{"id":53536,"date":"2019-12-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:26","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:26","slug":"pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya","title":{"rendered":"E v\u00ebrteta rreth frenave t\u00eb trenit: pjesa 3 \u2014 pajisjet e kontrollit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ka ardhur koha p\u00ebr t\u00eb folur p\u00ebr pajisjet q\u00eb jan\u00eb destinuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar frenat. K\u00ebto pajisje quhen \"kran\u00eb\", megjith\u00ebse rruga e gjat\u00eb e evolucionit i ka \u00e7uar ato mjaft larg kran\u00ebve n\u00eb kuptimin ton\u00eb t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm, duke i transformuar n\u00eb pajisje mjaft komplekse t\u00eb automatizmit pneumatik.<\/p>\n

Kran i vjet\u00ebr-dobish\u00ebm 394 ende p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb materialin l\u00ebviz\u00ebs.<\/i>
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1. Kran\u00ebt e drejtuesit - nj\u00eb hyrje e shkurt\u00ebr.<\/h1>\n

\nSipas p\u00ebrkufizimit.<\/p>\n

Kran\u00ebt e trenit t\u00eb drejtuesit jan\u00eb pajisje (ose komplekse pajisjesh) q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb destinuara p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar sasin\u00eb dhe ritmin e ndryshimit t\u00eb presionit n\u00eb magistralen e frenave t\u00eb trenit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kran\u00ebt e trenit t\u00eb drejtuesit q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren aktualisht mund t\u00eb ndahen n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejta dhe kran\u00eb me kontroll t\u00eb larg\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Pajisjet e drejtp\u00ebrdrejta jan\u00eb klasika e zhanrit, t\u00eb instaluara n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn d\u00ebrrmuese t\u00eb lokomotivave, trena motorik\u00eb, si dhe n\u00eb materialin l\u00ebviz\u00ebs t\u00eb destinuar p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime speciale (pajisje rrugore t\u00eb ndryshme, automotrice dhe t\u00eb tjera) kran\u00ebt e drejtuesit n\u00ba 394 dhe n\u00ba 395. I pari, i t\u00eb cilit \u00ebsht\u00eb paraqitur n\u00eb KDPV, instalohet n\u00eb lokomotivat mallrash, nd\u00ebrsa i dyti \u2013 n\u00eb ato pasagjer\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kuptimin pneumatike, k\u00ebta kran\u00eb nuk dallojn\u00eb fare nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri. N\u00eb fakt, jan\u00eb absolutisht identik\u00eb. Kran 395 n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme ka, t\u00eb derdhur s\u00eb bashku me t\u00eb, nj\u00eb rrym\u00eb me dy vrima me gjurm\u00eb, ku instalohet \"bank\u00eb\" e kontrollit t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb frenave elektrike-pneumatike.<\/p>\n

Kran i 395-t\u00eb i drejtuesit n\u00eb ambientin e tij natyror.<\/i>
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\nK\u00ebto pajisje, m\u00eb s\u00eb shpeshti, pikturohen n\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe t\u00eb ndritshme, q\u00eb d\u00ebshmon p\u00ebr r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme dhe v\u00ebmendjen e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb duhet t'i kushtoj\u00eb si ekipi lokomotiv, ashtu edhe stafi teknologjik q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben lokomotivin. Nj\u00eb kujtes\u00eb tjet\u00ebr se frenat n\u00eb tren jan\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr k\u00ebto pajisje lidhen drejtp\u00ebrdrejt tubacionet e furnizimit (PM) dhe t\u00eb magistral\u00ebs s\u00eb frenave (TM) dhe, p\u00ebrmes kthes\u00ebs s\u00eb dor\u00ebs, realizohet menaxhimi i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb i rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb ajrit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kran\u00ebt me menaxhim t\u00eb larg\u00ebt, n\u00eb pultin e shoferit \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar jo vet\u00eb krani, por nj\u00eb kontrollues menaxhimi, i cili d\u00ebrgon komandat p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb interfese digitake n\u00eb nj\u00eb panel elektropneumatik t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, i cili instalohet n\u00eb departamentin e makin\u00ebs s\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs. N\u00eb pajisjet tona, p\u00ebrdoret krani p\u00ebr shoferin nr. 130, i cili ka pasur nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u v\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim.<\/p>\n

Kontrolluesi i kranit nr. 130 n\u00eb pultin e lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20 (n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb, af\u00ebr panelit t\u00eb manometrave)<\/i>
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\nPneumodash n\u00eb departamentin e makin\u00ebs s\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20<\/i>
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\nPse \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebshtu? Q\u00eb t\u00eb ofrohet pajisja p\u00ebr menaxhim t\u00eb automatizuar t\u00eb frena, p\u00ebr shembull nga sistemi i udh\u00ebzimit automatik t\u00eb trenit. N\u00eb lokomotivat e pajisura me kranin 394\/395, k\u00ebrkohej instalimi i nj\u00eb pajisjeje speciale n\u00eb kran. Sip\u00ebrmarrja ishte t\u00eb integropi krani 130 n\u00eb sistemin e menaxhimit t\u00eb trenit p\u00ebrmes autobusit CAN, i cili p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb pajisjet tona.<\/p>\n

Pse e quajta k\u00ebt\u00eb aparat t\u00eb shum\u00ebvuajtur? Sepse isha d\u00ebshmitar i par\u00eb i shfaqjes s\u00eb tij n\u00eb pajisjet. K\u00ebto aparate u instaluan n\u00eb numrat e par\u00eb t\u00eb lokomotivave t\u00eb reja ruse: 2ES5K-001 \"Ermak\", 2ES4K-001 \"Don\u00e7ak\" dhe EP2K-001.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 2007, mora pjes\u00eb n\u00eb provat e certifikimit t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs 2ES4K-001. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb makin\u00eb ishte instaluar pik\u00ebrisht krani 130. Megjithat\u00eb, tashm\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb filluan bisedat p\u00ebr besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij t\u00eb ul\u00ebt; p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, ky mrekulli teknike mund t\u00eb lironte frenat papritur. Prandaj, shum\u00eb shpejt u hoq nga p\u00ebrdorimi dhe \"Ermak\u00ebt\", \"Don\u00e7ak\u00ebt\" dhe EP2K shkuan n\u00eb prodhim me kran\u00ebt 394 dhe 395. Progresi u shty deri n\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e pajisjes s\u00eb re. N\u00eb lokomotivat e Novokuxhetsk, ky kran u kthye vet\u00ebm me fillimin e prodhimit t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20 n\u00eb vitin 2011. Dhe \"Ermak\u00ebt\", \"Don\u00e7ak\u00ebt\" dhe EP2K nuk mor\u00ebn versionin e ri t\u00eb k\u00ebtij krani. EP2K-001, p\u00ebr shembull, me kranin 130, tani po kalbet n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e rezerv\u00ebs, si\u00e7 m\u00ebsova s\u00eb fundmi nga nj\u00eb video e nj\u00eb adhuruesi t\u00eb hekurudhave t\u00eb braktisura.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, hekurudhor\u00ebt nuk kan\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht besimin n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem t\u00eb till\u00eb, prandaj t\u00eb gjitha lokomotivat t\u00eb pajisura me kranin 130 jan\u00eb po ashtu t\u00eb pajisura me kran\u00ebt e menaxhimit rezerv\u00eb, q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshtuar, menaxhimin e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb presionit n\u00eb linj\u00ebn e frenave.<\/p>\n

Krahu i rezerv\u00ebs p\u00ebr menaxhimin e frenave n\u00eb kabin\u00ebn EP20<\/i>
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\nN\u00eb lokomotiva vendoset gjithashtu dhe instrumenti i dyt\u00eb i menaxhimit \u2014 krahu i frenave ndihm\u00ebse<\/i> (KVT), i destinuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar frenat e lokomotiv\u00ebs, pavar\u00ebsisht nga frena e trenit. K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb, ngjitur majtas nga krahu i trenit<\/p>\n

Krahu i frenave ndihm\u00ebse nr. 254<\/i>
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\nN\u00eb foto \u00ebsht\u00eb krahu klasik i frenave ndihm\u00ebse, nr. 254. Ai vendoset kudo edhe sot, si n\u00eb lokomotivat e pasagjer\u00ebve, ashtu edhe n\u00eb ato t\u00eb mallrave. Ndryshe nga frenat e vagoni, n\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb cilindrat e frenave asnj\u00ebher\u00eb<\/b> nuk mbushen drejtp\u00ebrdrejt nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, si rezervuari rezerv\u00eb, ashtu edhe shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit jan\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb. N\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi, skema e frenave t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar, p\u00ebr shkak se n\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb cilindra frenash. V\u00ebllimi i tyre total \u00ebsht\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se 8 litra, prandaj mbushja e tyre nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb deri n\u00eb presionin prej 0,4 MPa nuk do t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb \u2014 duhet rritur v\u00ebllimi i rezervuarit rezerv\u00eb, dhe kjo do t\u00eb rris\u00eb koh\u00ebn e ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb tij krahasuar me rezervar\u00ebt e vagoneve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb, T\u0426 mbushen nga rezervuari kryesor, ose p\u00ebrmes krahu t\u00eb frenave ndihm\u00ebse, ose p\u00ebrmes releut t\u00eb presionit, mbi t\u00eb cilin vepron shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit, i aktivizuar nga krahu i trenit t\u00eb drejtuesit.<\/p>\n

Krahu 254 ka ve\u00e7orin\u00eb q\u00eb ai vet\u00eb mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb si rele presioni, duke lejuar nd\u00ebshkimin (t\u00eb shkall\u00ebzuar!) e frenave t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs gjat\u00eb nj\u00eb treni t\u00eb ndaluar. Kjo skem\u00eb quhet skema e aktivizimit t\u00eb KVT-s\u00eb si riprodhues dhe p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb lokomotivat e mallrave.<\/p>\n

Krahu i frenave ndihm\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoret gjat\u00eb l\u00ebvizjeve manovruese t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs, si dhe p\u00ebr sigurimin e trenit pas ndalimit dhe gjat\u00eb q\u00ebndritjes. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas ndalimit t\u00eb trenit, ky krahu vendoset n\u00eb pozitat m\u00eb t\u00eb fundit t\u00eb frenave, dhe frenat n\u00eb tren lirohen. Frenat e lokomotiv\u00ebs jan\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb si lokomotiv\u00ebn ashtu edhe trenin n\u00eb nj\u00eb pjerr\u00ebsi t\u00eb mjaftueshme.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb lokomotivat moderne, si EP20, vendosen KVT t\u00eb tjera, si p\u00ebr shembull nr. 224<\/p>\n

Krahu i frenave ndihm\u00ebse nr. 224 (n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb panel t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb)<\/i>
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\n<\/p>\n

2. Aparati dhe principi i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb krahu t\u00eb drejtuesit nr. 394\/395<\/h1>\n

\nPra ndaj, heroja jon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb grua e vjet\u00ebr, e provuar n\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe me miliona kilometra rrug\u00eb, krani 394 (dhe 395, por ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb, prandaj do flas p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nga instrumentet, duke pasur parasysh edhe tjetrin). Pse ai, e jo moderni 130? S\u00eb pari, krani 394 \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm sot. Dhe s\u00eb dyti, krani 130, m\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht paneli i tij pneumatike, \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm n\u00eb parimin e veprimit me plakun 394.<\/p>\n

Krani i makinistit nr. 394: 1 \u2014 baza e fundit t\u00eb valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb derdhjes; 2 \u2014 trupi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb poshtme; 3 \u2014 mansheta e vulosjes; 4 \u2014 spring; 5 \u2014 valvula e derdhjes; 6 \u2014 blloku me priz\u00eb t\u00eb valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb derdhjes; 7 \u2014 pistoni i barazimit; 8 \u2014 mansheta e vulosjes prej gome; 9 \u2014 unaza e vulosjes prej bronzi; 10 \u2014 trupi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme; 11 \u2014 trupi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme; 12 \u2014 sublima; 13 \u2014 doreza e kontrollit; 14 \u2014 mbajt\u00ebsi i dorez\u00ebs; 15 \u2014 nica; 16 \u2014 vidh\u00eb mbajt\u00ebse; 17 \u2014 shufra; 18 \u2014 spring i sublimit; 19 \u2014 disk mbajt\u00ebs; 20 \u2014 kopshtimet; 21 \u2014 nyje mbajt\u00ebse; 22 \u2014 filtro; 23 \u2014 spring i valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb ushqyerjes; 24 \u2014 valvula e ushqyerjes; 25 \u2014 blloku me priz\u00eb t\u00eb valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb ushqyerjes; 26 \u2014 diafragma e reduktorit; 30 \u2014 spring rregullues i reduktorit; 31 \u2014 gota rregullues e reduktorit<\/i>
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\nPo si ju duket? Nj\u00eb instrument serioz. Ky instrument p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga pjesa e sip\u00ebrme (sublimim), pjesa e mesme (nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse), pjesa e poshtme (barazuese), stabilizatori dhe reduktori. Reduktori \u00ebsht\u00eb i shfaqur n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb posht\u00eb n\u00eb figur\u00eb, stabilizatorin do ta tregoj ve\u00e7mas.<\/p>\n

Stabilizatori i kranit t\u00eb makinistit nr. 394: 1 \u2014 kapaku; 2 \u2014 spring i valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb dhimbjes; 3 \u2014 valvula e dhimbjes; 4 \u2014 priz\u00eb e valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb dhimbjes; 5 \u2014 \u00e7el\u00ebsi i p\u00ebrmasave me diamet\u00ebr 0,45 mm; 6 \u2014 diafragma; 7 \u2014 trupi i stabilizatorit; 8 \u2014 mb\u00ebshtetje; 10 \u2014 spring rregullues; 11 \u2014 gota rregullues.<\/i>
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Rejimi i pun\u00ebs s\u00eb kranit p\u00ebrcaktohet nga kthimi i dorez\u00ebs, e cila rrotullon sublimit, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb ngjitur ngusht\u00eb (dhe i lubrifikuar me kujdes!) n\u00eb pasqyr\u00ebn n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e mesme t\u00eb kranit. Ka shtat\u00eb pozita, t\u00eb cilat zakonisht sh\u00ebnohen me numra romak\u00eb.<\/p>\n