{"id":55176,"date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-13T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-mas-adrese"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:16","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:16","slug":"vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-mas-adrese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-mas-adrese","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb donit t\u00eb dinit p\u00ebr adres\u00ebn MAC","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u00c7doT\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto jan\u00eb gjasht\u00eb byte, t\u00eb cilat zakonisht shfaqen n\u00eb formatin heksadecimal, t\u00eb caktuara nga fabrika p\u00ebr kart\u00ebn e rrjetit dhe n\u00eb pamje t\u00eb par\u00eb duken t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme. Disa e din\u00eb se tri byte t\u00eb para t\u00eb adres\u00ebs jan\u00eb identifikuesi i prodhuesit, nd\u00ebrsa tre t\u00eb tjerat u caktohen ato. E njohur \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithashtu se mund t\u00eb caktuash nj\u00eb<\/em> \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u044b\u0448\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e «\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430» \u0432 Wi-Fi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb shohim se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adresa MAC (media access control address) \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb identifikues unik, i caktuar p\u00ebr adapterin e rrjetit, q\u00eb p\u00ebrdoret n\u00eb rrjetet e standardeve IEEE 802, kryesisht Ethernet, Wi-Fi dhe Bluetooth. Zyrtarisht ai quhet \u00abidentifikuesi i tipit EUI-48\u00bb. Nga emri, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb q\u00eb adresa ka nj\u00eb gjat\u00ebsi prej 48 bit, dmth. 6 byte. Nuk ka nj\u00eb standard t\u00eb pranuar p\u00ebr shkrimin e adres\u00ebs (p\u00ebr dallim nga adresa IPv4, ku oktetet gjithmon\u00eb ndahen me pika). Zakonisht shkruhet si gjasht\u00eb numra heksadecimal\u00eb t\u00eb ndar\u00eb me dy pika: 00:AB:CD:EF:11:22, megjithat\u00eb disa prodhues pajisjesh preferojn\u00eb formatin 00-AB-CD-EF-11-22 dhe madje 00ab.cdef.1122.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Historikisht, adresat ishin t\u00eb ngulitura n\u00eb PZU-n\u00eb e \u00e7ipsetit t\u00eb kart\u00ebs rrjetit pa mund\u00ebsi modifikimi pa programuesin e flash-it, por aktualisht adresa mund t\u00eb ndryshohet programatikisht, nga sistemi operativ. Mund t\u00eb caktohet manualisht adresa MAC e kart\u00ebs s\u00eb rrjetit n\u00eb Linux dhe MacOS (gjithmon\u00eb), Windows (gati gjithmon\u00eb, n\u00ebse e lejon driverr-i), Android (vet\u00ebm n\u00ebse \u00ebsht\u00eb rr\u00ebnjosur); me iOS (pa rr\u00ebnjosje) nj\u00eb gj\u00eb e till\u00eb nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Struktura e adres\u00ebs<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Adresa p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e identifikuesit t\u00eb prodhuesit, OUI, dhe nj\u00eb identifikues q\u00eb jepet nga prodhuesi. P\u00ebrdorimi i identifikuesve OUI (Identifikuesi Unik Organizacionale) merret<\/a><\/noindex> \u00ebsht\u00eb organizata IEEE. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, gjat\u00ebsia e tij mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm 3 byte (24 bita), por edhe 28 ose 36 bita, nga t\u00eb cilat formohen blloqet (MAC Address Block, MA) t\u00eb adresave t\u00eb tipeve Large (MA-L), Medium (MA-M) dhe Small (MA-S) p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. Madh\u00ebsia e bllokut t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 24, 20, 12 bita ose 16 milion, 1 milion, 4 mij\u00eb adresash. Aktualisht, jan\u00eb ndar\u00eb rreth 38 mij\u00eb blloqe, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb shihen p\u00ebrmes shum\u00eb mjeteve online, p\u00ebr shembull te IEEE<\/a><\/noindex> ose Wireshark<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kujt i p\u00ebrkasin adresat<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpunimi i thjesht\u00eb i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave publike t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga baza e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave<\/a><\/noindex> IEEE ofron shum\u00eb informacion. P\u00ebr shembull, disa organizata kan\u00eb marr\u00eb shum\u00eb blloqe OUI p\u00ebr vete. Ja heronjt\u00eb tan\u00eb:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Shitesi
\nNumri i blloqeve\/numrave
\nNumri i adresave, n\u00eb milion.<\/p>\n

Cisco Systems Inc
\n888
\n14208<\/p>\n

Apple
\n772
\n12352<\/p>\n

Samsung
\n636
\n10144<\/p>\n

Huawei Technologies Co.Ltd
\n606
\n9696<\/p>\n

Intel Corporation
\n375
\n5776<\/p>\n

ARRIS Group Inc.
\n319
\n5104<\/p>\n

Nokia Corporation
\n241
\n3856<\/p>\n

Privat
\n232
\n2704<\/p>\n

Texas Instruments
\n212
\n3392<\/p>\n

zte corporation
\n198
\n3168<\/p>\n

Autoriteti i Regjistrimit IEEE
\n194
\n3072<\/p>\n

Hewlett Packard
\n149
\n2384<\/p>\n

Hon Hai Precision
\n136
\n2176<\/p>\n

TP-LINK
\n134
\n2144<\/p>\n

Dell Inc.
\n123
\n1968<\/p>\n

Juniper Networks
\n110
\n1760<\/p>\n

Sagemcom Broadband SAS
\n97
\n1552<\/p>\n

Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co. LTD
\n97
\n1552<\/p>\n

Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
\n88
\n1408<\/p>\n

Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp.Ltd
\n82
\n1312<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Google ka vet\u00ebm 40, dhe nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb \u00e7udi: ata vet\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb jo shum\u00eb pajisje rrjeti.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Blloqet MA nuk ofrohen falas, mund t\u00eb blihen p\u00ebr para t\u00eb arsyeshme (pa tarif\u00eb abonimi) p\u00ebr 3000 dollar\u00eb, 1800 dollar\u00eb ose 755 dollar\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. E \u00e7uditshme, por p\u00ebr para shtes\u00eb (n\u00eb vit) mund t\u00eb blini \"fshehjen\" e informacionit publik mbi bllokun e dedikuar. Tani ka gjithsej, si\u00e7 duket m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, 232.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kur do t\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb adresat MAC<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjith\u00ebve na ka ardhur keq nga historit\u00eb q\u00eb nuk ndalen tani p\u00ebr 10 vjet mbi at\u00eb se \"adresat IPv4 po i mbarojn\u00eb\". Po, \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb merrni blloqe t\u00eb reja IPv4. Megjithat\u00eb, dihet se adresat IP jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb ekstremisht uneven<\/a><\/noindex>; ekzistojn\u00eb blloqe gjigante dhe pak t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin korporatave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe institucioneve shtet\u00ebrore amerikane, megjithat\u00eb, pa ndonj\u00eb shpres\u00eb t\u00eb madhe p\u00ebr dhezjen e tyre n\u00eb dobi t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb. Shp\u00ebrndarja e NAT, CG-NAT dhe IPv6 e ka b\u00ebr\u00eb problemin e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb adresave publike m\u00eb pak t\u00eb ngutsh\u00ebm.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb adres\u00ebn MAC jan\u00eb 48 bit, nga t\u00eb cilat 46 mund t\u00eb konsiderohen \"t\u00eb dobishme\" (pse? Lexoni m\u00eb tej), q\u00eb jep 246 ose 1014 adresa, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 214 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se hap\u00ebsira adres\u00eb IPv4.
\nAktualisht jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb rreth nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb trilion adresa, ose vet\u00ebm 0.73% e gjith\u00eb sasis\u00eb. Ka shum\u00eb, shum\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkuar deri n\u00eb shterimin e adresave MAC.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rastesia e bitit<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb supozojm\u00eb se OUI-t\u00eb jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb rast\u00ebsisht, dhe shpall\u00ebsi m\u00eb pas gjithashtu i caktuar adresat p\u00ebr pajisjet individuale t\u00eb rrjetit. A \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu? Le t\u00eb shohim shp\u00ebrndarjen e bit\u00ebve n\u00eb bazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb adresave MAC t\u00eb pajisjeve 802.11 n\u00eb dispozitimin tim, t\u00eb mbledhura nga sistemet e funksionimit t\u00eb autorizimit n\u00eb rrjetet pa tel. WNAM<\/a><\/noindex>. Adresat i p\u00ebrkasin pajisjeve reale q\u00eb jan\u00eb lidhur me Wi-Fi p\u00ebr disa vite n\u00eb tri vende. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ka nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb pajisjeve 802.3 p\u00ebr LAN t\u00eb lidhura me kabllor.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb analizojm\u00eb \u00e7do MAC adres\u00eb (gjasht\u00eb bajt\u00eb) t\u00eb secil\u00ebs mostr\u00eb n\u00eb bita, dhe do t\u00eb shohim frekuenc\u00ebn e shfaqjes s\u00eb bitit '1' n\u00eb \u00e7do nj\u00eb nga 48 pozita. N\u00ebse bita vendosen n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme, mund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb '1' duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb 50%.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mostra Wi-Fi \u21161 (RF)
\nMostra Wi-Fi \u21162 (Belorus)
\nMostra Wi-Fi \u21163 (Uzbekistan)
\nMostra LAN (RF)<\/p>\n

Numri i regjistrimeve n\u00eb baz\u00eb
\n5929000
\n1274000
\n366000
\n1000<\/p>\n

Numri i bitit:
\n% \u0431\u0438\u0442 «1»
\n% \u0431\u0438\u0442 «1»
\n% \u0431\u0438\u0442 «1»
\n% \u0431\u0438\u0442 «1»<\/p>\n

1
\n48.6%
\n49.2%
\n50.7%
\n28.7%<\/p>\n

2
\n44.8%
\n49.1%
\n47.7%
\n30.7%<\/p>\n

3
\n46.7%
\n48.3%
\n46.8%
\n35.8%<\/p>\n

4
\n48.0%
\n48.6%
\n49.8%
\n37.1%<\/p>\n

5
\n45.7%
\n46.9%
\n47.0%
\n32.3%<\/p>\n

6
\n46.6%
\n46.7%
\n47.8%
\n27.1%<\/p>\n

7
\n0.3%<\/strong>
\n0.3%<\/strong>
\n0.2%<\/strong>
\n0.7%<\/strong><\/p>\n

8
\n0.0%<\/strong>
\n0.0%<\/strong>
\n0.0%<\/strong>
\n0.0%<\/strong><\/p>\n

9
\n48.1%
\n50.6%
\n49.4%
\n38.1%<\/p>\n

10
\n49.1%
\n50.2%
\n47.4%
\n42.7%<\/p>\n

11
\n50.8%
\n50.0%
\n50.6%
\n42.9%<\/p>\n

12
\n49.0%
\n48.4%
\n48.2%
\n53.7%<\/p>\n

13
\n47.6%
\n47.0%
\n46.3%
\n48.5%<\/p>\n

14
\n47.5%
\n47.4%
\n51.7%
\n46.8%<\/p>\n

15
\n48.3%
\n47.5%
\n48.7%
\n46.1%<\/p>\n

16
\n50.6%
\n50.4%
\n51.2%
\n45.3%<\/p>\n

17
\n49.4%
\n50.4%
\n54.3%
\n38.2%<\/p>\n

18
\n49.8%
\n50.5%
\n51.5%
\n51.9%<\/p>\n

19
\n51.6%
\n53.3%
\n53.9%
\n42.6%<\/p>\n

20
\n46.6%
\n46.1%
\n45.5%
\n48.4%<\/p>\n

21
\n51.7%
\n52.9%
\n47.7%
\n48.9%<\/p>\n

22
\n49.2%
\n49.6%
\n41.6%
\n49.8%<\/p>\n

23
\n51.2%
\n50.9%
\n47.0%
\n41.9%<\/p>\n

24
\n49.5%
\n50.2%
\n50.1%
\n47.5%<\/p>\n

25
\n47.1%
\n47.3%
\n47.7%
\n44.2%<\/p>\n

26
\n48.6%
\n48.6%
\n49.2%
\n43.9%<\/p>\n

27
\n49.8%
\n49.0%
\n49.7%
\n48.9%<\/p>\n

28
\n49.3%
\n49.3%
\n49.7%
\n55.1%<\/p>\n

29
\n49.5%
\n49.4%
\n49.8%
\n49.8%<\/p>\n

30
\n49.8%
\n49.8%
\n49.7%
\n52.1%<\/p>\n

31
\n49.5%
\n49.7%
\n49.6%
\n46.6%<\/p>\n

32
\n49.4%
\n49.7%
\n49.5%
\n47.5%<\/p>\n

33
\n49.4%
\n49.8%
\n49.7%
\n48.3%<\/p>\n

34
\n49.7%
\n50.0%
\n49.6%
\n44.9%<\/p>\n

35
\n49.9%
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.6%<\/p>\n

36
\n49.9%
\n49.9%
\n49.8%
\n49.1%<\/p>\n

37
\n49.8%
\n50.0%
\n49.9%
\n51.4%<\/p>\n

38
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n49.8%
\n51.8%<\/p>\n

39
\n49.9%
\n50.0%
\n49.9%
\n55.7%<\/p>\n

40
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n49.5%<\/p>\n

41
\n49.9%
\n50.0%
\n49.9%
\n52.2%<\/p>\n

42
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n53.9%<\/p>\n

43
\n50.1%
\n50.0%
\n50.3%
\n56.1%<\/p>\n

44
\n50.1%
\n50.0%
\n50.1%
\n45.8%<\/p>\n

45
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.1%
\n50.1%<\/p>\n

46
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.1%
\n49.5%<\/p>\n

47
\n49.2%
\n49.4%
\n49.7%
\n45.2%<\/p>\n

48
\n49.9%
\n50.1%
\n50.7%
\n54.6%<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Prej nga vjen kjo padrejt\u00ebsi n\u00eb bitet 7 dhe 8? Atje pothuajse gjithmon\u00eb ka zero.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, standardi e p\u00ebrcakton k\u00ebto bita si speciale (Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>):
\n\"\u00c7do<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Biti i tet\u00eb (nga fillimi) i bajtit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs MAC quhet Unicast\/Multicast bit dhe p\u00ebrcakton se \u00e7far\u00eb tipi kuadri (frame) transmetohet me k\u00ebt\u00eb adres\u00eb, t\u00eb zakonshm\u00eb (0) ose t\u00eb transmetimi i shk\u00eblqyer (1) (multicast ose broadcast). P\u00ebr nd\u00ebrveprimin e zakonsh\u00ebm unicast t\u00eb kart\u00ebs t\u00eb rrjetit, ky bit \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb '0' n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha paketat q\u00eb i d\u00ebrgohen atij.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bit i shtat\u00eb (nga fillimi) i bajtit t\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs MAC quhet bit U\/L (Universal\/Local) dhe p\u00ebrcakton n\u00ebse adresa \u00ebsht\u00eb globalisht unike (0) ose lokalisht unike (1). Sip\u00ebr default, t\u00eb gjitha adresat \"t\u00eb programuar nga prodhuesi\" jan\u00eb globalisht unike, prandaj shumica d\u00ebrrmuese e adresave MAC t\u00eb grumbulluara kan\u00eb bitin e shtat\u00eb t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb \"0\". N\u00eb tabel\u00ebn e identifikuesve t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb OUI, vet\u00ebm rreth 130 regjistra kan\u00eb bitin U\/L \"1\", dhe duket se k\u00ebto jan\u00eb blloqe adresash MAC p\u00ebr nevoja speciale.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nga bita e gjashta deri n\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00ebn e bajtit t\u00eb par\u00eb, bita e dyt\u00eb dhe e tret\u00eb e bajt\u00ebve n\u00eb identifikuesit OUI, dhe p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr bita n\u00eb bajt\u00ebt 4-6 q\u00eb caktohen nga prodhuesi, jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb ose m\u00eb pak nj\u00ebtrajt\u00ebsisht. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb MAC reale t\u00eb adaptorit rrjetit, bita jan\u00eb n\u00eb fakt t\u00eb barabart\u00eb dhe nuk kan\u00eb kuptim teknologjik, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 dy biteve t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb bajt\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Prania<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb interesante t\u00eb dim\u00eb se cil\u00ebt prodhues t\u00eb pajisjeve pa tela jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb popullarizuar? Le t\u00eb bashkojm\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin n\u00eb baz\u00ebn e OUI me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat nga mostra e numrit 1.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Shitesi
\nShkalla e pajisjeve, %<\/p>\n

Apple
\n26,09<\/p>\n

Samsung
\n19,79<\/p>\n

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
\n7,80<\/p>\n

Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
\n6,83<\/p>\n

Sony Mobile Communications Inc
\n3,29<\/p>\n

LG Electronics (Mobile Communications)
\n2,76<\/p>\n

ASUSTek COMPUTER INC.
\n2,58<\/p>\n

TCT mobile ltd
\n2,13<\/p>\n

zte corporation
\n2,00<\/p>\n

nuk u gjet n\u00eb baz\u00ebn IEEE
\n1,92<\/p>\n

Lenovo Mobile Communication Technology Ltd.
\n1,71<\/p>\n

HTC Corporation
\n1,68<\/p>\n

Murata Manufactuaring
\n1,31<\/p>\n

InPro Comm
\n1,26<\/p>\n

Microsoft Corporation
\n1,11<\/p>\n

Shenzhen TINNO Mobile Technology Corp.
\n1,02<\/p>\n

Motorola (Wuhan) Mobility Technologies Communication Co. Ltd.
\n0,93<\/p>\n

Nokia Corporation
\n0,88<\/p>\n

Shanghai Wind Technologies Co. Ltd
\n0,74<\/p>\n

Lenovo Mobile Communication (Wuhan) Company Limited
\n0,71<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Praktika tregon se sa m\u00eb t\u00eb pasur \u00ebsht\u00eb kontingjenti i abonent\u00ebve t\u00eb rrjetit pa kabllo n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend, aq m\u00eb e madhe \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa e pajisjeve Apple.<\/p>\n

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Unikativiteti<\/h3>\n

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A jan\u00eb unik adresat MAC? N\u00eb teori, po, pasi secili nga prodhuesit e pajisjeve (t\u00eb pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb bllokut MAC) \u00ebsht\u00eb i obliguar t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb unike p\u00ebr \u00e7do adaptues rrjeti q\u00eb prodhon. Megjithat\u00eb, disa prodhues \u00e7ipesh, konkretisht:<\/p>\n

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