{"id":54312,"date":"2019-12-23T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-22T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/kak-rabotaet-videokodek-chast-1-osnovy"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:18","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:18","slug":"kak-rabotaet-videokodek-chast-1-osnovy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/news\/kak-rabotaet-videokodek-chast-1-osnovy","title":{"rendered":"Si funksionon nj\u00eb videokodek. Pjesa 1. Bazat","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Pjesa e dyt\u00eb: Parimet e funksionimit t\u00eb videokodekut<\/a><\/noindex><\/h3>\n

\u00c7do imazh raster mund t\u00eb paraqitet si<\/b> matric\u00eb dy dimensionale . Kur flitet p\u00ebr ngjyrat, ideja mund t\u00eb avancoj\u00eb duke e shqyrtuar imazhin si<\/b>matric\u00eb tri dimensionale , n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn dimensionet shtes\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr ruajtjen e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb secil\u00ebs ngjyr\u00eb.<\/b>Duke e konsideruar ngjyr\u00ebn p\u00ebrfundimtare si nj\u00eb kombinim t\u00eb ngjyrave t\u00eb njohura (t\u00eb kuqe, t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr dhe blu), n\u00eb matric\u00ebn ton\u00eb tri dimensionale p\u00ebrcaktojm\u00eb tri plane: e para p\u00ebr ngjyr\u00ebn e kuqe, e dyta p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjelbr\u00ebn dhe e fundit p\u00ebr t\u00eb blun\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb quajm\u00eb \u00e7do pik\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb matric\u00eb piksel (element imazhi). \u00c7do piksel p\u00ebrmban informacion rreth intensitetit (zakonisht n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb vlere numerike) t\u00eb secil\u00ebs ngjyr\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull,
\n\"Si<\/a><\/noindex>
\npikseli i kuq do t\u00eb thot\u00eb se ai p\u00ebrmban 0 ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebr, 0 ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb blun\u00eb dhe maksimumin e kuq.<\/b> Pikseli me ngjyr\u00eb roz\u00eb mund t\u00eb formohet duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb kombinim t\u00eb tre ngjyrave. Duke p\u00ebrdorur gam\u00ebn numerike nga 0 deri n\u00eb 255, pikseli roz\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet si<\/b> E Kuq = 255 E Gjelb\u00ebr = 192<\/b>, E Blu = 203<\/b> dhe Artikulli \u00ebsht\u00eb publikuar me mb\u00ebshtetje nga kompanis\u00eb EDISON.<\/b>.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"Si<\/a><\/noindex>

\nNe zhvillojm\u00eb<\/p>\n

aplikacione p\u00ebr videonb monitoring, video streaming , si dhe merremi me<\/a><\/noindex>regjistrimin e videos n\u00eb dhom\u00ebn e kirurgjis\u00eb. M\u00ebnyra alternative t\u00eb kodimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb imazhi t\u00eb ngjyrave<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

P\u00ebrshkruar ngjyrat q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb imazhin, ka gjithashtu shum\u00eb modele t\u00eb tjera. P\u00ebr shembull, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb palet\u00eb indeksuese, e cila k\u00ebrkon vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb bajt p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar secilin piksel, n\u00eb vend t\u00eb tre bajt\u00ebve q\u00eb k\u00ebrkohen kur p\u00ebrdoret modeli RGB. N\u00eb nj\u00eb model t\u00eb till\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret nj\u00eb matric\u00eb 2D n\u00eb vend t\u00eb nj\u00eb matrice 3D p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuar secil\u00ebn ngjyr\u00eb. Kjo kursen memorie, por jep nj\u00eb gam\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl ngjyrash.<\/h3>\n

\nRGB<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, shikoni k\u00ebt\u00eb pamje m\u00eb posht\u00eb. Nga e para, fytyra \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjyrosur plot\u00ebsisht. T\u00eb tjerat jan\u00eb plane t\u00eb kuqe, t\u00eb gjelbra dhe blu (intensiteti i ngjyrave p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb i treguar n\u00eb shkall\u00eb gri).<\/h2>\n

V\u00ebrejm\u00eb se nuancat e kuqe n\u00eb origjinal do t\u00eb jen\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat vende ku v\u00ebrehen pjes\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb ndritshme t\u00eb fytyr\u00ebs s\u00eb dyt\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrsa kontributi i ngjyr\u00ebs blu mund t\u00eb shihet kryesisht vet\u00ebm n\u00eb syt\u00eb e Mario (fytyra e fundit) dhe element\u00ebt e rrobave t\u00eb tij. V\u00ebrejtni se ku t\u00eb tri planet e ngjyrave kan\u00eb kontribuar m\u00eb pak (pjes\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb err\u00ebta t\u00eb imazheve) - kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb te moustaka e Mario.<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n
\nP\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur intensitetin e secil\u00ebs ngjyr\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet nj\u00eb sasi e caktuar bitesh - kjo sasi quhet<\/p>\n

thell\u00ebsia e bit\u00ebve . Le t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se shpenzohen 8 bite (duke u bazuar n\u00eb vler\u00ebn nga 0 deri n\u00eb 255) p\u00ebr nj\u00eb plan ngjyror. At\u00ebher\u00eb kemi nj\u00eb thell\u00ebsi ngjyre prej 24 bit\u00ebsh (8 bit * 3 plane R\/G\/B).<\/b>Nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr pron\u00eb e imazhit \u00ebsht\u00eb<\/p>\n

rezolucioni , i cili p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson numrin e pikseleve n\u00eb nj\u00eb dimension. Shpesh sh\u00ebnohet si<\/b>gjer\u00ebsi \u00d7 lart\u00ebsi , si\u00e7 tregohet n\u00eb shembullin e imazhit m\u00eb posht\u00eb 4 nga 4.<\/b>Nj\u00eb pron\u00eb tjet\u00ebr me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn merremi kur punojm\u00eb me imazhe\/video \u00ebsht\u00eb
\n\"Si
\n
\nraporti i aspektit , i cili p\u00ebrshkruan marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnien zakonore proporcionale nd\u00ebrmjet gjer\u00ebris\u00eb dhe lart\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb imazhit ose pikselit.<\/b>Kur flitet p\u00ebr nj\u00eb film ose pamje q\u00eb kan\u00eb dimensionin 16 me 9, zakonisht b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr<\/p>\n

raportin e aspektit t\u00eb ekranit DAR<\/b> (\u2014 nga<\/b> Display Aspect Ratio ). Megjithat\u00eb ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb mund t\u00eb ket\u00eb forma t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb pikseve t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta - n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast flasim p\u00ebr<\/i>raportin e pikseve PAR<\/b> (Pixel Aspect Ratio<\/b> Display Aspect Ratio P\u00ebr kujdesin e sht\u00ebpis\u00eb:<\/i>).<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n
\n\"Si<\/p>\n

DVD DAR 4 me 3<\/b> p\u00ebrputhet Megjithat\u00eb, rezolucioni real i DVD-s\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 704\u00d7480, megjithat\u00eb ai ruan raportin e aspektit 4:3, pasi PAR ka vler\u00ebn 10:11 (704\u00d710 \/ 480\u00d711).<\/b><\/p>\n

Megjith\u00ebse rezolucioni i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i DVD-s\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 704×480, ai e ruan aspektin 4:3, pasi PAR ka nj\u00eb vler\u00eb prej 10:11 (704×10 \/ 480×11).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nsi nj\u00eb sekuenc\u00eb t\u00eb video<\/b> kadrave n\u00eb nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb n<\/b> kohe , e cila mund t\u00eb merret si nj\u00eb dimension shtes\u00eb. Dhe<\/b>at\u00ebher\u00eb - \u00ebsht\u00eb frekuenca e kadrave ose numri i kadrave n\u00eb sekond\u00eb ( n<\/b> FPSFrames per Second<\/b> Display Aspect Ratio Numri i bit\u00ebve n\u00eb sekond\u00eb, e domosdoshme p\u00ebr shfaqjen e videos, \u00ebsht\u00eb<\/i>).<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n
\nshpejt\u00ebsia e transmetimit bitrate<\/b> \u2014 bitrate = gjer\u00ebsi * lart\u00ebsi * thell\u00ebsia e bit\u00ebve * frekuenca e kadrave<\/b>.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr nj\u00eb video me 30 kadra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb, 24 bits p\u00ebr piksel, rezolucioni 480\u00d7240 k\u00ebrkon 82,944,000 bit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb ose 82,944 Mbit\/s (30x480x240x24) - por kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00ebse nuk p\u00ebrdoret asnj\u00eb nga metodat e kompresimit.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nP\u00ebr shembull, p\u00ebr video me 30 kadra n\u00eb sekond\u00eb, 24 bit n\u00eb pixel, rezolucioni 480×240 do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte 82,944,000 bit n\u00eb sekond\u00eb ose 82,944 Mbit\/s (30x480x240x24) - por kjo vlen n\u00ebse nuk p\u00ebrdoren ndonj\u00eb prej metodave t\u00eb kompresimit.<\/p>\n

\u00ebsht\u00eb pothuajse konstante , at\u00ebher\u00eb quhet<\/i>shpejt\u00ebsi e transmetimit konstante CBR<\/b> (constant bit rate<\/b> Display Aspect Ratio ). Por ajo mund t\u00eb varihej, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast quhet<\/i>shpejt\u00ebsi e transmetimit e ndryshueshme VBR<\/b> (variable bit rate<\/b> Display Aspect Ratio Ky grafik tregon nj\u00eb VBR t\u00eb kufizuar, kur shpenzohen jo shum\u00eb bite n\u00eb rastin e nj\u00eb kadre t\u00ebr\u00ebsisht t\u00eb err\u00ebt.<\/i>).<\/p>\n

Fillimisht, inxhinier\u00ebt zhvilluan nj\u00eb metod\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb dyfishuar frekuenc\u00ebn e perceptuar t\u00eb kadrave t\u00eb videodispaly pa p\u00ebrdorur band\u00eb shtes\u00eb. Ky metod\u00eb njihet si<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n
\nvideo interlaced video interlacing<\/b>; primarily, it sends half of the screen in the first \"frame\" and the other half in the next \"frame.\"<\/p>\n

Currently, scene visualization mainly occurs using progressive scan technology<\/b>. This is a method of displaying, storing, or transmitting moving images, where all lines of each frame are drawn sequentially.<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n
\nWell then! Now we know how an image is represented digitally, how its colors are structured, and how many bits per second we consume to display video, whether the bitrate is constant (CBR) or variable (VBR). We understand the given resolution with a specified frame rate and have familiarized ourselves with many other terms, such as interlaced video, PAR, and some others.<\/p>\n

Removing redundancy<\/h2>\n

\nIt is known that uncompressed video cannot be used properly. An hour of video at 720p resolution and at 30 frames per second would take up 278 GB. We arrive at this value by multiplying 1280 x 720 x 24 x 30 x 3600 (width, height, bits per pixel, FPS, and duration in seconds).<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrdorimi lossless compression algorithms<\/b>, such as DEFLATE (used in PKZIP, Gzip, and PNG), will not provide sufficient reduction in the required bandwidth. We must look for other ways to compress video.<\/p>\n

For this, we can use the characteristics of our vision. We can differentiate brightness better than colors. Video is a set of sequential images that repeat over time. The differences between adjacent frames of the same scene are small. Moreover, each frame contains many areas that use the same (or similar) color.<\/p>\n

Color, brightness, and our eyes<\/h2>\n

\nOur eyes are more sensitive to brightness than to color. You can verify this yourself by looking at this picture.<\/p>\n

\"Si<\/p>\n

If you cannot see that the colors of the squares in the left half of the image A<\/b> dhe B<\/b> are actually the same, that is normal. Our brain makes us pay more attention to light and shadow rather than color. On the right side, there is a bridge of the same color between the marked squares \u2014 therefore we (i.e., our brain) easily determine that there is indeed the same color there.<\/p>\n

Let\u2019s break down (simplified) how our eyes work. The eye is a complex organ made up of many parts. However, we are most interested in the cones and rods. The eye contains about 120 million rods and 6 million cones.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb perceptimin e ngjyr\u00ebs dhe ndri\u00e7imit si funksione t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta t\u00eb pjes\u00ebve t\u00eb caktuara t\u00eb syrit (n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, gj\u00ebrat jan\u00eb pak m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuara, por ne do ta thjeshtojm\u00eb). Qelizat yndyrore, kryesisht, p\u00ebrgjigjen p\u00ebr ndri\u00e7imin, nd\u00ebrsa qelizat konike p\u00ebrgjigjen p\u00ebr ngjyr\u00ebn. Qelizat konike ndahen n\u00eb tre lloje, n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb pigmentit t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtur: S-qeliza (ngjyr\u00eb blu), M-qeliza (ngjyr\u00eb e gjelb\u00ebr) dhe L-qeliza (ngjyr\u00eb e kuqe).<\/p>\n

Duke qen\u00eb se kemi shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr qeliza yndyrore (ndri\u00e7imi) sesa qeliza konike (ngjyra), mund t\u00eb nxirrni p\u00ebrfundimin se jemi m\u00eb t\u00eb aft\u00eb t\u00eb dallojm\u00eb kalimet midis err\u00ebsir\u00ebs dhe drit\u00ebs sesa ngjyrave.<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n<\/p>\n

Funksionet e ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb ndaj kontrastit<\/h2>\n

\nK\u00ebrkuesit e psikologjis\u00eb eksperimentale dhe shum\u00eb fushave t\u00eb tjera kan\u00eb zhvilluar teorira t\u00eb shumta mbi shikimin njer\u00ebzor. Nj\u00ebra prej tyre quhet funksionet e ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb ndaj kontrastit<\/b>. Ato lidhen me ndri\u00e7imin hap\u00ebsinor dhe temporal. N\u00eb thelb, b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr sa ndryshime nevojiten para se v\u00ebzhguesi t\u2019i v\u00ebrej\u00eb ato. Vini re p\u00ebrdorimin e shum\u00ebs s\u00eb fjal\u00ebs \"funksion\". Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebr shkak se ne mund t\u00eb masim funksionet e ndjeshm\u00ebris\u00eb ndaj kontrastit jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr imazhe bardh e zi, por edhe p\u00ebr ato me ngjyra. Rezultatet e k\u00ebtyre eksperimenteve tregojn\u00eb se n\u00eb shumic\u00ebn e rasteve syt\u00eb tan\u00eb jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj ndri\u00e7imit sesa ndaj ngjyr\u00ebs.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Tani q\u00eb dihet se jemi m\u00eb t\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm ndaj ndri\u00e7imit t\u00eb imazhit, mund t\u00eb provokojm\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim k\u00ebt\u00eb fakt.<\/p>\n

Modeli i ngjyr\u00ebs<\/h2>\n

\nNe disi e kuptuam se si t\u00eb punojm\u00eb me imazhe me ngjyra p\u00ebrdorur skem\u00ebn RGB. Ka edhe modele t\u00eb tjera. Ekziston nj\u00eb model q\u00eb ndan ndri\u00e7imin nga ngjyra dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb i njohur si YCbCr<\/b>. Me rastin, ka edhe modele t\u00eb tjera q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ndarje t\u00eb ngjashme, por ne do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb vet\u00ebm k\u00ebt\u00eb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb model ngjyrash Y<\/b> \u2014 \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsimi i ndri\u00e7imit, si dhe p\u00ebrdoren dy kanale ngjyrash: Cb<\/b> (blu e ngopur) dhe Cr<\/b> (i kuq i ngopur). YCbCr mund t\u00eb merret nga RGB, ashtu si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur edhe kthimi i k\u00ebtij transformimi. Duke p\u00ebrdorur k\u00ebt\u00eb model, ne mund t\u00eb krijojm\u00eb imazhe me ngjyr\u00eb t\u00eb plot\u00eb, si\u00e7 shihni m\u00eb posht\u00eb:<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n<\/p>\n

Transformimi midis YCbCr dhe RGB<\/h2>\n

\nDisa mund t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtojn\u00eb: si \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb arrihen t\u00eb gjitha ngjyrat n\u00ebse nuk p\u00ebrdoret e gjelbra?<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjur n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pyetje, do t\u00eb konvertojm\u00eb RGB n\u00eb YCbCr. Do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim koeficient\u00ebt e pranuar n\u00eb standardin BT.601<\/b>, i cili rekomandohet nga ITU-R<\/b>. Ky departament p\u00ebrcakton standardet p\u00ebr videon dixhitale. P\u00ebr shembull: \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 4K? Cila duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb frekuenca e fotove, rezolucioni, modeli i ngjyrave?<\/p>\n

S\u00eb pari, do t\u00eb llogarisim ndri\u00e7imin. Do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim konstantat e propozuara nga ITU dhe do t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojm\u00eb vlerat RGB.<\/p>\n

Y<\/b> = 0.299R<\/b> + 0.587G<\/b> + 0.114B<\/b> <\/p>\n

Pasi marrim ndri\u00e7imin, do t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb ngjyr\u00ebn blu dhe at\u00eb t\u00eb kuqe:<\/p>\n

Cb<\/b> = 0.564(B<\/b> \u2014 Y<\/b>)<\/p>\n

Cr<\/b> = 0.713(R<\/b> \u2014 Y<\/b>) <\/p>\n

Dhe ne gjithashtu mund t\u00eb konvertojm\u00eb prap\u00eb dhe madje t\u00eb marrim t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebrin me ndihm\u00ebn e YCbCr:<\/p>\n

R<\/b> = Y<\/b> + 1.402Cr<\/b><\/p>\n

B<\/b> = Y<\/b> + 1.772Cb<\/b><\/p>\n

G<\/b> = Y<\/b> \u2014 0.344Cb<\/b> \u2014 0.714Cr<\/b><\/p>\n

N\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, ekranet (monitor\u00ebt, televizor\u00ebt, ekranet etj.) p\u00ebrdorin vet\u00ebm modelin RGB. Por ky model mund t\u00eb organizohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme:<\/p>\n

\"Si
\n<\/p>\n

Subdiskretizimi i ngjyrave<\/h2>\n

\nMe imazhin e paraqitur si nj\u00eb kombinim t\u00eb ndri\u00e7imit dhe ngjyr\u00ebs, ne mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorim ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb t\u00eb sistemit vizual t\u00eb njeriut ndaj ndri\u00e7imit sesa ndaj ngjyr\u00ebs, n\u00ebse heqim informacionin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb selektive. Subdiscretizimi i ngjyrave \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb kodimi imazhesh, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb rezolucion m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl p\u00ebr ngjyr\u00ebn sesa p\u00ebr ndri\u00e7imin.<\/p>\n

\"Si<\/p>\n

Sa \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranueshme t\u00eb ulet rezolucioni i ngjyr\u00ebs?! Si\u00e7 duket, tashm\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb disa skema q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb se si t\u00eb trajtohet rezolucioni dhe bashkimi (Ngjyra p\u00ebrfundimtare = Y + Cb + Cr).<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto skema njihet si sistemet e subdiscretizimit<\/b> dhe shprehen si nj\u00eb raport 3:1 \u2014 a<\/b>:x<\/b>:y<\/b>, i cili p\u00ebrcakton numrin e mostrave t\u00eb sinjaleve t\u00eb ndri\u00e7imit dhe ngjyr\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

a<\/b> \u2014 referenc\u00eb e mostrave horizontale (zakonisht e barabart\u00eb me 4)
\nx<\/b> \u2014 numri i mostrave t\u00eb ngjyr\u00ebs n\u00eb rreshtin e par\u00eb t\u00eb piksel\u00ebve (rezolucioni horizontal n\u00eb raport me a<\/b>)
\ny<\/b> \u2014 numri i ndryshimeve t\u00eb mostrave t\u00eb ngjyr\u00ebs midis rreshtit t\u00eb par\u00eb dhe t\u00eb dyt\u00eb t\u00eb piksel\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrjashtimi \u00ebsht\u00eb 4<\/b>:1<\/b>:0<\/b>, duke siguruar nj\u00eb most\u00ebr ngjyrash p\u00ebr \u00e7do bllok t\u00eb rezolucionit t\u00eb ndri\u00e7imit 4 me 4.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Skemat e zakonshme t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura n\u00eb kodek\u00ebt modern\u00eb:<\/p>\n