{"id":55176,"date":"2020-01-14T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-13T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-mas-adrese"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:16","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:16","slug":"vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-mas-adrese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/sq\/blog\/administrirovanie\/vsyo-chto-vy-hoteli-znat-o-mas-adrese","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb d\u00ebshironit t\u00eb dinit rreth adres\u00ebs MAC","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\u00c7doT\u00eb gjith\u00eb e din\u00eb se k\u00ebto jan\u00eb gjasht\u00eb bajta, zakonisht t\u00eb shfaqura n\u00eb formatin gjasht\u00ebdhjet\u00eb e kat\u00ebr, t\u00eb caktuar fabrikisht p\u00ebr kart\u00ebn rrjet\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb dukje t\u00eb rast\u00ebsishme. Disa e din\u00eb se tre bajtat e par\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs jan\u00eb identifikatori i prodhuesit, nd\u00ebrsa tre bajtat e tjer\u00eb i caktohen nga ai. \u00cbsht\u00eb gjithashtu e njohur se mund t\u00eb caktoni nj\u00eb<\/em> adresa. Shum\u00eb kan\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar edhe p\u00ebr \"adresat rast\u00ebsore\" n\u00eb Wi-Fi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00eb shohim se \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb kjo. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adresa MAC (media access control address) \u2013 identifikatori unik, i caktuar p\u00ebr adaptorin e rrjetit, e p\u00ebrdorur n\u00eb rrjetet e standardeve IEEE 802, kryesisht Ethernet, Wi-Fi dhe Bluetooth. Zyrtarisht e quajtur \"identifikatori i tipit EUI-48\". Nga emri, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb se adresa ka gjat\u00ebsi 48 bit, pra 6 bajta. Nuk ka nj\u00eb standard t\u00eb pranuar p\u00ebr m\u00ebnyr\u00ebn e shkrimit t\u00eb adres\u00ebs (ndryshe nga adresa IPv4, ku oktetet gjithmon\u00eb ndahen me pika). Zakonisht ajo shkruhet si gjasht\u00eb numra gjasht\u00ebdhjet\u00eb e kat\u00ebr, t\u00eb ndara me dy pika: 00:AB:CD:EF:11:22, ndon\u00ebse disa prodhues t\u00eb pajisjeve preferojn\u00eb shkrimin 00-AB-CD-EF-11-22 dhe madje 00ab.cdef.1122.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Historikisht, adresat jan\u00eb fiksuar n\u00eb ROM-in e \u00e7ipsetit t\u00eb kart\u00ebs rrjet\u00eb pa mund\u00ebsi modifikimi pa nj\u00eb programator flashi, por tani adresa mund t\u00eb ndryshohet programatikisht, nga sistemi operacional. Caktimi manual i adres\u00ebs MAC n\u00eb kart\u00ebn e rrjetit \u00ebsht\u00eb i mundur n\u00eb Linux dhe MacOS ( gjithmon\u00eb), Windows (gati gjithmon\u00eb, n\u00ebse lejon drayveri), Android (vet\u00ebm t\u00eb rr\u00ebnjosur); me iOS (pa rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsim), nj\u00eb truk i till\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i pamundur.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Struktura e adres\u00ebs<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Adresa p\u00ebrb\u00ebhet nga pjesa e identifikatorit t\u00eb prodhuesit, OUI, dhe identifikatori i caktuar nga prodhuesi. Caktimi i identifikator\u00ebve OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) \u00ebsht\u00eb duke u angazhuar<\/a><\/noindex> \u00ebsht\u00eb organizata IEEE. N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, gjat\u00ebsi e tij mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm 3 bajta (24 bit), por edhe 28 ose 36 bit, nga t\u00eb cilat formohen blloqet (MAC Address Block, MA) e adresave t\u00eb tipave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha (MA-L), mesatare (MA-M) dhe t\u00eb vogla (MA-S) p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. Madh\u00ebsia e bllokut t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb rast, do t\u00eb jet\u00eb 24, 20, 12 bit ose 16 milion, 1 milion, 4 mij\u00eb adresash. Aktualisht jan\u00eb ndar\u00eb rreth 38 mij\u00eb blloqe, t\u00eb cilat mund t\u00eb shihen p\u00ebrmes mjeteve t\u00eb shumt\u00eb online, p\u00ebr shembull t\u00eb IEEE<\/a><\/noindex> ose Wireshark<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u00eb kujtojn\u00eb adresat<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpunimi i thjesht\u00eb i t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave publike t\u00eb databaz\u00ebs s\u00eb shkarkimit<\/a><\/noindex> IEEE ofron shum\u00eb informacione. P\u00ebr shembull, disa organizata kan\u00eb marr\u00eb shum\u00eb blloqe OUI. Ja heroat tan\u00eb:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Furnizuesi
\nNumri i blloqeve\/registreve
\nNumri i adresave, milion.<\/p>\n

Cisco Systems Inc
\n888
\n14208<\/p>\n

Apple
\n772
\n12352<\/p>\n

Samsung
\n636
\n10144<\/p>\n

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
\n606
\n9696<\/p>\n

Intel Corporation
\n375
\n5776<\/p>\n

ARRIS Group Inc.
\n319
\n5104<\/p>\n

Nokia Corporation
\n241
\n3856<\/p>\n

Privat
\n232
\n2704<\/p>\n

Texas Instruments
\n212
\n3392<\/p>\n

zte corporation
\n198
\n3168<\/p>\n

IEEE Registration Authority
\n194
\n3072<\/p>\n

Hewlett Packard
\n149
\n2384<\/p>\n

Hon Hai Precision
\n136
\n2176<\/p>\n

TP-LINK
\n134
\n2144<\/p>\n

Dell Inc.
\n123
\n1968<\/p>\n

Juniper Networks
\n110
\n1760<\/p>\n

Sagemcom Broadband SAS
\n97
\n1552<\/p>\n

Fiberhome Telecommunication Technologies Co. LTD
\n97
\n1552<\/p>\n

Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
\n88
\n1408<\/p>\n

Guangdong Oppo Mobile Telecommunications Corp. Ltd
\n82
\n1312<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Google ka ka e 40 n\u00eb total, dhe kjo nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb befasuese: ata vet\u00eb nuk prodhojn\u00eb shum\u00eb pajisje rrjeti.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Blloqet MA nuk ofrohen falas, ato mund t\u00eb blihen p\u00ebr para t\u00eb arsyeshme (pa tarif\u00eb subskribimi) p\u00ebr $3000, $1800 ose $755 p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht. E \u00e7uditshme, q\u00eb p\u00ebr para shtes\u00eb (n\u00eb vit) mund t\u00eb blini \u00abfshehjen\u00bb e informacionit publik mbi bllokun e dedikuar. Aktualisht, si\u00e7 duket m\u00eb sip\u00ebr, ka 232 t\u00eb till\u00eb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kur do t\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb adresat MAC<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjith\u00eb jemi lodhur disi nga historit\u00eb e pand\u00ebrprera p\u00ebr 10 vjet se \"adresat IPv4 do t\u00eb mbarojn\u00eb s\u00eb shpejti\". Po, marrja e grupeve t\u00eb reja IPv4 tashm\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebshtir\u00eb. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, dihet se adresat IP jan\u00eb t\u00eb shp\u00ebrndara shum\u00eb pa balanc\u00eb<\/a><\/noindex>; ekzistojn\u00eb blloqe gjigante dhe pak t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorura, q\u00eb i p\u00ebrkasin korporatave t\u00eb m\u00ebdha dhe institucioneve shtet\u00ebrore t\u00eb SHBA-s\u00eb, p\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, pa ndonj\u00eb shpres\u00eb t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb p\u00ebr rip\u00ebrshkall\u00ebzim n\u00eb favor t\u00eb ata q\u00eb kan\u00eb nevoj\u00eb. P\u00ebrhapja e NAT, CG-NAT dhe IPv6 e ka b\u00ebr\u00eb problemin e munges\u00ebs s\u00eb adresave publike jo kaq urgjent.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb adres\u00ebn MAC ka 48 bit, nga t\u00eb cilat 46 mund t\u00eb konsiderohen \"t\u00eb dobishme\" (pse? Lexoni m\u00eb tej), e cila ofron 246 ose 1014 adresa, q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 214 her\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb se hap\u00ebsira adresore IPv4.
\nAktualisht jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb rreth gjysm\u00eb trilioni adresash, ose vet\u00ebm 0.73% t\u00eb gjith\u00eb volumit. Akoma \u00ebsht\u00eb shum\u00eb, shum\u00eb larg deri n\u00eb shterjen e adresave MAC.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Rast\u00ebsia e bit\u00ebve<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Mund t\u00eb supozohet se OUI-t jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb rast\u00ebsore, dhe shit\u00ebsi gjithashtu cakton rast\u00ebsisht adresat p\u00ebr pajisjet individuale rrjet\u00ebsore. A \u00ebsht\u00eb k\u00ebshtu? Le t\u00eb hedhim nj\u00eb sy n\u00eb shp\u00ebrndarjen e bit\u00ebve n\u00eb bazat e t\u00eb dh\u00ebnave t\u00eb adresave MAC 802.11 t\u00eb pajisjeve, t\u00eb mbledhura nga sistemet funksionale t\u00eb autorizimit n\u00eb rrjetet e wireless. WNAM<\/a><\/noindex>. Adresat i p\u00ebrkasin pajisjeve reale, q\u00eb jan\u00eb lidhur me Wi-Fi p\u00ebr disa vjet n\u00eb tri vende. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ka nj\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb vog\u00ebl t\u00eb pajisjeve 802.3 n\u00eb LAN-in e kabluar.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Do t\u00eb ndajm\u00eb \u00e7do adres\u00eb MAC (gjasht\u00eb byte) t\u00eb \u00e7do nga mostrave n\u00eb bit\u00eb, dhe t\u00eb shohim frekuenc\u00ebn e shfaqjes s\u00eb bitit \u00ab1\u00bb n\u00eb secil\u00ebn nga 48 pozitat. N\u00ebse biti \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht rast\u00ebsore, probabiliteti p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb \u00ab1\u00bb duhet t\u00eb jet\u00eb 50%.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mostra Wi-Fi Nr. 1 (RF)
\nMostra Wi-Fi Nr. 2 (Belgjika)
\nShkalla Wi-Fi Nr. 3 (Uzbekistan)
\nShkalla LAN (RF)<\/p>\n

Numri i regjistrimeve n\u00eb baz\u00eb
\n5929000
\n1274000
\n366000
\n1000<\/p>\n

Numri i bitit:
\n% bita \"1\"
\n% bita \"1\"
\n% bita \"1\"
\n% bita \"1\"<\/p>\n

1
\n48.6%
\n49.2%
\n50.7%
\n28.7%<\/p>\n

2
\n44.8%
\n49.1%
\n47.7%
\n30.7%<\/p>\n

3
\n46.7%
\n48.3%
\n46.8%
\n35.8%<\/p>\n

4
\n48.0%
\n48.6%
\n49.8%
\n37.1%<\/p>\n

5
\n45.7%
\n46.9%
\n47.0%
\n32.3%<\/p>\n

6
\n46.6%
\n46.7%
\n47.8%
\n27.1%<\/p>\n

7
\n0.3%<\/strong>
\n0.3%<\/strong>
\n0.2%<\/strong>
\n0.7%<\/strong><\/p>\n

8
\n0.0%<\/strong>
\n0.0%<\/strong>
\n0.0%<\/strong>
\n0.0%<\/strong><\/p>\n

9
\n48.1%
\n50.6%
\n49.4%
\n38.1%<\/p>\n

10
\n49.1%
\n50.2%
\n47.4%
\n42.7%<\/p>\n

11
\n50.8%
\n50.0%
\n50.6%
\n42.9%<\/p>\n

12
\n49.0%
\n48.4%
\n48.2%
\n53.7%<\/p>\n

13
\n47.6%
\n47.0%
\n46.3%
\n48.5%<\/p>\n

14
\n47.5%
\n47.4%
\n51.7%
\n46.8%<\/p>\n

15
\n48.3%
\n47.5%
\n48.7%
\n46.1%<\/p>\n

16
\n50.6%
\n50.4%
\n51.2%
\n45.3%<\/p>\n

17
\n49.4%
\n50.4%
\n54.3%
\n38.2%<\/p>\n

18
\n49.8%
\n50.5%
\n51.5%
\n51.9%<\/p>\n

19
\n51.6%
\n53.3%
\n53.9%
\n42.6%<\/p>\n

20
\n46.6%
\n46.1%
\n45.5%
\n48.4%<\/p>\n

21
\n51.7%
\n52.9%
\n47.7%
\n48.9%<\/p>\n

22
\n49.2%
\n49.6%
\n41.6%
\n49.8%<\/p>\n

23
\n51.2%
\n50.9%
\n47.0%
\n41.9%<\/p>\n

24
\n49.5%
\n50.2%
\n50.1%
\n47.5%<\/p>\n

25
\n47.1%
\n47.3%
\n47.7%
\n44.2%<\/p>\n

26
\n48.6%
\n48.6%
\n49.2%
\n43.9%<\/p>\n

27
\n49.8%
\n49.0%
\n49.7%
\n48.9%<\/p>\n

28
\n49.3%
\n49.3%
\n49.7%
\n55.1%<\/p>\n

29
\n49.5%
\n49.4%
\n49.8%
\n49.8%<\/p>\n

30
\n49.8%
\n49.8%
\n49.7%
\n52.1%<\/p>\n

31
\n49.5%
\n49.7%
\n49.6%
\n46.6%<\/p>\n

32
\n49.4%
\n49.7%
\n49.5%
\n47.5%<\/p>\n

33
\n49.4%
\n49.8%
\n49.7%
\n48.3%<\/p>\n

34
\n49.7%
\n50.0%
\n49.6%
\n44.9%<\/p>\n

35
\n49.9%
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.6%<\/p>\n

36
\n49.9%
\n49.9%
\n49.8%
\n49.1%<\/p>\n

37
\n49.8%
\n50.0%
\n49.9%
\n51.4%<\/p>\n

38
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n49.8%
\n51.8%<\/p>\n

39
\n49.9%
\n50.0%
\n49.9%
\n55.7%<\/p>\n

40
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n49.5%<\/p>\n

41
\n49.9%
\n50.0%
\n49.9%
\n52.2%<\/p>\n

42
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n53.9%<\/p>\n

43
\n50.1%
\n50.0%
\n50.3%
\n56.1%<\/p>\n

44
\n50.1%
\n50.0%
\n50.1%
\n45.8%<\/p>\n

45
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.1%
\n50.1%<\/p>\n

46
\n50.0%
\n50.0%
\n50.1%
\n49.5%<\/p>\n

47
\n49.2%
\n49.4%
\n49.7%
\n45.2%<\/p>\n

48
\n49.9%
\n50.1%
\n50.7%
\n54.6%<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pse ka kaq shum\u00eb padrejt\u00ebsi n\u00eb 7 dhe 8 bit? Atje praktikisht gjithmon\u00eb jan\u00eb zero.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, standardi i definon k\u00ebta simbole si t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb (Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>):
\n\"\u00c7do<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Biti i tet\u00eb (nga fillimi) i bytes s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs MAC quhet bita Unicast\/Multicast dhe p\u00ebrcakton se \u00e7far\u00eb lloj kadri (frami) d\u00ebrgohet me k\u00ebt\u00eb adres\u00eb, normal (0) ose e gjith\u00ebp\u00ebrfshir\u00ebse (1) (multicast ose broadcast). P\u00ebr nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrveprim normal, unicast t\u00eb adapterit rrjetor, ky bit \u00ebsht\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb \u00ab0\u00bb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb paketat q\u00eb i d\u00ebrgohen atij.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Biti i shtat\u00eb (nga fillimi) i bytes s\u00eb par\u00eb t\u00eb adres\u00ebs MAC quhet bita U\/L (Universal\/Local) dhe p\u00ebrcakton n\u00ebse adresa \u00ebsht\u00eb unike globale (0), ose unike lokale (1). Si zakon, t\u00eb gjitha adresat \u00abt\u00eb ngjitura nga prodhuesi\u00bb jan\u00eb unike globale, prandaj shumica e adresave MAC t\u00eb mbledhura kan\u00eb bitin e shtat\u00eb t\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb \u00ab0\u00bb. N\u00eb tabel\u00ebn e identifikator\u00ebve t\u00eb caktuar OUI, vet\u00ebm rreth 130 regjistrime kan\u00eb bitin U\/L \u00ab1\u00bb, dhe duket se k\u00ebto jan\u00eb blloqe adrese MAC p\u00ebr nevoja speciale.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nga bita e gjasht\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb parin e bytes s\u00eb par\u00eb, bita e dyt\u00eb dhe e tret\u00eb n\u00eb identifikuesit OUI, dhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb bita n\u00eb bytes 4-6 t\u00eb adres\u00ebs, t\u00eb caktuar nga prodhuesi, jan\u00eb shp\u00ebrndar\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb ose m\u00eb pak nj\u00ebtrajt\u00ebsisht. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u00ebshtu, n\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb MAC reale t\u00eb adapterit rrjetor, bit\u00ebt jan\u00eb faktikisht t\u00eb barabart\u00eb dhe nuk kan\u00eb kuptim teknologjik, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 dy bit\u00ebve t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbimit t\u00eb bytes m\u00eb t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Prania<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Sa interesante jan\u00eb prodhuesit e pajisjeve wireless m\u00eb t\u00eb popullarizuar? Le t\u2019i bashkojm\u00eb k\u00ebrkimin n\u00eb baz\u00ebn OUI me t\u00eb dh\u00ebnat e mostr\u00ebs Nr. 1.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Furnizuesi
\nPjesa e pajisjeve, %<\/p>\n

Apple
\n26,09<\/p>\n

Samsung
\n19,79<\/p>\n

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd
\n7,80<\/p>\n

Xiaomi Communications Co Ltd
\n6,83<\/p>\n

Sony Mobile Communications Inc
\n3,29<\/p>\n

LG Electronics (Mobile Communications)
\n2,76<\/p>\n

ASUSTek COMPUTER INC.
\n2,58<\/p>\n

TCT mobile ltd
\n2,13<\/p>\n

zte corporation
\n2,00<\/p>\n

nuk u gjet n\u00eb baz\u00ebn IEEE
\n1,92<\/p>\n

Lenovo Mobile Communication Technology Ltd.
\n1,71<\/p>\n

HTC Corporation
\n1,68<\/p>\n

Murata Manufactuaring
\n1,31<\/p>\n

InPro Comm
\n1,26<\/p>\n

Microsoft Corporation
\n1,11<\/p>\n

Shenzhen TINNO Mobile Technology Corp.
\n1,02<\/p>\n

Motorola (Wuhan) Mobility Technologies Communication Co. Ltd.
\n0,93<\/p>\n

Nokia Corporation
\n0,88<\/p>\n

Shanghai Wind Technologies Co. Ltd
\n0,74<\/p>\n

Lenovo Mobile Communication (Wuhan) Company Limited
\n0,71<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Praktika tregon se sa m\u00eb i begatsh\u00ebm t\u00eb jet\u00eb kontingjenti i abonent\u00ebve t\u00eb rrjetit wireless n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend, aq m\u00eb e madhe \u00ebsht\u00eb pjesa e pajisjeve Apple.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Unik\u00ebsia<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

A jan\u00eb unik\u00eb adresat MAC? N\u00eb teori po, pasi \u00e7do prodhues pajisjesh (t\u00eb pronar\u00ebve t\u00eb bllokut MA) \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruar t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb nj\u00eb adres\u00eb unike p\u00ebr \u00e7do adapter rrjetor q\u00eb prodhon. Megjithat\u00eb, disa prodhues \u00e7ipesh, konkretisht:<\/p>\n

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