{"id":53575,"date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-04T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:29","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:29","slug":"pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","title":{"rendered":"E v\u00ebrteta mbi frenat hekurudhore: pjesa 4 \u2014 pajisjet e frenimit p\u00ebr llojin e pasagjer\u00ebve","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Her\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr kur t\u00eb jeni n\u00eb stacion, merrni nj\u00eb minut\u00eb v\u00ebmendje dhe kthejeni syt\u00eb nga mbishkrimi, pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb qend\u00ebr, n\u00eb fund t\u00eb vagoni t\u00eb trenit me t\u00eb cilin do t\u00eb niseni p\u00ebr pushimet e pritshme. Ky mbishkrim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb rast\u00ebsor; ai na tregon numrin e \u00e7uditsh\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuar t\u00eb ndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit t\u00eb frenimit, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vagoni.
\nMbishkrimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm madje edhe kur treni \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb platform\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb mos e humbni.<\/p>\n

\"E
\nN\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vagoni \u2014 \u00abAmmehdorf\u00bb, i cili ka kaluar nj\u00eb rikonstruksion t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00eb Fabrik\u00ebn e Nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb Vagoneve t\u00eb Tverit, \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar ndar\u00ebsi i ajrit (VRA) me nr. kushtor 242 p\u00ebr llojin e pasagjer\u00ebve. Tani ai instalohet n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha vagoni t\u00eb rinj dhe t\u00eb rikonstruktuar, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb VRA 292 t\u00eb m\u00ebparsh\u00ebm. K\u00ebto pajisje, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin familjes s\u00eb pajisjeve t\u00eb frenimit, do t'i diskutojm\u00eb sot.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1. Pasardh\u00ebsit e Vestinghausit<\/h1>\n

\nDistribucit\u00eb e ajrit p\u00ebr tipin e pasagjer\u00ebve, t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb hekurudhat me gjer\u00ebsi 1520 mm, jan\u00eb nj\u00ebfar\u00eb kompromisi midis thjesht\u00ebsis\u00eb konstruktuese t\u00eb trash\u00ebguar nga ventilatori i trefisht\u00eb i Westinghouse dhe k\u00ebrkesave p\u00ebr sigurin\u00eb e qarkullimit. Ato nuk kan\u00eb kaluar nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb dhe dramatike zhvillimi si shok\u00ebt e tyre t\u00eb ngarkes\u00ebs. <\/p>\n

Aktualisht p\u00ebrdoren dy modele: distribuciti i ajrit nr. 292 dhe ai q\u00eb po e z\u00ebvend\u00ebson me shpejt\u00ebsi (t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb parkun e vagon\u00ebve t\u00eb RZhD) distribuciti i ajrit nr. 242.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto pajisje dallohen p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e tyre, por jan\u00eb praktikisht analoge n\u00eb pronat e tyre funksionale. T\u00eb dy pajisjet punojn\u00eb mbi dallimin e dy presioneve \u2014 n\u00eb linj\u00ebn e frenave (TM) dhe n\u00eb rezervuarin e rezerv\u00eb (ZR). T\u00eb dy siguriojn\u00eb shkarkimin shtes\u00eb t\u00eb linj\u00ebs s\u00eb frenave gjat\u00eb frenimit: 292-shi shkarkon TM n\u00eb nj\u00eb dhom\u00eb t\u00eb mbyllur speciale (dhoma e shkarkimit shtes\u00eb), me nj\u00eb volum prej 1 litri, nd\u00ebrsa 242-shi \u2014 direkt n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. T\u00eb dy pajisjet jan\u00eb t\u00eb pajisura me nj\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtues t\u00eb frenimit t\u00eb emergjenc\u00ebs. Asnj\u00ebra nd\u00ebr to nuk ka lirimin me hapa \u2014 ato lirojn\u00eb menj\u00ebher\u00eb kur ndodh nj\u00eb rritje e presionit n\u00eb TM mbi presionin n\u00eb ZR, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur atje pas frenimit t\u00eb fundit, si\u00e7 thuhet \u2014 kan\u00eb nj\u00eb lirimin \u201ct\u00eb but\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n

Mungesa e lirimit me hapa kompensohet nga fakti se t\u00eb dy pajisjet nuk punojn\u00eb n\u00eb vagon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vetme (por mund t\u00eb punojn\u00eb), por s\u00eb bashku me shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsin e ajrit elektrik nr. 305, i cili sjell menaxhimin elektrik t\u00eb frenave dhe dhom\u00ebn punuese me rel\u00e9 pneumatike, duke siguruar mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e lirimit me hapa.<\/p>\n

Si nj\u00eb shembull, le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb VR 242, si m\u00eb modern, si dhe EVR 305.<\/p>\n

VR 242 i ri me panelet pneumatik n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e makinerive t\u00eb elektrifikuesit EP20<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nI nj\u00ebjti, i instaluar n\u00eb vagonin e passenger\u00ebve<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nTani do t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr struktur\u00ebn dhe parimin e funksionimit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij aparati.<\/p>\n

Skema q\u00eb shpjegon struktur\u00ebn e VR 242: 1, 3, 6, 16 \u2014 vrima t\u00eb kalibruara; 2, 4 \u2014 filtrat; 5 \u2014 cilindri i kufizuesit t\u00eb shkarkimit t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm TM;
\n7, 10, 13, 21, 22 \u2014 spring; 8 \u2014 valvula e daljes; 9 \u2014 shkop i bosh; 11 \u2014 cilindri kryesor; 12 \u2014 valvula e shkarkimit t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm; 14 \u2014 mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsi i kaluesit t\u00eb modaliteteve t\u00eb funksionimit; 15 \u2014 cilindri i kaluesit t\u00eb modaliteteve t\u00eb funksionimit; 17, 28 \u2014 styk\u00ebt; 18 \u2014 valvula e frenimit; 19 \u2014 valvula e thyerjes; 20 \u2014 mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebsi i kaluesit t\u00eb frenimit emergjent; 23, 26 \u2014 valvula; 24 \u2014 vrima; 25 \u2014 cilindri i p\u00ebrshpejtimit t\u00eb frenimit emergjent; 27 \u2014 valvula e kufizimit t\u00eb shkarkimit t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm; UK \u2014 dhoma e p\u00ebrshpejtimit; ZK \u2014 dhoma e ventilit; MK \u2014 dhoma kryesore; TM \u2014 magjistralja e frenimit, ZR \u2014 rezervuari i rezerv\u00ebs; TC \u2014 cilindri i frenimit<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nNga fillon puna e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit? Ajo fillon me mbushjen, pra, mbushjen e dhomave t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit dhe rezervuarit t\u00eb mbetur me aj\u00ebr t\u00eb kompresuar nga magistralja e frenimit. K\u00ebto procese ndodhin kur lokomotiva aktivizohet n\u00eb depo, kur q\u00ebndron pa aj\u00ebr, dhe gjithashtu n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vagonat, kur ata lidhen me lokomotiv\u00ebn dhe hapet tapari p\u00ebrfundimtar \u2014 marrin trenin 'n\u00eb aj\u00ebr'. Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb proces m\u00eb n\u00eb detaje.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb mbushjes<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nPra, ajri nga magistralja e frenimit, me presion 0,5 MPa, niset n\u00eb aparat, duke mbushur dhom\u00ebn U4 n\u00ebn pistonin e p\u00ebrshpejtimit; m\u00eb pas ndjek lart n\u00eb kanal (treguar me t\u00eb kuqe), p\u00ebrmes filtrit 4, n\u00eb kanal A n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn magistrale (MK), duke mb\u00ebshtetur nga posht\u00eb pistonin kryesor 11, ai ngrihet lart, me shtegun e tij t\u00eb zbraz\u00ebt 9 hap valvul\u00ebn e daljes 8, e cila lidh hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn e cilindrit t\u00eb frenimit me atmosfer\u00ebn. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ajri nga filtri, p\u00ebrmes kanalit aksial t\u00eb shtekut 28, kalon n\u00ebp\u00ebr hapjen e kalibruar 3 n\u00eb rezervuarin e mbetur (treguar me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb verdh\u00eb), dhe nga atje n\u00eb kanal n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e nd\u00ebrlikimit (ZK) mbi pistonin kryesor 11.<\/p>\n

Ky proces vazhdon deri sa presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin rezerv\u00eb, n\u00eb kamer\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjit\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb kamer\u00ebn e zlatnik\u00ebve t\u00eb vendoset i barabart\u00eb me presionin e ngarkes\u00ebs n\u00eb magistralen e frenimit. Pjesa kryesore e pistonit do t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb pozitat neutrale duke mbuluar ventilin e shkarkimit. Pjesa shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebse e ajrit \u00ebsht\u00eb gati p\u00ebr veprim.<\/p>\n

Do ta p\u00ebrs\u00ebris p\u00ebrs\u00ebri \u2014 presioni n\u00eb TM \u00ebsht\u00eb i paq\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm, ka rrjedhje, rrjedhje t\u00eb vogla, por ato jan\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb atje. Kjo do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se presioni n\u00eb TM mund t\u00eb zvog\u00eblohet. N\u00ebse zvog\u00eblimi i presionit ndodh me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt se ritmi sh\u00ebrbimor, ajri nga kamera e zlatnik\u00ebve ka koh\u00eb t\u00eb kaloj\u00eb n\u00eb kamer\u00ebn magistrale p\u00ebrmes dritares 3 dhe pjesa kryesore e pistonit mbetet n\u00eb vend dhe frenimi nuk ndodh.<\/p>\n

Kur presioni n\u00eb magistralen e frenimit zvog\u00eblohet me ritmin e frenimit sh\u00ebrbimor, presioni n\u00eb MK zvog\u00eblohet mjaft shpejt q\u00eb pjesa kryesore e pistonit t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb posht\u00eb, n\u00ebn ndikimin e presionit m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb kamer\u00ebn e zlatnik\u00ebve. Ndryshimi posht\u00eb e hap ventilin e shkarkimit shtes\u00eb 12.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb frenimit: faza e shkarkimit shtes\u00eb t\u00eb TM<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nAjri nga dhoma e kryq\u00ebzimit, n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet valvul\u00ebs 12 p\u00ebrmes kanalit K, del n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb p\u00ebrmes kanalit aksial t\u00eb shufr\u00ebs 28. Presioni n\u00eb sistemin e frenave dhe n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e kryq\u00ebzimit vazhdon t\u00eb ulet dhe pistoni 11 vazhdon l\u00ebvizjen e tij posht\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i V.R. 242 gjat\u00eb frenimit: mbushja fillestare e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave.<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nStoku i boshit t\u00eb pistonit 9 i largohet vul\u00ebs n\u00eb valvul\u00ebn e daljes, duke hapur k\u00ebshtu rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin nga rezervuari i rezerv\u00ebs, i cili p\u00ebrmes kanalit B shkon n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e ndarjes, kanali q\u00ebndror i stukut 9, kanali G dhe nd\u00ebrruesi i modit, kalon n\u00eb cilindrin e frenimit p\u00ebrmes kanalit L. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, ai aj\u00ebr kalon p\u00ebrmes kanalit D n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn U2, shtyp pistonin 6, i cili ndan kanalit t\u00eb shkarkimit t\u00eb tepruar nga atmosfera. Shkarkimi i tepruar ndalet. Nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, stoku 28 i pistonit 6 zbret posht\u00eb, kanalet radiale n\u00eb t\u00eb mbyllen nga boshll\u00ebqet goma, duke \u00e7uar n\u00eb ndarjen e dhom\u00ebs kryesore dhe dhom\u00ebs s\u00eb ndarjes. Kjo rrit ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit n\u00eb frenim - tani ulja e presionit n\u00eb magjistralen e frenimit n\u00eb \u00e7do rit\u00ebm do t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb n\u00eb uljen e pistonit kryesor dhe mbushjen e cilindrit t\u00eb frenimit.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i VR 242 gjat\u00eb frenimit: nd\u00ebrrimi i ritmit t\u00eb mbushjes s\u00eb TC<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nN\u00eb fillim, cilindri i frenave mbushet shpejt, p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb kanali t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes valvul\u00ebs s\u00eb frenave 18. Nd\u00ebrsa cilindri i frenave mbushet, dhe dhoma U1 e kalibruesit mbushet p\u00ebrmes hapjes 16. Kur presioni b\u00ebhet i mjaftuesh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngjeshur springun n\u00ebn pistonin 15, valvula e frenave mbyllet, dhe cilindri i frenave mbushet p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb hapjeje n\u00eb valvul\u00ebn e frenave me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb ngadalt\u00eb. Kjo ndodh n\u00ebse doreza e kalibruesit t\u00eb modit 14 kthehet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn \"D\" (p\u00ebr tren t\u00eb gjat\u00eb). Ky mod p\u00ebrdoret n\u00ebse numri i vagon\u00ebve n\u00eb tren tejkalon 15. Kjo b\u00ebhet p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngadal\u00ebsuar mbushjen e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave n\u00eb vagona, duke siguruar nj\u00eb uniformitet m\u00eb t\u00eb madh n\u00eb veprimin e frenave n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb trenin.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb trenat e shhort\u00eb, doreza 14 vihet n\u00eb pozita \"K\" (t\u00eb shkurtra). Kjo hap mekanikisht valvul\u00ebn e frenave 18, dhe mbushja e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave ndodh shpejt vazhdimisht.<\/p>\n

Kur operatori vendos kranin\u00eb n\u00eb pozitat e bllokimit, r\u00ebnia e presionit n\u00eb linj\u00ebn e frenave ndalon. Mbushja e cilindrit t\u00eb frenave do t\u00eb vazhdoj\u00eb derisa, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb shpenzimit t\u00eb ajrit, presioni n\u00eb mbushje t\u00eb bie, dhe si pasoj\u00eb presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin e rezervuarit, e k\u00ebshtu me radh\u00eb n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e valvul\u00ebs, t\u00eb barazohet me presionin n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn kryesore, e k\u00ebshtu n\u00eb linj\u00ebn e frenave. Piston i madh do t\u00eb kthehet n\u00eb pozitat neutrale. Mbushja e T\u00c7 ndalon, dhe ndodh bllokimi.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb ndaluar trenin, drejtuesi vendos lev\u00ebn e frenit n\u00eb pozitat I. Ajri nga rezervuar\u00ebt kryesor\u00eb shkon n\u00eb magjistral\u00ebn e frenimit, duke rritur ndjesh\u00ebm presionin (deri n\u00eb 0,7 \u2014 0,9 MPa, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi t\u00eb trenit). Presioni n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn magjistrale VZ gjithashtu rritet, \u00e7ka shkakton l\u00ebvizjen lart t\u00eb pistoni kryesor, duke hapur ventili i shkarkimit 8, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit ajri nga cilindrat e frenimit dhe nga dhoma U2 del n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. R\u00ebnia e presionit n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn U2 shkakton ngritjen e pistoni 6 dhe shkopit 28; magjistralja e frenimit dhe rezervuari rezerv\u00eb s\u00ebrish lidhen p\u00ebrmes dritares 3 \u2014 ndodh ngarkimi i rezervuarit rezerv\u00eb. <\/p>\n

Kur arrihet presioni i ngarkes n\u00eb rezervuarin e barabart\u00eb (UR) q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i barabart\u00eb me ngarkes\u00ebn, machinist vendos valvul\u00ebn n\u00eb pozitat II (tren). Presioni n\u00eb TM rikthehet shpejt n\u00eb nivelin e presionit n\u00eb UR. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb drosselit 3, presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin ndihm\u00ebs akoma nuk arrin t\u00eb rritet deri n\u00eb ngarkes\u00eb, ngarkimi i ZR vazhdon, por tashm\u00eb me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm m\u00eb t\u00eb ul\u00ebt. Gradualisht, presioni n\u00eb rezervuarin ndihm\u00ebs, dhomat magistrale dhe ato t\u00eb ventilit vendoset t\u00eb jet\u00eb i barabart\u00eb me ngarkes\u00ebn. At\u00ebher\u00eb ajri shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri i gatsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb frenim t\u00eb ri.<\/p>\n

Nga pik\u00ebpamja e machinistit, proceset e p\u00ebrshkruara duken p\u00ebraf\u00ebrsisht k\u00ebshtu:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center>
\nNj\u00eb nga element\u00ebt e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb t\u00eb VR 242 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrshpejtuesi i frenimit emergjent, i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb an\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb pajisjes n\u00eb diagram. Gjat\u00eb ngarkimit, s\u00eb bashku me mbushjen e pjes\u00ebs kryesore t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit, ngarkohet edhe p\u00ebrshpejtuesi \u2014 ajri mbush hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn n\u00ebn plung 25 dhe hap\u00ebsir\u00ebn mbi plung, p\u00ebrmes dhom\u00ebs p\u00ebrshpejtuesve (U\u041a). Magjistralja e frenimit dhe dhoma e p\u00ebrshpejtuesve jan\u00eb t\u00eb lidhura p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb vrime thjeshtuese 1, diametri i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb q\u00eb gjat\u00eb frenimit sh\u00ebrbim presioni n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e p\u00ebrshpejtuesve arrin t\u00eb barazohet me presionin e magjistral\u00ebs s\u00eb frenimit dhe p\u00ebrshpejtuesi nuk aktivizohet.<\/p>\n

Funksionimi i p\u00ebrshpejtuesit t\u00eb frenimit emergjent<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nMegjithat\u00eb, kur presioni bie me nj\u00eb rit\u00ebm emergjent \u2014 ajri del nga magjistralja e frenimit p\u00ebr 3 - 4 sekonda, presionet nuk arrijn\u00eb t\u00eb barazohen, ajri nga dhoma e p\u00ebrshpejtuesve shtyn plungun 25, dhe ky hap valvul\u00ebn e shp\u00ebrthimit 19, duke hapur nj\u00eb vrim\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb n\u00eb magjistral\u00ebn e frenimit, nga e cila ajri del n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb, duke penguar procesin. K\u00ebshtu, gjat\u00eb frenimit emergjent, kur funksionon p\u00ebrshpejtuesi n\u00eb \u00e7do vagon hapet nj\u00eb dritare n\u00eb magjistral\u00ebn e frenimit.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb fikur p\u00ebrshpejtuesin (p\u00ebr shembull n\u00eb rast t\u00eb defekteve), me nj\u00eb \u00e7el\u00ebs t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, kthehet mb\u00ebshtetja 20, q\u00eb bllokon pistonin p\u00ebrshpejtues n\u00eb pozitat e sip\u00ebrme.<\/p>\n

Pavar\u00ebsisht nga numri i madh i fjal\u00ebve dhe shkronjave t\u00eb shkruara, ky aparat ka nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrtim mjaft t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb dhe t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm. Krahasuar me paraardh\u00ebsin e tij, VR 292, ky nuk p\u00ebrmban ventilat, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt jan\u00eb mjaft kapricioz n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim dhe k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb ndihm\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrputhjen me pasqyr\u00ebn dhe lubrifikimin, dhe gjithashtu jan\u00eb t\u00eb prir\u00eb p\u00ebr konsum.<\/p>\n

Pjesa ndar\u00ebse e ajrit 242 \u2014 nj\u00eb aparat autonom, mund t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb edhe pa ndihm\u00ebs. N\u00eb fakt, n\u00eb vagona t\u00eb pasagjer\u00ebve dhe lokomotiva, ai vepron s\u00eb bashku me nj\u00eb aparat tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb quajtur<\/p>\n

2. Pjesa ndar\u00ebse elektrike e ajrit (EVA) numri i kushteve 305<\/h1>\n

\nKy aparat\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i destinuar p\u00ebr pun\u00eb n\u00eb sistemin e frenimit elektropneumatic n\u00eb qarkun e pasagjer\u00ebve. Instalohen n\u00eb vagona dhe lokomotiva s\u00eb bashku me VR 242 ose VR 292. Ja si duket blloku i pajisjeve t\u00eb frenimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb vagon pasagjer\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb planin e par\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb cilindri frenues. Pak m\u00eb tej, \u00ebsht\u00eb e montuar n\u00eb murin e pasm\u00eb t\u00eb T\u00c7 kamra funksionale EVR 305. N\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e bashkangjitur pjese elektrike e EVR me relen e presionit, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit 292. Me t\u00eb, p\u00ebrmes ventilit t\u00eb ndarjes, \u00ebsht\u00eb bashkangjitur nj\u00eb devijim nga magistralja e frenimit (ngjyrosur me t\u00eb kuqe).<\/i>
\n\"E<\/p>\n

Dispositivi EVR 305: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 18 \u2014 kanalet e ajrit; 4 \u2014 ventili i lirimit; 5 \u2014 ventili frenues; 7 \u2014 ventili atmosferik; 8 \u2014 ventili ushqyes; 11 \u2014 diafragma; 13, 17 \u2014 hap\u00ebsirat e ventilit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrrimit; 15 \u2014 ventili i nd\u00ebrrimit; 16 \u2014 vula e ventilit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrrimit; T\u00c7 \u2014 cilindri frenues; RK \u2014 kamra funksionale; OV \u2014 ventili i lirimit; TV \u2014 ventili frenues; ZR \u2014 rezervuari i rezerv\u00ebs; VR \u2014 shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i ajrit.<\/i>
\n\"E
\nEVR 305 p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga tre pjes\u00eb kryesore: kamra funksionale (RK), ventili i nd\u00ebrrimit (PK) dhe rele e presionit (RD). N\u00eb trupin e releve t\u00eb presionit jan\u00eb instaluar ventili i lirimit 4 dhe ventili frenues 5, t\u00eb kontrolluar nga elektromagnet\u00ebt.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb ngarkimit, energjia nuk d\u00ebrgohet n\u00eb ventila, ventili i \u00e7lirimit lidh dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs me atmosfer\u00ebn, ventili i frenave \u00ebsht\u00eb i mbyllur. Ajri nga magistrala e frenave kalon, p\u00ebrmes shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit, n\u00eb rezervuarin e rezerv\u00ebs duke e ngarkuar at\u00eb, por nuk shkon askund tjet\u00ebr, pasi rruga p\u00ebr n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn mbi diafragm\u00ebn e rregullatorit t\u00eb presionit bllokohet nga ventili i mbyllur i frenave.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EWR 305 gjat\u00eb ngarkimit<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nKur krani i drejtuesit \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb pozitat Va, n\u00eb tel EPT d\u00ebrgohet potencial pozitiv (n\u00eb krahasim me shinat) dhe t\u00eb dy ventilat merr energji. Ventili i \u00e7lirimit izolon dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs nga atmosfera, nd\u00ebrsa ventili i frenave hap rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn mbi diafragm\u00ebn RD dhe m\u00eb pas n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EWR 305 gjat\u00eb frenimit<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nPresioni n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs dhe n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn mbi diafragm\u00ebn rritet, diafragma p\u00ebrkulet posht\u00eb, duke hapur ventilin furnizues 8, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit ajri nga rezervuari i rezerv\u00ebs fillimisht kalon n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e djatht\u00eb t\u00eb ventilit t\u00eb ndryshuesh\u00ebm. Stoperi i ventilit zhvendoset n\u00eb t\u00eb majt\u00eb, duke hapur rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin n\u00eb cilindrin e frenave.<\/p>\n

Kur vendoset krani i makinistit n\u00eb p\u00ebrkrahje, tensioni shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00eb telin EPT e nd\u00ebrron polaritetin, diodi, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit furnizohet ventili i frenimit, mbyllet, ventili i frenimit humbet furnizimin, mbyllet ventili i frenimit. Rritja e presionit n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs ndalet, dhe mbushja e cilindrit t\u00eb frenimit ndodh derisa presioni brenda tij t\u00eb barazohet me presionin n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs. Pas k\u00ebsaj, membrana kthehet n\u00eb pozitat neutrale, ventili i furnizimit mbyllet. Mbyllja ndodh.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EVR 305 n\u00eb mbyllje<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nVentili i lirimit vazhdon t\u00eb marr\u00eb furnizim, duke mbajtur ventilin e lirimit n\u00eb pozitat e mbyllur, duke mos lejuar q\u00eb ajri t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga dhoma e pun\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr lirimin, makinisti vendos lev\u00ebn e kranit n\u00eb pozitat I p\u00ebr lirimin e plot\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb II p\u00ebr lirimin e shkalluar. N\u00eb t\u00eb dyja rastet, ventilat humbasin furnizimin, ventili i lirimit hapet, duke hequr ajrin nga dhoma e pun\u00ebs n\u00eb atmosfer\u00eb. Diafragma, e p\u00ebrkrahur nga posht\u00eb nga presioni n\u00eb cilindrin e frenimit, l\u00ebviz lart, duke hapur ventilin e daljes, p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit ajri del nga cilindri i frenimit.<\/p>\n

Veprimi i EPR 305 gjat\u00eb lirimit<\/i>
\n\"E
\n
\nN\u00ebse gjat\u00eb lirimit me pozicionin e dyt\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebri vendosni manovr\u00ebn n\u00eb kapak, ajri nga dhoma e pun\u00ebs do t\u00eb ndaloj\u00eb s\u00eb daluri, dhe zbrazja e TC do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb deri sa presioni n\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb barazohet me presionin q\u00eb mbetet n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e pun\u00ebs. Kjo arrin mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e lirimit t\u00eb shkall\u00ebzuar.<\/p>\n

Ky fren elektropneumatik ka nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb ve\u00e7orish. S\u00eb pari, n\u00eb rast t\u00eb nd\u00ebrprerjes s\u00eb linj\u00ebs EPT, do t\u00eb ndodh\u00eb lirimi i frenave. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, drejtuesi, pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb veprimesh t\u00eb detyrueshme, t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara nga instruksioni kalon n\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimin e frenave pneumatike. Pra, EPT nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fren automat. Ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb disavantazh i k\u00ebtij sistemi.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb dyti, gjat\u00eb pun\u00ebs s\u00eb EPT, shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsi i zakonsh\u00ebm i ajrit ndodhet n\u00eb pozicionin e lirimit, duke vazhduar t\u00eb konsumoj\u00eb rrjedhjet nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb avantazh, pasi siguron q\u00eb freni elektropneumatik t\u00eb mos zbrazet.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb treti \u2014 kjo konstruktion nuk pengon veprimin e zakonsh\u00ebm t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00ebsit t\u00eb ajrit. N\u00ebse EPT \u00ebsht\u00eb i fikur, at\u00ebher\u00eb VR, duke mbushur cilindrin e frenave, do t\u00eb mbush\u00eb s\u00eb pari dhom\u00ebn e majt\u00eb t\u00eb ventilit t\u00eb kalimit, duke e zhvendosur frik\u00ebn n\u00eb t\u00eb djatht\u00eb, duke hapur rrug\u00ebn p\u00ebr ajrin nga rezervuari rezerv\u00eb n\u00eb cilindrin e frenave.<\/p>\n

K\u00ebtu \u00ebsht\u00eb si duket puna e sistem\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar nga kabina e drejtuesit:<\/p>\n

\r\n \"Luaj\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

P\u00ebrfundimi<\/h1>\n

\nD\u00ebshiroja q\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull t\u00eb futja edhe instrumentet e frenimit t\u00eb ngarkesave, por jo, kjo tem\u00eb k\u00ebrkon nj\u00eb bised\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, pasi VR-t\u00eb e ngarkesave jan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar shum\u00eb m\u00eb komplekse, p\u00ebrdorin zgjidhje teknike m\u00eb t\u00eb sofistikuara dhe truke t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktuara nga specifika e p\u00ebrdorimit t\u00eb mjeteve t\u00eb ngarkesave.<\/p>\n

Sa i p\u00ebrket fren\u00ebs s\u00eb pasagjer\u00ebve, af\u00ebrsia e saj me fren\u00ebn e Westinghouse kompensohet me zgjidhje teknike t\u00eb shtesave, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ofron tregues t\u00eb pranuesh\u00ebm t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs, nivele sigurie dhe teknologji t\u00eb mir\u00ebmbajtjes dhe riparimit n\u00eb mjete t\u00eb brendshme. Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb interesante t\u00eb krahasojm\u00eb se \"si \u00ebsht\u00eb atje\" jasht\u00eb. Do ta krahasojm\u00eb, por pak m\u00eb von\u00eb. Faleminderit p\u00ebr v\u00ebmendjen!<\/p>\n

P.S.: Faleminderit Romanu Biryukov p\u00ebr materialin fotografik, si dhe faqes www.pomogala.ru<\/a><\/noindex>, nga e cila \u00ebsht\u00eb marr\u00eb materiali ilustrues.
\n
Burimi: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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Ky shkrim nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebtu rast\u00ebsisht, ai na informon p\u00ebr at\u00eb numrin misterioz, nd\u00ebrshtyp\u00ebs t\u00eb ventilatorit t\u00eb ajrit frenues q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vagoni. Shkrimi \u00ebsht\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm edhe n\u00ebse treni \u00ebsht\u00eb ndalur.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/pravda-o-zheleznodorozhnyh-tormozah-chast-4-pribory-tormozheniya-passazhirskogo-tipa","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"sq_AL","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430 \u043e \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0437\u0430\u0445: \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c 4 \u2014 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