{"id":53588,"date":"2019-12-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-04T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/50-let-nazad-v-komnate-3420-rodilsya-internet"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:01:30","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:01:30","slug":"50-let-nazad-v-komnate-3420-rodilsya-internet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/50-let-nazad-v-komnate-3420-rodilsya-internet","title":{"rendered":"50 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn \u21163420 u lind interneti","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb historia e krijimit t\u00eb ARPANET, paraardh\u00ebsi revolucionar i internetit, e treguar nga pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit e ngjarjeve.<\/h3>\n

\n\"50
\n
\nK\u00ebshtu, kur arrita n\u00eb institutin Bolter Hall pran\u00eb Universitetit t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb n\u00eb Los Angeles (UCLA), u ngjita shkall\u00ebve n\u00eb katin e tret\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebrkim t\u00eb dhom\u00ebs nr. 3420. Pastaj hyra brenda. Nga korridori, ajo nuk dukej ndryshe nga \u00e7do dhom\u00eb tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Por, 50 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb, m\u00eb 29 tetor 1969, aty ndodhi di\u00e7ka monumentale. Asistenti Charlie Klein, ulur para terminalit ITT Teletype, realizoi transferimin e par\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dixhitale p\u00ebr Bill Duvalin, nj\u00eb shkenc\u00ebtar q\u00eb ndodhej para nj\u00eb komputeri tjet\u00ebr n\u00eb Institutin K\u00ebrkimor t\u00eb Stanfordit (tani i njohur si SRI International), n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr pjes\u00eb t\u00eb Kalifornis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu filloi historia ARPANET<\/a><\/noindex>, e nj\u00eb rrjete t\u00eb vog\u00ebl kompjuterash akademik\u00eb, e cila b\u00ebri histori si paraardh\u00ebse e internetit.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nNuk mund t\u00eb thuhet se n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ky akt i shkurt\u00ebr i transferimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave b\u00ebri buj\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn. Edhe Klein dhe Duval nuk mund\u00ebn ta vler\u00ebsonin plot\u00ebsisht arritjen e tyre: \u201cNuk mbaj mend asgj\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb nga ajo nat\u00eb, dhe nuk e kuptova at\u00ebher\u00eb se kishim b\u00ebr\u00eb di\u00e7ka t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb\u201d, thot\u00eb Klein. Megjithat\u00eb, lidhja e tyre u b\u00eb prova e realist\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb konceptit, i cili p\u00ebrfundimisht siguroi qasje n\u00eb pothuajse t\u00eb gjitha informacionet e bot\u00ebs p\u00ebr \u00e7do person q\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb kompjuter.<\/p>\n

Sot, \u00e7do gj\u00eb, nga smartphone-t deri te dyert automatike t\u00eb garazhit, jan\u00eb nodet e rrjetit, q\u00eb ka evoluar nga ajo q\u00eb Klein dhe Duval provuan at\u00eb dit\u00eb. Dhe historia e asaj se si ata vendos\u00ebn rregullat e para p\u00ebr l\u00ebvizjen e byte-ve n\u00ebp\u00ebr bot\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb me vler\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebgjohet \u2013 sidomos kur ata e tregojn\u00eb vet\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\u2018Q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ndodhte m\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00eb\u2019<\/h2>\n

\nDhe n\u00eb vitin 1969, shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz ndihmuan Klein dhe Duval n\u00eb at\u00eb p\u00ebrparimin e nat\u00ebs s\u00eb 29 tetorit \u2013 duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb profesorin e UCLA Leonard Kleinrock,<\/a><\/noindex>, me t\u00eb cilin, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 Klein dhe Duval, bisedova n\u00eb 50-vjetorin e ngjarjes. Kleinrock, i cili ende punon n\u00eb universitet, tregoi se ARPANET<\/a><\/noindex> n\u00eb nj\u00eb sens, ky ishte nj\u00eb f\u00ebmij\u00eb i Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Ftoht\u00eb. Kur n\u00eb tetor t\u00eb vitit 1957, sovjetikja Sputnik-1<\/a><\/noindex> ndri\u00e7oi qiellin mbi SHBA, val\u00ebt e goditjeve shkaktuan ndikim n\u00eb komunitetin shkencor dhe n\u00eb establishmentin politik.<\/p>\n

\"50
\nDhome nr. 3420, e rikonstruktuar n\u00eb gjith\u00eb lavdin\u00eb e saj nga viti 1969<\/i><\/p>\n

Nisja e Sputnik-ut \u2018i gjeti SHBA-t\u00eb me pantallona t\u00eb ulura, dhe Eisenhower tha: \u2018Q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ndodhte m\u00eb nj\u00ebher\u00eb\u2019, p\u00ebrmendi Kleinrock gjat\u00eb bised\u00ebs son\u00eb n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn 3420, q\u00eb tani njihet si Qendra Historike e Internetit Leonard Kleinrock. \u2018Prandaj, n\u00eb janar t\u00eb vitit 1958 ai formoi n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb Departamentit t\u00eb Mbrojtjes agjencin\u00eb p\u00ebr projekte k\u00ebrkimore t\u00eb avancuara, ARPA, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetur STEM-in \u2013 shkencat ekzakte q\u00eb studiohen n\u00eb universitetet dhe laborator\u00ebt k\u00ebrkimor\u00eb t\u00eb SHBA-ve.\u2019<\/p>\n

N\u00eb mes t\u00eb viteve 1960, ARPA financoi krijimin e kompjuter\u00ebve t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoroheshin nga k\u00ebrkuesit n\u00eb universitetet dhe qendrat e studimit n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vendin. Drejtori i ARPA-s p\u00ebr financat ishte Bob Taylor, nj\u00eb figur\u00eb ky\u00e7e n\u00eb historin\u00eb e kompjuter\u00ebve, i cili m\u00eb von\u00eb udh\u00ebhoqi laboratorin PARC n\u00eb Xerox. N\u00eb ARPA, ai, fatkeq\u00ebsisht, e kuptoi se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta kompjuter\u00eb flisnin gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme dhe nuk mund t\u00eb komunikonin mes tyre.<\/p>\n

Taylor e urrente nevoj\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur terminale t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr t'u lidhur me kompjuter\u00ebt k\u00ebrkimor\u00eb t\u00eb ndrysh\u00ebm, secili punonte me linj\u00ebn e vet t\u00eb dedikuar. Zyra e tij ishte mbushur me Teletype.<\/p>\n

\"50
\nN\u00eb vitin 1969, k\u00ebto terminale Teletype ishin pjes\u00eb thelb\u00ebsore e pajisjeve kompjuterike.<\/i><\/p>\n

\u2018I thash\u00eb \u2013 njeri, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb duhet b\u00ebr\u00eb. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb tre terminaleve tuaj duhet t\u00eb ket\u00eb nj\u00eb terminal t\u00eb vet\u00ebm q\u00eb ndihmon n\u00eb lidhje me vendin ku duhet t\u00eb shkosh,\u2019 tha Taylor n\u00eb nj\u00eb intervist\u00eb p\u00ebr New York Times n\u00eb vitin 1999. \u2018Kjo ide ishte ARPANET.\u2019<\/p>\n

Taylor kishte edhe arsye m\u00eb praktike p\u00ebr t\u00eb d\u00ebshiruar krijimin e nj\u00eb rrjete. Ai p\u00ebrher\u00eb merrte k\u00ebrkesa nga k\u00ebrkuesit nga e gjith\u00eb vendi p\u00ebr financimin e blerjes s\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb. M\u00ebnyrat kryesore<\/a><\/noindex>. Ai e dinte se pjesa m\u00eb e madhe e kapacitetit t\u00eb llogaritjes, e financuar nga qeveria, mbetej e papar\u00eb, sqaron Kleinrock. P\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb k\u00ebrkues mund t\u00eb shfryt\u00ebzoj\u00eb \u00e7do mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb llogaritjes nga SRI n\u00eb Kaliforni, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb nj\u00eb mainframe n\u00eb MIT mund t\u00eb ishte i papun\u00eb, p.sh., n\u00eb or\u00ebt e nat\u00ebs n\u00eb Bregun Lindor.<\/p>\n

Ose ndodhi q\u00eb mainframe n\u00eb nj\u00eb vend mbante nj\u00eb softuer q\u00eb mund t\u00eb ishte i dobish\u00ebm n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera \u2013 si, p\u00ebr shembull, programi grafik i par\u00eb i llojit t\u00eb tij, i krijuar me fondet e ARPA n\u00eb Universitetin e Utah. Pa nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb till\u00eb, \"n\u00ebse jam n\u00eb UCLA dhe dua t\u00eb punoj me grafik\u00eb, do t\u00eb kontaktoj ARPA-n p\u00ebr t\u00eb bler\u00eb nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme,\" thot\u00eb Kleinrock. \"T\u00eb gjith\u00eb kishin nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr gjith\u00e7ka.\" Deri n\u00eb vitin 1966, ARPA e kishte t\u00eb lodhur nga k\u00ebrkesat e tilla.<\/p>\n

\"50
\nLeonard Kleinrock<\/i><\/p>\n

Problemi ishte se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta kompjuter\u00eb flisnin gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. N\u00eb Pentagon, specialist\u00ebt e informatik\u00ebs t\u00eb Taylor shpjeguan se t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebta kompjuter\u00eb k\u00ebrkimor\u00eb punonin me grupe t\u00eb ndryshme kodesh. Nuk ekzistonte nj\u00eb gjuh\u00eb t\u00eb zakonshme rrjetore, ose protokoll, me an\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb cilit kompjuter\u00ebt e vendosur larg nj\u00ebri-tjetrit mund t\u00eb lidhen dhe t\u00eb ndajn\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjen ose burimet.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb shpejti situata ndryshoi. Taylor e bind\u00ebn drejtorin e ARPA-s, Charles Herzfeld, t\u00eb investoj\u00eb nj\u00eb milion dollar\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e nj\u00eb rrjeti t\u00eb ri q\u00eb do t\u00eb lidhte kompjuter\u00ebt nga MIT, UCLA, SRI dhe vendet e tjera. Herzfeld arriti t\u00eb merrte parat\u00eb duke i hequr ato nga programi i k\u00ebrkimeve p\u00ebr raketat balistike. Kostot e drejtuan k\u00ebt\u00eb vendim n\u00eb Ministrin\u00eb e Mbrojtjes duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se ARPA kishte si detyr\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb rrjeti \"t\u00eb mbijetuar\" q\u00eb do t\u00eb vazhdonte t\u00eb funksiononte edhe pas shkat\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb saj \u2013 p\u00ebr shembull, n\u00eb nj\u00eb sulm b\u00ebrthamor.<\/p>\n

ARPA ftoi Larry Roberts, nj\u00eb mik t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb Kleinrock nga MIT, p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtuar projektet e ARPANET. Roberts u referua punimeve t\u00eb specialistit britanik t\u00eb informatik\u00ebs Donald Davies dhe amerikanit Paul Baran dhe teknologjive t\u00eb shpikura prej tyre p\u00ebr transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave.<\/p>\n

S\u00eb shpejti, Roberts thirri Kleinrock-un p\u00ebr t\u00eb punuar mbi komponentin teorik t\u00eb projektit. Ai kishte reflektuar mbi transmetimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave p\u00ebrmes rrjeteve q\u00eb nga viti 1962, kur punonte ende n\u00eb MIT.<\/p>\n

\"Si nj\u00eb student master n\u00eb MIT, vendosa t\u00eb merrem me problemin tjet\u00ebr: jam i rrethuar nga kompjuter\u00eb, por ata nuk din\u00eb t\u00eb komunikojn\u00eb me nj\u00ebri-tjetrin, nd\u00ebrsa un\u00eb e di se gjithsesi do t'u duhet ta b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb,\" thot\u00eb Kleinrock. \"Dhe askush nuk po merrej me k\u00ebt\u00eb detyr\u00eb. T\u00eb gjith\u00eb studiojn\u00eb teorin\u00eb e informacionit dhe kodimit.\"<\/p>\n

Kontributi kryesor i Kleinrock n\u00eb ARPANET ishte teoria e radh\u00ebve<\/a><\/noindex>. At\u00ebher\u00eb linjat e komunikimit ishin analoge, dhe mund t\u00eb jepen me qira nga AT&T. Ato funksiononin p\u00ebrmes aktor\u00ebve, pra, aktori qendror vendoste nj\u00eb lidhje t\u00eb dedikuar mes d\u00ebrguesit dhe pranuesit, qoft\u00eb p\u00ebr dy njer\u00ebz q\u00eb flisnin n\u00eb telefon, ose nj\u00eb terminal q\u00eb lidhej me nj\u00eb mainframe t\u00eb larg\u00ebt. N\u00eb k\u00ebto linja, shum\u00eb koh\u00eb shpenzohej n\u00eb pritje \u2013 kur askush nuk fliste fjal\u00eb ose nuk d\u00ebrgonte bit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"50
\nDisertacioni i Kleinrock n\u00eb MIT vendosi konceptet q\u00eb u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn n\u00eb projektin ARPANET<\/i><\/p>\n

Kleinrock e konsideronte k\u00ebt\u00eb nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonshme joefikase p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar lidhje mes kompjuter\u00ebve. Teoria e radh\u00ebve ofronte nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr ndarjen dinamike t\u00eb linjave t\u00eb komunikimit midis paketave t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash nga seanca t\u00eb ndryshme komunikimi. Gjat\u00eb pauzave t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjedhe paketash, nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb tjet\u00ebr mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin kanal. Paketat q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb seanc\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash (p.sh., nj\u00eb email) mund t\u00eb gjenin nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb drejt pranuesit duke p\u00ebrdorur kat\u00ebr rrug\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme. N\u00ebse nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb do t\u00eb mbyllej, rrjeti do t\u00eb redirektonte paketat p\u00ebrmes nj\u00eb rruge tjet\u00ebr.<\/p>\n

Gjat\u00eb bised\u00ebs son\u00eb n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn 3420, Kleinrock m\u00eb tregoi disertacionin e tij, i vendosur n\u00eb nj\u00eb kopertin\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe n\u00eb nj\u00eb nga tavolinat. Ai e publikoi hulumtimin e tij si nj\u00eb lib\u00ebr n\u00eb vitin 1964.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb till\u00eb t\u00eb ri, l\u00ebvizja e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave drejtohej jo nga aktori qendror, por nga pajisjet q\u00eb ndodheshin n\u00eb nyjat e rrjetit. N\u00eb vitin 1969, k\u00ebto pajisje quheshin IMP<\/a><\/noindex>, \"p\u00ebrpunues t\u00eb mesazheve t\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqes\". \u00c7do nj\u00ebsi e till\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb version i p\u00ebrshtatur i kompjuterit Honeywell DDP-516, i b\u00ebr\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr kushte t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira pune me pajisje p\u00ebr menaxhimin e rrjetit.<\/p>\n

IMP e par\u00eb, Kleinrock e d\u00ebrgoi n\u00eb UCLA n\u00eb t\u00eb h\u00ebn\u00ebn e par\u00eb t\u00eb muajit shtator n\u00eb vitin 1969. Sot, ai q\u00ebndron si nj\u00eb monolit n\u00eb k\u00ebndin e dhom\u00ebs 3420 n\u00eb Bolter Hall, ku \u00ebsht\u00eb restauruar n\u00eb pamjen e tij origjinale \u2013 ashtu si\u00e7 ishte, duke p\u00ebrpunuar transmetimet e para t\u00eb dh\u00ebnash p\u00ebrmes internetit 50 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb.<\/p>\n

\"15 or\u00eb pune, \u00e7do dit\u00eb\"<\/h2>\n

\nN\u00eb vjesht\u00ebn e vitit 1969, Charlie Klein ishte nj\u00eb studiant pasuniversitar q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqej t\u00eb fitonte nj\u00eb diplom\u00eb n\u00eb inxhinieri. Grupi i tij u transferua n\u00eb projektin ARPANET pasi Kleinrock mori financim qeveritar p\u00ebr t\u00eb zhvilluar rrjetin. N\u00eb gusht, Klein dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt ishin duke punuar aktivisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur softuerin p\u00ebr mainframe-n Sigma 7, p\u00ebr ta lidhur at\u00eb me IMP. Meqen\u00ebse nuk ekzistonte nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrfaqe standarde komunikimi mes kompjuter\u00ebve dhe IMP, Bob Metcalf dhe David Boggs nuk do t\u00eb shpiknin Ethernet deri n\u00eb vitin 1973, grupi krijoi nga e para nj\u00eb kabllo prej 5 metrash p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur kompjuter\u00ebt. Tani u duhej vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb kompjuter tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb shk\u00ebmbyer informacion.<\/p>\n

\"50
\nCharlie Klein<\/i><\/p>\n

Qend\u00ebr e dyt\u00eb k\u00ebrkimore q\u00eb mori IMP-n\u00eb ishte SRI (kjo ndodhi n\u00eb fillim t\u00eb tetorit). P\u00ebr Bill Duval, ky ngjarje sh\u00ebnoi fillimin e p\u00ebrgatitjeve p\u00ebr transmetimin e par\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave nga UCLA n\u00eb SRI, n\u00eb SDS 940. Sipas tij, ekipet e t\u00eb dy institucioneve b\u00ebjn\u00eb maksimumin p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar transmetimin e par\u00eb t\u00eb suksessh\u00ebm deri m\u00eb 21 tetor.<\/p>\n

\u00abUn\u00eb hyra n\u00eb projekt, zhvillova dhe implementova softuerin e nevojsh\u00ebm, dhe ky ishte nj\u00eb proces i till\u00eb q\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb ndodh gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb softuerit \u2013 dit\u00eb pune 15-or\u00ebshe, \u00e7do dit\u00eb, derisa t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundoj\u00eb\u00bb, kujton ai.<\/p>\n

Me afrimin e Halloweenit, shpejt\u00ebsia e zhvillimit n\u00eb t\u00eb dy institutet u rrit. Dhe ekipet ishin t\u00eb gatshme edhe para skadimit t\u00eb afatit.<\/p>\n

\u00abTani kishim dy nyje, rremb\u00ebm nj\u00eb linj\u00eb komunikimi nga AT&T, dhe prisnim nj\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb mahnitshme, 50,000 bit\/sekond\u00eb,\u00bb thot\u00eb Kleinrock. \u2013 \u00abDhe ishim t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm ta b\u00ebnim k\u00ebt\u00eb, t\u00eb lidhnim\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u00abTesti i par\u00eb ishte parashikuar p\u00ebr 29 tetor,\u00bb shton Duval. \u2013 \u00abN\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb pre-alfa. Dhe menduam \u2013 mir\u00eb, kemi tre dit\u00eb verifikimi p\u00ebr ta ngritur dhe konfigur p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb\u00bb.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 29, von\u00eb, Klein punonte derisa vonohej \u2013 ashtu si Duval n\u00eb SRI. Ata planifikuan t\u00eb provonin t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonin mesazhin e par\u00eb p\u00ebrmes ARPANET mbr\u00ebmjen, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos prishur pun\u00ebn e askujt n\u00ebse kompjuteri do t\u00eb rr\u00ebzohej papritur. N\u00eb dhom\u00ebn 3420, Klein ishte vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrpara terminalit ITT Teletype, i lidhur me kompjuterin.<\/p>\n

Dhe ja se \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhi at\u00eb nat\u00eb \u2013 duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb nga d\u00ebshtimet historike t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve n\u00eb historin\u00eb e llogaritjeve \u2013 sipas vet\u00eb Klein dhe Duval:<\/p>\n

Klein: Un\u00eb hyra n\u00eb Sigma 7 OS, dhe pastaj e aktivizova programin e shkruar prej meje, q\u00eb m\u00eb lejonte t\u00eb jepja urdh\u00ebr p\u00ebr d\u00ebrgimin e paketave n\u00eb SRI. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, Bill Duval n\u00eb SRI aktivizoi programin q\u00eb pranonte lidhje t\u00eb ardhshme. Dhe ne po flisnim nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht n\u00eb telefon.<\/p>\n

Fillimisht kishim disa probleme. Kishim nj\u00eb problem me p\u00ebrkthimin e kodit, pasi sistemi yn\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte EBCDIC<\/a><\/noindex> (Kodi i Z\u00ebvend\u00ebsimit t\u00eb Shprehjeve t\u00eb Zgjeruara Binarisht-Dhjetor), nj\u00eb standart q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej n\u00eb IBM dhe Sigma 7. Por kompjuteri n\u00eb SRI p\u00ebrdorte ASCII<\/a><\/noindex> (Kodi Amerikan Standard p\u00ebr Shk\u00ebmbimin e Informacionit), q\u00eb m\u00eb pas u b\u00eb standardi p\u00ebr ARPANET, dhe m\u00eb pas p\u00ebr gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Pas zgjidhjes s\u00eb disa nga k\u00ebtyre problemeve, provuam t\u00eb lidhnim. Dhe p\u00ebr ta b\u00ebr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb, duhej t\u00eb shkruanim fjal\u00ebn \u00ablogin\u00bb. Sistemi n\u00eb SRI ishte programuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb njohur me men\u00e7uri komandat e disponueshme. N\u00eb modin e p\u00ebrparuar, kur shkruaje L, pastaj O, pastaj G, ai e kuptonte se ndoshta po keqdashje kishe n\u00eb mendje LOGIN, dhe e shkruante vet\u00eb IN. Prandaj, un\u00eb shkrova L.<\/p>\n

I was on the phone with Duval from SRI, and I said, \"Did you get L?\" He says, \"Yep.\" I mentioned that I saw L come back and print on my terminal. So I pressed O, and he said, \"'O' came in.\" Then I pressed G, and he said, \"Hold on, my system just crashed.\"<\/p>\n

\"50
\nBill Duval<\/i><\/p>\n

Pas disa shkronjave, ndodhi nj\u00eb mbushje e tamponit. Kjo ishte shum\u00eb e leht\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u gjetur dhe p\u00ebr t'u zgjidhur, dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht, pas k\u00ebsaj gjith\u00e7ka u rikthye dhe funksionoi. E p\u00ebrmend k\u00ebt\u00eb sepse e gjith\u00eb kjo histori nuk ka t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb me k\u00ebt\u00eb. Historia \u00ebsht\u00eb se ARPANET funksionon.<\/p>\n

Klein: Ai kishte nj\u00eb gabim t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, dhe e rregulloi brenda 20 minutash dhe provoi t\u00eb aktivizonte gjith\u00e7ka p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. Ai kishte nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsuar softuerin. M\u00eb duhej t\u00eb kontrolloja p\u00ebrs\u00ebri softuerin tim. Ai m\u00eb telefonoi, dhe ne provuam p\u00ebrs\u00ebri. E filluam nga e para, un\u00eb shkrova L, O, G, dhe k\u00ebsaj here mora p\u00ebrgjigjen \u201eI N\u201c.<\/p>\n

\u00abThjesht inxhinier\u00ebt n\u00eb pun\u00eb\u00bb<\/h2>\n

\nLidhja e par\u00eb u realizua n\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7erek p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebmb\u00ebdhjet\u00eb pasdite n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e oqeanit Paq\u00ebsor. Pas k\u00ebsaj, Klein ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb hynte n\u00eb llogarin\u00eb n\u00eb kompjuterin SRI, t\u00eb krijuar prej Duval p\u00ebr t\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb aktivizonte programe, duke p\u00ebrdorur burimet sistemike t\u00eb kompjuterit, i cili ishte 560 km m\u00eb lart n\u00eb bregdet nga UCLA. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e vog\u00ebl e misjonit ARPANET ishte realizuar.<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ishte von\u00eb, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb shkova n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi\u00bb, m\u00eb tha Klein.<\/p>\n

\"50
\nN\u00eb tabel\u00ebn n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn 3420 shpjegohet se \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhi k\u00ebtu<\/i><\/p>\n

Ekipi e dinte se kishte arritur sukses, por nuk mendonte shum\u00eb p\u00ebr p\u00ebrmasat e arritjes. \"Ishin thjesht inxhinier\u00eb q\u00eb punonin\", - tha Kleinrock. Duval e konsideroi 29 tetorin si nj\u00eb hap t\u00eb vet\u00ebm n\u00eb nj\u00eb detyr\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar p\u00ebr lidhjen e kompjuter\u00ebve n\u00eb rrjet. Puna e Kleinrock ishte e lidhur me si t\u00eb drejtoheshin paketat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave n\u00eb rrjet, nd\u00ebrsa shkenc\u00ebtar\u00ebt nga SRI punonin mbi p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00ebsit e paket\u00ebs dhe si organizohen t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat brenda saj.<\/p>\n

\"N\u00eb thelb, pik\u00ebrisht aty u krijua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb paradigm\u00eb q\u00eb takojm\u00eb n\u00eb internet, me lidhje dokumentesh dhe gjith\u00eb t\u00eb tjerat\", - thot\u00eb Duval. - \"Ne gjithmon\u00eb e kemi p\u00ebrfytyruar disa stacione punuese t\u00eb lidhura me nj\u00ebra-tjetr\u00ebn dhe njer\u00ebz. At\u00ebher\u00eb i quanim qendra njohurish, p\u00ebr shkak se orientimi yn\u00eb ishte akademik.\"<\/p>\n

Pasi kaluan disa jav\u00eb nga shk\u00ebmbimi i par\u00eb i suksessh\u00ebm i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave mes Klein dhe Duval, rrjeti ARPA u zgjerua, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt nga Universiteti i Kalifornis\u00eb n\u00eb Santa Barbara dhe Universiteti i Utah. Pastaj, ARPANET vazhdoi t\u00eb zgjerohej n\u00eb vitet '70 dhe pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb viteve '80, duke lidhur gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb kompjuter\u00eb qeveritar\u00eb dhe akademik\u00eb. Pas k\u00ebsaj, konceptet e zhvilluara n\u00eb ARPANET do t\u00eb aplikoheshin n\u00eb internetin q\u00eb njohim sot.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1969, nj\u00eb njoftim shtypi nga UCLA lavd\u00ebronte ARPANET-in e ri. \"Derisa rrjetet kompjuterike jan\u00eb ende n\u00eb fazat e tyre t\u00eb para\", - shkruante Kleinrock at\u00ebher\u00eb. - \"Por me rritjen e p\u00ebrmasave dhe kompleksitetit t\u00eb tyre, probablet do t\u00eb shohim p\u00ebrhapjen e 'sh\u00ebrbimeve kompjuterike', t\u00eb cilat, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimet elektrike dhe telefonike sot, do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb p\u00ebr sht\u00ebpi dhe zyra n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb vendin.\"<\/p>\n

Sot, kjo koncept \u00ebsht\u00eb duksh\u00ebm disi shum\u00eb e vjet\u00ebr \u2013 rrjetet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi dhe zyra, por edhe n\u00eb pajisjet m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla, t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshira n\u00eb \"internetin e gj\u00ebrave\". Megjithat\u00eb, deklarata e Kleinrock mbi \"sh\u00ebrbimet kompjuterike\" ishte befasuese parashikuese, duke pasur parasysh se interneti komercial modern u shfaq vet\u00ebm disa dekada m\u00eb von\u00eb. Kjo ide mbetet e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme edhe n\u00eb vitin 2019, kur burimet kompjuterike tashm\u00eb po afrohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb till\u00eb si\u00e7 e pranojm\u00eb, si di\u00e7ka e natyrshme, sa elektriku.<\/p>\n

Ndoshta, p\u00ebrvjetor\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb jan\u00eb nj\u00eb mund\u00ebsi e mir\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb kujtuar se si arrit\u00ebm n\u00eb er\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb lidhshm\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb lart\u00eb, por edhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebrpara \u2013 si\u00e7 arriti ta b\u00ebj\u00eb Kleinrock \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb reflektuar mbi drejtimin n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin mund t\u00eb zhvillohet rrjeti m\u00eb tej.
\n
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