u00ebve duhej t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbenin klient\u00eb privat\u00eb dhe t\u00eb ngarkonin tarifa t\u00eb larta p\u00ebr transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Kompanit\u00eb ajrore, avantpostet e larg\u00ebta, anijet, zonat e luft\u00ebs dhe objektet ky\u00e7e t\u00eb infrastruktur\u00ebs paguajn\u00eb rreth 5 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 MB, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 5000 her\u00eb m\u00eb e shtrenjt\u00eb se kostoja e lidhjes tradicionale ADSL, dhe kjo pavar\u00ebsisht vones\u00ebs n\u00eb transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe kapacitetit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb lidhjes satelitore.<\/p>\n

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Starlink planifikon t\u00eb konkurroj\u00eb me ofruesit e sh\u00ebrbimeve n\u00eb tok\u00eb, prandaj duhet t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebna m\u00eb t\u00eb lira dhe, idealisht, t\u00eb ngarkoj\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb pak se 1 dollar p\u00ebr 1 MB. A \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur q\u00eb kjo t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb? Ose, n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur, duhet t\u00eb pyesim: si \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb?<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsi i par\u00eb i nj\u00eb pjate t\u00eb re \u2014 l\u00ebshimi i lir\u00eb. Aktualisht, Falcon ofron l\u00ebshimin e 24 ton\u00ebve p\u00ebr rreth 60 milion dollar\u00eb, pra, 2500 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 kg. Megjithat\u00eb, ekzistojn\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr shpenzime t\u00eb brendshme. Satelit\u00ebt e Starlink do t\u00eb l\u00ebshohen n\u00eb raketat e l\u00ebvruar me rip\u00ebrdorim, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb shpenzimet marzhinale t\u00eb nj\u00eb l\u00ebshimi jan\u00eb kostoja e nj\u00eb step t\u00eb re (rreth 4 milion dollar\u00eb), e mbulon (1 milion) dhe sh\u00ebrbimi n\u00eb tok\u00eb (~1 milion). M\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100,000 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr satelit, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 1000 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lir\u00eb se l\u00ebshimi i nj\u00eb sateliti komunikimi t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

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Megjithat\u00eb, shumica e satelit\u00ebve Starlink do t\u00eb l\u00ebshohen n\u00eb Starship. Me t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, evolucioni i Starlink, si\u00e7 tregojn\u00eb raportet e p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsuara n\u00eb FKS, jep disa ide se si, nd\u00ebrsa ideja e Starship po realizohet<\/a><\/noindex> arkitektura e brendshme e projektit. Numri total i satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb grup u rrit nga 1,584 n\u00eb 2,825, pastaj n\u00eb 7,518 dhe, p\u00ebrfundimisht, n\u00eb 30,000. N\u00ebse besojm\u00eb n\u00eb akumulationin bruto, numri \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe m\u00eb i lart\u00eb. Numri minimal i satelit\u00ebve p\u00ebr faz\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb zhvillimit, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb projekti t\u00eb jet\u00eb funksional, \u00ebsht\u00eb 60 cop\u00eb n\u00eb 6 orbita ( gjithsej 360), nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr mbulimin e plot\u00eb brenda 53 grad\u00ebve nga ekuatori k\u00ebrkohen 24 orbita me nga 60 satelit\u00eb (gjithsej 1,440). Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb 24 l\u00ebshime p\u00ebr Falcon p\u00ebr ndonj\u00eb 150 milion dollar\u00eb shpenzime t\u00eb brendshme. Starship \u00ebsht\u00eb i aft\u00eb t\u00eb lansoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 400 satelit\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh, p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn \u00e7mim. Satelit\u00ebt Starlink duhet t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohen \u00e7do 5 vjet, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb 6,000 satelit\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb 15 l\u00ebshime Starship n\u00eb vit. Kjo do t\u00eb kushtoj\u00eb ndonj\u00eb 100 milion $ n\u00eb vit, ose 15,000 $ p\u00ebr satelit. \u00c7do satelit q\u00eb l\u00ebshohet nga Falcon peshon 227 kg; satelit\u00ebt e ngritur n\u00eb Starship mund t\u00eb peshojn\u00eb deri n\u00eb 320 kg dhe t\u00eb bartin pajisje t\u00eb jashtme, t\u00eb jen\u00eb pak m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj dhe megjithat\u00eb t\u00eb mos tejkalojn\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebn e lejuar.<\/p>\n

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\u00c7far\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebn koston e satelit\u00ebve? Nd\u00ebrmjet koleg\u00ebve, satelit\u00ebt Starlink jan\u00eb disi t\u00eb pazakont\u00eb. Ata mblidhen, ruhen dhe l\u00ebshohen n\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb shesht\u00eb dhe prandaj jan\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht t\u00eb leht\u00eb p\u00ebr prodhim masiv. Si\u00e7 tregon p\u00ebrvoja, kostoja e prodhimit duhet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb orientuese t\u00eb jet\u00eb e barabart\u00eb me koston e implementimit. N\u00ebse ka nj\u00eb diferenc\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb \u00e7mim, kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se burimet nuk po ndahen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e duhur, pasi zvog\u00eblimi kompleks i kostove marzhinale gjat\u00eb uljes s\u00eb shpenzimeve nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb kaq i madhe. A \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb 100 mij\u00eb dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr satelit me grupin e par\u00eb t\u00eb disa qindra \u2014 a \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundshme? N\u00eb t\u00eb tjer\u00eb fjal\u00eb, a \u00ebsht\u00eb sateliti Starlink n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtim m\u00eb i komplikuar se nj\u00eb makin\u00eb?<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb plot\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje, duhet t\u00eb kuptohet se p\u00ebrse kostoja e nj\u00eb sateliti orbital t\u00eb komunikimit \u00ebsht\u00eb 1000 her\u00eb m\u00eb e lart\u00eb, ndon\u00ebse ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb 1000 her\u00eb m\u00eb i komplikuar. N\u00ebse flasim n\u00eb terma t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, pse \u00e7far\u00eb, pajisjet hap\u00ebsinore jan\u00eb kaq t\u00eb shtrenjta? Ka shum\u00eb arsye p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, por arsyeja m\u00eb e fort\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo: n\u00ebse l\u00ebshimi i nj\u00eb sateliti n\u00eb orbit\u00eb (para Falcon) kushton m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100 milion, ai duhet t\u00eb garantoj\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb sjell\u00eb ndonj\u00eb fitim. T\u00eb sigurosh nj\u00eb besueshm\u00ebri t\u00eb till\u00eb n\u00eb operimin e produktit t\u00eb par\u00eb dhe t\u00eb vet\u00ebm \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb proces i dhimbsh\u00ebm dhe mund t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb p\u00ebr vite, duke k\u00ebrkuar p\u00ebrpjekjet e qindra njer\u00ebzve. Shtoni k\u00ebtu shpenzimet, dhe tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb justifikoni proceset shtes\u00eb, p\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa l\u00ebshimi \u00ebsht\u00eb tashm\u00eb i kushtuesh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

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Starlink e thyen k\u00ebt\u00eb paradigm\u00eb, duke krijuar qindra satelit\u00eb, duke korrigjuar shpejt defektet e hershme n\u00eb dizajn dhe duke p\u00ebrdorur teknika prodhimi masiv p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar shpenzimet. M\u00eb leht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinosh nj\u00eb linj\u00eb prodhimi Starlink, ku nj\u00eb teknik integron di\u00e7ka t\u00eb re n\u00eb konstrukcion dhe e bashkon gjith\u00e7ka me nj\u00eb lidh\u00ebs plastike (n\u00eb nivelin e NASA-s, sigurisht) p\u00ebr nj\u00eb or\u00eb ose dy, duke mbajtur nivelin e nevojsh\u00ebm t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit prej 16 satelit\u00ebsh n\u00eb dit\u00eb. Nj\u00eb satelit Starlink p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga shum\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb sofistikuara, por nuk shoh arsyet se p\u00ebrse p\u00ebr nj\u00ebsi t\u00eb mij\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb sateliti q\u00eb del nga linja e prodhimit nuk duhet t\u00eb eci deri n\u00eb 20 mij\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, n\u00eb maj, Elon shkruante n\u00eb Twitter se kostoja e prodhimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb sateliti tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e ul\u00ebt se kostoja e l\u00ebshimit.<\/p>\n

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T\u00eb marrim nj\u00eb rast mesatar dhe t\u00eb analizojm\u00eb koh\u00ebn e rikuperimit, duke rrethuar numrat. Nj\u00eb satelit Starlink, q\u00eb kushton 100 mij\u00eb p\u00ebr ta nd\u00ebrtuar dhe l\u00ebshuar, punon p\u00ebr 5 vjet. A do ta kthej\u00eb vet\u00eb, dhe n\u00ebse po, sa shpejt?<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr 5 vjet, sateliti Starlink do t\u00eb orbitoj\u00eb Tok\u00ebn 30,000 her\u00eb. N\u00eb \u00e7do nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto gjysm\u00eb ore orbitale, ai do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs mbi oqean dhe, ndoshta, 100 sekonda mbi nj\u00eb qytet t\u00eb populluar. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb dritare t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, ai transmeton t\u00eb dh\u00ebna, duke nxituar p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar para. N\u00ebse supozojm\u00eb se antena mb\u00ebshtet 100 lumenj, dhe \u00e7do lumenj transmeton 100 Mb\/s, duke p\u00ebrdorur kodimin modern si 4096QAM<\/a><\/noindex>, at\u00ebher\u00eb sateliti genera 1000 dollar\u00eb fitim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb orbit\u00eb \u2014 me \u00e7mimin e an\u00ebtar\u00ebsimit prej 1 dollar p\u00ebr 1 Gb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mjaftueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushur koston e l\u00ebshimit prej 100 mij\u00eb brenda nj\u00eb jave dhe e thjeshton shum\u00eb struktur\u00ebn e kapitalit. 29,900 orbitat q\u00eb mbeten \u2014 jan\u00eb fitim, duke p\u00ebrjashtuar shpenzimet e vazhdueshme.<\/p>\n

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Numrat e parashikuar mund t\u00eb variojn\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm, p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyja an\u00ebt. Por n\u00eb \u00e7do rast, n\u00ebse je n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb l\u00ebshosh nj\u00eb grup cil\u00ebsor satelit\u00ebsh n\u00eb nj\u00eb orbit\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt p\u00ebr 100,000 \u2014 ose edhe p\u00ebr 1 milion p\u00ebr nj\u00ebsin\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00eb serioze. Edhe pse duke marr\u00eb parasysh koh\u00ebn e vog\u00ebl t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit, sateliti Starlink mund t\u00eb dor\u00ebzoj\u00eb 30 PB t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash gjat\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb tij t\u00eb operimit \u2014 me nj\u00eb kosto amortizuese prej 0.003 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 Gb. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, gjat\u00eb transmetimit n\u00eb distanca m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta, kostot marxhinale praktikisht nuk rriten.<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e k\u00ebtij modeli, le t\u00eb b\u00ebjm\u00eb nj\u00eb krahasim t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb me dy modele t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebr konsumator\u00ebt: modelin tradicional - kabllin fiber optik, dhe grupin satelitor t\u00eb ofruar nga nj\u00eb kompani q\u00eb nuk specializohet n\u00eb lancimin e satelit\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

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SEA-WE-ME - nj\u00eb kabllo e madhe n\u00ebnujore e internetit<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb lidh Franc\u00ebn me Singaporin, u aktivizua n\u00eb vitin 2005. Kapaciteti i tij \u00ebsht\u00eb 1,28 Tb\/sec., kostoja e shp\u00ebrndarjes - 500 milion dollar\u00eb. N\u00ebse ai funksionon p\u00ebr 10 vjet me kapacitet 100%, dhe shpenzimet e mbajtjes jan\u00eb 100% e kostove kapitale, at\u00ebher\u00eb \u00e7mimi i transferimit do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 0,02 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 Gb. Kabllot transatlantike jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtra dhe pak m\u00eb t\u00eb lira, megjithat\u00eb kablli n\u00ebnujore \u00ebsht\u00eb vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb entitet n\u00eb nj\u00eb zinxhir t\u00eb gjat\u00eb njer\u00ebzish q\u00eb duan para p\u00ebr transferimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Vler\u00ebsimi mesatar p\u00ebr Starlink rezulton t\u00eb jet\u00eb 8 her\u00eb m\u00eb i lir\u00eb dhe, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ata kan\u00eb \"t\u00eb gjitha p\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse\".<\/p>\n

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Si \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur kjo? Sateliti Starlink p\u00ebrmban t\u00eb gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit kompleks\u00eb t\u00eb komunikimit elektronik q\u00eb nevojiten p\u00ebr komunikimin e kabllove fiber optik, vet\u00ebm se p\u00ebr transferimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb vakuum n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb telit t\u00eb shtrenjt\u00eb dhe t\u00eb brisht\u00eb. Transferimi n\u00ebp\u00ebr hap\u00ebsir\u00eb ul numrin e monopoleve t\u00eb ngrohta dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohshme, duke lejuar p\u00ebrdoruesit t\u00eb lidhen p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl \"hardueri\".<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb krahasojm\u00eb me zhvilluesin konkurrent t\u00eb satelit\u00ebve OneWeb. OneWeb planifikon t\u00eb krijoj\u00eb nj\u00eb grup prej 600 satelit\u00ebsh, q\u00eb do t\u00eb lansohen p\u00ebrmes ofruesve tregtar\u00eb me nj\u00eb \u00e7mim prej rreth 20,000 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 kg. Pesha e nj\u00eb sateliti \u00ebsht\u00eb 150 kg, ndryshe, n\u00eb kushte ideale, lansimi i nj\u00eb nj\u00ebsie do t\u00eb kushtoj\u00eb rreth 3 milion. Kostoja e \"harduerit\" satelitor vler\u00ebsohet n\u00eb 1 milion p\u00ebr satelit, ndryshe, deri n\u00eb vitin 2027, kostoja e gjith\u00eb grupit do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 2,6 miliard. Testet e kryera nga OneWeb treguan nj\u00eb kapacitet prej 50 Mb\/sec. n\u00eb pik\u00eb, n\u00eb kushte ideale, p\u00ebr \u00e7do nj\u00eb nga 16 nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebsit. Duke ndjekur t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin model q\u00eb llogarit\u00ebm koston p\u00ebr Starlink, fitojm\u00eb: \u00e7do satelit OneWeb gjeneron 80 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr rrotullim, dhe p\u00ebr 5 vjet do t\u00eb sjell\u00eb 2,4 milion - p\u00ebr t\u2019u siguruar q\u00eb mbulon vet\u00ebm shpenzimet e lansimit, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb edhe transferimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb rajone t\u00eb larg\u00ebta. Pra, arrijm\u00eb n\u00eb 1,70 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 Gb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u00eb fundmi, cituam fjal\u00ebt e Gwynn Shotwell q\u00eb Starlink supozohet se \u00ebsht\u00eb 17 her\u00eb m\u00eb i lir\u00eb dhe m\u00eb i shpejt\u00eb se OneWeb<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb n\u00ebnkupton nj\u00eb \u00e7mim konkurrent prej 0,10 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr 1 Gb. Dhe kjo akoma n\u00eb konfigurimin fillestar t\u00eb Starlink: me prodhim m\u00eb pak optimal, lansimin n\u00eb Falcon dhe kufizime n\u00eb transferimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave - dhe vet\u00ebm me mbulimin e veriut t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, SpaceX ka nj\u00eb avantazh t\u00eb pakontestuesh\u00ebm: tashm\u00eb sot ata mund t\u00eb lancojn\u00eb nj\u00eb satelit m\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00eb me nj\u00eb \u00e7mim (p\u00ebr nj\u00ebsin\u00eb) 15 her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt se ai i konkurrent\u00ebve. Starship do ta rris\u00eb distanc\u00ebn 100 her\u00eb, n\u00ebse jo m\u00eb shum\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinosh se deri n\u00eb vitin 2027, SpaceX do t\u00eb lancoj\u00eb 30,000 satelit\u00eb p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak se 1 miliard dollar\u00eb, shumica e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve do t\u00eb financohet nga vet\u00eb xhepi i saj.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Jam i sigurt se ka analiza m\u00eb optimiste p\u00ebr OneWeb dhe zhvilluesit e tjer\u00eb premtues t\u00eb grupeve satelitore, por p\u00ebr momentin nuk e di se si jan\u00eb t\u00eb organizuara ato.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

S\u00eb fundmi, Morgan Stanley llogariti<\/a><\/noindex>, tha se satelit\u00ebt Starlink do t\u00eb kushtojn\u00eb 1 milion p\u00ebr montim dhe 830 mij\u00eb p\u00ebr lansim. Gwynn Shotwell, iu p\u00ebrgjigj: ai tha \"k\u00ebshtu u b\u00eb nj\u00eb gabim t\u00eb till\u00eb\"<\/a><\/noindex>. E \u00e7uditshme, numrat jan\u00eb t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm me llogaritjet tona p\u00ebr shpenzimet e OneWeb, dhe, p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht, 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb se vler\u00ebsimi fillestar i Starlink. P\u00ebrdorimi i Starship dhe prodhimi industrial i satelit\u00ebve mund t\u00eb reduktoj\u00eb koston e shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb rreth 35,000\/nj\u00ebsi. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shif\u00ebr jasht\u00ebzakonisht e ul\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb pik\u00eb e fundit mbetet - t\u00eb krahasohet fitimi p\u00ebr 1 W energji diellore, e gjeneruar p\u00ebr Starlink. Sipas fotografive n\u00eb faqen e tyre, paneli diellor i \u00e7do sateliti ka nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe prej rreth 60 m\u00b2, duke gjeneruar n\u00eb mesatarisht rreth 3 kW ose 4.5 kW\/h p\u00ebr rrotullim. N\u00eb nj\u00eb vler\u00ebsim t\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt, \u00e7do rrotullim do t\u00eb jepte 1000 dollar\u00eb, dhe \u00e7do satelit gjeneron rreth 220 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebr kW\/h. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb 10,000 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se \u00e7mimi me shumic\u00eb i energjis\u00eb solare, q\u00eb konfirmon p\u00ebrs\u00ebri: t\u00eb marr\u00eb energji diellore n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb - nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrmarrje e d\u00ebshp\u00ebruar<\/a><\/noindex>. Dhe modulimi i mikroval\u00ebve p\u00ebr transferimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave - nj\u00eb kosto e shtuar e pap\u00ebrballueshme.<\/p>\n

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Arkitektura<\/h3>\n

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N\u00eb seksionin e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, un\u00eb paraqita n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs s\u00eb Starlink - se si ajo funksionon me nj\u00eb densitet t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb pauniform\u00eb n\u00eb planet. Sateliti Starlink emiton rreze t\u00eb fokusuara, t\u00eb cilat formojn\u00eb njolla n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e planetit. Abonent\u00ebt brenda njoll\u00ebs ndajn\u00eb nj\u00eb gjer\u00ebsi bande. Dimensionet e njoll\u00ebs p\u00ebrcaktohen nga fizika baz\u00eb: fillimisht gjer\u00ebsi e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb (lart\u00ebsia e satelitit x gjat\u00ebsi e val\u00ebs mikro \/ diametri i anten\u00ebs), e cila p\u00ebr satelitin Starlink, n\u00eb rastin m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb, arrin disa kilometra.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e qyteteve, densiteti i popullsis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 1000 persona\/km\u00b2, megjithat\u00eb n\u00eb disa vende \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i lart\u00eb. N\u00eb disa zona t\u00eb Tokios ose n\u00eb Manhattan, n\u00eb njoll\u00eb mund t\u00eb bien m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100,000 njer\u00ebz. Fatmir\u00ebsisht, n\u00eb \u00e7do qytet t\u00eb till\u00eb me densitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb popullate ka nj\u00eb treg t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm konkurues p\u00ebr internetin me band\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, pa p\u00ebrmendur rrjetin shum\u00eb t\u00eb zhvilluar t\u00eb telefonave celular\u00eb. Por, si do q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb, n\u00eb \u00e7do moment t\u00eb caktuar n\u00eb qytet n\u00eb qiell ndodhen shum\u00eb satelit\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00eb grupi, gjer\u00ebsi e bandwidth-it mund t\u00eb rritet p\u00ebrmes shp\u00ebrndarjes hap\u00ebsinore t\u00eb antenave, ashtu si edhe p\u00ebrmes shp\u00ebrndarjes s\u00eb frekuencave. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, dhjet\u00ebra satelit\u00eb mund t\u00eb fokusohet rrezja m\u00eb e fuqishme n\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebrdoruesit n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rajon do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin terminale tok\u00ebsore p\u00ebr t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb k\u00ebrkesat midis satelit\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse n\u00eb fillim tregu m\u00eb i p\u00ebrshtatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimet \u00ebsht\u00eb - zona t\u00eb larg\u00ebta, rurale ose periferike, at\u00ebher\u00eb financat p\u00ebr lansime t\u00eb m\u00ebtejshme do t\u00eb vijn\u00eb nga sh\u00ebrbime m\u00eb cil\u00ebsore p\u00ebr qytete m\u00eb t\u00eb densitetit t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Skenari \u00ebsht\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht i kund\u00ebrt nga skema standarde e zgjerimit t\u00eb tregut, ku sh\u00ebrbimet konkurruese t\u00eb orientuara nga qytetet, patjet\u00ebr p\u00ebsojn\u00eb nj\u00eb r\u00ebnie fitimi - nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb shtrihen drejt zonave m\u00eb t\u00eb varfra dhe me popullsi t\u00eb ul\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Disa vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, kur kam b\u00ebr\u00eb llogarit\u00eb, kjo ishte karta m\u00eb e mir\u00eb e densitetit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kam marr\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga kjo imazh dhe kam hartuar 3 grafik\u00ebt e m\u00ebposht\u00ebm. I pari tregon frekuenc\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrfaqes tok\u00ebsore sipas densitetit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb. M\u00eb interesante \u00ebsht\u00eb se shumica e Tok\u00ebs nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e populluar fare, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb praktikisht asnj\u00eb rajon nuk ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 100 persona\/km\u00b2.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Grafiku i dyt\u00eb tregon frekuenc\u00ebn e njer\u00ebzve sipas densitetit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb. Dhe megjith\u00ebse shumica e planetit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e populluar, pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e njer\u00ebzve jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb zona ku ka 100-1000 njer\u00ebz n\u00eb km\u00b2. Natyra e zgjeruar e k\u00ebtij piki (nj\u00eb rend m\u00eb shum\u00eb) pasqyron bimodalitetin n\u00eb skemat e urbanizimit. 100 persona\/km\u00b2 p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb territor rural relativisht t\u00eb populluar, nd\u00ebrsa numri prej 1000 persona\/km\u00b2 \u00ebsht\u00eb karakteristik p\u00ebr periferin\u00eb. Qendrat e qyteteve leht\u00ebsisht e arrijn\u00eb 10,000 persona\/km\u00b2, nd\u00ebrsa popullsia e Manhattan-it arrin n\u00eb 25,000 persona\/km\u00b2.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Grafiku i tret\u00eb tregon densitetin e popullsis\u00eb sipas gjer\u00ebsis\u00eb. \u00cbsht\u00eb e dukshme se pothuajse t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrqendruar brenda 20-40 grad\u00ebve t\u00eb gjer\u00ebsis\u00eb veriore. Pra, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb form\u00ebsuar gjeografikisht dhe historikisht, p\u00ebr shkak se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e madhe e hemisfer\u00ebs jugore \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbuluar nga oqeani. Megjithat\u00eb, nj\u00eb densitet i till\u00eb i popullsis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sfid\u00eb shqet\u00ebsuese p\u00ebr arkitekt\u00ebt e grupit, pasi satelit\u00ebt kalojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb barabart\u00eb kohe n\u00eb t\u00eb dy hemisferat. M\u00eb shum\u00eb, nj\u00eb satelit q\u00eb orbitohet rreth Tok\u00ebs, n\u00eb nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd, le t\u00eb themi, prej 50 grad\u00ebsh, do t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb koh\u00eb af\u00ebr k\u00ebtyre kufijve t\u00eb gjer\u00ebsis\u00eb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb arsyeja pse Starlink p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimin n\u00eb veri t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb k\u00ebrkon vet\u00ebm 6 orbita, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr mbulimin e ekuatorit - 24.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dhe e v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb, n\u00ebse kombinojm\u00eb grafikun e densitetit t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb me grafikun e densitetit t\u00eb satelit\u00ebve t\u00eb grupit, zgjedhja e orbitaleve b\u00ebhet e qart\u00eb. \u00c7do histogram p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson nj\u00eb nga kat\u00ebr raportet e SpaceX n\u00eb FCC. Personalisht, m\u00eb duket se \u00e7do raport i ri \u00ebsht\u00eb si nj\u00eb raport i plot\u00ebsuar i atij t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm, por n\u00eb \u00e7do rast, nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrehet se si satelit\u00ebt e shtuar rrisin kapacitetin mbi rajonet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse n\u00eb hemisfer\u00ebn veriore. N\u00eb kontrast, nj\u00eb kapacitet i konsideruesh\u00ebm i pa p\u00ebrdorur ruhet mbi hemisfer\u00ebn jugore - g\u00ebzohem, mama Australia!<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

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\u00c7far\u00eb ndodh me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e p\u00ebrdoruesve kur ato arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb satelit? N\u00eb versionin e par\u00eb, sateliti Starlink i d\u00ebrgonte ato menj\u00ebher\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb nj\u00eb stacion tok\u00ebsor t\u00eb dedikuar af\u00ebr zonave t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit. Kjo konfigurohet si 'ril\u00ebvizje direkte'. N\u00eb t\u00eb ardhmen, satelit\u00ebt Starlink do t\u00eb ken\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin me lazer. Pika m\u00eb e lart\u00eb e shk\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave do t\u00eb arrihet mbi qytetet e populluara, por t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahen p\u00ebrmes rrjetit t\u00eb lazer\u00ebve n\u00eb dy dimensione. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ekziston nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi e madhe p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rrjet komunikimi t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb n\u00eb rrjetin e satelit\u00ebve, pra t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e p\u00ebrdoruesve mund t\u00eb 'ri-d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb Tok\u00eb' kudo q\u00eb t\u00eb jet\u00eb e p\u00ebrshtatshme. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, mendoj se stacionet tok\u00ebsore t\u00eb SpaceX do t\u00eb integrohen me nodat e shk\u00ebmbimit t\u00eb trafikut<\/a><\/noindex> jasht\u00eb qyteteve.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Duket se komunikimi satelit-satelit \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb, n\u00ebse satelit\u00ebt nuk l\u00ebvizin s\u00eb bashku. N\u00eb raportet m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit n\u00eb FCC p\u00ebrmenden 11 grupe orbitale t\u00eb theksuara t\u00eb satelit\u00ebve. Brenda nj\u00eb grupi t\u00eb caktuar, satelit\u00ebt l\u00ebvizin n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn lart\u00ebsi, n\u00ebn k\u00ebnd t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, me ekscentrik t\u00eb barabart\u00eb, q\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se lazer\u00ebt mund t\u00eb gjejn\u00eb satelit\u00ebt n\u00eb af\u00ebrsi mjaft leht\u00eb. Por shpejt\u00ebsit\u00eb e af\u00ebrsis\u00eb midis grupeve matet n\u00eb km\/s, prandaj komunikimi midis grupeve, n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur, duhet t\u00eb realizohet p\u00ebrmes lidhjeve t\u00eb mikroval\u00ebve t\u00eb shpejta dhe t\u00eb menaxhuara me kujdes.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Topologjia e grupeve orbitale \u00ebsht\u00eb si teoria korpuskulare-val\u00eb e drit\u00ebs dhe nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb shum\u00eb me shembullin ton\u00eb, por, p\u00ebr mua, ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb e mrekullueshme, prandaj e p\u00ebrfshiva n\u00eb artikull. N\u00ebse ky seksion nuk ju intereson, kaloni direkt te 'Kufizimet e fizik\u00ebs themelore'.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tori - ose donut - \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb objekt matematikor i p\u00ebrcaktuar nga dy rreze. N\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e torit \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e thjesht\u00eb t\u00eb vizatosh rrethet: paralelisht ose perpendikularisht me form\u00ebn e tij. Mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb interesante p\u00ebr ju t\u00eb zbuloni se ka edhe dy grupe t\u00eb tjera rrethesh q\u00eb mund t\u00eb vizatohen n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e torit dhe t\u00eb dy kalojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes vrim\u00ebs n\u00eb qend\u00ebr dhe rreth konturit. K\u00ebto quhen \"rrethat e Vallarso\"<\/a><\/noindex>, dhe e p\u00ebrdorova k\u00ebt\u00eb konstrukcion kur n\u00eb 2015 dizajnova torin p\u00ebr bobin\u00ebn Tesla \"Njeriu q\u00eb Digjet\".<\/p>\n

\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Dhe edhe pse orbitat e satelit\u00ebve, n\u00eb terma strikte, jan\u00eb elipsa, jo rrethe, e nj\u00ebjta konstrukcion \u00ebsht\u00eb e zbatueshme n\u00eb rastin e Starlink. Grupi i 4500 satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb disa plane orbitale, t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00ebn nj\u00eb k\u00ebnd, formojn\u00eb mbi sip\u00ebrfaqen e Tok\u00ebs nj\u00eb mas\u00eb q\u00eb l\u00ebviz vazhdimisht. Masa e drejtuar n\u00eb veri hapet dhe l\u00ebviz p\u00ebrs\u00ebri n\u00eb jug mbi nj\u00eb pik\u00eb gjer\u00ebsie t\u00eb caktuar. P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur p\u00ebrplasjet, orbitat do t\u00eb jen\u00eb paksa t\u00eb zgjatura, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb masa q\u00eb l\u00ebviz n\u00eb veri do t\u00eb jet\u00eb disa kilometra m\u00eb lart (apo m\u00eb posht\u00eb) se ajo q\u00eb l\u00ebviz n\u00eb jug. Syt\u00eb e k\u00ebtyre dy masave formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb tor t\u00eb shtrydhur, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb shfaqur m\u00eb posht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb skem\u00eb shum\u00eb e thjeshtuar.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dua t\u00eb kujtoj se n\u00eb brend\u00ebsi t\u00eb k\u00ebtij tori, komunikimi realizohet midis satelit\u00ebve fqinj. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, nuk ka lidhje t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta dhe t\u00eb gjat\u00eb midis satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb plane t\u00eb ndryshme, sepse shpejt\u00ebsit\u00eb e af\u00ebrsis\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebnimin me lazer jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb larta. Rruga e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis planeve kalon, nga ana e saj, mbi ose posht\u00eb torit.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb total, 30,000 satelit\u00eb do t\u00eb vendosen n\u00eb 11 tori t\u00eb brendsh\u00ebm, duke u mbajtur larg orbit\u00ebs s\u00eb ISS-s\u00eb! N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb skem\u00eb tregohet se si jan\u00eb paketuar t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto masa, pa ekscentrik t\u00eb tepruar.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dhe, p\u00ebrfundimisht, duhen menduar rreth lart\u00ebsis\u00eb optimale t\u00eb fluturimit. Ekziston nj\u00eb dilem\u00eb: nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi e vog\u00ebl, e cila ofron kapacitete t\u00eb m\u00ebdha me dimensione m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb rrezeve, apo nj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe - q\u00eb lejon mbulimin e t\u00ebr\u00eb planetit me m\u00eb pak satelit\u00eb? Me kalimin e koh\u00ebs, raportet e FCC nga SpaceX flisnin p\u00ebr lart\u00ebsi gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla, pasi, duke e avancuar, Starship po b\u00ebnte t\u00eb mundur vendosjen e shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb grupeve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi e ul\u00ebt ka edhe p\u00ebrfitime t\u00eb tjera, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb rrezikun e reduktuar t\u00eb p\u00ebrplasjes me mbetjet kozmike ose pasojat negative t\u00eb d\u00ebshtimit t\u00eb pajisjeve. P\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs atmosferike t\u00eb rritur, satelit\u00ebt Starlink t\u00eb vendosur m\u00eb posht\u00eb se t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt (330 km) do t\u00eb digjen brenda disa jav\u00ebsh pas humbjes s\u00eb kontrollit t\u00eb orientimit. E v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, 300 km \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi ku satelit\u00ebt pothuajse nuk fluturojn\u00eb, dhe mbajtja e lart\u00ebsis\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb nj\u00eb motor elektro-reaktor Krypton, ashtu si\u00e7 do nj\u00eb dizajn aerodinamik. Teorikisht, nj\u00eb satelit me form\u00eb mjaft t\u00eb mpreht\u00eb, me motor elektro-reaktor, mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb stabilisht nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi prej 160 km, por \u00ebsht\u00eb e paqart\u00eb n\u00ebse SpaceX do t\u00eb nis\u00eb satelit\u00eb kaq ul\u00ebt, sepse ka disa truka t\u00eb tjera p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur kapacitetin.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kufizimet e fizik\u00ebs themelore<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Duket e pak\u00ebt q\u00eb \u00e7mimet p\u00ebr vendosjen e nj\u00eb sateliti do t\u00eb bien ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb shum\u00eb posht\u00eb 35 mij\u00eb, edhe n\u00ebse prodhimi do t\u00eb ishte p\u00ebrparim t\u00eb madh dhe i automatizuar plot\u00ebsisht, dhe anijet Starship do t\u00eb ishin plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rip\u00ebrdorshme, duke pasur parasysh se ende nuk dihet se cilat kufizime do t\u00eb vendos\u00eb fizika mbi satelit. Analiza e m\u00ebsip\u00ebrme supozon nj\u00eb kapacitet maksimal prej 80 Gbit\/s (n\u00ebse rrahim deri n\u00eb 100 rreze, secila q\u00eb ka kapacitet p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar 100 Mbit\/s).<\/p>\n

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Kufiri ekstrem i kapacitetit t\u00eb kanalit \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb teorem\u00ebn Shannon-Hartley<\/a><\/noindex> dhe jepet n\u00eb statistik\u00ebn e gjer\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb brezit (1+SNR). Gjer\u00ebsia e brezit shpesh \u00ebsht\u00eb e kufizuar nga spektri i disponuesh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex>, nd\u00ebrsa SNR \u00ebsht\u00eb energjia e disponueshme e satelitit, zhurma e sfondit dhe shqet\u00ebsimet n\u00eb kanal p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb pap\u00ebrsosm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb antenave<\/a><\/noindex>. Nj\u00eb penges\u00eb tjet\u00ebr e dukshme \u00ebsht\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrpunimit. FPGA Xilinx Ultrascale+ t\u00eb rinj kan\u00eb kapacitet deri n\u00eb 58 Gbit\/s.<\/a><\/noindex>, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mir\u00eb n\u00eb kushtet aktuale t\u00eb kufizimit t\u00eb kapacitetit informativ t\u00eb kanalit pa zhvillimin e ASIC-ve t\u00eb personalizuara. Por edhe at\u00ebher\u00eb 58 Gbit\/s do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarje t\u00eb dukshme t\u00eb frekuencave, me shum\u00eb gjasa n\u00eb bandat Ka ose V. V (40\u201375GHz) ka ciklet m\u00eb t\u00eb disponueshme, por \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj absorbcionit atmosferik, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht n\u00eb zona me lag\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

A jan\u00eb praktik\u00eb 100 rreze? Kjo problematik\u00eb ka dy aspekte: gjer\u00ebsia e rrezeve dhe dend\u00ebsia e elementeve t\u00eb matrit\u00ebs s\u00eb anten\u00ebs me faz\u00eb. Gjer\u00ebsia e rrezeve p\u00ebrcaktohet nga gjat\u00ebsia e val\u00ebs e ndar\u00eb nga diametri i anten\u00ebs. Matri\u00e7a e fazuar dixhitale \u00ebsht\u00eb ende nj\u00eb teknologji e specializuar, por p\u00ebrmasat optimale p\u00ebrcaktohen nga gjer\u00ebsia e furr\u00ebs s\u00eb shkrirjes<\/a><\/noindex> (rreth 1m), dhe p\u00ebrdorimi i komunikimeve me frekuenca radio \u2013 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpenzim i madh. Gjer\u00ebsia e val\u00ebs n\u00eb band\u00ebn Ka \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 1 cm, me gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e rrezeve duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb 0.01 radianda \u2013 me gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e spektrit n\u00eb nivelin e 50% t\u00eb amplitud\u00ebs. Le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i rrezes \u00ebsht\u00eb 1 steradian (analog me mbulimin e nj\u00eb lente 50mm), at\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb do t\u00eb duhen 2500 rreze t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta. Lineariteti n\u00ebnkupton se 2500 rreze do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin nj\u00eb minimum prej 2500 elementesh antene brenda matri\u00e7\u00ebs, q\u00eb n\u00eb parim \u00ebsht\u00eb reale, edhe pse e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u realizuar. Dhe gjithashtu, e gjith\u00eb kjo do t\u00eb nxehet shum\u00eb!<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebrfundoj 2500 kanale, secili q\u00eb mb\u00ebshtet 58 Gbit\/s., \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi e madhe informacioni \u2013 n\u00ebse e vler\u00ebsojm\u00eb p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht, at\u00ebher\u00eb 145 Tbit\/s. Krahasimisht, gjith\u00eb trafiku i internetit n\u00eb vitin 2020 pritet t\u00eb jet\u00eb mesatarisht n\u00eb nivelin 640 Tbit\/s.<\/a><\/noindex>. Lajme t\u00eb mira p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb shqet\u00ebsohen p\u00ebr gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e brezit ndodhen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb themelore t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb internetit satelitor. N\u00ebse grupimi prej 30,000 satelit\u00ebsh do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb vitin 2026, trafiku global i internetit potencialisht do t\u00eb arrij\u00eb 800 Tbit\/s. N\u00ebse gjysma e k\u00ebtij volumi do t\u00eb p\u00ebrkthehej nga ~500 satelit\u00eb mbi zona t\u00eb populluara n\u00eb \u00e7do moment t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb kapaciteti maksimal p\u00ebr \u00e7do satelit do t\u00eb jet\u00eb rreth 800 Gbit\/s, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 10 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se llogaritjet tona fillestare themelore, pra influksi financiar potencialisht rritet 10 her\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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P\u00ebr nj\u00eb satelit n\u00eb orbit\u00ebn 330-kilometrike, nj\u00eb rreze e 0.01 radianda mbulon nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe prej 10 km\u00b2. N\u00eb zona me densitet t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb si Manhattan, n\u00eb nj\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe t\u00eb till\u00eb jetojn\u00eb deri n\u00eb 300,000 njer\u00ebz. E n\u00ebse ata t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vendosen t\u00eb shikojn\u00eb Netflix nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh (7 Mbit\/s n\u00eb cil\u00ebsi HD)? K\u00ebrkesa totale p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebna do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 2000 GB\/s, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 35 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se kufizimi aktual i ngurt\u00eb q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur nga nd\u00ebrfaqja e shp\u00ebrndarjes se PLI-s\u00eb. Ka dy m\u00ebnyra p\u00ebr t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga kjo situat\u00eb, nj\u00ebra prej t\u00eb cilave \u00ebsht\u00eb fizikisht e mundshme.<\/p>\n

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E para, \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb nxjerr\u00ebsh m\u00eb shum\u00eb satelit\u00eb n\u00eb orbit\u00eb, q\u00eb t\u00eb ket\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se 35 t\u00eb tilla mbi zonat me k\u00ebrkes\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do moment t\u00eb caktuar. N\u00ebse merret p\u00ebrs\u00ebri 1 steradian p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb qiellit t\u00eb pranueshme dhe lart\u00ebsi mesatare orbitale prej 400 km, rezulton se gjithsej do t\u00eb kishim nj\u00eb dend\u00ebsi grumbullimi prej 0,0002\/m2, ose 100,000 n\u00eb total \u2014 n\u00ebse i shp\u00ebrndajm\u00eb ato n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb mbi t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqen e Tok\u00ebs. T\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb se orbitat e zgjedhura nga SpaceX rrisin ndjesh\u00ebm densitetin e mbulimit mbi zonat e populluara, n\u00eb t\u00eb dy 20-40 grad\u00eb latitud\u00eb veriore, dhe k\u00ebshtu numri prej 30,000 satelit\u00ebsh duket si nj\u00eb num\u00ebr magjik.<\/p>\n

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Ideja e dyt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb e madhe, por, me keqardhje, e pamundur. T\u00eb kujtojm\u00eb se gjer\u00ebsia e rrezes p\u00ebrcaktohet nga gjer\u00ebsia e gril\u00ebs antenore t\u00eb fazuar. \u00c7far\u00eb n\u00ebse shum\u00eb grila n\u00eb disa satelit\u00eb bashkojn\u00eb fuqit\u00eb e tyre, krijojn\u00eb nj\u00eb rreze m\u00eb t\u00eb ngusht\u00eb \u2014 si\u00e7 b\u00ebjn\u00eb teleskop\u00ebt radio si VLA<\/a><\/noindex> (sistemi i antenave shum\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha)? Ky metod\u00eb lidhet me nj\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi: baz\u00ebn midis satelit\u00ebve duhet t\u00eb llogaritet me kujdes \u2014 me nj\u00eb sakt\u00ebsi deri n\u00eb sub-milimet\u00ebr, \u2014 p\u00ebr t\u00eb stabilizuar faz\u00ebn e rrezes. Dhe madje n\u00ebse kjo do t\u00eb ishte e mundur, rrezja q\u00eb do t\u00eb rezultonte do t\u00eb kishte pak\u00ebs t\u00eb pak\u00ebndshme, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb densitetit t\u00eb ul\u00ebt t\u00eb grupimit t\u00eb satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb qiell. N\u00eb tok\u00eb, gjer\u00ebsia e rrezes do t\u00eb ishte reduktuar n\u00eb disa milimetra (mjaft p\u00ebr t\u00eb ndjekur nj\u00eb anten\u00eb telefoni celular), por do t\u00eb ishin miliona \u2014 p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb nulllimit t\u00eb dob\u00ebt n\u00eb mes. Faleminderit<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

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mallkimit t\u00eb gril\u00ebs s\u00eb holluar<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Aplikimi<\/h3>\n

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Duket se ndarja e kanaleve me shp\u00ebrndarjen k\u00ebndore \u2014 pasi satelit\u00ebt jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb qiell \u2014 ofron p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsime t\u00eb mir\u00ebpritura n\u00eb kapacitetin pa shkelur ligjet e fizik\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb zonat e larg\u00ebta dhe rurale, stacionet tok\u00ebsore nuk k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb grila antenash t\u00eb fazuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb maksizuar gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e rrezes, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren pajisje m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb abonent\u00ebve: nga ndjek\u00ebsit e aseteve IoT deri te telefonat satelitor\u00eb portativ\u00eb, sinjalizuesit emergjent\u00eb ose pajisjet shkencore p\u00ebr ndjekjen e kafsh\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb zona t\u00eb larg\u00ebta dhe rurale, stacionet tok\u00ebsore nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr grila antenash t\u00eb fazuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb maksimizuar gjer\u00ebsin\u00eb e rrezes, prandaj \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb pajisjeje m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb abonimit: nga ndjek\u00ebs t\u00eb aseteve IoT deri tek telefonat satelitor\u00eb portab\u00ebl, sinjalizues emergjence ose pajisje shkencore p\u00ebr ndjekjen e kafsh\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb mjedise urbane t\u00eb dendura, Starlink do t\u00eb ofroj\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet transporti primar dhe rezerv\u00eb p\u00ebr rrjetin celular. Nj\u00eb stacion tok\u00ebsor i lart\u00eb efektiv do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb instalohet n\u00eb \u00e7do kull\u00eb celulare, por t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim burimet tok\u00ebsore p\u00ebr forcimin dhe transmetimin gjat\u00eb \"miljes s\u00eb fundit\".<\/p>\n

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Dhe fundit, madje edhe n\u00eb zona t\u00eb mbipopulluara, gjat\u00eb faz\u00ebs fillestare, ka mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorimin e satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb orbit\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt me vones\u00eb t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme minimale. Kompanit\u00eb financiare ju japin mjete t\u00eb konsiderueshme \u2014 vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb m\u00eb shpejt t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat thelb\u00ebsore nga t\u00eb gjitha cepet e bot\u00ebs. Edhe n\u00ebse t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat p\u00ebrmes Starlink do t\u00eb ken\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb se e zakonshmja \u2014 p\u00ebrmes hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs, \u2014 shpejt\u00ebsia e p\u00ebrhapjes s\u00eb drit\u00ebs n\u00eb vakum \u00ebsht\u00eb 50% m\u00eb e lart\u00eb se n\u00eb xhamin kuarcam, e cila e kompenson me t\u00eb madhe ndryshimin n\u00eb transmetim n\u00eb distanca m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/h3>\n

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Pasojat negative<\/p>\n

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Pjesa e fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb e dedikuar pasojave negative. Q\u00ebllimi i artikullit \u00ebsht\u00eb t'ju \u00e7lironi nga iluzionet rreth projektit, dhe pasojat negative t\u00eb mundshme sjellin m\u00eb shum\u00eb debat. Do t\u00eb jap disa informacione, duke u p\u00ebrmbajtur nga interpretimi i tepruar. Nuk jam parashikues, dhe nuk kam informacione nga SpaceX.<\/p>\n

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M\u00eb serioze, sipas mendimit tim, jan\u00eb pasojat e rritjes s\u00eb aksesit n\u00eb internet. Edhe n\u00eb Pasadena time, nj\u00eb qytet i gjall\u00eb dhe teknologjikisht zhvilluar me nj\u00eb popullsi mbi nj\u00eb milion, ku ndodhen disa observator\u00eb, nj\u00eb universitet i nivelit bot\u00ebror dhe qendra m\u00eb e madhe NASA, zgjedhja kur b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimet n\u00eb internet \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e kufizuar. Anemban\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb dhe pjes\u00ebs tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb bot\u00ebs, interneti \u00ebsht\u00eb shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim komunal me qira, dhe ofruesit thjesht duan t\u00eb fitojn\u00eb 50 milion dollar\u00eb n\u00eb muaj n\u00eb nj\u00eb ambient t\u00eb rehatsh\u00ebm dhe jo konkurrues. Mbase \u00e7do sh\u00ebrbim q\u00eb ofrohet n\u00eb apartamente dhe sht\u00ebpi, \u00ebsht\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim komunal, por cil\u00ebsia e sh\u00ebrbimeve t\u00eb internetit \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb pak e q\u00ebndrueshme se ajo e ujit, energjis\u00eb elektrike ose gazit. Problemi i status-quo \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb, ndryshe nga uji, energjia elektrike ose gazi, interneti \u00ebsht\u00eb ende i ri dhe zhvillohet me shpejt\u00ebsi. Ne vazhdimisht po gjejm\u00eb p\u00ebrdorime t\u00eb reja p\u00ebr t\u00eb. P\u00ebrdorimi m\u00eb revolucionar ende nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb zbuluar, por planet me paketa shkat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb mund\u00ebsit\u00eb p\u00ebr konkurrenc\u00eb dhe inovacion. Miliarda njer\u00ebz mbeten jasht\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me rrethanat e lindjes, ose sepse vendi i tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb larg nga autostrada e kabllit n\u00ebnujore. N\u00eb rajonet e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb planetit, interneti vazhdon t\u00eb ofrohet nga satelit\u00ebt gjeostacionar\u00eb, me \u00e7mime t\u00eb skandalshme.<\/p>\n

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Starlink, i cili ofron vazhdimisht internet nga qielli, e ndryshon k\u00ebt\u00eb model. Akoma nuk kam par\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb tjet\u00ebr m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur miliarda njer\u00ebz me internetin. SpaceX \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e duhur p\u00ebr t'u b\u00ebr\u00eb ofruesi i internetit dhe, potencialisht, nj\u00eb kompani interneti q\u00eb do t\u00eb konkurroj\u00eb me Google dhe Facebook. B\u00ebj bast se nuk e kishe menduar k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se interneti satelitor \u00ebsht\u00eb opsioni m\u00eb i mir\u00eb. SpaceX dhe vet\u00ebm SpaceX \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pozita p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar shpejt nj\u00eb grumbull t\u00eb gjer\u00eb satelit\u00ebsh, sepse ishte ajo q\u00eb kaloi nj\u00eb dekad\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb sfiduar monopolin qeveritar t\u00eb lan\u00e7imeve t\u00eb raketave. Edhe n\u00ebse Iridium do t\u00eb kishte kaluar \u00e7do telefon celular n\u00eb treg, ajo nuk do t\u00eb arrinte kurr\u00eb t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim t\u00eb gjer\u00eb duke p\u00ebrdorur platforma tradicionale. Pa SpaceX dhe modelin e saj unik t\u00eb biznesit, ka shum\u00eb mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb interneti global satelitor thjesht t\u00eb mos ndodhte kurr\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Nj\u00eb goditje e madhe do t\u00eb jet\u00eb p\u00ebr astronomin\u00eb. Pas lan\u00e7imit t\u00eb 60 satelit\u00ebve t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb Starlink, u shfaq nj\u00eb val\u00eb kritike nga komuniteti nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar i astronom\u00ebve, duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se numri i shtuar i satelit\u00ebve do t'u pengonte atyre qasjen n\u00eb qiellin e nat\u00ebs. Ka nj\u00eb shprehje: mes astronom\u00ebve ai q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i njohur ka teleskopin m\u00eb t\u00eb madh. Pa ekzagjerim, praktika e astronomis\u00eb n\u00eb epok\u00ebn moderne \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb, e ngjashme me nj\u00eb luft\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar cil\u00ebsin\u00eb e analiz\u00ebs ndaj ndotjes n\u00eb rritje t\u00eb drit\u00ebs dhe burimeve t\u00eb tjera zhurme.<\/p>\n

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M\u00eb pak se \u00e7do gj\u00eb, astronom\u00ebt nuk kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr mij\u00ebra satelit\u00eb t\u00eb ndritsh\u00ebm q\u00eb shk\u00eblqejn\u00eb n\u00eb fokusin e teleskopit. Dhe, e v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb, grupi i par\u00eb i Iridium fitoi nj\u00eb reputacion t\u00eb keq p\u00ebr shkak se jepte \"ndri\u00e7ime\" nga panelet e m\u00ebdha q\u00eb reflektonin drit\u00ebn e diellit n\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb vogla t\u00eb Tok\u00ebs. Ndodhte q\u00eb ata t\u00eb arrinin ndritshm\u00ebri t\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb kat\u00ebrt t\u00eb H\u00ebn\u00ebs dhe her\u00eb pas here, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fatit, d\u00ebmtonin sensor\u00ebt astronomik\u00eb t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm. Frika se Starlink do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij\u00eb frekuencat q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb radioastronomi nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb pa baz\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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N\u00ebse shkarkoni nj\u00eb aplikacion p\u00ebr ndjekjen e satelit\u00ebve, do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb shihni dhjetra satelit\u00eb q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb n\u00eb qiell nj\u00eb mbr\u00ebmje t\u00eb qart\u00eb. Satelit\u00ebt jan\u00eb t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm pas per\u00ebndimit t\u00eb diellit dhe para agimit, por vet\u00ebm kur ndri\u00e7ohen nga rrezet e diellit. M\u00eb von\u00eb, gjat\u00eb nat\u00ebs satelit\u00ebt b\u00ebhen t\u00eb paduksh\u00ebm n\u00eb hijen e Tok\u00ebs. T\u00eb vegj\u00ebl dhe shum\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebt, ata l\u00ebvizin shum\u00eb shpejt. Ka nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi q\u00eb ata t\u00eb bllokojn\u00eb nj\u00eb yll t\u00eb larg\u00ebt p\u00ebr m\u00eb pak se nj\u00eb milisekond\u00eb, por, mendoj, t\u00eb kap\u00ebsh at\u00eb \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mundim i madh.<\/p>\n

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Nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim i fort\u00eb p\u00ebr ndri\u00e7imin e qiellit lindi nga fakti se grupi i satelit\u00ebve t\u00eb lan\u00e7imit t\u00eb par\u00eb u nd\u00ebrtua af\u00ebr terminatorit t\u00eb Tok\u00ebs, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, nat\u00eb pas nate, Evropa \u2014 dhe ishte ver\u00eb \u2014 pa v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi, v\u00ebzhgonte nj\u00eb pamje epike t\u00eb satelit\u00ebve q\u00eb fluturojn\u00eb n\u00eb qiell n\u00eb agun e mbr\u00ebmjes. M\u00eb pas, simulimet bazuar n\u00eb raportet n\u00eb FCC treguan se satelit\u00ebt n\u00eb orbit\u00eb n\u00eb 1150 km do t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm edhe pasi t\u00eb kalonin agun astronomik. N\u00eb thelb, agimi kalon n\u00eb tri faza: qytetare, detare dhe astronomike, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb kur dielli \u00ebsht\u00eb 6, 12 dhe 18 grad\u00eb n\u00ebn horizont p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. N\u00eb fund t\u00eb agimit astronomik, rrezet e diellit jan\u00eb rreth 650 km nga sip\u00ebrfaqja n\u00eb zenit, larg atmosfer\u00ebs dhe pjes\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb orbit\u00ebs s\u00eb ul\u00ebt rreth Tok\u00ebs. Duke u bazuar n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga faqja Starlink<\/a><\/noindex>, un\u00eb mendoj se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb satelit\u00ebt do t\u00eb vendosen n\u00eb nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt se 600 km. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, ata do t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm n\u00eb agun, por jo pas err\u00ebsir\u00ebs, gj\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb reduktonte ndjesh\u00ebm pasojat e mundshme p\u00ebr astronomin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Problemi i tret\u00eb \u2014 mbeturinat n\u00eb orbit\u00eb. N\u00eb postimin e m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm<\/a><\/noindex> un\u00eb theksova se satelit\u00ebt dhe mbeturinat n\u00ebn 600 km do t\u00eb dalin nga orbita brenda disa viteve \u2014 p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb atmosfer\u00ebs, duke ulur ndjesh\u00ebm mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e sindrom\u00ebs Kessler. SpaceX po krijon probleme me mbeturinat, si t\u00eb mos mendonin fare p\u00ebr mbeturinat hap\u00ebsinore. Un\u00eb shikoj detajet e implementimit t\u00eb Starlink, dhe m\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinoj nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb reduktuar sasin\u00eb e mbeturinave n\u00eb orbit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Satelit\u00ebt d\u00ebrgohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb lart\u00ebsi prej 350 km, pastaj me motor\u00ebt e nd\u00ebrtuar, shk\u00ebputen n\u00eb orbit\u00ebn e caktuar. \u00c7do satelit q\u00eb d\u00ebshton gjat\u00eb lan\u00e7imit do t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga orbita brenda disa jav\u00ebsh, dhe ai nuk do t\u00eb l\u00ebviz\u00eb diku tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr mij\u00ebra vjet. Kjo vendosje parashikon strategjikisht testimin p\u00ebr hyrje t\u00eb lir\u00eb. M\u00eb tej, satelit\u00ebt Starlink jan\u00eb t\u00eb shesht\u00eb n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e kryq\u00ebzimit, dhe k\u00ebshtu, duke humbur kontrollin e lart\u00ebsis\u00eb, ata futen n\u00eb shtresat e dendur t\u00eb atmosfer\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

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Pak shum\u00eb pak e din\u00eb se SpaceX \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb pionier n\u00eb kozmonautik\u00eb, duke filluar t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb alternativa t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb montimit n\u00eb vend t\u00eb kapsulave. Praktikisht t\u00eb gjitha platform\u00ebn e l\u00ebshimit p\u00ebrdorin kapsula gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb fazave, satelit\u00ebve, mbulesave dhe t\u00eb tjera, k\u00ebshtu duke rritur potencialin e mbeturinave. Gjithashtu, SpaceX ka nd\u00ebrmend t\u00eb degradoj\u00eb fazat m\u00eb t\u00eb larta nga orbita, duke mos u lejuar atyre t\u00eb rrin\u00eb p\u00ebrjet\u00ebsisht n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u prishur dhe shp\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb mjedisin e ashp\u00ebr hap\u00ebsinor.<\/p>\n

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Dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht, problemi i fundit q\u00eb do doja t\u00eb p\u00ebrmendja \u00ebsht\u00eb mund\u00ebsia q\u00eb SpaceX t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsoj\u00eb monopolin ekzistues mbi internetin duke krijuar nj\u00eb t\u00eb vetin. N\u00eb ni\u015fen e saj, SpaceX ka monopolizuar tashm\u00eb lansimet. Vet\u00ebm d\u00ebshira e qeverive konkuruese p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar nj\u00eb hyrje t\u00eb garantuar n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb nuk e lejon shp\u00ebrb\u00ebrjen e raketave t\u00eb shtrenjta dhe t\u00eb vjetruara, t\u00eb cilat shpesh nd\u00ebrtohen nga kontraktor\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj monopolist\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojtjes.<\/p>\n

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Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb aq e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb imagjinohet se n\u00eb vitin 2030 SpaceX do t\u00eb filloj\u00eb t\u00eb l\u00ebshoj\u00eb deri n\u00eb 6000 satelit\u00ebt e saj \u00e7do vit, plus disa satelit\u00eb spiun\u00eb \u2014 p\u00ebr ndodhi t\u00eb vjetra. Satelit\u00ebt e lir\u00eb dhe t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb SpaceX do t\u00eb ofrojn\u00eb 'hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb q\u00ebndrueshme' p\u00ebr pajisje t\u00eb tjera. \u00c7do universitet q\u00eb ka krijuar nj\u00eb kamera t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorshme n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb mund ta d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb at\u00eb n\u00eb orbit\u00eb, pa pasur nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb mbuloj\u00eb kostot p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb platforme t\u00eb plot\u00eb hap\u00ebsinore. Me nj\u00eb akses t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar dhe t\u00eb pakufizuar n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb, Starlink tashm\u00eb lidhet me satelit\u00ebt, nd\u00ebrsa prodhuesit historik\u00eb shkojn\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

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N\u00eb histori ka ekzistuar rasti i kompanive vizionare, t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb mbuluar nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb tregut, saq\u00eb emrat e tyre jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb emra t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm: Hoover, Westinghouse, Kleenex, Google, Frisbee, Xerox, Kodak, Motorola, IBM.<\/p>\n

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Problemi mund t\u00eb lind\u00eb kur nj\u00eb kompani pionier fillon t\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00eb praktika anti-konkurruese p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur pjes\u00ebn e saj t\u00eb tregut, ndon\u00ebse q\u00eb nga koha e presidentit Reagan, kjo shpesh nuk ndalohet. SpaceX mund t\u00eb mbaj\u00eb monopol mbi Starlink duke detyruar zhvilluesit e tjer\u00eb t\u00eb grupeve satelitore t\u00eb l\u00ebshojn\u00eb satelit\u00ebt me raketat e vjetra sovjetike. Veprime t\u00eb ngjashme, t\u00eb marra United Aircraft and Transportation company<\/a><\/noindex>, s\u00eb bashku me p\u00ebrcaktimin e \u00e7mimeve p\u00ebr transportin e post\u00ebs, e \u00e7uan at\u00eb n\u00eb falimentim n\u00eb vitin 1934. Fatmir\u00ebsisht, SpaceX pak ka gjasa t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithmon\u00eb nj\u00eb monopol absolut mbi raketat e rip\u00ebrdorshme.<\/p>\n

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Nj\u00eb shqet\u00ebsim edhe m\u00eb i madh \u00ebsht\u00eb se shp\u00ebrndarja e SpaceX e dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra satelit\u00ebve n\u00eb orbit\u00ebn e ul\u00ebt mund t\u00eb konceptohet si nj\u00eb kooptim i pasuris\u00eb publike. Nj\u00eb kompani private, duke ndjekur p\u00ebrfitimin e saj personal, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrvet\u00ebsoj\u00eb pozitat orbitale q\u00eb dikur ishin t\u00eb aksesueshme p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb dhe pa ask\u00ebnd q\u00eb u angazhohej. Dhe ndon\u00ebse inovacionet e SpaceX kan\u00eb lejuar q\u00eb t\u00eb b\u00ebhen para n\u00eb vakuum, shumica e kapitalit intelektual t\u00eb SpaceX \u00ebsht\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar mbi miliarda dollar\u00eb t\u00eb ndara nga buxheti p\u00ebr k\u00ebrkime.<\/p>\n

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Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, nevojiten ligje q\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojn\u00eb investimet private, hulumtimet dhe zhvillimet. Pa k\u00ebt\u00eb mbrojtje, novator\u00ebt nuk do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb financojn\u00eb projekte ambicioze ose do t\u00eb zhvendosin kompanit\u00eb e tyre n\u00eb vende q\u00eb sigurojn\u00eb mbrojtje t\u00eb till\u00eb. N\u00eb \u00e7do rast, publiku \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb pozita e cila nuk gjeneron fitim. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, nevojiten ligje q\u00eb t\u00eb mbrojn\u00eb individ\u00ebt, pronar\u00ebt nominal\u00eb t\u00eb pasuris\u00eb publike, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb qiellin \u2014 nga entitetet private t\u00eb orientuara drejt qiras\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat aneksojn\u00eb mir\u00ebsit\u00eb publike. Asnj\u00ebra nga t\u00eb dyja nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e sakt\u00eb apo e mundshme. Zhvillimet e SpaceX ofrojn\u00eb nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjetur nj\u00eb mes t\u00eb art\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb treg t\u00eb ri. Ne do ta kuptojm\u00eb se e kemi gjetur kur maksimalizojm\u00eb frekuenc\u00ebn e inovacioneve dhe krijimit t\u00eb mir\u00ebqenies publike.<\/p>\n

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Mendime n\u00eb fund<\/h3>\n

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Ky artikull e kam shkruar menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb tjetri \u2014 p\u00ebr Starship<\/a><\/noindex>. Ka qen\u00eb nj\u00eb jav\u00eb e ngroht\u00eb. T\u00eb dy Starship dhe Starlink jan\u00eb teknologji revolucionare q\u00eb po krijohen para syve tan\u00eb, n\u00eb jet\u00ebt tona. N\u00ebse shoh se si rriten nip\u00ebrit e mi, ata do t\u00eb impresionohen m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga fakti q\u00eb jam m\u00eb i vjet\u00ebr se Starlink, sesa nga fakti q\u00eb n\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00ebrin\u00eb time nuk kishte celular\u00eb (eksponate muzeale) ose nj\u00eb internet t\u00eb aksesuesh\u00ebm si i till\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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T\u00eb pasurit dhe ushtar\u00ebt e kan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur m\u00eb par\u00eb internetin satelitor, por nj\u00eb Starlink i zakonsh\u00ebm, i lir\u00eb dhe i p\u00ebrhapur pa Starship \u00ebsht\u00eb thjesht i pamundur.<\/p>\n

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Flitet prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebr lansimin, megjithat\u00eb Starship, nj\u00eb platform\u00eb mjaft e lir\u00eb dhe interesante, \u00ebsht\u00eb e pamundur pa Starlink.<\/p>\n

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Flitet prej koh\u00ebsh p\u00ebr kozmonautik\u00ebn e pilotuar, dhe n\u00ebse ju jeni \u2014 piloti i nj\u00eb avion ushtarak reaktiv dhe gjithashtu neurokirurg<\/a><\/noindex>, at\u00ebher\u00eb ju presin mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb m\u00ebdha. Me Starship dhe Starlink, eksplorimi i hap\u00ebsir\u00ebs nga njeriu \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb e ardhme e arritshme dhe e af\u00ebrt, ku distanca nga nj\u00eb post\u00eb orbitale deri n\u00eb qytetet industriale t\u00eb zhvilluara n\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e vog\u00ebl.<\/p>\n

Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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