{"id":53536,"date":"2019-12-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:26","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:26","slug":"pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-3-pribory-upravleniya","title":{"rendered":"E v\u00ebrteta mbi frenat e hekurudhave: pjesa 3 - pajisjet e kontrollit","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Ka ardhur koha t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr pajisje q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr menaxhimin e frenave. K\u00ebto pajisje quhen \"kran\u00eb\", edhe pse rruga e gjat\u00eb e evolucionit i ka sjell\u00eb ato mjaft larg kuptimit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb kran\u00ebve, duke u shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara t\u00eb automatizmit pneumatik.<\/p>\n

Kran\u00ebt e njohur 394 ende p\u00ebrdoren n\u00eb busullat e l\u00ebvizshme.<\/i>
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\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. Kran\u00ebt e gjeneralit - nj\u00eb hyrje e shkurt\u00ebr.<\/h1>\n

\nSipas definicionit.<\/p>\n

Kran\u00ebt e udh\u00ebtarit jan\u00eb pajisje (ose komplekse pajisjesh) q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar sasin\u00eb dhe ritmin e ndryshimit t\u00eb presionit n\u00eb tubacionin e frenave t\u00eb trenit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Kran\u00ebt e udh\u00ebtarit n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim aktual mund t\u00eb ndahen n\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb dhe kran\u00eb me menaxhim t\u00eb distanc\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Pajisjet e menaxhimit t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb jan\u00eb klasika, t\u00eb instaluara n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e lokomotivave, trenave t\u00eb motor\u00ebve, si dhe n\u00eb pajisjet speciale (makina t\u00eb ndryshme rrugore, automotrisa etj.) jan\u00eb kran\u00ebt e udh\u00ebtarit nr. 394 dhe nr. 395. E para, e ilustruar n\u00eb foto, instalohet n\u00eb lokomotivat e ngarkesave, e dyta n\u00eb ato t\u00eb udh\u00ebtar\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kuptimin pneumatik, k\u00ebta kran\u00eb nuk ndryshojn\u00eb fare nga nj\u00ebri-tjetri. Pra, jan\u00eb absolutisht identik\u00eb. Kranin 395 n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn e sip\u00ebrme ka nj\u00eb nishan t\u00eb hedhur s\u00eb bashku me t\u00eb, me dy vrima me rreth, ku instalohen \"bankat\" e kontrollit t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb frenave elektropneumatike.<\/p>\n

Kranin 395 t\u00eb gjeneralit n\u00eb ambientin e tij natyror.<\/i>
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\nK\u00ebto pajisje zakonisht jan\u00eb t\u00eb pikturuara n\u00eb nj\u00eb ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe t\u00eb ndritshme, e cila tregon r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e tyre t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb dhe v\u00ebmendjen q\u00eb duhet t'i kushtoj\u00eb si ekuipazhi i lokomotiv\u00ebs, ashtu edhe personeli teknologjik q\u00eb sh\u00ebrben lokomotivin. Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebrkujtes\u00eb q\u00eb frenat n\u00eb tren jan\u00eb gjith\u00e7ka.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto pajisje lidhin drejtp\u00ebrdrejt tubacionet e furnizimit (PM) dhe tubacionin e frenimit (TM) dhe, p\u00ebrmes kthimit t\u00eb dorez\u00ebs, realizohet menaxhimi direkt i rrjedh\u00ebs s\u00eb ajrit.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb kran\u00ebt me menaxhim t\u00eb distanc\u00ebs, n\u00eb pultin e gjeneralit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb krani i vet\u00eb, por nj\u00eb kontrollues menaxhimi, i cili d\u00ebrgon urdhra n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqeje digjitale n\u00eb nj\u00eb panel elektropneumatik t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, q\u00eb vendoset n\u00eb departamentin e makinerive t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs. N\u00eb pajisjet e vendosura n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret krani i njohur nr. 130, i cili ka pasur nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u pranuar n\u00eb pajisjet l\u00ebviz\u00ebse.<\/p>\n

Kontrolluesi i kranit nr. 130 n\u00eb pultin e lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20 (nga e djathta, pran\u00eb panelit t\u00eb manometrave).<\/i>
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\nPneumatikja n\u00eb departamentin e makinerive t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20.<\/i>
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\nPse \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebshtu? P\u00ebr t\u00eb pasur, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 menaxhimit manual t\u00eb frenave, nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi standarde p\u00ebr menaxhimin automatik, p\u00ebr shembull, nga sistemi i vet\u00eb-njohjes s\u00eb trenit. N\u00eb lokomotivat e pajisura me kran\u00ebt 394\/395, k\u00ebrkohej instalimi i nj\u00eb prerje t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb kran. Ideja ishte, krani nr. 130 t\u00eb integrohej n\u00eb sistemin e menaxhimit t\u00eb trenit p\u00ebrmes autobusit CAN, i cili p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb pajisjet e vendosura n\u00eb vendin ton\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Pse e quajta k\u00ebt\u00eb pajisje t\u00eb shum\u00eb vuajtur? Sepse isha d\u00ebshmitar i drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb saj t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb pajisjet l\u00ebviz\u00ebse. K\u00ebto pajisje u instaluan n\u00eb numrat e par\u00eb t\u00eb lokomotivave t\u00eb reja ruse: 2\u042d\u04215\u041a-001 \"Ermak\", 2\u042d\u04214\u041a-001 \"Don\u00e7ak\" dhe EP2\u041a-001.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 2007 mora pjes\u00eb n\u00eb provat e certifikimit t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs 2\u042d\u04214\u041a-001. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb makin\u00eb ishte instaluar pik\u00ebrisht krani nr. 130. Megjithat\u00eb, tashm\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb u fol p\u00ebr besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e saj t\u00eb ul\u00ebt, madje, ky shpres\u00eb e teknologjis\u00eb mund t\u00eb lirohej vet\u00eb frenat. Prandaj, shum\u00eb shpejt u braktis dhe \"Ermaku\", \"Don\u00e7aku\" dhe EP2\u041a kaluan n\u00eb prodhim me kran\u00ebt 394 dhe 395. Progresi u shty p\u00ebr t\u00eb rishikuar pajisjen e re. Ky kran u rikthye n\u00eb lokomotivat e Novocerkask vet\u00ebm me fillimin e prodhimit t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20 n\u00eb vitin 2011. Nd\u00ebrsa \"Ermaku\", \"Don\u00e7aku\" dhe EP2\u041a nuk mor\u00ebn versionin e ri t\u00eb k\u00ebtij krani. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, EP2\u041a-001 me kranin nr. 130, tani po pritet n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e rezervave, si\u00e7 m\u00ebsova s\u00eb fundmi nga nj\u00eb video e nj\u00eb adhuruesi t\u00eb hekurudhave t\u00eb braktisura.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb, besimi i plot\u00eb ndaj nj\u00eb sistemi t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk ekziston tek hekurudhar\u00ebt, prandaj t\u00eb gjitha lokomotivat e pajisura me kran nr. 130 jan\u00eb gjithashtu t\u00eb pajisura me kran\u00eb t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs, q\u00eb lejojn\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb thjeshtuar, menaxhimin e drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb t\u00eb presionit n\u00eb tubacionin e frenave.<\/p>\n

Kranin e menaxhimit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs t\u00eb frenave n\u00eb kabin\u00ebn e EP20.<\/i>
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\nN\u00eb lokomotivat gjithashtu vendoset nj\u00eb pajisje tjet\u00ebr menaxhimi - kran p\u00ebr frenat ndihm\u00ebs.<\/i> (\u041a\u0412\u0422), i destinuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar frenat e lokomotiv\u00ebs, pavar\u00ebsisht nga frena e trenit. Ja ai, n\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb kranit t\u00eb trenit<\/p>\n

Kran i frenave ndihm\u00ebse nr. 254<\/i>
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\nN\u00eb foto \u00ebsht\u00eb krani klasik i frenave ndihm\u00ebse, nr. 254. Ai instaloh\u00ebt n\u00eb shum\u00eb vende edhe tani, si n\u00eb lokomotiva pasagjer\u00ebsh ashtu edhe n\u00eb ato t\u00eb ngarkesave. Ndryshe nga frena e vagonit, cilindrat frenues n\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb kurr\u00eb<\/b> nuk mbushen direkt nga rezervuari ndihm\u00ebs. Megjithat\u00eb, edhe rezervuari ndihm\u00ebs, po ashtu edhe shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit jan\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb. N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, skema e frenave t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e komplikuar, p\u00ebr shkak se ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb cilindra frenues. V\u00ebllimi i tyre total \u00ebsht\u00eb duksh\u00ebm m\u00eb i lart\u00eb se 8 litra, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb t\u00eb mbushen ato nga rezervuari ndihm\u00ebs deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb presion prej 0,4 MPa nuk do t\u00eb jet\u00eb e mundur \u2014 duhet t\u00eb rritet v\u00ebllimi i rezervuarit ndih\u00ebs, e cila do t\u00eb rris\u00eb koh\u00ebn e mbushjes n\u00eb krahasim me rezervuar\u00ebt e vagon\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb lokomotiv\u00eb, cilindrat mbushen nga rezervuari kryesor, qoft\u00eb p\u00ebrmes kranit t\u00eb frenave ndihm\u00ebse, apo p\u00ebrmes rrelit t\u00eb presionit, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin vepron shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit, i cili aktivizohet nga krani i trenit t\u00eb drejtuesit.<\/p>\n

Kran 254 ka nj\u00eb ve\u00e7ori t\u00eb till\u00eb, q\u00eb ai mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb si rel i presionit, duke lejuar lirimin (pjesor!) e frenave t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs kur treni \u00ebsht\u00eb ndaluar. Kjo skem\u00eb quhet skema e p\u00ebrfshirjes s\u00eb KVT si p\u00ebrs\u00ebrit\u00ebs dhe p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb lokomotivat e ngarkesave.<\/p>\n

Kran i frenave ndihm\u00ebse p\u00ebrdoret gjat\u00eb manevrave t\u00eb l\u00ebvizjes s\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs, si dhe p\u00ebr sigurimin e trenit pas ndalimit dhe gjat\u00eb q\u00ebndrimit. Menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas ndalimit t\u00eb trenit, ky kran vendoset n\u00eb pozit\u00ebn e fundit t\u00eb frenimit, dhe frenat n\u00eb tren lirohen. Frenat e lokomotiv\u00ebs jan\u00eb t\u00eb afta t\u00eb mbajn\u00eb si lokomotiv\u00ebn ashtu edhe trenin n\u00eb nj\u00eb pjerr\u00ebsi t\u00eb konsiderueshme.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb lokomotivat moderne elektrike, si EP20, instalohet KVT e tjera, p\u00ebr shembull nr. 224<\/p>\n

Kran i frenave ndihm\u00ebse nr. 224 (n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb panel t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb)<\/i>
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\n<\/p>\n

2. Struktura dhe principi i funksionimit t\u00eb kranit t\u00eb drejtuesit nr. 394\/395<\/h1>\n

\nPra, heroi yn\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb krani 394 i vjet\u00ebr, i provuar me koh\u00ebn dhe miliona kilometra rrug\u00eb (dhe 395, por ai \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm, prandaj do t\u00eb flas p\u00ebr nj\u00eb nga pajisjet, duke pasur parasysh edhe tjetrin). Pse ai, e jo krani modern 130? N\u00eb radh\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, krani 394 \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i zakonsh\u00ebm deri m\u00eb sot. N\u00eb t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, krani 130, m\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht paneli i tij pneumatik, \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb parim i ngjash\u00ebm n\u00eb funksion me t\u00eb moshuarin 394.<\/p>\n

Kran i drejtuesit nr. 394: 1 \u2014 baza e ndihm\u00ebsit t\u00eb ventilit t\u00eb daljes; 2 \u2014 trupi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb poshtme; 3 \u2014 manxheta e vulosjes; 4 \u2014 spring; 5 \u2014 ventili i daljes; 6 \u2014 bushti me sediljen e ventilit t\u00eb daljes; 7 \u2014 pistoni kompenzues; 8 \u2014 manxheta e vulosjes gome; 9 \u2014 unaza e vulosjes prej bronzi; 10 \u2014 trupi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb mesme; 11 \u2014 trupi i pjes\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme; 12 \u2014 ventili; 13 \u2014 doreza e kontrollit; 14 \u2014 mbajt\u00ebsi i dorez\u00ebs; 15 \u2014 nath; 16 \u2014 vid\u00eb shtyt\u00ebse; 17 \u2014 shkop; 18 \u2014 spring i ventilit; 19 \u2014 disk shtyt\u00ebs; 20 \u2014 bllokim; 21 \u2014 gjilp\u00ebr\u00eb mbajt\u00ebse; 22 \u2014 filtr; 23 \u2014 springi i ventilit ushqyes; 24 \u2014 ventili ushqyes; 25 \u2014 bushti me sediljen e ventilit ushqyes; 26 \u2014 diafragme e reduktores; 30 \u2014 springi rregullues i reduktores; 31 \u2014 kupa rregulluese e reduktores.<\/i>
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\nSi duket? Nj\u00eb pajisje serioze. Kjo pajisje p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga pjesa e sip\u00ebrme (ventilat), pjesa e mesme (nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse), pjesa e poshtme (kompensuese), stabilizatori dhe reduktori. Reduktori shfaqet n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb posht\u00eb n\u00eb figur\u00eb, stabilizatorin do ta tregoj ve\u00e7mas.<\/p>\n

Stabilizatori i kranit t\u00eb drejtuesit nr. 394: 1 \u2014 kontak; 2 \u2014 springi i valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme; 3 \u2014 valvula e sip\u00ebrme; 4 \u2014 sedilja e valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrme; 5 \u2014 hap\u00ebsira e rregullt me diamet\u00ebr 0,45 mm; 6 \u2014 diafragm\u00eb; 7 \u2014 trupi i stabilizatorit; 8 \u2014 mb\u00ebshtetje; 10 \u2014 springi rregullues; 11 \u2014 kupa rregulluese.<\/i>
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Rejimi i pun\u00ebs i kranit p\u00ebrcaktohet nga kthimi i dorez\u00ebs, e cila rrotullon ventilin, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb ngjeshur (dhe i lubrifikuar!) n\u00eb at\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb mesme t\u00eb kranit. Ka shtat\u00eb pozita, t\u00eb cilat zakonisht sh\u00ebnohen me numra romak\u00eb.<\/p>\n