{"id":55121,"date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:12","slug":"a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","title":{"rendered":"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3e16a1196fca3c5ff8f1c33cbeaa07b0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Artikuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb ciklit:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Historia e releve\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">Metoda e \"shkarkimit t\u00eb shpejt\u00eb t\u00eb informacionit\", ose Lindja e releve<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">Telegrafi i gjat\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanizmi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Sip\u00ebrmarr\u00ebsit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">Telegrafi i fol\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Thjesht p\u00ebr t'u lidhur<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">Nj\u00eb brez i harruar i kompjuter\u00ebve me rele<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Epoka elektronike<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historia e kompjuter\u00ebve elektronik\u00eb\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Prologu<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Kolosi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Revolucioni elektronik<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historia e tranzistorit\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">Duke u shmangur n\u00eb err\u00ebsir\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">Nga furra e luft\u00ebs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Riinovimi i shum\u00ebfisht\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Historia e Internetit\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">RRjet i mb\u00ebshtetjes<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Shk\u00ebputja, pjesa 1<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Shk\u00ebputja, pjesa 2<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Duke hapur interaktivitetin<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Zgjerimi i interaktivitetit<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET - lindja<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET - paketi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET - n\u00ebnrrjeti<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Kompjuter si nj\u00eb pajisje komunikimi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Historia e Internetit: nd\u00ebrveprimi i rrjeteve<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nN\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/geektimes.ru\/post\/290165\/\">narrativa e kaluar<\/a><\/noindex> ne m\u00ebsuam se si shkenc\u00ebtari dhe m\u00ebsuesi amerikan <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84\">Joseph Henry<\/a><\/noindex> p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb kaloi n\u00ebp\u00ebr Europ\u00eb. Gjat\u00eb vizit\u00ebs n\u00eb Lond\u00ebr, ai b\u00ebri nj\u00eb ndales\u00eb te nj\u00eb person q\u00eb e respektonte shum\u00eb, matematicieni <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7\">Charles Babbage<\/a><\/noindex>. S\u00eb bashku me Henrin ishte shoku i tij, Alexander Bach, dhe nj\u00eb njohje e re, gjithashtu eksperimentues n\u00eb fush\u00ebn e telegrameve, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7\">Charles Wheatstone<\/a><\/noindex>. Babbage u tregoi mysafir\u00ebve se s\u00eb shpejti do t\u00eb demonstroj\u00eb makin\u00ebn e tij llogarit\u00ebse nj\u00eb an\u00ebtari t\u00eb Parlamentit, por me m\u00eb shum\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi ai ndau me ta iden\u00eb e makin\u00ebs s\u00eb tij t\u00eb re, \"e cila do t\u00eb tejkaloj\u00eb ndjesh\u00ebm mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e s\u00eb par\u00ebs\". Henry sh\u00ebnoi t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e p\u00ebrgjithshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb plan n\u00eb ditarin e tij:<\/p>\n<p>Kjo makin\u00eb ndahet n\u00eb dy pjes\u00eb, nj\u00ebra nga t\u00eb cilat z. B. e quan magazin\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa tjetra \u2013 mulliri. Magazina \u00ebsht\u00eb e mbushur me rrotulla q\u00eb kan\u00eb numra t\u00eb vizatuar mbi to. Periodikisht levat i t\u00ebrheqin ato dhe i transferojn\u00eb n\u00eb mullirin, ku b\u00ebhen manipulimet e nevojshme. Pas p\u00ebrfundimit, kjo makin\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb sintetizoj\u00eb \u00e7do formul\u00eb t\u00eb natyr\u00ebs algebrike n\u00eb nj\u00eb tabel\u00eb.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nHistoriografi nuk mund t\u00eb mos ndiej\u00eb nj\u00eb drith\u00ebrim\u00eb q\u00eb shp\u00ebrndahet n\u00ebp\u00ebr shpin\u00eb nga k\u00ebto takime t\u00eb rastit n\u00eb jet\u00ebt njer\u00ebzore. K\u00ebtu u takuan dy fije t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb makinave llogarit\u00ebse, nj\u00ebra prej t\u00eb cilave po afronte p\u00ebrfundimin, nd\u00ebrsa tjetra sapo kishte filluar.<\/p>\n<p>Sepse, megjith\u00ebse makina e Babbage-it shpesh paraqitet si fillimi i historis\u00eb s\u00eb kompjuter\u00ebve modern\u00eb universale, lidhja midis tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft e dob\u00ebt. Makina e tij (t\u00eb cil\u00ebn ai kurr\u00eb nuk e nd\u00ebrtuar) ishte kulmi i \u00ebndrr\u00ebs p\u00ebr llogaritjet mekanike. Kjo \u00ebnd\u00ebrr, e shprehur p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb nga Leibniz, ishte inspiruar nga mekanizmat gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb komplikuar t\u00eb or\u00ebve, t\u00eb krijuara nga mjeshtrat q\u00eb nga fundi i Mesjet\u00ebs. Por asnj\u00eb kompjuter me q\u00ebllim t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm nuk u nd\u00ebrtua n\u00eb mekanik\u00eb t\u00eb past\u00ebr \u2013 kjo detyr\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb tep\u00ebr e komplikuar.<\/p>\n<p>Megjithat\u00eb, releu elektromagnetik, i menduar nga Henry dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, mund t\u00eb integrohet mjaft leht\u00eb n\u00eb konturet kompjuterike, kompleksiteti i t\u00eb cilave pa t\u00eb duket i paimagjinuesh\u00ebm. Megjithat\u00eb, deri n\u00eb at\u00eb moment, mbeteshin edhe nj\u00ebzet vite, dhe nj\u00eb zhvillim t\u00eb till\u00eb nuk mund ta parashikonte as Henry dhe bashk\u00ebkoh\u00ebsit e tij. Ai u b\u00eb paraardh\u00ebs i nj\u00eb numri t\u00eb pafund tranzistor\u00ebsh, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt b\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb mundur bot\u00ebn digjitale t\u00eb sotme, aq t\u00eb nd\u00ebrlidhur me jet\u00ebn ton\u00eb moderne. Relet mbush\u00ebn brend\u00ebsit\u00eb e makinave t\u00eb hershme kompjuterike programueshme, q\u00eb mbizot\u00ebruan p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr, derisa u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuan nga t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit e tyre krejt\u00ebsisht elektronik\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Relet u shpik\u00ebn disa her\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur n\u00eb vitet 1830. Q\u00ebllimet e tij ishin t\u00eb ndryshme (pes\u00eb shpik\u00ebsit e tij shpik\u00ebn t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn tre variante aplikimesh) \u2013 ashtu si\u00e7 ishin edhe shembujt e p\u00ebrdorimit. Por ia vlen t\u00eb mendosh p\u00ebr t\u00eb si nj\u00eb pajisje me dy funksione. Ajo mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebs, q\u00eb drejton nj\u00eb aparat tjet\u00ebr elektrik (duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb, \u00e7'\u00ebsht\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme, nj\u00eb rele tjet\u00ebr), ose si nj\u00eb p\u00ebrforcues, q\u00eb e kthen nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb dob\u00ebt n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb.<\/p>\n<h2>Nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebsi<\/h2>\n<p>\nJoseph Henry kombinonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb njeri njohuri t\u00eb thella n\u00eb natyrfilozofi, mekanik\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb interes p\u00ebr problemin e telegralit mekanik. N\u00eb vitet 1830, nj\u00eb set cil\u00ebsish t\u00eb tilla konsiderohej se kishte ndoshta vet\u00ebm Whitstoni. Deri n\u00eb vitin 1831, ai kishte nd\u00ebrtuar nj\u00eb qark me gjat\u00ebsi 2.5 km, i cili ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb aktivizonte nj\u00eb z\u00eb, duke p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb q\u00ebllim magnetin m\u00eb t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm q\u00eb egzistonte. Ndoshta, n\u00ebse do t\u00eb vazhdonte t\u00eb punonte kaq aktivisht mbi telegralin dhe t\u00eb demonstroj\u00eb po aq k\u00ebmb\u00ebngulje sa Morze, emri i tij do t\u00eb ishte shkruar n\u00eb libra shkollor\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p>Por Henry, m\u00ebsues n\u00eb Akademin\u00eb e Albany-t dhe m\u00eb pas n\u00eb Kolegjin e New Jersey-t (tani \u00ebsht\u00eb Universiteti i Princetonit), ndihmoi n\u00eb nd\u00ebrtimin dhe p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e pajisjeve elektrike p\u00ebr q\u00ebllime k\u00ebrkimore, shkollore dhe demonstrative shkencore. Ai nuk kishte interes p\u00ebr ta kthyer nj\u00eb mjet pedagogjik n\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem transmetimi mesazhesh.<\/p>\n<p>Rreth vitit 1835, ai krijoi nj\u00eb demonstrim ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht t\u00eb sofistikuar duke p\u00ebrdorur dy circuito. Kujtoni se Henri zbuloi se elektriciteti ka dy dimensione \u2013 intensiteti dhe sasia (ne i quajm\u00eb ata tension dhe forc\u00eb t\u00eb rrym\u00ebs). Ai krijoi cirkuit me bateri intensive dhe magneta p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar elektromagnetizmin n\u00eb distanca t\u00eb m\u00ebdha, dhe cirkuit me bateri sasi dhe magneta p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar forca elektromagnetike t\u00eb fuqishme.<\/p>\n<p>Aparati i tij i ri kombinonte t\u00eb dyjat. Elektromagneti i fuqish\u00ebm sasi mund t\u00eb ngiste ngarkesa n\u00eb qindra kilogram\u00eb. Nj\u00eb magnet intensiv n\u00eb fund t\u00eb nj\u00eb cirku t\u00eb gjat\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej p\u00ebr t\u00eb ngitur nj\u00eb tel t\u00eb vog\u00ebl metalik: nj\u00eb ndez\u00ebs. Mbyllja e cirkut intensiv b\u00ebnte q\u00eb magneti t\u00ebNgiste telin, duke hapur ndez\u00ebsin dhe cirkuitin sasi. Elektromagneti sasi pastaj papritmas e l\u00ebshonte ngarkes\u00ebn me nj\u00eb zhurm\u00eb t\u00eb madhe.<\/p>\n<p>Ky rel\u00e9 \u2013 q\u00eb sakt\u00ebsisht k\u00ebt\u00eb rol luante magneti intensiv dhe teli i tij \u2013 ishte i nevojsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb demonstruar transformimin e energjis\u00eb elektrike n\u00eb mekanike, dhe gjithashtu se si nj\u00eb forc\u00eb e vog\u00ebl mund t\u00eb menaxhonte nj\u00eb t\u00eb madhe. Blerja e leht\u00eb e telit n\u00eb acid p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbyllur cirkuitin \u00e7onte n\u00eb nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb ndez\u00ebsit t\u00eb vog\u00ebl, q\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonte me nj\u00eb katastrof\u00eb n\u00eb form\u00ebn e r\u00ebnies s\u00eb metalit, n\u00eb sasi mjaft t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkat\u00ebrruar dik\u00eb, q\u00eb do t\u00eb ishte mjaft budalla p\u00ebr t\u00eb q\u00ebndruar n\u00ebn t\u00eb. P\u00ebr Henrin, rel\u00e9 ishte nj\u00eb mjet p\u00ebr t\u00eb demonstruar parime shkencore. Ishte nj\u00eb lev\u00eb elektrike.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/93bd7103b03032ddb16cc69b8e28cf29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHenri ishte ndoshta i pari q\u00eb lidhte n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb dy cirkuit \u2013 p\u00ebr t\u00eb menaxhuar nj\u00ebri-tjetrin duke p\u00ebrdorur elektromagnetizmin e nj\u00eb cirku. Vendi i dyt\u00eb, aq sa dim\u00eb, i takon William Cooke dhe Charles Wheatstone, ndon\u00ebse ata kishin q\u00ebllime krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb ndryshme.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb mars 1836, pak pas vizit\u00ebs n\u00eb demonstrat\u00ebn e telgrafit n\u00eb Heidelberg, e cila p\u00ebrdorte nj\u00eb gjilp\u00ebr\u00eb galvanike p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar sinjale, Cook u frym\u00ebzua nga nj\u00eb kuti muzikore. Cook mendonte se p\u00ebrdorimi i gjilp\u00ebrave q\u00eb tregojn\u00eb shkronjat n\u00eb telgrafin real do t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte disa gjilp\u00ebra dhe p\u00ebr to do t\u00eb duheshin disa kontura. Ai donte q\u00eb elektromagneti t\u00eb aktivizonte mekanizmin, i cili mund t\u00eb ishte sa m\u00eb i komplikuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb demonstruar shkronj\u00ebn e k\u00ebrkuar.<\/p>\n<p>Ai e imagjinonte nj\u00eb makin\u00eb t\u00eb ngjashme me nj\u00eb kuti muzikore, me nj\u00eb tondo rrethuar nga shum\u00eb gjilp\u00ebra. Nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb e tondos do t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb rrethore me shkronja. N\u00eb \u00e7do skaj t\u00eb linj\u00ebs telgrafike do t\u00eb kishte nj\u00eb kuti t\u00eb till\u00eb. Pranga e ngarkuar do ta b\u00ebnte tondin t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb l\u00ebvizje, por shumic\u00ebn e koh\u00ebs do t\u00eb q\u00ebndronte e ndaluar nga nj\u00eb bllokim. Kur ndizet \u00e7el\u00ebsi i telgrafit, konturi lidhhej, duke aktivizuar elektromagnet\u00ebt q\u00eb hapnin t\u00eb dy bllokimet dhe t\u00eb dy makinat do t\u00eb l\u00ebviznin. Kur shkalla tregon shkronj\u00ebn e k\u00ebrkuar, \u00e7el\u00ebsi lirohet, bllokimet vendosen n\u00eb vend dhe ndalojn\u00eb l\u00ebvizjen e tond\u00ebve. Cook, i vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, kishte rikrijuar modelin kronometrik t\u00eb telgrafit Ronald, q\u00eb kishte u shpik dy dekada m\u00eb par\u00eb, dhe eksperimentet e hershme t\u00eb v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve Shapp me telgraf\u00eb (s\u00eb bashku ata p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn tinguj p\u00ebr t\u00eb sinkronizuar shkall\u00ebt, jo elektricitetin).<\/p>\n<p>Cook kuptoi se nj\u00eb mekaniz\u00ebm i till\u00eb mund t\u00eb ndihmonte n\u00eb zgjidhjen e nj\u00eb problemi t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr t\u00eb telgrafit \u2013 njoftimin e pal\u00ebs pranues p\u00ebr nj\u00eb mesazh t\u00eb ri. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej nj\u00eb kontur i dyt\u00eb me nj\u00eb elektromagnet tjet\u00ebr, i cili do ta aktivizonte nj\u00eb z\u00eb mekanik. Lidhja e konturit do t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqte bllokimin dhe z\u00ebri do t\u00eb binte.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb mars 1837, Cook filloi nj\u00eb bashk\u00ebpunim me Whistone mbi telgrafit dhe rreth asaj kohe ata filluan t\u00eb mendojn\u00eb p\u00ebr nevoj\u00ebn e nj\u00eb konturi t\u00eb dyt\u00eb. N\u00eb vend q\u00eb t\u00eb krijonin nj\u00eb kontur t\u00eb pavarur p\u00ebr sinjalin e njoftimit (dhe t\u00eb kalonin kilometra me kabllo t\u00eb tep\u00ebrta), nuk do t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb e leht\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrdornej konturi kryesor p\u00ebr kontrollin e sinjalit?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/b68f58167a89c00819655299ee5178d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nDeri n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb, Cook dhe Whitson ishin kthyer n\u00eb dizajnin me gjilp\u00ebr\u00eb, dhe ishte krejt\u00ebsisht e qart\u00eb se mund t\u00eb lidheshin nj\u00eb cop\u00eb e vog\u00ebl wire me nj\u00eb gjilp\u00ebr\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb kur fundi i saj t\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqej nga elektro magneti, bishti i saj do t\u00eb mbyllte nj\u00eb rreth t\u00eb dyt\u00eb. Ky rreth do t\u00eb aktivizonte sinjalin. Pas nj\u00eb periudhe t\u00eb caktuar, gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs marr\u00ebsi i mesazhit mund t\u00eb kishte koh\u00eb p\u00ebr t'u zgjuar, p\u00ebr t\u00eb \u00e7aktivizuar sinjalin dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatitur lapsin dhe let\u00ebr, gjilp\u00ebra tashm\u00eb mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar mesazhin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb normale.<\/p>\n<p>Gjat\u00eb dy viteve n\u00eb dy kontinente dy her\u00eb, me dy q\u00ebllime t\u00eb ndryshme, njer\u00ebzit kuptuan se elektro magneti mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorej si nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebs q\u00eb kontrollonte nj\u00eb rreth tjet\u00ebr. Por dy m\u00ebnyra t\u00eb ndryshme p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrveprimin e dy rrethave mund t\u00eb imagjinoheshin.<\/p>\n<h2>Fuqizuesi<\/h2>\n<p>\nDerisa arriti n\u00eb vjesht\u00ebn e vitit 1837, Samuel Morse ishte i sigurt se ideja e tij p\u00ebr telegrafin elektrik mund t\u00eb funksiononte. Duke p\u00ebrdorur nj\u00eb bateri intensive dhe magnetin e Henry, ai d\u00ebrgonte mesazhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb distanc\u00eb prej gjysm\u00eb kilometri. Por, p\u00ebr t\u00eb provuar Kongresin p\u00ebr mund\u00ebsin\u00eb e transmetimit t\u00eb mesazheve me telegrafin e tij n\u00ebp\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kontinentin, i duheshin shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr. Ishte e qart\u00eb se pavar\u00ebsisht nga fuqia e baterive, n\u00eb nj\u00eb moment rrethi do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej shum\u00eb i gjat\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb transmetuar nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb qart\u00eb n\u00eb tjet\u00ebr an\u00ebn e tij. Por Morse kuptoi se, pavar\u00ebsisht r\u00ebnies s\u00eb madhe t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb me distanc\u00ebn, elektro magneti mund t\u00eb hapte dhe mbyllte nj\u00eb rreth tjet\u00ebr, i ushqyer nga bateria e tij, q\u00eb gjithashtu mund t\u00eb transmetonte sinjalin m\u00eb tej. Procesi mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritej pafund\u00ebsisht duke mbuluar distanca \u00e7far\u00ebdo gjat\u00ebsi. Prandaj, k\u00ebto magnete nd\u00ebrmjet\u00ebsuese u quajt\u00ebn 'relay' - si stacionet postale p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrrimin e kuajve. Ato merrnin mesazhin elektrik nga partneri i dob\u00ebsuar dhe e d\u00ebrgonin m\u00eb tej me forc\u00eb t\u00eb re.<\/p>\n<p>Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktohet n\u00ebse kjo ide ishte frym\u00ebzuar nga punimet e Henry, por Morse kishte qartazi qen\u00eb i pari q\u00eb p\u00ebrdori relen p\u00ebr nj\u00eb q\u00ebllim t\u00eb till\u00eb. P\u00ebr t\u00eb, relay ishte jo nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrprer\u00ebs, por nj\u00eb fuqizues, i aft\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb transformuar nj\u00eb sinjal t\u00eb dob\u00ebt n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8a632be6166e4b337ba9fa6515c15031.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNga ana tjet\u00ebr e Atlantikut rreth t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs koh\u00eb <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Davy\">Edward Davey<\/a><\/noindex>, farmacisti londinez, shpiku nj\u00eb ide t\u00eb ngjashme. Ai, me siguri, u interesua p\u00ebr telegrafin\u00eb rreth vitit 1835. N\u00eb fillim t\u00eb vitit 1837, ai rregullisht kryente eksperimente me nj\u00eb kontur prej nj\u00eb kilometri e gjysm\u00eb n\u00eb Regent's Park, n\u00eb veri t\u00eb Londr\u00ebs.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00eb shpejti pas takimit mes Cook dhe Whiston n\u00eb mars t\u00eb vitit 1837, Davey ndjeu konkurrenc\u00eb dhe filloi t\u00eb mendoj\u00eb m\u00eb seriozisht p\u00ebr nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb sistemi praktik. Ai vuri re se forca e devijimit t\u00eb needlig\u00ebn galvanike zvog\u00eblohej ndjesh\u00ebm me rritjen e gjat\u00ebsi s\u00eb telit. Si\u00e7 shkroi shum\u00eb vite m\u00eb von\u00eb:<\/p>\n<p>At\u00ebher\u00eb mendova se edhe nj\u00eb l\u00ebvizje e vog\u00ebl e needlig\u00ebs me trash\u00ebsin\u00eb e nj\u00eb truni do t\u00eb mjaftonte p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb kontakt mes dy sip\u00ebrfaqeve metalike, duke mbyllur nj\u00eb kontur t\u00eb ri q\u00eb varej nga bateria lokale; dhe k\u00ebshtu mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritej pafund\u00ebsisht.<\/p>\n<p>Davey e quan k\u00ebt\u00eb ide t\u00eb kthimit t\u00eb sinjalit t\u00eb dob\u00ebt elektrik n\u00eb nj\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb \"rifreskues elektrik\". Por ai nuk arriti ta realizoj\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb ose ndonj\u00eb ide tjet\u00ebr p\u00ebr telegrafin\u00eb. Ai mori patent\u00ebn p\u00ebr telegrafin\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1838, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur nga Cook dhe Whiston. Por n\u00eb vitin 1839, ai u largua p\u00ebr n\u00eb Australi, duke u shp\u00ebtuar nga nj\u00eb martes\u00eb e d\u00ebshtuar, dhe e la fush\u00ebn e veprimit p\u00ebr konkurent\u00ebt. Kompania e tyre telegrafike e bleu k\u00ebt\u00eb patent pas disa vjet\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n<h2>Rel\u00e8 n\u00eb bot\u00eb<\/h2>\n<p>\nN\u00eb historin\u00eb e teknologjive, ne i kushtojm\u00eb shum\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi sistemeve, por shpesh injorojm\u00eb komponent\u00ebt e tyre. Ne ndjekim historin\u00eb e telegrafit, telefonit, drit\u00ebs elektrike, duke i lar\u00eb krijuesit e tyre n\u00eb rrezet e ngrohta t\u00eb miratimit ton\u00eb. Por k\u00ebto sisteme arrit\u00ebn t\u00eb ekzistojn\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebrmes kombinimit, rikombinimit dhe ndryshimit t\u00eb elementeve ekzistuese, q\u00eb rriteshin heshtazi n\u00eb hije.<\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e8 \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga k\u00ebta element\u00eb. Ai evoluoi shpejt dhe fitoi diversitet kur rrjetet telegrafike filluan t\u00eb rriteshin aktivisht n\u00eb vitet 1840 dhe 1850. Gjat\u00eb shekullit q\u00eb pasoi, ai u shfaq n\u00eb sisteme elektrike t\u00eb ndryshme. Modifikimi m\u00eb i hersh\u00ebm ishte p\u00ebrdorimi i nj\u00eb ankor\u00eb metalike t\u00eb fort\u00eb, si\u00e7 ishte n\u00eb sinjalin telegrafik, p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbyllur konturin. Pas fikjes s\u00eb elektromagnetit, ankor\u00eb shk\u00ebputej nga konturi me ndihm\u00ebn e nj\u00eb springs. Ky mekaniz\u00ebm ishte m\u00eb i besuesh\u00ebm dhe m\u00eb i q\u00ebndruesh\u00ebm se copat e telit ose needligat. Po ashtu, po zhvilloheshin dhe modelet e mbyllura si parazgjedhje, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 dizajnit fillestar, t\u00eb hapur si parazgjedhje.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0aeebcad0701208c571f3909df9034c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tipik i rel\u00e8eve t\u00eb fundi t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb. Springs T mban ankthor B larg nga kontakti C. Kur aktivizohet elektromagneti M, ai kalon p\u00ebrmes springs dhe mbyll qarkun midis telit W dhe kontaktit C.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>N\u00eb vitet e para t\u00eb telegrameve, rel\u00e8et rrall\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren si forca apo \"rifreskues\", pasi nj\u00eb qark mund t\u00eb shtriej deri n\u00eb 150 km. Por ato ishin shum\u00eb t\u00eb dobishme p\u00ebr t\u00eb lidhur linjat e dob\u00ebta t\u00eb gjata me linjat lokale t\u00eb tensionit t\u00eb lart\u00eb, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb furnizuar makineri t\u00eb tjera, si p\u00ebr shembull regjistruesin e Morze.<\/p>\n<p>Dhjet\u00ebra patente n\u00eb SHBA n\u00eb gjysm\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb lloje t\u00eb reja rel\u00e8esh dhe aplikimet e tyre t\u00eb reja. Rel\u00e8i diferencial, i cili ndante bobin\u00ebn n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb efekti elektromagnetik t\u00eb kompenzohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb drejtim dhe t\u00eb forcohej n\u00eb nj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, lejonte p\u00ebrdorimin e komunikimit telegrfik duplex: dy sinjale q\u00eb shkonin n\u00eb drejtim t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt n\u00eb nj\u00eb tel. Thomas Edison p\u00ebrdori rel\u00e8 polarizuar (ose polar) p\u00ebr t\u00eb krijuar nj\u00eb kvadruplex q\u00eb ishte n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb d\u00ebrgonte 4 sinjale nj\u00ebher\u00ebsh n\u00eb nj\u00eb tel: dy n\u00eb \u00e7do drejtim. N\u00eb rel\u00e8 polarizuar, ankthi ishte nj\u00eb magnet permanent, i cili reagonte ndaj drejtimit t\u00eb rrym\u00ebs, jo ndaj forc\u00ebs. Fal\u00eb magnet\u00ebve t\u00eb p\u00ebrhersh\u00ebm, mund t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin rel\u00e8 me kontakte nd\u00ebrruese q\u00eb pas nd\u00ebrrimit mbeteshin t\u00eb hapura ose t\u00eb mbyllura.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Ja, m\u00eb n\u00eb fund, dhe releja\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/607d82895b9f1a3786719824ffc81a02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Rel\u00e8 polarizuar<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Rel\u00e8et, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 telegrameve, filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren edhe n\u00eb sistemet e sinjalizimit t\u00eb hekurudhave. Me ardhjen e rrjeteve t\u00eb energjis\u00eb elektrike, rel\u00e8et filluan t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren edhe n\u00eb k\u00ebto sisteme, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht si pajisje mbrojt\u00ebse.<\/p>\n<p>Por edhe k\u00ebto rrjete t\u00eb gjata e komplekse nuk k\u00ebrkonin nga rel\u00e8et m\u00eb shum\u00eb se ato ishin n\u00eb gjendje t\u00eb ofronin. Telegrami dhe hekurudha arrit\u00ebn n\u00eb \u00e7do qytet, por jo n\u00eb \u00e7do nd\u00ebrtese. Ata kishin dhjet\u00ebra mij\u00ebra pika skaji, por jo miliona. Sistemet e energjis\u00eb elektrike nuk u interesonin se ku p\u00ebrfundonin - ato vet\u00ebm ofronin rrym\u00eb n\u00eb qarkun lokal, dhe \u00e7do sht\u00ebpi e biznes mund t\u00eb merrte at\u00eb q\u00eb duhej.<\/p>\n<p>Telefoni ishte nj\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje krejt\u00ebsisht e ndryshme. Telefon\u00ebve u duhej t\u00eb krijonin lidhje nga pika n\u00eb pik\u00eb, nga \u00e7do sht\u00ebpi e zyra deri n\u00eb ndonj\u00eb tjet\u00ebr, prandaj iu nevojit\u00ebn rregulla menaxhuese t\u00eb papara. Z\u00ebri njer\u00ebzor, i cili kalonte n\u00eb form\u00eb valesh p\u00ebrmes telave, ishte nj\u00eb sinjal i pasur, por i dob\u00ebt. Prandaj, lidhjeve telefonike m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebta iu nevojit\u00ebn amplifikator\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebsis\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb. Doli se \u00e7el\u00ebsat mund t\u00eb funksiononin gjithashtu si amplifikator\u00eb. Tani, rrjetet telefonike ishin m\u00eb shum\u00eb se \u00e7do sistem tjet\u00ebr q\u00eb udh\u00ebhoqi evoluimin e \u00e7el\u00ebsave.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c7far\u00eb t\u00eb lexoni<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u2022 James B. Calvert, \u201cTelegrafi Elektromagnetik\u201c<br \/>\n\u2022 Franklin Leonard Pope, \u00abPraktika Moderne e Telegraphit Elektrik\u00bb (1891)<br \/>\n<br \/>Burimi: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c 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