{"id":54651,"date":"2019-12-31T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-12-30T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/shd-aerodisk-na-otechestvennyh-protsessorah-elbrus-8s"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:41","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:41","slug":"shd-aerodisk-na-otechestvennyh-protsessorah-elbrus-8s","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shd-aerodisk-na-otechestvennyh-protsessorah-elbrus-8s","title":{"rendered":"Sistemi AERODISK mbi procesor\u00ebt vendas Elbrus 8S","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Sistemi<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrsh\u00ebndetje, lexues t\u00eb Habr\u00ebs. D\u00ebshirojm\u00eb t\u00eb ndjejm\u00eb nj\u00eb lajm t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm. Ne, p\u00ebrfundimisht, prisnim prodhimin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb brezit t\u00eb ri t\u00eb procesor\u00ebve rus\u00eb Elbrus 8S. Zyrtarisht prodhimi seri duhej t\u00eb kishte filluar n\u00eb vitin 2016, por n\u00eb fakt, prodhimi masiv filloi vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitin 2019 dhe deri m\u00eb tani jan\u00eb prodhuar rreth 4000 procesor\u00eb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Gati menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas fillimit t\u00eb prodhimit serik, k\u00ebta procesor\u00eb u shfaq\u00ebn dhe tek ne n\u00eb AERODISK, p\u00ebr \u00e7ka d\u00ebshirojm\u00eb t\u00eb fal\u00ebnderojm\u00eb ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht kompanin\u00eb NORSI-TRANS, e cila na ofroi platform\u00ebn e saj harduerike Yakhont UVM, e cila mb\u00ebshtet procesor\u00ebt Elbrus 8S, p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar portimin e pjes\u00ebs software t\u00eb S\u00c7D-s\u00eb. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb platform\u00eb moderne, q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbush t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebrkesat e MCST. Aktualisht, platforma p\u00ebrdoret nga konsumator\u00eb specifik\u00eb dhe operator\u00eb t\u00eb komunikimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar realizimin e veprimeve t\u00eb caktuara gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb aktiviteteve t\u00eb operacioneve t\u00eb ndjekjes. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb momentin aktual, portimi \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar me sukses, dhe tashm\u00eb S\u00c7D AERODISK \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb dispozit\u00eb me procesor\u00eb t\u00eb prodhimit vendas Elbrus. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb artikull do t\u00eb flasim p\u00ebr vet\u00eb procesor\u00ebt, historin\u00eb e tyre, arkitektur\u00ebn dhe, sigurisht, p\u00ebr realizimin ton\u00eb t\u00eb S\u00c7D-s\u00eb n\u00eb Elbrus.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Historia<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Historia e procesor\u00ebve Elbrus fillon n\u00eb koh\u00ebt e Bashkimit Sovjetik. N\u00eb vitin 1973, n\u00eb Institutin e Mekanik\u00ebs t\u00eb Sakt\u00eb dhe Teknik\u00ebs Computationale emri S.A. Lebedev (emri i atij Sergei Lebedev, i cili m\u00eb par\u00eb kishte drejtuar zhvillimin e kompjuterit t\u00eb par\u00eb sovjetik MESM, dhe m\u00eb von\u00eb BESSM) filloi zhvillimi i komplekseve p\u00ebrpunuese shum\u00ebprocesorike t\u00eb quajtura \"Elbrus\". Zhvillimi u drejtua nga Vsevolod Sergeevi\u00e7 Burcev, dhe nj\u00eb rol aktiv n\u00eb zhvillim luajti Boris Artashesovi\u00e7 Babayan, i cili ishte nj\u00eb nga z\u00ebvend\u00ebsit e kryekonstruktorit. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Sistemi
\nVsevolod Sergeevi\u00e7 Burcev<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Sistemi
\nBoris Artashesovi\u00e7 Babayan<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kryesori i projektit ishte, natyrisht, forcat e armatosura t\u00eb BSPB-s\u00eb, dhe kjo seri kompjuter\u00ebsh u p\u00ebrdor me sukses p\u00ebr krijimin e q\u00ebndrav\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit dhe komplekset e hedhjes s\u00eb sistemeve t\u00eb mbrojtjes antiraketore, si dhe sistemeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb caktuara. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Sistemi<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kompjuteri i par\u00eb \"Elbrus\" u p\u00ebrfundua n\u00eb vitin 1978. Ai kishte nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb modulare dhe mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfshinte nga 1 deri n\u00eb 10 procesor\u00eb t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb skema t\u00eb integrimit t\u00eb mes\u00ebm. Shpejt\u00ebsia e k\u00ebtij aparati arrinte 15 milion operacione n\u00eb sekond\u00eb. Kapaciteti i memories operative, e cila ishte e p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb 10 procesor\u00ebt, ishte deri n\u00eb 2 n\u00eb fuqin\u00eb e 20-t\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebve makinerike ose 64 MB. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

M\u00eb von\u00eb u zbulua se shum\u00eb nga teknologjit\u00eb e p\u00ebrdorura gjat\u00eb zhvillimit t\u00eb \"Elbrus\" po hulumtoheshin gjithashtu n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00eb, dhe p\u00ebr to ishte p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebs kompania International Business Machine (IBM), por pun\u00ebt n\u00eb k\u00ebto projekte, ndryshe nga ato n\u00eb \"Elbrus\", nuk u p\u00ebrfunduan dhe p\u00ebrfundimisht nuk \u00e7uan n\u00eb krijimin e nj\u00eb produkti t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sipas Sevolod Burtsevit, inxhinier\u00ebt sovjetik\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqeshin t\u00eb aplikonin p\u00ebrvoj\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuar si t\u00eb zhvilluesve vendas, ashtu edhe t\u00eb atyre nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtar\u00eb. Arkitektura e kompjuter\u00ebve \"Elbrus\" u ndikua gjithashtu nga kompjuter\u00ebt e kompanis\u00eb Burroughs, zhvillimeve t\u00eb Hewlett-Packard, si dhe p\u00ebrvoja e zhvilluesve t\u00eb BESM-6.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Por, n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb, shum\u00eb zhvillime ishin origjinale. Ajo q\u00eb ishte m\u00eb interesante n\u00eb \"Elbrus-1\" ishte pik\u00ebrisht arkitektura e tij. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Superkompjuteri i krijuar u b\u00eb kompjuteri i par\u00eb n\u00eb BSSSH q\u00eb aplikoi arkitektur\u00ebn super-skalare. P\u00ebrdorimi masiv i procesor\u00ebve super-skalare jasht\u00eb vendit filloi vet\u00ebm n\u00eb vitet '90 t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb kaluar me shfaqjen n\u00eb treg t\u00eb procesor\u00ebve t\u00eb arritsh\u00ebm Intel Pentium.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, p\u00ebr t\u00eb organizuar transmetimin e flukseve t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave midis pajisjeve periferike dhe memories operative, kompjuteri mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorte procesor\u00eb t\u00eb specializuar p\u00ebr hyrje-dali. N\u00eb sistem mund t\u00eb ishin deri n\u00eb kat\u00ebr t\u00eb till\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt punonin paralelisht me procesorin qendror dhe kishin memorje t\u00eb dedikuar t\u00eb tyre.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Elbrus-2<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1985, \"Elbrus\" mori vazhdimin e tij t\u00eb logjiksh\u00ebm, u krijua dhe u d\u00ebrgua n\u00eb prodhim t\u00eb seris\u00eb kompjuteri \"Elbrus-2\". N\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb, ai ndryshonte pak nga paraardh\u00ebsi i tij, por p\u00ebrdorte nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb re elementesh, e cila leht\u00ebsoi rritjen e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb performanc\u00ebs p\u00ebr gati 10 her\u00eb \u2013 nga 15 milion operacione n\u00eb sekond\u00eb n\u00eb 125 milion. Kapaciteti i memories operative t\u00eb kompjuterit u rrit n\u00eb 16 milion fjal\u00eb 72-bit\u00ebshe ose 144 MB. Kapaciteti maksimal i kanaleve t\u00eb hyrje-dali t\u00eb \"Elbrus-2\" ishte 120 MB\/s.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00abElbrus-2\u00bb u aplikua aktivisht n\u00eb qendrat e k\u00ebrkimeve b\u00ebrthamore n\u00eb Chelyabinsk-70 dhe n\u00eb Arzamas-16 n\u00eb t\u00eb rinjt\u00eb, n\u00eb sistemin e MBM-s\u00eb A-135, si dhe n\u00eb objekte t\u00eb tjera ushtarake.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Krijimi i \u00abElbrus\u00bb u vler\u00ebsua si duhet nga drejtuesit e Bashkimit Sovjetik. Shum\u00eb inxhinier\u00eb u nderuan me urdhra dhe medalje. Kryekonstruktori Vsevolod Burtsov dhe nj\u00eb grup specialist\u00ebsh t\u00eb tjer\u00eb mor\u00ebn \u00e7mime shtet\u00ebrore. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, Boris Babayan u nderua me Urdh\u00ebrin e Revolucionit t\u00eb Tetorit.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u00ebto \u00e7mime ishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se t\u00eb merituara, Boris Babayan m\u00eb von\u00eb tha: <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u00eb vitin 1978, ne krijuam makin\u00ebn ton\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb superskalare, Elbrus-1. Tani n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, supersistemat e tilla nd\u00ebrtohen vet\u00ebm me k\u00ebt\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb. Superskalari i par\u00eb n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim doli n\u00eb vitin 1992, nd\u00ebrsa i yni n\u00eb vitin 1978. M\u00eb tej, ajo forma e superskalareve q\u00eb ne nd\u00ebrtuam, \u00ebsht\u00eb e ngjashme me Pentium Pro, t\u00eb cilin Intel e zhvilloi n\u00eb vitin 1995\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

K\u00ebto fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr primatin historik i konfirmojn\u00eb edhe n\u00eb SHBA, Kit Difendorff, zhvilluesi i Motorola 88110, nj\u00eb nga procesor\u00ebt e par\u00eb superskalaire per\u00ebndimor\u00eb, shkruante: <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00abN\u00eb vitin 1978, pothuajse 15 vjet m\u00eb par\u00eb se sa dol\u00ebn procesor\u00ebt e par\u00eb superskalare n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, n\u00eb Elbrus-1 u p\u00ebrdor nj\u00eb procesor q\u00eb jepte dy komanda n\u00eb \u00e7do cik\u00ebl, duke modifikuar rendin e ekzekutimit t\u00eb komandave, rinovimin e regjistrave dhe ekzekutimin me supozim\u00bb.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Elbrus-3<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Viti ishte 1986, dhe pothuajse menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb punimeve mbi Elbrus-2, n\u00eb ITMIVT filluan zhvillimin e sistemit t\u00eb ri \u00abElbrus-3\u00bb, duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb procesorike krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb re. Ky qasje Boris Babayan e quajti \u00abpost-superskalaire\u00bb. Kjo arkitektur\u00eb, e em\u00ebruar m\u00eb pas VLIW\/EPIC, do t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb ardhshme (n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e viteve '90) nga procesor\u00ebt Intel Itanium (nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb Bashkimin Sovjetik k\u00ebto zhvillime filluan n\u00eb vitin 1986 dhe p\u00ebrfunduan n\u00eb vitin 1991).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kompleks llogarit\u00ebs u realizuan p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb ide t\u00eb menaxhimit t\u00eb duksh\u00ebm t\u00eb paralelizmit t\u00eb operacioneve p\u00ebrmes kompajlerit.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb vitin 1991 u l\u00ebshua kompjuteri i par\u00eb dhe, p\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, i vetmi \u00abElbrus-3\u00bb, i cili nuk arriti t\u00eb stabilizohej deri n\u00eb fund, dhe pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb Bashkimit Sovjetik ai nuk iu desh m\u00eb askujt, dhe zhvillimet dhe planet mbet\u00ebn vet\u00ebm n\u00eb let\u00ebr. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Parakushtet p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn e re<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Grupi q\u00eb punoi n\u00eb ITMiVT p\u00ebr krijimin e superkompjuter\u00ebve sovjetik\u00eb nuk u shp\u00ebrb\u00eb, por vazhdoi pun\u00ebn si nj\u00eb kompani e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb me emrin MCST (Qendra Moskave e Teknologjive SPARK). N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve '90 filloi nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim aktiv i MCST me Sun Microsystems, ku grupi i MCST mori pjes\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e mikroprocesorit UltraSPARC.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb periudh\u00eb u shfaq projekti i arkitektur\u00ebs E2K, i cili fillimisht u financua nga kompania Sun. M\u00eb von\u00eb, projekti u b\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht i pavarur dhe e gjith\u00eb prona intelektuale mbi t\u00eb mbeti te grupi i MCST.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00abPo t\u00eb kishim vazhduar t\u00eb punonim me Sun n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb fush\u00eb, gjith\u00e7ka do t\u00eb ishte n\u00eb pron\u00ebsi t\u00eb Sun. Megjithat\u00eb, 90% e pun\u00ebs ishte kryer para se t\u00eb vinte Sun\u00bb. (Boris Babayan)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

<\/p>\n

Arkitektura E2K<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

Kur diskutojm\u00eb p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn e procesor\u00ebve 'Elbrus', shum\u00eb her\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt tan\u00eb n\u00eb industrin\u00eb IT d\u00ebgjojm\u00eb k\u00ebto pohime:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Elbrus \u00ebsht\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb RISC\"
\n\"Elbrus \u00ebsht\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb EPIC\"
\n\"Elbrus \u00ebsht\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb SPARC\"<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, asnj\u00eb nga k\u00ebto pohime nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht e sakt\u00eb, dhe n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb, at\u00ebher\u00eb vet\u00ebm pjes\u00ebrisht.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Arkitektura E2K \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb procesori origjinale e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb, cil\u00ebsit\u00eb kryesore t\u00eb E2K jan\u00eb efikasiteti energjitik dhe shkall\u00ebzueshm\u00ebria e shk\u00eblqyer, t\u00eb arritura p\u00ebrmes p\u00ebrcaktimit t\u00eb paralelizmave t\u00eb dukshme t\u00eb operacioneve. Arkitektura E2K \u00ebsht\u00eb zhvilluar nga grupi i MCST dhe bazohet n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn post-super skalare (si EPIC) me disa ndikime nga arkitektura SPARC (me t\u00eb kaluar RISC). P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, n\u00eb krijimin e tre nga kat\u00ebr arkitekturave baz\u00eb (Super skalare, post-super skalare dhe SPARC) MCST ka marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt. Bota, v\u00ebrtet, \u00ebsht\u00eb e vog\u00ebl.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb shmangur m\u00eb von\u00eb konfuzionin, ne kemi vizatuar nj\u00eb skem\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb, e cila, megjithat\u00eb e thjeshtuar, tregon shum\u00eb qart\u00eb rr\u00ebnj\u00ebt e arkitektur\u00ebs E2K.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Sistemi<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tani pak m\u00eb shum\u00eb rreth emrit t\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin gjithashtu ka moskuptime. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb burime t\u00eb ndryshme mund t\u00eb takoni emra t\u00eb till\u00eb p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb: \u00abE2K\u00bb, \u00abElbrus\u00bb, \u00abElbrus 2000\u00bb, ELBRUS (\u00abExpLicit Basic Resources Utilization Scheduling\u00bb, pra planifikimi i qart\u00eb i shfryt\u00ebzimit t\u00eb burimeve themelore). T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto emra flasin p\u00ebr t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn gj\u00eb \u2013 p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn, por n\u00eb dokumentacionin teknik zyrtar, si dhe n\u00eb forume teknike, p\u00ebrdoret emri E2K p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruar arkitektur\u00ebn, prandaj n\u00eb vazhdim, kur flasim p\u00ebr arkitektur\u00ebn e procesor\u00ebve, ne p\u00ebrdorim termin \u00abE2K\u00bb, nd\u00ebrsa kur flasim p\u00ebr nj\u00eb procesor specifik, ne p\u00ebrdorim emrin \u00abElbrus\u00bb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Karakteristikat teknike t\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs E2K<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb arkitektur\u00eb tradicionale si RISC ose CISC (x86, PowerPC, SPARC, MIPS, ARM), te procesori vjen nj\u00eb rrjedh\u00eb instrukcionesh, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb destinuara p\u00ebr ekzekutimin e nj\u00ebpasnj\u00ebsh\u00ebm. Procesori mund t\u00eb zbuloj\u00eb operacione t\u00eb pavarura dhe t\u2019i ekzekutoj\u00eb ato paralelisht (superskalarn\u00ebsia) dhe madje t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb radh\u00ebn e tyre (ekzekutimi jasht\u00eb rendit). Megjithat\u00eb, analiza dinamike e var\u00ebsive dhe p\u00ebrkrahja e ekzekutimit jasht\u00eb rendit ka kufizime n\u00eb numrin e komandave q\u00eb mund t\u00eb nisen dhe analizohen p\u00ebr \u00e7do cik\u00ebl. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, blloqet p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse brenda procesorit konsumojn\u00eb nj\u00eb sasi t\u00eb konsiderueshme energjie, dhe realizimi i tyre kompleks her\u00eb pas here \u00e7on n\u00eb probleme me stabilitetin ose sigurin\u00eb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn E2K, puna kryesore p\u00ebr analiz\u00ebn e var\u00ebsive dhe optimizimin e rendit t\u00eb operacioneve e merr mbi vete kompajleri. Procesorit i vijn\u00eb komanda t\u00eb njohura si komanda t\u00eb gjera, n\u00eb secil\u00ebn prej t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb koduar instrukcione p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha nj\u00ebsit\u00eb ekzekutive t\u00eb procesorit q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb nisen n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb cik\u00ebl. Procesori nuk ka nevoj\u00eb t\u00eb analizoj\u00eb var\u00ebsit\u00eb midis operand\u00ebve ose t\u00eb rregulloj\u00eb operacionet midis komandave t\u00eb gjera: gjith\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb e b\u00ebn kompajleri, n\u00eb p\u00ebrputhje me analiz\u00ebn e kodit burimor dhe planifikimin e burimeve t\u00eb procesorit. Si rezultat, komponenti harduerik i procesorit mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb m\u00eb i thjesht\u00eb dhe m\u00eb ekonomik.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kompajleri \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb analizoj\u00eb kodin burimor shum\u00eb m\u00eb n\u00eb thell\u00ebsi se sa hardueri i procesorit RISC\/CISC, dhe t\u00eb gjej\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb operacione t\u00eb pavarura. Prandaj, n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn E2K ka m\u00eb shum\u00eb nj\u00ebsive ekzekutive q\u00eb punojn\u00eb paralelisht se sa n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebt tradicionale.<\/p>\n

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Kapacitetet aktuale t\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebs E2K:<\/p>\n

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