{"id":53575,"date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-04T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:29","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:29","slug":"pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","title":{"rendered":"E v\u00ebrteta mbi frenat hekurudhore: pjesa 4 - pajisjet e frenimit t\u00eb tipit pasagjer\u00eb","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb jeni n\u00eb stacion, merrni nj\u00eb minut\u00eb v\u00ebmendje dhe fokusohuni n\u00eb shkrimin q\u00eb ndodhet pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb mes t\u00eb posht\u00ebm t\u00eb vagonit t\u00eb trenit, me t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb fluturoni p\u00ebr n\u00eb pushimet e pritshme. Ky shkrim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb rast\u00ebsor, ai na tregon numrin misterioz, t\u00eb koduar t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit frenues, i instaluar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vagon.
\nShkrimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm edhe n\u00ebse treni \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb platform\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb mos e humbisni.<\/p>\n

\"E
\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vagon - \"Ammenndorf\", i cili ka kaluar nj\u00eb riparim kapita dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb rimakruar n\u00eb fabrik\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb vagon\u00ebve t\u00eb Tverit, \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar nj\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebs ajri (SH) me numrin kushtetues 242 t\u00eb llojit pasagjer. Ai tani instalohet n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vagon\u00ebt e rinj dhe t\u00eb rinovuar, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb SH-s\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb hershme 292. K\u00ebto pajisje, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin familjes s\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb frenimit, do t'i diskutojm\u00eb sot.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. Pasardh\u00ebsit e Westinghouse<\/h1>\n

\nShp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit e ajrit t\u00eb llojit pasagjer, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb hekurudhat me binar\u00eb 1520 mm - jan\u00eb nj\u00eb lloj kompromisi midis thjesht\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimit, t\u00eb trash\u00ebguar nga valvula e trefisht\u00eb Westinghouse, dhe k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb e l\u00ebvizjes. Ata nuk kan\u00eb pasur nj\u00eb zhvillim kaq t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe dramatik si shok\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

Aktualisht p\u00ebrdoren dy modele: shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit me numrin kushtetues 292 dhe shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit me numrin kushtetues 242, q\u00eb po vjen me shpejt\u00ebsi n\u00eb vend t\u00eb tij (t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb parqet e vagon\u00ebve t\u00eb RJD).<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto pajisje ndryshojn\u00eb n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtim, por jan\u00eb praktikisht t\u00eb ngjashme n\u00eb vetit\u00eb e tyre operuese. T\u00eb dyja pajisjet punojn\u00eb mbi diferenc\u00ebn e dy presioneve - n\u00eb magjistralen e frenimit (MF) dhe rezervuari rezerv\u00eb (ZR). T\u00eb dyja sigurojn\u00eb shkarkimin e shtuar t\u00eb magjistral\u00ebs s\u00eb frenimit gjat\u00eb frenimit: 292-shi shkarkon MF n\u00eb nj\u00eb dhom\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb mbyllur (dhoma e shkarkimit t\u00eb shtuar), me nj\u00eb volum prej 1 liter, nd\u00ebrsa 242-shi - drejtp\u00ebrdrejt n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. T\u00eb dyja pajisjet jan\u00eb t\u00eb pajisura me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtues frenimi emergjence. As nj\u00ebri dhe as tjetri pajisje nuk kan\u00eb lirimin me shkall\u00eb - ato lirojn\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb me rritjen e presionit n\u00eb MF mbi presionin n\u00eb ZR, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur atje pas frenimit t\u00eb fundit, si\u00e7 thuhet - kan\u00eb nj\u00eb lirimin \"t\u00eb but\u00eb\".<\/p>\n

Mungesa e l\u00ebshimit t\u00eb hapave kompensohet nga fakti se t\u00eb dy instrumentet nuk punojn\u00eb n\u00eb vagonin e vet\u00ebm (pavar\u00ebsisht se mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb), por s\u00eb bashku me shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsin elektrik t\u00eb ajrit, nr. 305, i cili sjell menaxhimin elektrik t\u00eb frenave dhe dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs me rel\u00e8 pneumatik, duke siguruar mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e l\u00ebshimit hap pas hapi.<\/p>\n

Si nj\u00eb shembull, le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb VR 242, si m\u00eb moderno, dhe gjithashtu EVR 305.<\/p>\n

Vr 242 i ri mbi panelin pneumatik n\u00eb departamentin e makin\u00ebs s\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs EP20.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nAi, i instaluar n\u00eb vagonin e pasagjer\u00ebve.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nTani do t\u00eb drejtohemi ndaj struktur\u00ebs dhe parimeve t\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij instrumenti.<\/p>\n

Skema q\u00eb shpjegon struktur\u00ebn e VR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 \u2014 vrima t\u00eb kalibruara; 2, 4 \u2014 filtrat; 5 \u2014 piston i kufizuesit t\u00eb shkarkimit t\u00eb shtesave TM;
\n7, 10, 13, 21, 22 \u2014 spring; 8 \u2014 ventili i daljes; 9 \u2014 boshll\u00ebku i cilindrit; 11 \u2014 pistoni kryesor; 12 \u2014 ventili i shkarkimit t\u00eb shtesave; 14 \u2014 mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrruesin e m\u00ebnyrave t\u00eb funksionimit; 15 \u2014 pistoni i nd\u00ebrruesit t\u00eb m\u00ebnyrave t\u00eb funksionimit; 17, 28 \u2014 shufra; 18 \u2014 ventili i frenave; 19 \u2014 ventili i shkall\u00ebzimit; 20 \u2014 mb\u00ebshtetje p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrruesin e frenimit emergjent; 23, 26 \u2014 ventila; 24 \u2014 vrima; 25 \u2014 pistoni i p\u00ebrshpejtuesit t\u00eb frenimit emergjent; 27 \u2014 ventili i kufizimit t\u00eb shkarkimit shtes\u00eb; UK \u2014 dhoma p\u00ebrshpejtuesi; ZK \u2014 dhoma e valvulave; MK \u2014 dhoma kryesore; TM \u2014 magistralja e frenave, ZR \u2014 rezervuari rezerv\u00eb; TC \u2014 cilindri i frenave.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nSi fillon puna e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit? Fillon me ngarkimin, pra mbushjen e dhomave t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit dhe rezervuarit t\u00eb rezerv\u00ebs me aj\u00ebr t\u00eb shtypur nga magistralja e frenave. K\u00ebto procese ndodhin gjat\u00eb fillimit t\u00eb lokomotiv\u00ebs n\u00eb depo, kur ajo \u00ebsht\u00eb pa aj\u00ebr, si dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha vagonat, kur ata lidhen me lokomotivin dhe hapin ventilin fundor \u2014 marrin grupin \"n\u00eb aj\u00ebr\". Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proces m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb ngarkimit.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nPra, ajri nga magistralja e frenave, n\u00ebn presionin 0,5 MPa, drejtohet n\u00eb instrument, duke mbushur dhom\u00ebn U4 n\u00ebn pistonin p\u00ebrshpejtues, pastaj ngjitet lart p\u00ebrmes kanalit (treguar me t\u00eb kuqe), p\u00ebrmes filtrit 4, n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e magistral\u00ebs (MK), mb\u00ebshtetur nga posht\u00eb pistonin kryesor 11, q\u00eb p\u00ebrcjell lart, me shastik\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb boshatisur 9 hap ventilin e shkarkimit 8, i cili lidh hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave me atmosfer\u00ebn. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ajri nga filtri, p\u00ebrmes kanalit axial t\u00eb shastik\u00ebs 28, p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb vrime t\u00eb kalibruar 3 shkon n\u00eb rezervuarin rezerv\u00eb (treguar me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb verdh\u00eb), dhe nga aty p\u00ebrmes kanalit n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve (ZK) mbi pistonin kryesor 11.<\/p>\n

Ky proces vazhdon derisa presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin rezerv\u00eb, dhom\u00ebn e magistral\u00ebs dhe dhom\u00ebn e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve t\u00eb vendoset e barabart\u00eb me presionin e karikimit n\u00eb magistral\u00ebn e frenave. Pistonin kryesor do t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb pozitat neutrale, duke mbyllur ventilin e shkarkimit. Shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit \u00ebsht\u00eb gati p\u00ebr veprim.<\/p>\n

Po e shkruaj p\u00ebrs\u00ebri \u2014 presioni n\u00eb TM \u00ebsht\u00eb i paq\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, ka rrjedhje, rrjedhje t\u00eb vogla, por ato jan\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb aty. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se presioni n\u00eb TM mund t\u00eb bjer\u00eb. N\u00ebse ulja e presionit ndodh me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt se ritmi sh\u00ebrbimit, ajri nga dhoma e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve arrin t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e magistral\u00ebs p\u00ebrmes d\u00ebrguesit 3, pistonin kryesor mbetet n\u00eb vend dhe frenimi nuk ndodh.<\/p>\n

Me uljen e presionit n\u00eb magistral\u00ebn e frenave me ritmin e frenimit sh\u00ebrbim, presioni n\u00eb MK bie mjaft shpejt, p\u00ebr t\u00eb lejuar pistonin kryesor t\u00eb l\u00ebviz\u00eb posht\u00eb, n\u00ebn veprimin e nj\u00eb presioni m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsve. Duke u l\u00ebvizur posht\u00eb ai hap ventilin e shkarkimit shtes\u00eb 12.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb frenimit: faza e shkarkimit shtes\u00eb t\u00eb TM<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nAjri nga dhoma e magistral\u00ebs, p\u00ebrmes ventilit 12 p\u00ebrmes kanalit K, n\u00eb kanalin axial t\u00eb shastik\u00ebs 28 del n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. Presioni n\u00eb magistral\u00ebn e frenave dhe dhom\u00ebn e magistral\u00ebs bie p\u00ebrs\u00ebri duksh\u00ebm dhe pistonin 11 vazhdon l\u00ebvizjen e tij posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb frenimit: mbushja fillestare e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nShtylla i boshk\u00ebta i pistoni kryesor 9 largohet nga vulosi n\u00eb valvul\u00ebn e shkarkimit, duke hapur k\u00ebshtu rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb, i cili kalon p\u00ebrmes kanalit B dhe shkon n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e ventilit, kanalit aksial t\u00eb shtyll\u00ebs 9, kanalit G dhe kaluesit t\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs, duke kaluar n\u00eb cilindrin e frenave p\u00ebrmes kanalit L. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, ajri i nj\u00ebjt\u00eb kalon p\u00ebrmes kanalit D n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn U2, duke shtypur pistoni 6, i cili ndalon qarkun e ajrit nga atmosfera. Shkarkimi shtes\u00eb nd\u00ebrpritet. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, shtylla 28 e pistoni 6 zbret posht\u00eb, kanalet radiale n\u00eb t\u00eb bllokohen me goma, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb ndarjen e dhom\u00ebs kryesore dhe dhom\u00ebs s\u00eb ventilit. Kjo rrit ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit n\u00eb frenim \u2014 tani \u00e7do ulje e presionit n\u00eb magjistralen e frenave do t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb zbritjen e pistoni kryesor dhe mbushjen e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb frenimit: nd\u00ebrrimi i tempos s\u00eb mbushjes s\u00eb TC<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nN\u00eb fillim, cilindri i frenave mbushet shpejt, me nj\u00eb kanal t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb hapur t\u00eb frenave 18. Nd\u00ebrsa cilindri i frenave mbushet, dhoma U1 e kaluesit t\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs mbushet gjithashtu p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb hapjeje t\u00eb calibruar 16. Kur presioni b\u00ebhet mjaftuesh\u00ebm i lart\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shtypur springs n\u00ebn pistoni 15, valvula e frenave mbyllet dhe TC mbushet p\u00ebrmes hapjes s\u00eb kalibruar n\u00eb valvul\u00ebn e frenave me nj\u00eb tempo t\u00eb ngadalt\u00eb. Kjo ndodh, n\u00ebse doreza e kaluesit t\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebs 14 \u00ebsht\u00eb e kthyer n\u00eb pozitat \"D\" (me formim t\u00eb gjat\u00eb). Ky modalitet aplikohet n\u00ebse numri i vagon\u00ebve n\u00eb tren kalon 15. B\u00ebhet k\u00ebshtu p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsuar mbushjen e TC n\u00eb vagon\u00eb, duke siguruar nj\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe uniformitet t\u00eb veprimit t\u00eb frenave n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb trenin.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb trenat e shkurt\u00ebr, doreza 14 vendoset n\u00eb pozitat \"K\" (me formim t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr). N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, ajo hap mekanikisht valvul\u00ebn e frenave 18, dhe mbushja e TC ndodh me nj\u00eb tempo t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb koh\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Kur z\u00eb vendos ma\u0161ini i kranit n\u00eb pozitat e mbulimit, r\u00ebnia e presionit n\u00eb magjistralen e frenimit ndalet. Mbushja e cilindrit t\u00eb frenimit do t\u00eb ndodhi derisa, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb fluksit t\u00eb ajrit n\u00eb mbushje, t\u00eb bie presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin e rezervuar t\u00eb rezervuarit, dhe k\u00ebshtu n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e valvul\u00ebs, duke u barazuar me presionin n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn magjistrale, dhe p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arsye dhe n\u00eb magjistralen e frenimit. Porshendi kryesor do t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb pozitat neutrale. Mbushja e TC ndalet, duke ardhur n\u00eb mbulime.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb liruar frenat, ma\u0161ini e vendos dor\u00ebn e kranit n\u00eb pozitat I. Ajri nga rezervuar\u00ebt kryesor\u00eb drejtohet n\u00eb magjistralen e frenimit, duke p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar ndjesh\u00ebm presionin n\u00eb t\u00eb (deri n\u00eb 0,7 - 0,9 MPa, var\u00ebsisht nga gjat\u00ebsia e trenit). Presioni n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn magjistrale t\u00eb BR gjithashtu rritet, e cila \u00e7on n\u00eb l\u00ebvizjen e porsh\u00ebndit kryesor lart, duke hapur valvul\u00ebn e shkarkimit 8, p\u00ebrmes s\u00eb cil\u00ebs ajri nga cilindra e frenimit dhe nga dhoma U2 del n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. R\u00ebnia e presionit n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn U2 shkakton ngritjen e porsh\u00ebndit 6 dhe shenjen 28, magjistrala e frenimit dhe rezervuari i rezervuarit komunikojn\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri p\u00ebrmes dritares 3 - ndodh mbushja e rezervuarit t\u00eb rezervuarit. <\/p>\n

Kur arrihet presioni i mbushjes n\u00eb rezervuari e barazpeshuar (UR) q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i barabart\u00eb me mbushjen, ma\u0161ini e vendos kranin n\u00eb pozitat II (t\u00eb trenit). Presioni n\u00eb TM shpejt rikuperohet deri n\u00eb nivelin e presionit n\u00eb UR. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb dritares 3, presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin e rezervuarit ende nuk arrin t\u00eb rritet n\u00eb mbushje, mbushja e ZR vazhdon, por tashm\u00eb me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl. Gradualisht, presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin e rezervuarit, dhomat magjistrale dhe valvulore do t\u00eb vendoset e barabart\u00eb me mbushjen. Pastaj, redistribuesi i ajrit \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri gati p\u00ebr nj\u00eb frenim t\u00eb ri.<\/p>\n

Nga k\u00ebndv\u00ebshtrimi i ma\u0161init, proceset e p\u00ebrshkruara duken k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nNj\u00eb nga element\u00ebt e VR 242 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuesi i frenimit emergjent, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb aparatit n\u00eb skem\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb karikimit, s\u00eb bashku me mbushjen e pjes\u00ebs kryesore t\u00eb redistribuuesit t\u00eb ajrit, karikohet gjithashtu p\u00ebrshpejtuesi - ajri mbush hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn n\u00ebn pistonin 25 dhe hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn mbi pistonin, p\u00ebrmes dhom\u00ebs p\u00ebrshpejtuesit (UK). Mjegulla e frenimit dhe dhoma e p\u00ebrshpejtuesit komunikojn\u00eb p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb vrime difuzore 1, diametri i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb i till\u00eb q\u00eb gjat\u00eb frenimit t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit presioni n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn p\u00ebrshpejtuesit arrin t\u00eb krahasohet me presionin e mjegull\u00ebs s\u00eb frenimit dhe p\u00ebrshpejtuesi nuk aktivizohet.<\/p>\n

Funksionimi i p\u00ebrshpejtuesit t\u00eb frenimit emergjent<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nMegjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb rastin e r\u00ebnies s\u00eb presionit me shpejt\u00ebsi emergjente - ajri del nga mjegulla e frenimit brenda 3 - 4 sekondash, presionet nuk arrijn\u00eb t\u00eb krahasohen, ajri nga dhoma p\u00ebrshpejtuesit ushtron presion mbi pistonin 25, i cili hap ventilin e lirimit 19, duke hapur nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb n\u00eb mjegull\u00ebn e frenimit, nga e cila ajri del n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrkeq\u00ebsuar procesin. K\u00ebshtu, gjat\u00eb frenimit emergjent, gjat\u00eb funksionimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuesit, n\u00eb \u00e7do vagon hapet nj\u00eb dritare n\u00eb mjegull\u00ebn e frenimit.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb fikur p\u00ebrshpejtuesin (p.sh., n\u00eb rast t\u00eb nj\u00eb defekti), me nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, kthejn\u00eb stopperin 20, i cili bllokon pistonin p\u00ebrshpejtues n\u00eb pozitat e sip\u00ebrme.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht nga numri i madh i fjal\u00ebve dhe shkronjave t\u00eb shkruara, n\u00eb praktik\u00eb ky aparat ka nj\u00eb konstruktion t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb besueshme. N\u00eb krahasim me paraardh\u00ebsin e tij, VR 292, ky nuk p\u00ebrmban q\u00ebllim\u00e7el\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb mjaft kapri\u00e7ioze n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim, duke k\u00ebrkuar p\u00ebr precizim n\u00eb pasqyr\u00eb dhe vajosje, si dhe jan\u00eb n\u00ebn ndikimin e konsumit.<\/p>\n

Redistribuuesi i ajrit 242 - nj\u00eb aparat autonom, mund t\u00eb punoj\u00eb edhe pa ndihm\u00ebs. N\u00eb praktik\u00eb, megjithat\u00eb, n\u00eb vagona t\u00eb pasagjer\u00ebve dhe lokomotiva, ai funksionon n\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me nj\u00eb aparat tjet\u00ebr, i cili quhet<\/p>\n

2. Redistribuuesi elektriku i ajrit (EVR) n\u00ebn nr. 305<\/h1>\n

\nKy aparat \u00ebsht\u00eb i destinuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar n\u00eb sistemin e frenimit elektropneumatik n\u00eb qarkun e pasagjer\u00ebve. Instalohen n\u00eb vagona dhe lokomotiva s\u00eb bashku me VR 242 ose VR 292. K\u00ebshtu duket blloku i pajisjeve t\u00eb frenimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb vagon pasagjer\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb plan t\u00eb par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb cilindri frenues. Pak m\u00eb tej, \u00ebsht\u00eb e montuar n\u00eb murin e pas\u00ebm t\u00eb T\u00c7 kamera punuese EVR 305. N\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb i \u00ebsht\u00eb bashkangjitur pjesa elektrike e EVR s\u00eb bashku me releun e presionit, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit 292. Me t\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes ventilit ndar\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb lidhur ky\u00e7i nga magjistralja frenues (me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe).<\/i>
\n\"E<\/p>\n

Struktura e EVR 305: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 \u2014 kanale ajri; 4 \u2014 ventil i ventilit t\u00eb lirimit; 5 \u2014 ventil i ventilit frenues; 7 \u2014 ventil atmosferik; 8 \u2014 ventil ushqyes; 11 \u2014 diafragma; 13, 17 \u2014 hapsirat e ventilit nd\u00ebrrues; 15 \u2014 ventil nd\u00ebrrues; 16 \u2014 vulosja e ventilit nd\u00ebrrues; TC \u2014 cilindri frenues; RK \u2014 kamera punuese; OV \u2014 ventil i lirimit; TV \u2014 ventil frenues; ZR \u2014 rezervuari rezerv\u00eb; VR \u2014 shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit.<\/i>
\n\"E
\nEVR 305 p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tri pjes\u00eb kryesore: kamera punuese (RK), ventili nd\u00ebrrues (PK) dhe releu i presionit (RD). N\u00eb korpusin e releut t\u00eb presionit jan\u00eb instaluar ventilat e lirimit 4 dhe frenues 5, q\u00eb kontrollohen nga elektromagnet\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb karikimit, energjia nuk i d\u00ebrgohet ventilave, ventili i lirimit lidh hapsir\u00ebn e kamer\u00ebs punuese me atmosfer\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa ventili frenues \u00ebsht\u00eb i mbyllur. Ajri nga magjistralja frenues, p\u00ebrmes shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit kalon n\u00eb kanalet brenda EVR dhe hyn n\u00eb rezervuarin rezerv\u00eb, duke e karikuar at\u00eb, por m\u00eb tutje nuk shkon askund, pasi rruga n\u00eb hapsir\u00ebn mbi diafragm\u00ebn e releut t\u00eb presionit bllokohet nga ventili frenues i mbyllur.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EVR 305 gjat\u00eb karikimit.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nKur krani i vozit\u00ebsit vendoset n\u00eb pozit\u00ebn Va, n\u00eb telin EPT d\u00ebrgohet potencial pozitiv (n\u00eb lidhje me shinat) dhe t\u00eb dy ventilat marrin energji. Ventili i lirimit izolon kamer\u00ebn punuese nga atmosfera, nd\u00ebrsa ventili frenues hap rrug\u00ebn e ajrit n\u00eb hapsir\u00ebn mbi diafragm\u00ebn RD dhe m\u00eb tej n\u00eb kamer\u00ebn punuese.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EVR 305 gjat\u00eb frenimit.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nPresioni n\u00eb kamer\u00ebn punuese dhe n\u00eb hapsir\u00ebn mbi diafragm\u00ebn rritet, diafragma p\u00ebrkulet posht\u00eb, duke hapur ventilin ushqyes 8, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit ajri nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb fillimisht hyn n\u00eb hapsir\u00ebn e djatht\u00eb t\u00eb ventilit nd\u00ebrrues. Pranga e ventilit arrin t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb, duke hapur rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin n\u00eb cilindrin frenues.<\/p>\n

Kur vendoset krani i shoferit n\u00eb mbules\u00eb, tensioni i aplikuar n\u00eb telin EPT ndryshon polaritetin, diodi, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cilit furnizohet ventil i frenimit, bllokohet, ventil i frenimit humbet furnizimin, dhe bllokohet ventili i frenave. Rritja e presionit n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs ndalon, dhe mbushja e cilindrit t\u00eb frenimit ndodhi deri n\u00eb momentin kur presioni n\u00eb t\u00eb barazohet me presionin n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs. Pas k\u00ebsaj, membrana kthehet n\u00eb pozita neutral, ventili ushqyes mbyllet. Kjo sh\u00ebnon mbulimin.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EVR 305 gjat\u00eb mbulimit<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nVentili i l\u00ebshimit vazhdon t\u00eb marr\u00eb furnizim, duke mbajtur ventilin e l\u00ebshimit n\u00eb pozita t\u00eb mbyllur, pa lejuar daljen e ajrit nga dhoma e pun\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr l\u00ebshim, shoferi vendos lev\u00ebn e kranit n\u00eb pozitat I p\u00ebr l\u00ebshim t\u00eb plot\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb II p\u00ebr l\u00ebshim t\u00eb shkall\u00ebzuar. N\u00eb t\u00eb dyja rastet, ventilat humbasin furnizimin, hapet ventili i l\u00ebshimit, duke l\u00ebshuar ajrin nga dhoma e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. Diafragma, e mb\u00ebshtetur nga posht\u00eb me presionin n\u00eb cilindrin e frenimit, l\u00ebviz lart, duke hapur ventilin e daljes, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet t\u00eb cilit ajri del nga cilindri i frenimit.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EVR 305 gjat\u00eb l\u00ebshimit<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nN\u00ebse gjat\u00eb l\u00ebshimit, me poziten e dyt\u00eb, vendosni p\u00ebrs\u00ebri lev\u00ebn n\u00eb mbulimin, ajri nuk do t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga dhoma e pun\u00ebs, dhe zbrazja e T\u00c7 do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb deri n\u00eb momentin kur presioni n\u00eb t\u00eb barazohet me presionin q\u00eb ka mbetur n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs. Kjo arrin mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e l\u00ebshimit n\u00eb shkall\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky fren elektrik-pneumatik ka nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb ve\u00e7orish. S\u00eb pari, n\u00eb rast t\u00eb ndaljes s\u00eb linj\u00ebs EPT, do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb l\u00ebshimi i frenave. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, shoferi, pas kryerjes s\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb veprimesh t\u00eb detyrueshme, t\u00eb parashikuara nga instruksioni, kalon n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e frenit pneumatik. Pra, EPT nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fren automatike. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disavantazh i k\u00ebtij sistemi.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb EPT, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i zakonsh\u00ebm i ajrit \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb pozita l\u00ebshimi, duke vazhduar t\u00eb thith\u00eb humbjet nga rezervuari i rezerv\u00ebs. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb avantazh, pasi garanton t\u00eb pafund\u00ebsin\u00eb e frenit elektrik-pneumatik.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb tret\u00ebn \u2014 kjo konstrukcion nuk pengon fare funksionimin e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit t\u00eb zakonsh\u00ebm. N\u00ebse EPT \u00ebsht\u00eb i fikur, at\u00ebher\u00eb VR, duke mbushur cilindrin e frenimit, do t\u00eb mbush\u00eb fillimisht hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb valvul\u00ebs nd\u00ebrruese, duke l\u00ebvizur plugun n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00eb, duke hapur rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb n\u00eb cilindrin e frenimit.<\/p>\n

Ja si duket funksionimi i sistemeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruara nga kabina e makinerit:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundim<\/h1>\n

\nDesha t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshij n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull edhe pajisjet e frenimit t\u00eb ngarkesave, por jo, ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tem\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb bised\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, pasi VR-t\u00eb e ngarkesave jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlikuara, p\u00ebrdorin zgjidhje teknike m\u00eb t\u00eb sofistikuara dhe mashtrime, t\u00eb shkaktuara nga specifika e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb materialeve l\u00ebviz\u00ebse t\u00eb ngarkesave.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket frenit t\u00eb pasagjer\u00ebve, lidhja e tij me frenin e Westinghouse kompensohet me zgjidhje teknike t\u00eb tjera, q\u00eb n\u00eb materialet l\u00ebviz\u00ebse vendase ofrojn\u00eb rezultate t\u00eb pranueshme operative, nivel sigurie dhe teknologji n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim dhe riparim. Do t\u00eb ishte interesante t\u00eb krahasohej me at\u00eb \u201ce si \u00ebsht\u00eb atje\u201d, jasht\u00eb. Do ta krahasojm\u00eb, por pak m\u00eb von\u00eb. Faleminderit p\u00ebr v\u00ebmendjen!<\/p>\n

P.S.: Falenderimet e mia Romant Birjukov p\u00ebr materialin foto, si dhe sitin www.pomogala.ru<\/a><\/noindex>, nga i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb materiali ilustrues.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53575","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47T\u00eb v\u00ebrtetat mbi frenat hekurudhore: pjesa 4 \u2014 pajisjet e frenimit t\u00eb tipit pasagjer\u00eb | ProHoster","description":"Her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr, kur t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb stacion, shpenzoni nj\u00eb minut\u00eb v\u00ebmendjen tuaj dhe drejtojeni at\u00eb pas shkrimit, sakt\u00ebsisht n\u00eb mes n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vagonit t\u00eb trenit, me t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb shkoni n\u00eb pushimin tuaj t\u00eb shum\u00ebpritur.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sq_AL","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0445: \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 4 \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u044b 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