{"id":55048,"date":"2020-01-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-10T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/istoriya-interneta-arpanet-paket"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:07","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:07","slug":"istoriya-interneta-arpanet-paket","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/istoriya-interneta-arpanet-paket","title":{"rendered":"Historia e internetit: ARPANET \u2014 paketa","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Historia e internetit: ARPANET \u2014 paketa\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/9bc4fc8c536e15d3e2d4d90e4454cc66.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Skema e rrjetit kompjuterik ARPA n\u00eb qershor 1967. Rrethi bosh \u2013 kompjuter me ndarje qasje, rrethi me vij\u00eb \u2013 terminal p\u00ebr nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues.<\/i><\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Artikuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb ciklit:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Historia e rel\u00e8?\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">Metoda e 'shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb transmetimit t\u00eb informacionit', apo Lindja e rel\u00e8?<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">P\u00ebrshkruesi i larg\u00ebsis\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanizmi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Sip\u00ebrmarr\u00ebsit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">Dhe ja, p\u00ebrfundimisht, rel\u00e8<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">Telegrafi fol\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Thjesht bashkoni<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">Gjenerata e harruar e kompjuter\u00ebve rel\u00e8<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Epoka elektronike<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historia e kompjuter\u00ebve elektronik\u00eb\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Prologu<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Kolosi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Revolucioni elektronik<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historia e transistorit\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">Duke u p\u00ebrpjekur me duar n\u00eb err\u00ebsir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">Nga g\u00ebrshetimi i luft\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Shum\u00eb her\u00eb e ri-shpikur<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historia e internetit\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">Rrjeti mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Shkat\u00ebrrimi, pjesa 1<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Shkat\u00ebrrimi, pjesa 2<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Duke hapur interaktivitetin<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Duke zgjeruar interaktivitetin<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET \u2014 lindja<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET \u2014 pacet<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET \u2014 n\u00ebnrrjeti<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Kompjuteri si nj\u00eb pajisje komunikimi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Historia e internetit: nd\u00ebrveprimi i rrjeteve<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nN\u00eb fund t\u00eb vitit 1966. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_(%D1%83%D1%87%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9)\">Robert Taylor<\/a><\/noindex> \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0433\u0438 ARPA \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443, \u0432\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0435\u0439 &#171;<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">rrjetit nd\u00ebrgalaktik<\/a><\/noindex>&#187; <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82\">Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb p\u00ebr realizimin e projektit Taylor ia kaloi duarve t\u00eb zot\u00ebra <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81,_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81\">Larry Roberts<\/a><\/noindex>. N\u00eb vitin q\u00eb pasoi, Roberts mori disa vendime kritike q\u00eb do t\u00eb reflektoheshin m\u00eb von\u00eb n\u00eb arkitektur\u00ebn teknike dhe kultur\u00ebn e ARPANET dhe pasuesve t\u00eb saj, n\u00eb disa raste \u2013 madje edhe p\u00ebr disa dekada. Vendimi i par\u00eb n\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi, megjith\u00ebse jo n\u00eb kronologji, ishte p\u00ebrcaktimi i mekanizmit t\u00eb rrug\u00ebzimit t\u00eb mesazheve nga nj\u00eb kompjuter n\u00eb tjetrin.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h2>Problemi<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u00ebse kompjuteri A d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb nj\u00eb mesazh te kompjuteri B, si mund ta gjej\u00eb ky mesazh rrug\u00ebn nga nj\u00ebri tek tjetri? N\u00eb teori, mund t\u00eb lejojm\u00eb q\u00eb \u00e7do nyje e rrjetit t\u00eb komunikimit t\u00eb komunikoj\u00eb me t\u00eb gjitha t\u00eb tjerat, duke lidhur me kabllo fizik \u00e7do nyje me \u00e7do tjet\u00ebr. P\u00ebr t'u lidhur me B, kompjuteri A thjesht do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoj\u00eb mesazhin p\u00ebrmes kabllos s\u00eb daljes q\u00eb e lidh at\u00eb me B. Nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb till\u00eb e quajn\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Megjithat\u00eb, me \u00e7do madh\u00ebsi t\u00eb konsiderueshme t\u00eb rrjetit, ky qasje shpejt b\u00ebhet e paprakti, pasi numri i lidhjeve rritet si katror i numrit t\u00eb nyjeve (n\u00ebse jemi t\u00eb sakt\u00eb, si (n2 - n) \/ 2).<\/p>\n<p>Prandaj, nevoitur nj\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb mesazhi, e cila do t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonte mesazhin m\u00eb tej n\u00eb destinacion pas mb\u00ebrritjes s\u00eb tij n\u00eb nj\u00eb nyje t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjetme. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb viteve 1960, dy qasje themelore p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e k\u00ebsaj \u00e7\u00ebshtjeje ishin t\u00eb njohura. E para \u2013 metoda e ndryshimit t\u00eb mesazheve p\u00ebrmes 'ruajtjes dhe transmetimit'. Kjo qasje p\u00ebrdorej nga sistemi i telegrameve. Kur nj\u00eb mesazh mb\u00ebrrinte n\u00eb nj\u00eb nyje t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjetme, ai ruheshin p\u00ebrkoh\u00ebsisht atje (zakonisht n\u00eb form\u00ebn e nj\u00eb bande letre), derisa t\u00eb dilte mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr ta transmetuar m\u00eb tej n\u00eb destinacion, ose n\u00eb nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr tjet\u00ebr nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebse q\u00eb ndodhej m\u00eb af\u00ebr destinacionit.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00eb pas u shfaq telefoni, dhe nevojitej nj\u00eb qasje e re. Nj\u00eb vones\u00eb prej disa minutash pas \u00e7do shprehjeje q\u00eb b\u00ebnte telefononi, e cila duhej t\u00eb transkriptohej dhe t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohej n\u00eb destinacion, do t'i jepte ndjesin\u00eb e nj\u00eb bisede me nj\u00eb bisedues q\u00eb ndodhej n\u00eb Mars. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, telefoni p\u00ebrdorte kalimin e kanaleve. Ajo q\u00eb telefononte fillonte \u00e7do thirrje me d\u00ebrgimin e nj\u00eb mesazhi t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktonte se k\u00eb donte t\u00eb th\u00ebrriste. Fillimisht, kjo b\u00ebhej duke biseduar me nj\u00eb operator, e m\u00eb pas duke shkruar numrin, i p\u00ebrpunuar nga pajisjet automatike n\u00eb qend\u00ebr. Operator\u00ebt ose pajisjet vendosnin nj\u00eb lidhje elektrike t\u00eb dedikuar midis personit q\u00eb telefononte dhe atij q\u00eb thirrej. N\u00eb rastet e thirrjeve nd\u00ebrqytet, mund t\u00eb nevojiteshin disa iteracione, q\u00eb lidhin telefonat p\u00ebrmes disa qendrave. Pas vendosjes s\u00eb lidhjes, mund t\u00eb fillonte biseda vet\u00eb, dhe lidhja ruhej deri n\u00eb momentin kur ndonj\u00ebra nga pal\u00ebt e nd\u00ebrpriste at\u00eb, duke hequr hung\u00ebr\u00ebn.<\/p>\n<p>Komunikimi digjital, q\u00eb u vendos t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej n\u00eb ARPANET p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur kompjuter\u00ebt, funksiononte sipas skem\u00ebs <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8\">ndarjes n\u00eb koh\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>, p\u00ebrdorte karakteristikat e si telegrame ashtu edhe telefonit. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb, mesazhet me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna d\u00ebrgoheshin n\u00eb paketa t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, si n\u00eb telegrame, dhe jo si biseda t\u00eb vazhdueshme n\u00eb telefon. Megjithat\u00eb, k\u00ebto mesazhe mund t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb madh\u00ebsi p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime t\u00eb ndryshme, nga komandat e konsol\u00ebs prej disa karakteresh, deri te skedar\u00ebt e m\u00ebdhenj me t\u00eb dh\u00ebna q\u00eb d\u00ebrgoheshin nga nj\u00eb kompjuter n\u00eb tjetrin. N\u00ebse skedar\u00ebt vonoheshin n\u00eb rrug\u00eb, askush nuk ankohej. Por nd\u00ebrveprimi n\u00eb distanc\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte nj\u00eb reagim t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb, si n\u00eb nj\u00eb bised\u00eb telefonike.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb dallim i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm midis rrjeteve kompjuterike t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave dhe telefonit me telegram, ishte ndjeshm\u00ebria ndaj gabimeve n\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat q\u00eb p\u00ebrpunoheshin nga makinat. Ndryshimi ose humbja e nj\u00eb simboli gjat\u00eb transmetimit n\u00eb nj\u00eb telegram, ose humbja e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb bised\u00eb telefonike, v\u00ebshtir\u00eb se mund t\u00eb prishte komunikimin midis dy personave. Por, n\u00ebse zhurma n\u00eb linj\u00eb nd\u00ebrronte nj\u00eb bit t\u00eb vet\u00ebm nga 0 n\u00eb 1 n\u00eb nj\u00eb komand\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebrgohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuter t\u00eb larg\u00ebt, kjo mund t\u00eb ndryshonte plot\u00ebsisht kuptimin e komand\u00ebs. Prandaj, \u00e7do mesazh duhej t\u00eb kontrollohej p\u00ebr gabime dhe t\u00eb rip\u00ebrmasa n\u00eb rast se ato zbuloheshin. K\u00ebto rip\u00ebrs\u00ebritje do ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb shtrenjta p\u00ebr mesazhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, dhe probabiliteti i shfaqjes s\u00eb gabimeve n\u00eb to ishte m\u00eb i madh, pasi ato d\u00ebrgoheshin p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Zgjidhja e k\u00ebtij problemi erdhi fal\u00eb dy ngjarjeve t\u00eb pavarura q\u00eb ndodhi n\u00eb vitin 1960, megjithat\u00eb ajo q\u00eb u shfaq m\u00eb von\u00eb u v\u00ebrejt m\u00eb par\u00eb nga Larry Roberts dhe ARPA.<\/p>\n<h2>Takimi<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u00eb vjesht\u00ebn e vitit 1967, Roberts arriti n\u00eb Gatlinburg, Tenesi, p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb majave t\u00eb mbuluara me pyje t\u00eb Great Smoky Mountains, p\u00ebr t\u00eb dor\u00ebzuar nj\u00eb dokument q\u00eb tregon planet e ARPA-s p\u00ebr zhvillimin e rrjetit. Ai kishte punuar tashm\u00eb pothuajse nj\u00eb vit n\u00eb zyr\u00ebn e teknologjis\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb informacionit (Information Processing Technology Office, IPTO), por shum\u00eb detaje t\u00eb projektit t\u00eb rrjetit ishin ende mjaft t\u00eb paqarta, p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb zgjidhjen e problemit t\u00eb ruterimit. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 p\u00ebrmendjeve t\u00eb paqarta p\u00ebr blloqe dhe madh\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre, e vetmja referenc\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00ebn e Roberts ishte nj\u00eb v\u00ebrejtje e shkurt\u00ebr dhe e paqart\u00eb n\u00eb fund: \"Duket e nevojshme t\u00eb mbajm\u00eb nj\u00eb linj\u00eb komunikimi q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret periodikisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje brenda nj\u00eb periudhe prej nj\u00eb t\u00eb dhjet\u00ebs deri n\u00eb nj\u00eb sekond\u00eb, t\u00eb domosdoshme p\u00ebr pun\u00ebn interaktive. Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb e kushtueshme n\u00eb aspektin e burimeve t\u00eb rrjetit, dhe n\u00ebse nuk do t\u00eb kishim mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb telefononim m\u00eb shpejt, kalimi i mesazheve dhe p\u00ebrqendrimi do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen shum\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebsit e rrjetit\". \u00cbsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb Roberts ende nuk kishte vendosur n\u00ebse duhet t\u00eb heq\u00eb dor\u00eb nga qasja q\u00eb ai kishte p\u00ebrdorur s\u00eb bashku me Tom Marill n\u00eb vitin 1965, pra, lidhja e kompjuter\u00ebve p\u00ebrmes rrjeteve telefonike t\u00eb kalueshme p\u00ebrmes autodial-it.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn simpozium ishte i pranish\u00ebm edhe nj\u00eb person tjet\u00ebr, me nj\u00eb ide shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb mir\u00ebmenduar p\u00ebr zgjidhjen e problemi t\u00eb rrug\u00ebzimit n\u00eb rrjetet e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave. Roger Scantlebury kaloi Atlantikun, duke ardhur nga Laboratori Komb\u00ebtar i Fizik\u00ebs Britanik (NPL) me nj\u00eb referat. Scantlebury e \u00e7oi Roberts n\u00eb nj\u00eb an\u00eb pas referatit t\u00eb tij dhe i tregoi iden\u00eb e tij. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2\">komutimit t\u00eb paketimeve<\/a><\/noindex>Kjo teknologji u zhvillua nga udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i tij n\u00eb NPL, Donald Davies. N\u00eb SHBA, arritjet dhe historia e Davies jan\u00eb t\u00eb njohura dob\u00ebt, megjithat\u00eb n\u00eb vjesht\u00ebn e 1967, grupi i Davies n\u00eb NPL ishte, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn, nj\u00eb vit p\u00ebrpara ARPA me idet\u00eb e tij.<\/p>\n<p>Davies, si shumica e pionier\u00ebve t\u00eb hersh\u00ebm t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve elektronik\u00eb, kishte nj\u00eb arsimim n\u00eb fizike. Ai p\u00ebrfundoi nga Kolegj i Perandoris\u00eb n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr n\u00eb vitin 1943 n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 19 vje\u00e7are, dhe u pranua menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb programin sekret p\u00ebr zhvillimin e arm\u00ebve b\u00ebrthamore me emrin kodor. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tube_Alloys\">Tube Alloys<\/a><\/noindex>. Atje ai drejtoi nj\u00eb grup njer\u00ebzish-llogarit\u00ebs, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn kalkulator\u00eb mekanik\u00eb dhe elektrik\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ofruar sa m\u00eb shpejt zgjidhje numerike t\u00eb problemeve q\u00eb kishin t\u00eb b\u00ebnin me sintez\u00ebn b\u00ebrthamore (udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsi i tij ishte <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81\">Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs<\/a><\/noindex>, fizik-shkenc\u00ebtar gjerman q\u00eb at\u00ebher\u00eb kishte filluar t\u00eb transferonte sekrete t\u00eb arm\u00ebve b\u00ebrthamore n\u00eb BRSS). Pas luft\u00ebs, ai d\u00ebgjoi p\u00ebr projektin q\u00eb e drejtonte matematicieni John Womersley n\u00eb NPL \u2013 ishte krijimi i nj\u00eb kompjuteri elektronik q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebnte t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat llogaritje me shum\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Kompjuteri, i zhvilluar nga Alan Turing<\/a><\/noindex> u quajt ACE, \"makina automatike e llogaritjeve\".<\/p>\n<p>Davis e p\u00ebrqafoi k\u00ebt\u00eb ide dhe u angazhua n\u00eb NPL sa m\u00eb shpejt q\u00eb mundi. Duke kontribuar n\u00eb projektimin e detajuar dhe krijimin e kompjuterit ACE, ai mbeti thell\u00ebsisht i p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e kompjuter\u00ebve si lider hulumtimi n\u00eb NPL. N\u00eb vitin 1965, ndodhi q\u00eb ai ishte n\u00eb SHBA p\u00ebr nj\u00eb takim profesionist n\u00eb lidhje me pun\u00ebn e tij dhe e shfryt\u00ebzoi k\u00ebt\u00eb mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb vizituar disa nga vendet kryesore t\u00eb baz\u00ebs s\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve me ndarje kohe, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kuptuar se \u00e7far\u00eb po ndodhte. N\u00eb mjedisin britanik t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve, ndarja e koh\u00ebs n\u00eb kuptimin amerikan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorimit interaktiv t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt t\u00eb kompjuterit nga disa p\u00ebrdorues nuk ishte e njohur. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, ata e kuptonin ndarjen e koh\u00ebs si shp\u00ebrndarjen e ngarkes\u00ebs s\u00eb kompjuterit midis disa programeve t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave (n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb, p\u00ebr shembull, nj\u00eb program t\u00eb punoj\u00eb nd\u00ebrsa tjetri merret me leximin nga shirit). M\u00eb von\u00eb, k\u00ebt\u00eb variant do ta quajn\u00eb shum\u00ebprogramim.<\/p>\n<p>Shk\u00ebndijat e Davis e \u00e7uan at\u00eb n\u00eb Project MAC n\u00eb MIT, n\u00eb Projektin JOSS t\u00eb RAND Corporation n\u00eb Kaliforni, dhe n\u00eb sistemin e ndarjes s\u00eb koh\u00ebs n\u00eb Dartmouth n\u00eb New Hampshire. Rrug\u00ebs p\u00ebr n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi, nj\u00eb nga koleg\u00ebt e tij sugjeroi t\u00eb organizonin nj\u00eb seminar p\u00ebr bashk\u00ebpunimin, p\u00ebr t'i treguar komunitetit britanik p\u00ebr teknologjit\u00eb e reja q\u00eb kishin m\u00ebsuar n\u00eb SHBA. Davis pranoi dhe prit\u00ebn n\u00eb sht\u00ebpi shum\u00eb figura ky\u00e7e t\u00eb fush\u00ebs s\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve amerikane, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5\">Fernando Jos\u00e9 Corbato<\/a><\/noindex> (krijuesi i 'sistem\u00ebs s\u00eb ndarjes s\u00eb koh\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrputhshme' n\u00eb MIT) dhe vet\u00eb Larry Roberts.<\/p>\n<p>Gjat\u00eb seminarit (ose ndoshta menj\u00ebher\u00eb pas tij), ideja q\u00eb i befasoi Davis ishte se filozofia e ndarjes s\u00eb koh\u00ebs mund t\u00eb aplikohet gjithashtu n\u00eb linjat e komunikimit t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve, dhe jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebt vet\u00eb. Kompjuter\u00ebt me ndarje kohe u japin \u00e7do p\u00ebrdoruesi nj\u00eb segment t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb koh\u00ebs t\u00eb procesorit, pastaj kalojn\u00eb te nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, duke krijuar p\u00ebr secilin p\u00ebrdorues iluzionin se ka nj\u00eb kompjuter interaktiv t\u00eb tij\u00ebn. Po ashtu, duke e cop\u00ebtuar \u00e7do mesazh n\u00eb copa standarde t\u00eb madh\u00ebsis\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat Davis i quajti 'paketa', nj\u00eb kanal komunikimi mund t\u00eb ndahet mes shum\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve ose p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb nj\u00eb kompjuteri. M\u00eb shum\u00eb se kaq, kjo do t\u00eb zgjidhte t\u00eb gjitha aspektet e transmetimit t\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilat nd\u00ebrlidh\u00ebsit telefonik\u00eb dhe telegrfik\u00eb ishin t\u00eb paefektsh\u00ebm. Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrdorues q\u00eb punon me nj\u00eb terminal interaktiv, i cili d\u00ebrgon komanda t\u00eb shkurtra dhe merr p\u00ebrgjigje t\u00eb shkurtra, nuk do t\u00eb bllokohet nga d\u00ebrgimi i nj\u00eb \u0444\u0430\u0439li t\u00eb madh, pasi kjo d\u00ebrges\u00eb do t\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb shum\u00eb paketa. \u00c7do d\u00ebmtim n\u00eb k\u00ebto mesazhe t\u00eb m\u00ebdha do t\u00eb ndikonin vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb paket\u00eb, e cila mund t\u00eb d\u00ebrgohet leht\u00ebsisht p\u00ebrs\u00ebri p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrfunduar mesazhin.<\/p>\n<p>Deivis p\u00ebrshkroi idet\u00eb e tij n\u00eb nj\u00eb punim t\u00eb pabotuar nga viti 1966, \"Propozimi p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb komunikimit digjital\". N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, rrjetet telefonike m\u00eb t\u00eb avancuara ishin n\u00eb prag t\u00eb kompjuterizimit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidh\u00ebsve, dhe Deivis propozoi t\u00eb integrohej nd\u00ebrlidhja e paketave n\u00eb rrjetin telefonik t\u00eb brezit t\u00eb ri, duke krijuar nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb vet\u00ebm t\u00eb komunikimit me shpejt\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, t\u00eb aft\u00eb t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbente k\u00ebrkesa t\u00eb ndryshme, nga thirrjet telefonike t\u00eb zakonshme deri te aksesimi n\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, Deivis ishte promovuar n\u00eb menaxher t\u00eb NPL dhe ai formoi nj\u00eb grup p\u00ebr komunikimin digjital n\u00ebn udh\u00ebheqjen e Skantlberit p\u00ebr t\u00eb realizuar projektin e tij dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb version demonstrues funksional.<\/p>\n<p>Gjat\u00eb vitit para konferenc\u00ebs n\u00eb Gatlinburg, ekipi i Scantlebury punoi n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha detajet e krijimit t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti me shk\u00ebmbim paketa. D\u00ebshtimi i nj\u00eb nyje mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrballohej p\u00ebrmes rrug\u00ebzim adaptiv, i cili mund t\u00eb funksiononte me disa rrug\u00eb drejt destinacionit, nd\u00ebrsa d\u00ebshtimi i nj\u00eb pakete t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb mund t\u00eb zgjidhet me rizgjedhjen e saj. Simulimet dhe analizat treguan se madh\u00ebsia optimale e paket\u00ebs do t\u00eb ishte 1000 byte - n\u00ebse do ta b\u00ebnim shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, shpenzimet e kapacitetit t\u00eb linjave p\u00ebr t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat n\u00eb tituj do t\u00eb ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb larta, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00ebse do ta b\u00ebnim shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe, koha e p\u00ebrgjigjes p\u00ebr p\u00ebrdoruesit interaktiv\u00eb do t\u00eb rritej shum\u00eb shpesh p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb mesazheve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Historia e internetit: ARPANET \u2014 paketa\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/9e5ff363887f30af503522d67645ef70.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Puna e Scantlebury p\u00ebrfshinte detaje t\u00eb tilla si formati i paket\u00ebs\u2026<\/i><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Historia e internetit: ARPANET \u2014 paketa\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/27aaf70301d4564d088ab5106d8dc158.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>\u2026dhe analiza e ndikimeve t\u00eb madh\u00ebsive t\u00eb paketave n\u00eb vonesat e rrjetit.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, k\u00ebrkimet e Davis dhe Scantlebury shpall\u00ebn detaje t\u00eb punimeve k\u00ebrkimore t\u00eb b\u00ebra nga nj\u00eb amerikan tjet\u00ebr, i cili kishte arritur n\u00eb nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb ngjashme disa vite m\u00eb par\u00eb. Por n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn koh\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB\">Paul Baran<\/a><\/noindex>, inxhinier elektrik nga RAND Corporation, nuk kishte menduar kurr\u00eb p\u00ebr nevojat e p\u00ebrdoruesve t\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve me ndarje kohe. RAND ishte nj\u00eb qend\u00ebr analitike q\u00eb punonte me financime nga Ministria e Mbrojtjes e SHBA n\u00eb Santa Monica, Kaliforni, e krijuar pas Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore p\u00ebr planifikim afatgjat\u00eb dhe analiz\u00eb t\u00eb problemeve strategjike p\u00ebr nevoja ushtarake. Q\u00ebllimi i B\u00ebran ishte t\u00eb largonte luft\u00ebn nukleare duke krijuar nj\u00eb rrjet t\u00eb komunikimit ushtarak shum\u00eb t\u00eb besuesh\u00ebm, i aft\u00eb t\u00eb mbijetonte edhe pas nj\u00eb sulmi t\u00eb madh nuklear. Nj\u00eb rrjet i till\u00eb do ta b\u00ebnte nj\u00eb goditje parandaluese nga ana e BRSS m\u00eb pak t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse, pasi do t\u00eb ishte shum\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrohej kapaciteti i SHBA p\u00ebr t\u00eb goditur disa pika t\u00eb ndjeshme n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, B\u00ebran propozoi nj\u00eb sistem q\u00eb ndante mesazhet n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb ai e quajti blloqe mesazhesh, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb d\u00ebrgoheshin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur p\u00ebrmes rrjetit t\u00eb nyjave t\u00eb komunikimit me lidhje t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta, dhe pastaj t\u00eb mbledheshin n\u00eb pik\u00ebn e fundit.<\/p>\n<p>ARPA kishte qasje n\u00eb raportet voluminoze t\u00eb Behran p\u00ebr RAND, megjithat\u00eb, p\u00ebr shkak se ato nuk ishin t\u00eb lidhura me kompjuter\u00ebt interaktiv\u00eb, r\u00ebnd\u00ebsia e tyre p\u00ebr ARPANET nuk ishte evidente. Roberts dhe Taylor, duket se, as q\u00eb i kishin v\u00ebn\u00eb re ato. N\u00eb vend t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, si rezultat i nj\u00eb takimi t\u00eb rast\u00ebsish\u00ebm, Scantlebury i ofroi gjith\u00e7ka Roberts-it n\u00eb nj\u00eb pjat\u00eb: nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm t\u00eb mir\u00eb menduar p\u00ebr kalimin e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave, aplikueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb n\u00eb detyr\u00ebn e krijimit t\u00eb rrjeteve kompjuterike interaktive, materiale referimi nga RAND, dhe madje edhe emrin \"pako\". Puna e NPL gjithashtu e bind\u00eb Roberts-in se p\u00ebr organizimin e nj\u00eb kapaciteti t\u00eb mir\u00eb duhet m\u00eb shum\u00eb shpejt\u00ebsi, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb ai p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsoi planet e tij n\u00eb linja komunikimi me 50 Kbit\/s. P\u00ebr krijimin e ARPANET, nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb themelore e problemit t\u00eb routing-ut ishte zgjidhur.<\/p>\n<p>Mega, ka edhe nj\u00eb version tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb shfaqjes s\u00eb ides\u00eb s\u00eb nd\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb paketimeve. Roberts m\u00eb von\u00eb pohonte se kishte pasur mendime t\u00eb ngjashme n\u00eb kok\u00eb, fal pun\u00ebs s\u00eb kolegut t\u00eb tij, Lena Kleinrock, i cili supozohej se kishte p\u00ebrshkruar k\u00ebt\u00eb koncept q\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1962, n\u00eb disertacionin e tij p\u00ebr rrjetet e komunikimit. Megjithat\u00eb, \u00ebsht\u00eb jasht\u00ebzakonisht e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb nxirret nj\u00eb ide e till\u00eb nga ky punim, dhe p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, nuk kam mundur t\u00eb gjej asnj\u00eb konfirmim tjet\u00ebr t\u00eb k\u00ebtij versioni.<\/p>\n<h2>Rrjetet q\u00eb nuk ishin<\/h2>\n<p>\nSi\u00e7 e shohim, dy ekipe t\u00eb plota e kan\u00eb tejkaluar ARPA-n n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjen e zhvillimit t\u00eb nd\u00ebrrimit t\u00eb paketimeve, nj\u00eb teknologji q\u00eb doli t\u00eb ishte kaq e efektshme, sa q\u00eb tani \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb praktikisht t\u00eb gjitha komunikimeve. Pse ARPANET u b\u00eb rrjeti i par\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdori at\u00eb?<\/p>\n<p>E gjith\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nuancat organizative. ARPA nuk kishte nj\u00eb leje zyrtare p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb rrjet komunikimi, megjithat\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb num\u00ebr t\u00eb madh qendrash k\u00ebrkimore me kompjuter\u00ebt e tyre, nj\u00eb kultur\u00eb t\u00eb \u2018lir\u00eb\u2019 sjellje, p\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebn praktikisht askush nuk kishte kujdes, dhe male t\u00eb t\u00ebra parash. K\u00ebrkesa fillestare e Taylor p\u00ebr financimin e ARPANET-it n\u00eb vitin 1966 kishte shprehur shifr\u00ebn prej 1 milion dollar\u00ebsh, dhe Roberts vazhdoi t\u00eb shpenzonte nj\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb \u00e7do vit q\u00eb nga viti 1969 e n\u00eb vazhdim p\u00ebr krijimin dhe funksionimin e k\u00ebtij rrjeti. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, p\u00ebr ARPA, k\u00ebto para ishin nj\u00eb vler\u00eb e vog\u00ebl, prandaj askush nga epror\u00ebt e tij nuk shqet\u00ebsohej p\u00ebr at\u00eb q\u00eb b\u00ebnt\u00eb Roberts, p\u00ebr aq koh\u00eb sa mundej ta lidhte at\u00eb me nevojat e mbrojtjes komb\u00ebtare.<\/p>\n<p>B\u00ebrani n\u00eb RAND nuk kishte as mund\u00ebsi, as autoritet p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb di\u00e7ka. Puna e tij ishte krejt\u00ebsisht k\u00ebrkimore dhe analitike, dhe mund t\u00eb ishte aplikuar n\u00eb mbrojtje n\u00ebse do t\u00eb d\u00ebshirohej. N\u00eb vitin 1965, RAND n\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb rekomandoi sistemin e tij p\u00ebr Forcat Ajrore, dhe ata pranuan se projekti ishte i vlefsh\u00ebm. Por zbatimi i tij ra mbi shpatullat e agjencis\u00eb s\u00eb komunikimeve t\u00eb mbrojtjes, dhe atje nuk ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb njohur me komunikimin digjital. B\u00ebrani e bindin menaxhmentin n\u00eb RAND se kjo propozim do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb merrej, sesa t\u00eb lejohej t\u00eb realizohej n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme dhe t\u00eb prishte reputacionin e komunikimit digjital t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Davis, si udh\u00ebheq\u00ebs i NPL, kishte shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr pushtet se sa B\u00e9ran, por nj\u00eb buxhet m\u00eb t\u00eb kufizuar se ARPA, dhe ai nuk kishte nj\u00eb rrjet social dhe teknik t\u00eb gatsh\u00ebm nga kompjuter\u00ebt hulumtues. Ai arriti t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb prototip t\u00eb nj\u00eb rrjeti lokal me kalim paketash (aty kishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb nyj\u00eb, por shum\u00eb terminale) n\u00eb NPL n\u00eb fund t\u00eb viteve 1960, me nj\u00eb buxhet modeste prej \u00a3120,000 p\u00ebr tre vjet. ARPANET shpenzonte rreth gjysm\u00ebn e k\u00ebsaj shume \u00e7do vit p\u00ebr funksionimin dhe mb\u00ebshtetjes n\u00eb \u00e7do prej shum\u00eb nyjeve t\u00eb rrjetit, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 investimeve fillestare n\u00eb pajisje dhe softuer. Organizata q\u00eb mund t\u00eb krijonte nj\u00eb rrjet britanik t\u00eb madh me kalim paketash ishte posta britanike, e cila menaxhonte rrjetet e telekomunikacionit n\u00eb vend, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 lidhjeve postare. Davis arriti t\u00eb t\u00ebrheq\u00eb interesin e disa zyrtar\u00ebve t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm me idet\u00eb e tij p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rrjet digjital t\u00eb bashkuar me shkall\u00eb komb\u00ebtare, por t\u00eb ndryshonte drejtimin e nj\u00eb sistemi kaq t\u00eb madh nuk ishte brenda fuqis\u00eb s\u00eb tij.<\/p>\n<p>Likaider, duke kombinuar fatin dhe planifikimin, gjeti nj\u00eb ser\u00eb t\u00eb mrekullueshme, ku mund t\u00eb lul\u00ebzonte rrjeti i tij nd\u00ebrgalaktik. Megjithat\u00eb, nuk mund t\u00eb thuhet se gjith\u00e7ka, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 transmetimit t\u00eb paketave, ishte e lidhur vet\u00ebm me parat\u00eb. Realizimi i ides\u00eb kishte r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi gjithashtu. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, shpirti i ARPANET-it u p\u00ebrcaktua nga disa zgjidhje t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme n\u00eb faz\u00ebn e projektimit. Prandaj, ne do t\u00eb shqyrtojm\u00eb se si u shp\u00ebrnda p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsia midis kompjuter\u00ebve q\u00eb d\u00ebrgonin dhe merrnin mesazhet dhe rrjetit p\u00ebrmes t\u00eb cilit ata d\u00ebrgonin k\u00ebto mesazhe.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr t\u00eb lexuar<\/h2>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (1999)<\/li>\n<li>Katie Hafner dhe Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late (1996)<\/li>\n<li>Leonard Kleinrock, \u201cNj\u00eb Histori e Par\u00eb e Internetit,\u201d IEEE Communications Magazine (Gusht 2010)<\/li>\n<li>Arthur Norberg dhe Julie O\u2019Neill, Transforming Computer Technology: Information Processing for the Pentagon, 1962-1986 (1996)<\/li>\n<li>M. Mitchell Waldrop, The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider dhe Revolucioni q\u00eb e B\u00ebri Kompjutimin Personal (2001)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0421\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 ARPA \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c 1967. \u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u2013 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0417\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55048","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - 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